siemens dualband strategy

7/29/2019 Siemens Dualband Strategy

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Dr. Ivanov, Siemens Dualband Strategy.ppt

slide 1 22-Feb-13

Siemens Dualband Strategy

Dr. Kolio Ivanov

ICN CA MR EE6


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slide 2 22-Feb-13

Outline

Introduction

Capacity Enhancement Methods /Overview

Dualband Network Architecture

Integration at BTSE level

Integration at Abis interface level

Integration at A interface level

Dedicated MSC

Key Aspects in Dualband Networks

Objectives for Traffic Management in Dualband Networks

Traffic Management in Idle Mode

General approach

camping on a cell

cell re-selection


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slide 3 22-Feb-13

Outline

Database Engineering for Idle Mode

cell selection re-selection cell selection example

cell re-selection example

Objectives for Traffic Management in Busy Mode

Traffic Management in Busy Mode

General approach

Siemens Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS)

Multiple Coverage Layers in Dualband Networks

Siemens HCS in Dualband Networks

New parameters

Cell priorities

Functional description / Handover criteria / Definitions

Generation of target cell list

Ranking of target cell list

Typical parameter settings in a two-layer network


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slide 4 22-Feb-13

Outline

Dualband Capacity Evaluation / Example

Input parameters / assumptions Macro cell layer

GSM900 micro cell layer (contiguous on-street coverage)

GSM1800 pico cell layer (in-building coverage)

Total capacity in dense urban areas

Summary


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slide 5 22-Feb-13

Various phases ...

CoverageCapacity

New Applications

GPRS, HSCSD ...

Operator Evolution - Different concerns at various phases ...

- Coverage - Capacity - Cost - Quality - Environmental

IntroductionDriving forces in cellular mobile radio


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slide 6 22-Feb-13

Capacity Enhancement MethodsOptions for capacity enhancement in cellular radio networks

Capacityarea

sites

carrier

channels

channel

traffic

area

traffic

site

carriers

carriersper 1 MHz

TCH percarrier

systemload

licensedspectrum

traffic

area

traffic

channel

channels

carrier

carriers

bandwidth

1

cluster si zebandwidth

sites

area

frequencyreuse

BTSdensity

sizecluster

bandwidthbandwidth

carriers

sizecluster

carriers#total

site

carriers


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slide 7 22-Feb-13

Option

Method

traffic per

channel

channels

per carrier

cluster

sizeband

width

sites

per area

Directed retry, queueing X

City small cells X

RLC options (FH+PC+DTX) X

Concentric cells X

Hierarchical cell structure X

Multiband operation XHalf rate channels X

Adaptive antennas X X

Macro diversity X X

General Methods for Capacity Enhancement

5 carriers

per 1 MHz

frequencyreuse

8 for FR

16 for HR

systemload

GSM900GSM1800

BTSdensity

GSM

traffic

area

traffic

channel

channels

carrier

carriers

bandwidth

1

cluster si zebandwidth

sites

area

GSM


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slide 8 22-Feb-13

Capacity Enhancement MethodsQuantifying the capacity gains

Method

Radio link control (RLC)

Adaptive antennas

Macro diversity

Concentric cells

Directed retry

Advantages

+ GSM900/1800

inherent

+ gain with existing

sites, RFs, MSs


sites, RFs, MSs


sites, RFs, MSs

+ no HW effort

+ adaptation to traffic

distribution

Disadvantages

- potential technical

incompliance

with old MS types

- not yet available

- cost intensive

- very expensive

- no further system

evolution possible

- no further system

evolution possible

- impact on freq.

plan in 1-layer

network

Gain toCluster 4/12

50 - 250%

100 - 300%

50 - 80%

0 - 50%

25% (in HCS)

Gain toRLC

-

20 - 80%

---

---

15% (in HCS)


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slide 9 22-Feb-13

Capacity Enhancement MethodsQuantifying the capacity gains (continued)

Gain to

RLC

10 - 100%

---

100 * DR /

(200 - DR) %

prop. to add.

spectrum

Method

Hierarchical cell structure

City small cells

Half Rate

Dual band operation

Advantages

+ high flexibility

+ small sites

+ indoor coverage

+ high capacity

+ indoor coverage+ best suited for RLC

+ low radio network

infrastructure costs

+ low radio network

planning effort

+ guaranteed gain due

to add. resources

Disadvantages

- more complex

network planning

- many sites

- many sites

- gain depends on

DR penetration

- psychological

concerns

-operator must be

granted dual band

license

Gain to

Cluster 4/12

50 - 250%

proport. to

(1/cell radius)2reduction

100 * DR /

(200 - DR) %

prop. to add.

spectrum


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slide 10 22-Feb-13

Dual Band Network Architecture (1)Integration at BTSE Level

Highlights site sharing, BTSE-rack sharing, antenna sharing

dual band capable BSCs

fully supported by Siemens GSM900/1800 equipment

BSC900/1800

MSC

BTS

900/

1800

BTS

900/

1800

BTS

900/

1800

BTS

900/

1800

MSC

BSC900/1800

BSC900/1800

BSC900/1800

BTS

900/

1800

BTS

900/

1800

BTS

900/

1800

BTS

900/

1800

integration

at BTSE level


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slide 11 22-Feb-13

Dual Band Network Architecture (2)Integration at Abis-Interface Level

BSC900/1800

MSC

BTS

1800

BTS

1800

MSC

BSC900/1800

BSC900/1800

BSC900/1800

BTS

1800

BTS

1800

Highlights site sharing, antenna sharing, fixed lines sharing

dual band capable BSCs


integrationat A

bis

-IF level

BTS

900

BTS

900

BTS

900

BTS

900


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slide 12 22-Feb-13

Dual Band Network Architecture (3)Integration at A-Interface Level

Highlights

site sharing, antenna sharing, fixed line sharing

multi-vendor capability supported by standardized A-Interface


MSC MSC

integration at A-IF level

BSC1800

BSS

vend

orA

BSS

vend

orB

BTS

1800

BTS

1800

BTS

1800

BTS

1800

BSC1800

BTS

900

BTS

900

BTS

900

BTS

900

BSC900

BSC900

BSS

vend

orA

BSS

vend

orB


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slide 13 22-Feb-13

Dual Band Network Architecture (4)Dedicated GSM900/1800 MSCs

MSC1800

BSS

vendorA

BSS

vendorB

Highlights

site sharing, antenna sharing, fixed line sharing

multi-vendor capability

independent frequency layer network expansion (maximum flexibility)

contiguous GSM1800 coverage easy to implement with dedicated MSC


MSC900

BTS

900

BTS

900

BTS

900

BTS

900

BTS

1800

BTS

1800

BTS

1800

BTS

1800

BSC900

BSC1800

BSC900

BSC1800


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slide 14 22-Feb-13

Key Aspects in Dual Band NetworksIssues and Options for Macro Cells

Site-to-site distance in capacity driven GSM900 networks ranging 300-800m

contiguous GSM1800 coverage easily built-up by GSM900 site sharing

Contiguous GSM1800 coverage in congestedcentral business areas

smooth expansion for medium and long termcapacity demands

mobiles remain served by their proper layer

substantially reduced signaling load comparedto hot spot coverage

capacity gain

GSM900 layer

GSM1800 layer

Coverage drivenInter-band HOs

OccasionalInter-band HOs

GSM900 layer

GSM1800 hot spots


Capacity driven

Inter-band HOs

Hot spot coverage by GSM1800

only short term capacity relief

higher signaling load due to inter-band HOs(and potential location updates) at GSM1800 cellborders

capacity loss

s


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slide 15 22-Feb-13

Key Aspects in Dual Band NetworksIssues and Options for Micro/Pico Cells

Additional 1800 MHz spectrum facilitates deployment of micro cells for outdoor pedestrian coverageand pico cells for indoor coverage in high traffic business districts

Isolated/contiguous GSM1800 micro/pico cells

embedded incontiguous GSM1800 macro layer dual band mobiles remain served by the

GSM1800 layers

benefits of hierarchical cell structures fullyexploited

substantially reduced signaling loadcompared to hot spot scenario

maximum spectrum efficiency

GSM900macro layer

GSM1800 microcell hot spots


Capacity drivenInter-band HOs

Isolated (hotspot) GSM1800 micro cellsembedded in GSM900 macro layer

only short term capacity relief

higher signaling load due to inter-band HOs(and potential location updates) at GSM1800 cellborders

capacity loss

GSM1800

macro layer

All inter-layer

HOs in GSM1800

GSM1800micro layer

GSM1800

pico layer

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slide 16 22-Feb-13

Key Aspects in Dual Band NetworksTraffic Management Objectives

By default

single band GSM900 users are served by

GSM900 network layers

Dual band GSM900/1800 users:

1. shall be kept in the GSM1800 network both in

idle mode and connected mode as long as

sufficient radio coverage is provided by the

GSM1800 network

2. should camp and establish a call on GSM1800

cells

3. should be handed down from GSM900 toGSM1800 cells whenever possible

4. should be handed up from GSM1800 to

GSM900 cells only if necessary

GSM900 layer

SB 900

GSM900 layer

GSM1800 layer

SB900

DB

1 2

DB

DB

4

3

s


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slide 17 22-Feb-13

Maximum capacity benefit from 1800 MHz spectrum achieved by

directing dual band mobiles towards the 1800MHz layer

dual band mobiles shall camp on 1800MHz cells

dual band mobiles shall reselect 1800MHz cells

any calls are established on the GSM1800 layer

congestion relief in GSM900 layer

optimum spectrum utilization

Objectives for Traffic Management in Idle Mode

s


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slide 18 22-Feb-13

In idle mode

cell selection is based on the C1 criterion and cell priority

cell reselection is based on the C2 criterion taking into account the

mobile speed

Cell Selection and Cell Reselection

Performed by MS

Controlled by parameters broadcast on the BCCH carrier of each

cell

Traffic Management in Idle ModeGeneral Approach

s


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slide 19 22-Feb-13

Parameters affecting Cell Selection for phase 2 MS (dual band)

Acc. to GSM 05.08 a cell can be assigned 1 out of 2 priorities:

normal priority: CBQ = 0 or low priority: CBQ = 1

MS camps on a suitable cells (C1>0) of low priority (CBQ = 1)

if there are no suitable cells of normal priority (CBQ = 0)

C1 = (RXLEV - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN) - max(MS_TXPWR_CCH - P)

Traffic Management in Idle ModeCamping on a cell

s


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slide 20 22-Feb-13

Parameters affecting Cell Reselection for phase 2 MS (dual band)

C2 criterion

CRESOFF = Defines an offset to encourage or discourage a mobile to select this cellwhile it is camping on another cell

TEMPOFF = Temporary offset

PENTIME = Penalty Time

Acc. to GSM 05.08 a cell reselection shall take place, if:

C2 (non-serving suitable cell (C1>0)) > C2 (serving cell)

for at least 5 seconds

C2 (non-serving suitable cell (C1>0)) > C2 (serving cell)

+ CELLRESHYST

for at least 5 seconds, if non-serving cell in differentLocation Area

C2 = C1 + CRESOFF - TEMPOFF for TPENTIMEC2 = C1 + CRESOFF for T > PENTIMEC2 = C1 - CRESOFF for PENTIME = 31

Traffic Management in Idle ModeCell reselection

s


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slide 21 22-Feb-13

To encourage dual band MS to preferably camp on GSM1800 cells

qualify GSM1800 cells as high priority: CBQ = 0, CBA = 0

qualify GSM900 cells as low priority: CBQ = 1, CBA = 0

Note: In case of potential impact on single band 900 phase 2 MS (it takes too long time

to access the network?) qualify both GSM900 and GSM1800 cells as normal priority

cells: CBQ = 0.

To encourage dual band MS to preferably reselect GSM1800 cells set CRESOFF(GSM1800 cells) >> CRESOFF(GSM900 cells)

(e.g. CRESOFF(GSM1800 cells) = 30 dB CRESOFF(GSM900 cells) = 0 dB)

or, alternatively set for GSM900 cells PENTIME = 31

-> C2 = C1 - CRESOFF

reduceCELLRESHYST broadcast by GSM900 cells if neighbor GSM1800 cells are in

a different Location Area

increaseCELLRESHYST broadcast by GSM1800 cells if neighbor GSM900 cells are

in a different Location Area

Data Base Engineering for Idle ModeCell selection re-selection

s


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slide 22 22-Feb-13

DB-MS

switch ON

CBQ = NormalCBA = No

C1 = 20

Cell A Cell B

Cell A Cell B

CBQ = LowCBA = NoC1 = 50

CBQ = LowCBA = NoC1 = 30

CBQ = NormalCBA = NoC1 = 10

Camp

on

cell B

1800

Cell selection

Moving MS

Note: All dual band mobiles are Phase 2 mobiles

GSM900 layer

GSM1800 layer

Data Base Engineering for Idle ModeCell selection / Example

s


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slide 23 22-Feb-13

DB-MS

is ON

C1 = 10CRO = 50TMPO = 0C2 = 60

C1 = 40CRO = 0TMPO = 0C2 = 40

C1 = 40CRO = 0TMPO = 0C2 = 40

C1 = 15CRO = 50TMPO = 0C2 = 65

Camped

on B1800

Cell RE-selection

Moving MS


GSM900 layer

GSM1800 layer

Cell A Cell B

Cell A Cell B

Data Base Engineering for Idle ModeCell re-selection / Example

s


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slide 24 22-Feb-13


Maximum capacity benefit from GSM1800 spectrum achieved by

directing dual band mobiles towards the 1800MHz layer

dual bandMS should hand-over to GSM1800 cells whenever possible

dual band MS should be kept in the GSM1800 layer as long as possible

dual band MS should hand-over to GSM900 cells only if necessary

minimize signaling overhead due to inter-band handovers

free up capacity in the GSM900 layer

optimum spectrum utilization

Objectives for Traffic Management in Busy Mode

s


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slide 25 22-Feb-13

GeneralTo direct dual band mobiles towards the GSM1800 layer

provide the network with information on MS multi band capabilities by

enabling Early Class Mark Sending Option on both 900 and 1800 layers

(e.g. set parameter: EARCLM = TRUE)

MS sends to the network during call set-up the Mobile Station Class Mark 3 IE

encourage the dual band MS to include in the measurement reports for HO

purposes preferably cells from the GSM1800 band by appropriately setting the

parameter for MULTIBAND_REPORTING

e.g. set parameter: NMBULA = 3 on GSM900, and NMBULA = 2 on GSM1800 cells

Traffic Management in Busy ModeGeneral Approach

s


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slide 26 22-Feb-13

The HCS technique provides an optimum capacity in dual band networks by

optimizing the distribution of traffic on up to 15 layers

HCS is capable of taking into account the mobile speed

The Mobile Speed Sensitive HO functionality shifts stationary and slow-moving traffic to

indoor (pico) or micro cell layers

improved spectrum utilization and call quality, reduced congestion in the macro cell layers

The Mobile Speed Sensitive HO functionality steers and keeps fast-moving traffic to

macro or umbrella cell layers

enhanced grade of service, reduced signaling load in the fixed network

Take advantage of Siemens Hierarchical Cell Structures (HCS)

Traffic Management in Busy ModeSiemens Hierarchical Cell Structure

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slide 27 22-Feb-13

Multiple Coverage Layers in Dual Band Networks

Macro Cell GSM1800

Radio Coverage Layer 4

Umbrella Cell GSM900


Macro Cell GSM900


Micro Cell GSM900


Micro Cell GSM1800


Pico Cell GSM1800


s


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slide 28 22-Feb-13

Siemens-HCS in Dual Band NetworksNew Parameters

Serving Cell

PriorityLayerServingCell = PL

Value Range: 0 ... 15 step 1

Neighbor Cell - MSSHO deactivated

PriorityLayerNeighbourCell = PLNC(n) Value Range: 0 ... 15 step 1

Neighbor Cell - MSSHO activated

Handover DelayTimer not yet started or still running

PenaltyPriorityLayerNeighbourCell = PPLNC(n)

Value Range: 0 ... 15 step 1

Handover Delay Timer is expired

PriorityLayerNeighbourCell = PLNC(n)

Value Range: 0 ... 15 step

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slide 29 22-Feb-13

Siemens-HCS in Dual Band NetworksNew Parameters

Enabling HCS Feature on cell base

HIERC=True or False

Switching between two alternative ranking methods for imperative

and forced HO

hierarchicalCellRankFlag = HIERF Value Range: RANK0 orRANK1

Applying an offset to the minimum level criterion with ranking

method RANK1 for imperative and forced HO

LevelOffsetNcell = LEVONC

Value Range: 0 ... 31 (dB) for BR 3.7

Value Range: 0 63 (dB) for BR 4.0

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slide 30 22-Feb-13

Siemens-HCS in Dual Band NetworksCell priorities

Different Cell LayersCell Priority

LOW

HIGH

Priority Value

15

0

s


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slide 31 22-Feb-13

Imperative Handover

Quality

Level

Distance

Better Cell Handover

Sufficient level (lowest HO margin, e.g. 0 (-24dB))

Power Budget

Forced Handover

Congestion

Siemens-HCS in Dual Band NetworksFunctional description / Handover criteria

s


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slide 32 22-Feb-13

Siemens-HCS in Dual Band Networks

Functional description / Definitions

Definition of Better Cell Value - BCV

Neighbor Cells with in-active MSSHO

BCV(n) = PBGT(n) - HO_MARGIN(n)

Neighbor Cells with active MSSHO

Delay Timer not yet started or still running

BCV(n) = PBGT(n) - (HO_MARGIN(n) + HO_STATIC_OFFSET(n))

Delay Timer is expired

BCV(n) = PBGT(n) - (HO_MARGIN(n) + HO_STATIC_OFFSET(n) -

HO_DYNAMIC_OFFSET(n))

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slide 33 22-Feb-13

HCS Disabled HCS Enabled

Better Cell

Handover RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) +

MAX(0,Pa)

and

BCV(n) > 0

RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) +

MAX(0,Pa)

andBCV(n) > 0

andPLNC(n) PL

Imperative

Handover


MAX(0,Pa)


MAX(0,Pa)

ForcedHandover

RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) +MAX(0,Pa) +

FHO_RXLEV_MIN_OFFSET(n)

RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) +MAX(0,Pa) +

FHO_RXLEV_MIN_OFFSET(n)

Potential HO candidate cells satisfy the following conditions

Siemens-HCS in Dual Band NetworksGeneration of Target Cell List

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slide 34 22-Feb-13

Handover Type HCS Disabled HCS Enabled

HIERF = RANK0 HIERF = RANK1

1.Sublist:

BCV(n) > 0

1.Sublist:

RXLEV_NCELL(n) >

RXLEV_MIN(n) + MAX(0,Pa)

+ LEV_OFFSET_NCELL(n)

2. Sublist:

BCV(n) 0

2.Sublist:

RXLEV_NCELL(n) RXLEV_MIN(n) + MAX(0,Pa)

+ LEV_OFFSET_NCELL(n)

Imperative and

Forced

Handover

Descending

Order

of BCV(n)

1. Descending order of priority PLNC(n)

2. Descending Order of BCV(n) for equal PLNC(n)

Better Cell

Handover

Descending

Order

of BCV(n)

1. Descending order of priority PLNC(n)

2. Descending Order of BCV(n) for equal PLNC(n)

LEV_OFFSET_NCELL(N): useful to move high priority cells to the 2nd sub-list, thus giving

chance to low priority cells (macro cells) to pop up in the target cell list

Siemens-HCS in Dual Band Networks

Ranking ofTarget Cell List

s


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slide 35 22-Feb-13

Siemens-HCS in Dual Band NetworksTypical Parameter Settings in a 2-Layer Macro Cell Network

Intended to push and keep dual band MS traffic in GSM 1800 layer

Parameter GSM900/GSM1800 Description

ENACLA TRUE TRUE early class mark enabled

NMBULA 3 2 min. number of reported BCCH from other

band

HIERC TRUE TRUE HCS enabled in both layersHIERF RANK0 RANK0 Ranking method: 1-st sublist BCV>, 2nd sublist

BCV


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slide 36 22-Feb-13

Dual Band Capacity Evaluation (example)Input Parameters / Assumptions

Bandwidth: GSM900 9.6 MHz (48 carriers),

GSM1800 10.4 MHz (52 carriers)

Indoor coverage

2% Grade of Service (GOS)

High quality network performance: less than 2% FER @ 90% with Frequency Hopping, Power

Control and DTX

BCCH re-use scheme on macro layer: 4/12

Outdoor micro-cellular re-use factor (contiguous coverage): 6

In-building (pico-cellular) re-use factor (3-dimensional)

4 in horizontal plane, i.e. 4-building re-use pattern

2 in vertical direction, i.e. 2-floor re-use pattern

Number of TRXs per micro / pico BTS: 2

Orthogonal frequency groups in pico, micro and macro cell layer

s


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slide 37 22-Feb-13

Dual Band Capacity Evaluation (example)Macro cell layer

Expansionphase

GSM900(48 carriers)

GSM1800(52 carriers)

Total

traffic

re-usea) BCCHb) TCH

BTS siteconfiguration

Erlangpermacrosite

re-usea)BCCHTCH

BTS siteconfiguration

Erlangpermacrosite

Erlangper

macro

site

start-up:GSM900

a) 4/12b) 4/12

4/4/4 65.7 - - - - - - - - - 65.7

introduceGSM1800

a) 4/12b) 4/12

4/4/4 65.7 a) 4/12b) 4/12

4/4/4(4 sparecarriers)

65.7 131.4

tight reuse TCHGSM900/1800

(*)a) 4/12b) 6

5/5/5 84.9 a) 4/12b) 6

5/5/5 84.9 169.8

(*) 12 GSM900 and 16 GSM1800 carriers reserved for micro/ pico-cellular, resp.

s

D l B d C it E l ti ( l )


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slide 38 22-Feb-13

Dual Band Capacity Evaluation (example)Macro cell layer (continued)

Total traffic Capacity Subscribers

(macro layer)

Expansion phase

Erlang per

macro site

Erlang per

sqkm

Subscribers

per sqkm

start-up:GSM900

65.7 153 6120 3060

introduce

GSM1800

131.4 306 12240 6120

tight reuse

GSM900/1800(* )169.8 395 15800 7900

Assumptions: site-to-site distance: 0.7 km (site area = 0.43 sqkm)

traffic model: 25 / 50 mErl/subs

(*) 12 GSM900 and 16 GSM1800 carriers reserved for micro/ pico-cellular, resp.

s

D l B d C i E l i ( l )


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slide 39 22-Feb-13

Dual Band Capacity Evaluation (example)GSM900 micro cellular (contiguous on-street coverage)

Assumptions: 12 GSM900 carriers reserved for micro-cellular

re-use: 6

TRX per micro BTS: 2

site-to-site distance: 200 m

micros per macro site: 11

traffic model: 50/100 mErl/subs

blocking: 2%, without DR2%, with DR

DR = Directed Retry

traffic per micro: 8.2 Erl10 Erl

capacity in micro layer: 205 Erl/sqkm250 Erl/sqkm

subscribers per sqkm in micro layer: 4100 / 20505000 / 2500

s

D l B d C it E l ti ( l )


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slide 40 22-Feb-13

Dual Band Capacity Evaluation (example)GSM1800pico cellular (inbuilding coverage)

Assumptions: 16 GSM1800 carriers reserved for pico-cellularhorizontal plane re-use: 4

vertical direction re-use: 2

TRX per micro BTS: 2

number of office buildings: 50 per sqkm

area per floor: 3000 sqmnumber of floors: 40

number of sites on floor: 1 (at minimum)

blocking: 2%

traffic model: 50 / 100 mErl/subs

traffic per site: 8.2 Erl capacity: 16400 Erl/sqkm

subscribers per sqkm in pico layer: 328000 / 164000

s


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slide 41 22-Feb-13

Dual Band Capacity Evaluation (example)Total capacity in dense urban areas

Macro Cell

GSM900

Micro Cell

GSM900

GSM900 (macro + micro layer) total capacity

402 Erl/sqkm (without DR)

447 Erl/sqkm (with DR)

total subs per sqkm with DR

12900 (@ 25 /50 mErl)

6450 (@ 50/100 mErl)

GSM1800 (macro + pico layer) total capacity

16'600 Erl/sqkm

total subs per sqkm336'000 (@ 25/50 mErl)

168'000 (@ 50/100 mErl)

Macro Cell

GSM1800

Pico Cell

GSM1800

s

Dual Band Capacity Evaluation (example)


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slide 42 22-Feb-13

Dual Band Capacity Evaluation (example)Summary

GSM 900

447198153

402

100

1000

10000

100000

macro tight re-use micro cells directed

retry

Erl/sqkm

GSM 900/1800

17045

645395306

600

100

1000

10000

100000

macro tight re-

use

micro

cells

directed

retry

pico

cells

Erl/sqkm

GSM 1800

198153

16400

100

1000

10000

100000

macro tight re-use pico cells

Erl/sqkm

GSM 900/1800

348800

208001580012240 19900

10000

100000

1000000

macro t ight re-

use

micro

cells

directed

retry

pico

cells

sub

srcibers/sqkm

macro: 25 mErl/subs

micro: 50 mErl/subs

pico: 50 mErl/subs

siemens dualband strategy

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