DNA 6002F

S H O T H O O Dc A Test of the PLUMBBOB Series

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Nuclear Test Personnel Review

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9. KEY WORDS (Continue on re~et#e #id* if nscaaamy ad ldontffy by block number)

HOOD Nevada Test SitePLUMBBOB AFSWPIonizing Radiation AFSWC'Exercise Desert Rock Nuclear Weapons TestsNevada Test Organization Atmospheric Nuclear Tests

20. ABSTRACT ,-Cdh. m ~.�r� l id ff W rrd fdmatlfy by block numbor)

This report describes the activities of DoD personnel, both military andcivilian, in Shot HOOD, the sixth nuclear test in the PLUMBBOB atmosphericweapons testing series. The test was conducted on 5 July 1957 and involvedparticipants from Exercise Desert Rock VII, AFSWP, AFSWC, and AECtest groups. This volume also describes the radiological safety criteriaand procedures in effect at Shot HOOD.

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The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, under whomthis work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and editingcontribution of numerous reviewers in the Military Services and otherorganizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7.

20. ABSTRACT (Continued)

At the time of the first edition of SHOT HOOD, the after-action reportdescribing the Marine brigade exercise (Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade,Report of Exercise Desert Rock VII, Marine Corps) had not been located. Forthis edition, the after-action report has been used to corroborate, tocorrect, and to supplement accounts of the trooo exercise drawn from planninadocuments and interviews.section 2.2.

This has resulted in'substantial revision of u

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PREFACE

Between 1945 and 1962, the U.S. Government, through theManhattan Engineer District and its successor agencv, the AtomicEnergv Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclearweapons tests at sites in the United States and in the Pacificand Atlantic Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department ofDefense (DOD) participants, both military and civilian, werepresent at the tests. Of these, approximately 90,000 partici-pated in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted at theNevada Test Site (NTS), northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada.

In 1977, 15 vears after the last above-ground weapons test,the Centers for Disease Control* noted a possible leukemiacluster among a small group of soldiers at Shot SMOKY, anothertest of Operation PLUMBBOB, the series of nuclear weapons testsconducted in 1957. Since that initial report by the Centers forDisease Control, the Veterans Administration has received anumber of claims for medical benefits from former militarvpersonnel who believe their health mav have been affected bvtheir participation in the weapons testing program.

In late 1977, the DOD began a study to provide data to boththe Centers for Disease Control and the Veterans Administrationon potential exposures to ionizing radiation among the militaryand civilian participants in the atmospheric nuclear weaponstests. The DOD organized an effort to:

0 Identifv DOD personnel who had taken part in theatmospheric nuclear weapons tests

- -----.- ---___*The Centers for Disease Control are an agency of the U.S.Department of Health and Human Services (formerlv the U.S.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare).

0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposureto ionizing radiation

0 Provide public disclosure of information concerningparticipation bv DOD personnel in the atmosphericnuclear weapons tests.

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS VOLUME

This report on Shot HOOD is based on the military andtechnical documents associated with this nuclear weapons test.Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DOD involvementin this event were found in the Defense Nuclear Agency TechnicalLibrary, the National Archives, the Department of Energv NevadaOperations Office, and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratorv(LASL).

In most cases, the surviving historical documentationaddresses test specifications and technical information ratherthan the personnel data critical to the studv undertaken by theDepartment of Defense. Moreover, these documents sometimesreveal inconsistencies in vital facts, such as the number of DODparticipants in a certain pro.ject at a given shot or theirlocations and assignments at a given time. These inconsistenciesusually occur between two or more documents hut occasionallyappear within the same document. Efforts have heen made toresolve these inconsistencies where possible or to bring them tothe attention of the reader.

In addition to these inconsistencies in information, docu-ments from the Armed Forces Special Weapons Pro.iect (AFSWP) donot always present project titles and agencies consistently. Tomake this information as uniform as possible, this report usesweapons test report titles for each pro<iect. Information con-cerning the dates and vields of the test detonation mav also varyamong documents. All such information presented in this reportis taken from the Department of Energv, Announced United StatesNuclear Tests, Julv 1945 through 1979 (NVO-209). Other data on

the test, such as meteorological conditions and nuclear cloud

dimensions, are taken from DNA 1251-1, Compilation of LocalFallout Data from Test Detonations 1.945-1962, Volume 1, except ininstances where more specific information is availahle elsewhere.

For several of the Exercise Desert Rock and test organi-zation pro.jects discussed in this volume, the only documentsavailable are the Sixth Army Desert Rock operation orders and theTest Director's schedule of events from "Operation Order l-57."These sources detail the plans developed hy DOD and AEC personnelduring Operation PLUMBBOB, but it is not known if all thepro,jects were conducted as planned. Although some of the after-action documents summarize the pro,jects performed during thePLUMBBOB series, theg do not alwavs supplv shot-specific infor-mation. In the absence of shot-specific after-action reports,pro.jects are described according to the way thev were planned.The references indicate whether the description of activities isbased on the schedule of events, operation orders, or after-action reports.

ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF THE PLUMBROR SERIES REPORTS

This volume details participation bv DOD personnel in ShotHOOD, the sixth detonation of the Operation PLUMBROB nuclearweapons testing series. Seven other publications address DODactivities during the PLUMHBOR series:

0 Series Volume: Operation PLUMBROR AtmosphericNuclear Weapons Tests, 1957

0 Multi-shot Volume: Shots ROLTZMANN to WILSON, theFirst Four Tests of the PLIJMBBORSeries

0 Shot Volume: Shot PRISCILLA, a Test of thePLUMBROB Series

l Multi-shot Volume: Shots DIABLO to FRANKLIN PRIME,the Mid-series PLUMBROB Tests

l Shot Volume: Shot SMOKY, a Test of thePLUMBROB Series

l Shot Volume: Shot GALILEO, a Test of thePLUMBROB Series

0 Multi-shot Volume: Shots WHEELER to MORGAN, theFinal PLUMHBOB Tests.

The Operation PLUMBHOB volumes are designed for use with oneanother. The series volume contains general information ontopics such as the historical background of the PLUMBBOB testevents, organizational relationships, and radiation safety proce-dures. In addi.tion, the series volume contains a bibliography ofworks consulted in the preparation of all eight OperationPLUMBBOB reports. The single-shot volumes, on the other hand,describe DOD participation in Shots HOOD, PRISCILLA, SMOKY, and

GALILEO. These shots have been addressed in separate volumesbecause they involved suhstantial numbers of Desert Rockparticipants. The multi-shot volumes combine shot-specificdescriptions for several nuclear events, each involving smallernumbers of DOD personnel. The shot and multi-shot volumescontain bihliographies only of the sources referenced in each

t e x t . Descriptions of activities concerning anv particular shot

in Operation PLUMBBOB may be supplemented by the.general infor-mation on organization and radiological safety contained irt the

PLUMBBOB series volume.

The first chapter of this volume describes the physicalsetting of the HOOD detonation and introduces the Desert Rockmaneuvers and those Nevada Test Organization (NTO) diagnostic andscientific activities in which DOD personnel participated.Chapter 2 describes the Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIIImilitarv pro,iects conducted at Shot HOOD, while chapter 3describes various training activities, scientific experiments,and slIpport missions conducted bv the NT0 hut with DOD part:c-ipants. In chapter 4, the radiological environment and safetyprocedures are described. Details of the overall radiological

4

protection program at Operation PLUMBBOB are provided in theseries volume.

The information in this report is supplemented by theReference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes.The manual summarizes information on radiation physics, radiationhealth concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques.It also lists acronyms and provides a glossary of terms used inthe DOD reports addressing test events in the continental Unitedstates.

5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PKEFACE........................... 1

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

HOOD SHOT SYNOPSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Chapter

1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.1 Setting and Characteristics of theHOOD Detonation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.2 Department of Defense Scientific,Operational Training, and SupportActivities at Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.3 Exercise Desert Rock Activities atShot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII OPERATIONS AT SHOT HOOD. . . . . 20

2.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination Pro,jectsat Shot HOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.2 Troop Test Project at Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . 222.3 Radiological Training Pro,jects at Shot HOOD. . . . . 382.4 Technical Service Projects at Shot HOOD. . . . . . . 39

3 NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT HOOD. . . . . 43

3.1 Field Command Weapons Effects Test GroupPro,jects at Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.2 Department of Defense Participation inLASL and UCRL Test Group Pro,jects at Shot HOOD . . . 58

3.3 Department of Defense Participation inCivil Effects Test Group Pro,jects at Shot HOOD . . . 59

3.4 Department of Defense Operational TrainingProLjects at Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3.5 Air Force Special Weapons CenterActivities at Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3.5.1 Cloud Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623.5.2 Courier Missions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653.5.3 Cloud Tracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653.5.4 Cloud Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Chapter Page

3.5.5 Security Sweep Missions . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.6 Terrain Survey Missions . . . . . . . . . . .

4 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT HOOD . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1 Radiation Monitoring and Film Badge Readingsfor Participants in the Marine Brigade Exercise. . .

4.2 Nevada Test Organization RadiationProtection Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

l-1 Location of Shot HOOD in the Nevada Test Site,in Relation to Other Shots in the PLUMBBOB Series . . .

l-2

2-1

2-2

View of Shot HOOD Detonation from News Nob. . . . . . .

Troop Movement in Desert Rock Project 52.1. . . . . . .

13

14

23

Aerial View of Trenches to Be Occupied by 4th MarineCorps Atomic Exercise Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2-3 Marines Return to Camp Desert Rock after Shot DIABLOFails to Detonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2-4 Observers at News Nob during the Countdown forShotHOOD....................... 32

2-5 Marine Corps Ontos Vehicle with the Shot HOODCloud in the Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2-6 Marine Corps Helicopters Landing to Recover Men andSupplies after the Detonation of HOOD . . . . . . . . . 35

2-7 Marines Boarding Helicopter after Shot HOOD . . . . . . 36

4-1 Distribution of Total Film Badge Readings, Project 52.1,S h o t H O O D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0

6566

67

67

73

81

7

LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

Figure Page

4-2

4-3

4-4

4-5

4-6

4-7

Distribution of Total Film Badge Readings, Project 52.1,Participants with Three Film Badges (Monitors). . . . .

Initial Survey for Shot HOOD, 5 July 1957,Mid-time 0536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Resurvey for Shot HOOD, 5 July 1957, Mid-time 1052. . .

Resurvey for Shot HOOD, 6 July 1957, Mid-time 0613. . .

Resurvey for Shot HOOD, 7 July 1957, Mid-time 0818. . .

Resurvey for Shot HOOD, 8 July 1957, Mid-time 0658. . .

LIST OF TABLES

Table- -

2-1 Exercise Desert Rock VII Projects, Shot HOOD. . . . . .

2-2 Subunits of the 4th Marine Corps ProvisionalAtomic Exercise Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-l Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects,S h o t H O O D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-2 LASL, UCRL, and CETG Pro,jects with DOD PersonnelInvolvement, Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-3 DOD Operational Training Projects, Shot HOOD. . . . . .

3-4 AFSWC Air Mission Support, Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . .

72

75

76

77

78

79

Page

21

25

44

58

60

63

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The following abbreviations and acronvms are used in this volume:

AECAFBAFSWCAFSWPB,JYCETGDODFCDALASLLVTsNT0NTSREECoR/hUCRLUSAFUTM

Atomic Energy CommissionAir Force BaseAir Force Special Weapons CenterArmed Forces Special Weapons Pro,iectBuster-Jangle "Y"Civil Effects Test GroupDepartment of DefenseFederal Civil Defense AdministrationLos Alamos Scientific LaboratoryLanding Vehicles, TrackedNevada Test OrganizationNevada Test SiteReynolds Electrical and Engineering CompanvRoentgen per hourUniversity of California Radiation LaboratoryUnited States Air ForceUniversal Transverse Mercator

HOOD

SHOT SYNOPSIS

AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMBBOBDOD EXERCISES: Desert Rock VIIDATE/TIME: 0440 hours, 5 July 1957YIELD: 74 kilotonsHEIGHT OF BURST: 1,500 feet (balloon shot)

AEC Objective: To evaluate the nuclear vield and the blast,thermal, and radiation phenomena produced hvthis nuclear device.

DOD 0b.jective.s: (1) To obtain and evaluate information on theeffects of a nuclear weapon.

(2) To train military personnel in nuclearweapons effects and to test militarv tacticsand theory on a simulated nuclear battlefield.

Weather:

Radiation Data:

Participants:

At shot-time, the temperature was 21°C,relative humidity was 19 percent, and pressrlrewas 876 millibars. The wind was calm atsurface level. At 20,000 feet, the wind wasfrom the south at about 10 knots. At 40,000feet, thp wind was from thp southwest at23 knots.

About one hour after the shot, radiationintensities greater than 0.1 R/h were confinerlto within 2,000 meters of ground zero.Intensities between 0.01 and 0.1 R/h extendedup to 3,100 meters from ground zero. Minoroffsite fallout occurred to the north-northeast of the NTS.

Atomic Energv Commission, Los AlamosScientific Laboratory, University ofCalifornia Radiation Laboratorv, ExerciseDesert Rock troops, Air Force Special WeaponsCenter, Armed Forces Special Weapons Pro.iect,Department of Defense Laboratories, FederalCivil Defense Administration, DOD contractors.

10

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Shot HOOD was a test of a 74-kiloton nuclear device con-ducted at 0440 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 5 July 1957 at theNevada Test Site, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission continentalnuclear test area located northwest of Las Vegas. HOOD was thesixth nuclear test of Operation PLUMBBOB, a series of 24 nuclearweapons tests and six safety experiments conducted between24 April and 7 October 1957.

The HOOD nuclear device was sponsored, designed, and builtfor the Atomic Energy Commission bv the Universitv of CaliforniaRadiation Laboratory (UCRL). The primary ob,jective of the HOODtest was to evaluate nuclear yield and blast, thermal, andradiation phenomena. To fulfill this ob,jective, UCRL and the LosAlamos Scientific Laboratory fielded scientific and diagnosticexperiments to study the characteristics of the detonation. TheArmed Forces Special Weapons Pro.ject of the Department of Defensealso performed experiments to determine the effects of the deto-nation on military equipment, material, structures, and ordnance.

Other activities at Shot HOOD included Exercise Desert RockVII. As part of this exercise, the armed services fielded eightpro.iects to evaluate military equipment and tactics. In onepro,iect, the Marine Corps conducted a troop maneuver in the testarea immediately after the detonation. This maneuver, whichinvolved a Marine brigade and supporting units, includedhelicopter airlifts of assault troops, tactical air support, andair resupply. This was the largest single military! activitv inOperation PLUMBBOB.

11

In addition to the eight Desert Hock pro.jects, the Depart-ment of Defense conducted four operational training projects atHOOD. The Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) conductedanother ten pro.jects to assess the effects of nuclear detonationson civilian populations and to evaluate Civil Defense emergencypreparedness plans. Department of Defense participation in thesepro.jects was limited.

1.1 SETTING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOOD DETONATION

Shot HOOD was originally scheduled for 27 June 1957. WhenShot DIABLO, which was planned for 25 June 1957, was delayed bytechnical difficulties, HOOD was rescheduled for 3 July 1957.Additional difficulties further delayed the HOOD detonation until5 July.

The nuclear device tested at Shot HOOD was suspended from aballoon 1,500 feet above Area 9 at UTM coordinates 852100,* inthe northeastern part of Yucca Flat. Figure l-1 indicates thelocation of the HOOD detonation in relation to other shots inOperation PLUMBBOB, and figure l-2 shows the detonation.

At the time of the detonation, the wind was calm at surfacelevel. Minutes after the detonation, the nuclear cloud reached35,000 to 48,000 feet,+ where the winds were from the southwestat 19 and 31 knots respectively. The residual radiation con-sisted primarily of neutron-induced activity around ground zero.

*Universal Transverse Mercator (LJTM) coordinates are used in thisreport. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-westaxis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-southaxis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of anarea 100 meters square.

+Altitudes are measured from mean sea level, unless otherwisenoted.

12

1 --------r---’

1

SMOKY

I

KEPLER :---’ J+----

SALILEO

-t/ JOHN.,.

ILASSENWILSON WHEELER

IHOOD CHARLESTON

O W E N S MORGAN

- BOLTZMANN

FmnchmanILake

II

Camp Mercury

KIlometers R o c k

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF SHOT HOOD IN THE NEVADA TEST SITE,IN RELATION TO OTHER SHOTS IN THE PLUMBBOB SERIES

13

Offsite fallout from HOOD was minor and occurred in an areanorth-northeast of the NTS (20).*

1.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, ANDSUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT HOOD

The Nevada Test Organization was established to plan,coordinate, and conduct atmospheric nuclear weapons tests duringOperation PLUMRROR. Ali activities of the NT0 were under the

overall control of an AEC-appointed Test Manager, assisted by the

Test Director. The NT0 was staffed by personnel from the Atomic

Energy Commission, the Department of Defense, and the FederalCivil Defense Administration, and included representatives fromthe AFSWP Weapons Effects Test Group (WETG), the LASL Test Group,the UCRL Test Group, and the FCDA Civil Effects Test Group(CETG). These test groups conducted more than 40 militaryeffects and diagnostic projects at Shot HOOD. More than half ofthese projects had DOD participants. Air Force and Marinepersonnel performed four other pro.iects as part of the DOD opera-

tional training program.

Personnel from DOD agencies and all four armed servicesparticipated in the experiments condllcted bv the four testgroups, whose activities were coordinated bv the Test Director.The largest DOD involvement, totaling at least 200 individuals,was in the military effects pro.jects of the Weapons Effects TestGroup. Only about 50 DOD personnel assisted in the pro,jectsconducted by the LASL, JJCRL, and CETG test groups. Participantsin the scientific and diagnostic experiments placed data-collection instruments around the point of detonation in the davs

and weeks preceding the scheduled event. Participants began

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphaheticallv andnumbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. Thenumber given in the text corresponds to the number of the sourcedocument in the Reference List.

15

recovering the instruments and equipment after the Test Managerdeclared recovery hour at 0608 hours on shot-dav (18).

The operational training pro.jects, which involved about14 Air Force personnel and 19 Marines, were designed to testservice tactics and equipment and to instruct militarv personnelin the effects of a nuclear detonation. Three of these projectsrequired aircrews to fly their aircraft in the vicinitv of the

Nevada Test Site to observe or photograph the fireball and therise of the resulting nuclear cloud. The fourth project eval-uated the accuracy of bomb damage assessment equipment on anaircraft. These pro.iects, like those of the test groups, wereapproved and coordinated by the Test Director.

In addition to those personnel involved in experiments andtraining, staff and support personnel provided necessary servicesto other participants at the test site. About 500 DOD personnelwere involved in these activities.

One important support function during Shot HOOD was providedby the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC), based atKirtland Air Force Base (AFB), New Mexico. AFSWC provided airsupport to the Test Manager and to three test group projects.During Operation PLUMBBOB, the principal AFSWC units were the4950th Test Group (Nuclear), the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling),and the 4935th Air Base Squadron. A total of 493 airmen and 23officers of the 4950th were stationed at Indian Springs AFR, 28kilometers* east of Camp Mercury (17). Support was also providedbv the 4900th Air Base Group at Kirtland AFR. At Shot HOOD,

~------

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metricunits. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28feet; 1 meter = 1.09 vards; and 1 mile = 1.61 kilometers.Altitudes and other vertical distances are given in feet.

16

AFSWC performed several missions, including aircraft control.,security sweeps, cloud-sampling, cloud-tracking and penetration,a radio relay, terrain surveys, and courier services.

To minimize exposure to ionizing radiation, the NT0established radiation protection criteria and procedures.Participants were to receive no more than 3 roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation for anv 13-week period and 5 roentgens ofwhole-body gamma radiation annually. To ensure that thesecriteria were followed, access to contaminated areas was rigidlvcontrolled, and pro,ject personnel recovering test instrumentsfrom highly contaminated areas were accompanied by radiologicalsafety monitors. The monitors, who continuously checked theradiation intensity in the recovery area, had the authoritv toorder a halt to recovery operations if intensities were too greator the length of time spent in the area were too long. Pro.jectpersonnel were issued film badges to wear when in the test area.These film badges were collected and processed at regularintervals. Anv individual whose accumulated exposure exceeded orcame close to the established limits was barred from furtherparticipation in project activities in the test area. Althoughnot implemented during PLUMBBOB, emergency evacuation procedureswere prepared for all test events (46). Radiation protectionprocedures of the NT0 are detailed in the PLUMBBOR series volume.

With one exception, the radiation protection procedures forthe Air Force Special Weapons Center air and ground crews werethe same as those established for NT0 activities. As the singleexception, the Test Manager authorized cloud sampler pilots toreceive up to a total of 7.5 roentgens of gamma radiationannually. Complete decontamination, including showers andchanges of clothing, was required of all aircrew membersfollowing each pro,ject mission, regardless of the exposurereceived on the flight. Aircraft either were decontaminated hv

17

washing or were isolated until radiation intensities had decavedto predetermined levels.

1.3 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK ACTIVITIES AT SHOT HOOD

At Shot HOOD, over 3,000 DOD personnel participated in theeight pro;jects of Exercise Desert Rock VII, the Armv testing andtraining program conducted during Operation PLUMBBOB. Thesepro.jects included two troop observer and indoctrination pro.jects,one troop test, two radiological training pro.jects, and threetechnical service pro,jects.

The largest group of participants were the 2,025 Marines whoperformed Pro,ject 52.1. This group consisted of the 4th MarineCorps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade and support units notpresent at the NTS. This pro.iect tested a task force assaultfollowing a nuclear detonation. Most of the participants in thisexercise observed the detonation from trenches nearly five kilo-meters southwest of ground zero. Elements of one company watchedfrom an area near the Control Point, more than 20 kilometerssouth of ground zero. After the detonation, participantsconducted a coordinated air-ground maneuver against the attackob.jective. When the maneuver was over, the Marines were trans-ported to the equipment display area to view the effects of thedetonation.

Another 970 individuals took part in the other seven Exer-cise Desert Rock pro.iects. These pro;iects involved exposingmilitary equipment to a detonation to evaluate the damagesustained, testing military equipment and techniques fordetecting nuclear bursts and fallout, and training militarypersonnel.

In addition to the Desert Rock exercise troops, about 2,000support troops from variolls Armv units maintained and operated

18

Camp Desert Rock, providing transportation, communications,engineering, administrative, and security services. Some ofthese Desert Rock support troops worked in the forward area ofthe Nevada Test Site to construct observer facilities, laycommunication lines, provide transportation and security, andassist in preparing for the Desert Rock pro.jects. Soldiers fromthe 50th Chemical Platoon served as radiation safety monitors forDesert Hock pro,ject personnel during nuclear test events.

Radiation protection procedures at Exercise Desert Rock aredetailed in the PLUMBBOB series volume. The procedures weredesigned to minimize potential exposure to ionizing radiationwhile allowing participants to accomplish the pro.ject objectives.Camp Desert Rock support personnel and exercise participants wereLimited to no more than 5 roentgens of whole-body gamma radiationduring any six-month period. The radiation protection proceduresof Exercise Desert Rock included provisions for (28):

0 Maintaining minimum safe distances from nucleardetonations

0 Enforcing protective procedures for personnelobserving the detonation

0 Controlling access to contaminated areas

l Film badging Desert Rock personnel and monitoringtheir cumulative exposilre

0 Decontaminating equipment and personnel leaving thetest area after the detonation.

This report documents the activities of the Desert Rocktroops and other DOD personnel who participated in Shot HOOD.The activities of Desert Rock and NT0 support personnel aredetailed in the PLUMBBOB series volume.

CHAPTER 2

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII OPERATIONS AT SHOT HOOD

Department of Defense personnel participated in eightExercise Desert Rock VII projects at Shot HOOD. Of theapproximately 3,000 participants, 2,025 men were involved in asingle project, the Marine Brigade Exercise.

The projects conducted at Exercise Desert Rock VII at ShotHOOD were divided into the four programs listed in table 2-l.The Troop Observer Indoctrination Program was designed toinstruct military personnel in the effects of a nuclear deto-nation. The Troop Test Program was designed to test militarytactics and doctrine and to train command staff personnel inplanning and conducting combat operations on a simulated nuclearbattlefield. The Radiological Training Program provided practicein applying radiological protection procedures under conditionssimilar to those of a nuclear battlefield. The Technical ServiceProgram tested the effects of nuclear weapons on ordnancematerial, fortifications, structures, and equipment and testedtechniques for detecting nuclear detonations.

2.1 TROOP OBSERVER INDOCTRINATION PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD

Two troop observer indoctrination projects were conducted atShot HOOD: Pro.ject 50.2, Troop Observers, and Project 53.3,Aircrew Observers. Project 50.2 engaged 308 observers from theArmy, one from the Navy, two from the military of the UnitedKingdom, and one civilian (28). Project 53.3 involved five AirForce observers. The 20 Marine Corps observers at Shot HOOD wereaffiliated with the Marine Brigade Exercise.

20

Table 2-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII PROJECTS, SHOT HOOD

Program Type

Troop ObserverI n d o c t r i n a t i o n

Troop Test

EstimatedNumber of

DODProject Title Personnel Participants

50.2 Troop Observers 312 Army; Navy; United KingdomMil i ta ry Personne l

53.3 Aircrew Observers 5 Air Force

5 2 . 1 Mar ine Br igade Exerc ise 2,025 4th Marine Corps ProvisionalAtomic Exercise Brigade

R a d i o l o g i c a l T r a i n i n g 53.4 R a d i o l o g i c a l D e f e n s e

T r a i n i n g

Sixth Army Chemical,B i o l o g i c a l , a n d R a d i o l o g i c a lD e f e n s e T r a i n i n g

3 6 R a d i o l o g i c a l D e f e n s e S c h o o l ,Lowry AFB, Denver, Colorado

24 Sixth Army

Technical Service 53.3 Evaluation of Medium RangeD e t o n a t i o n - d e t e c t i o n a n d

Cloud Tracking Systems

25 Army Signal Research andD e v e l o p m e n t L a b o r a t o r i e s

50.7 Test of Ordnance Material 1 0 Ba l l i s t i c Research Labora to r ies ;Continental Army Command;Det ro i t Arsena l

50.8 Detection of Atomic Bursta n d R a d i o a c t i v e F a l l o u t

557 Army Artillery and GuidedM i s s i l e S c h o o l ; C h e m i c a l C o r p s :Air Defense Board: ArtilleryBoard; Air Weather Service

21

- -

The observers arrived at Camp Desert Rock about three daysbefore the scheduled detonation. Two days before the shot, theyreceived an eight-hour preshot orientation. The day before theshot, they were briefed on observation procedures in the morningand escorted on a tour of the NTS in the afternoon (28).

On shot-day, the observers viewed the detonation either fromthe main trenches with the Marines of Pro.ject 52.1 or from anobserver area located 10 kilometers southwest of ground zero(28) 0 From one to three hours after the detonation, theyinspected the equipment in the Marine equipment display area,shown in figure 2-l.

The Army's Final Report of Operations lists the partici-pation of 299 Camp Desert Rock support troops at Shot HOOD (28).Their specific activities are unknown, although they probablyobserved the shot from News Nob, near the Control Point. TheControl Point was about 23 kilometers south of the HOOD groundzero.

2.2 TROOP TEST PROJECT AT SHOT HOOD

The only troop test conducted at Shot HOOD was Project 52.1,the Marine Brigade Exercise. The largest exercise ever performedat the NTS, this project engaged 2,025 members of the 4th MarineCorps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade (55). To determine theparticipating units, Marine Corps researchers studied shots withsimilar activities, such as Shot BEE in Operation TEAPOT, inwhich the 3d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigadeparticipated. This study yielded a list of units that probablytook part in the Marine Brigade Exercise at HOOD. A searchthrough the unit diaries revealed that these units actually wereat the shot. In addition, the diaries identified the men who hadbeen temporarily assigned to Camp Desert Rock to take part inI~( )Oi? . The unit diaries were cross-checked against muster rolls

22

0l--d

Kilometer

ObjectiveI

/ -\i- \

-IL--S!hC!SF--w--

B l u e HelicopterLoading Zone ‘t \\

I Two

/2

I 2

I 2

I

I

pCommand Post ?

0 Tracked Vehicle t

Assembly Area t

t

Legend: t

+ + -) Helicopter Routet

- - - - Tracked Vehicle Route t

Marine Assault t

Foot Route t

Main EquipmentDisplay Area

G Z

To Helicopter Loading Zone 1and the Parking AreaApproximately 9 km

Figure 2-1: TROOP MOVEMENT IN DESERT ROCK PROJECT 52.1

2 3

for the units and against the listing of individuals who had beenissued film badges for the time period encompassing the 5 Julydetonation of Shot HOOD (25). Researchers concluded that about300 members of Camp Desert Rock support units, most of whom weredrivers from the Transportation Corps units that drove theMarines to and from the forward area, were onsite in addition tothe project participants. Table 2-2 gives the subunits of the4th Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade that par-ticipated in Project 52.1 at the Nevada Test Site: The principalparticipating units were from the First Marine Division, CampPendleton, California, and the 3d Marine Aircraft Wing from theMarine Corps Air Station, Santa Ana, California.

Project 52.1 had five objectives (28):

0 To train command and staff personnel in planningand implementing operations to deal with tacticalnuclear weapons

0 To formulate new tactics and techniques fordealing with nuclear weapons

0 To acquaint personnel with the effects of nuclearweapons

0 To test and evaluate military doctrine concerningnuclear warfare

0 To familiarize personnel with passive defensemeasures against the effects of nuclear weapons.

Originally planned to take place during Shot DIABLO on27 June 1957, Project 52.1 called for some of the troops to takepart in a command post exercise and others in a troop maneuver.The command post exercise was to start at noon on the day beforethe shot and end no later than one hour before the detonation.Participants in the command post exercise would then join therest of the Marines in observation trenches. Following thedetonation, command post exercise personnel were to be trans-ported to an equipment display area to view the effects of thenuclear detonation on Marine equipment and uniforms.

24

Table 2-2: SUBUNITS OF THE 4TH MARINE CORPSPROVISIONAL ATOMIC EXERCISE BRIGADE

1st Marine Division

Headquarters Company, Headquarters BattalionHeadquarters and Service Company, 1st Service RegimentHeadquarters and Service Company, 2d Battalion, 5th Marine

RegimentCompany E, 2d Battalion, 5th Marine RegimentCompany F, 2d Battalion, 5th Marine RegimentCompany G, 2d Battalion, 5th Marine RegimentCompany H, 2d Battalion, 5th Marine RegimentCompany C, 1st Pioneer BattalionBattery E, 2d Battalion, 11th Marine RegimentPlatoon, Company A, 1st Anti-tank Battalion (Ontos)1st Hospital Company, 1st Medical Battalion1st Light Support Company, 1st Service Battalion3d Light Support Company, 1st Service BattalionCompany B, 1st Motor Transport BattalionCompany A, 3d Amphibious Tractor Battalion (Amtrac)Company C, 3d Amphibious Tractor Battalion3d Amphibious Truck Company, 3d Amphibious Tractor Battalion

3d Marine Aircraft Wing

Headquarters, 3d Marine Aircraft WingHeadquarters and Headquarters Squadron, Marine Air Group

Light Transport Helicopter 36Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, Marine Air

Group 33Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron, Marine Air Group

Light Transport Helicopter 36Marine Light Helicopter Transport Squadron 361, Marine Air

Group Light Transport Helicopter 36Marine Light Helicopter Transport Squadron 362, Marine Air

Group Light Transport Helicopter 36Marine Light Helicopter Transport Squadron 363, Marine Air

Group Light Transport Helicopter 36Marine Attack Squadron 223, Marine Air Group 15Marine Observation Squadron 6, Marine Air Group Light

Transport Helicopter 36

25

The troop maneuver was planned as a postshot exerciseinvolving a coordinated air-ground assault by a reinforced Marinebattalion against a military ob.jective. For safety reasons, theobjective was to be located far from ground zero. Most Marineparticipants were to witness the shot from trenches fivekilometers southwest of ground zero. The trench area is shown infigure 2-2. Elements of one company would observe the detonationfrom Loading Zone One (near Yucca Lake) with the helicoptersquadrons. After the detonation, the helicopters were to trans-port troops to landing zones near the attack ob.jective. A groundassault on the objective, supported by artillery and tacticalaircraft, would follow the airlift. In the meantime, one companywould march toward ground zero until it reached the radiologicalsafety limit. That company would then march back to the loadingzone near the observation trenches, board helicopters for theairlift, and join the ground attack on the objective. Anothercompany would be transported by LVTs (landing vehicles, tracked)to the ob.jective. After the ground assault was completed, allMarines would be transported to the equipment display area toview the effects of the detonation.

The 4th Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigadearrived at Camp Desert Rock on 19 and 20 June 1957. Afterorientation, participants rehearsed the maneuvers planned for27 June. The air portion of the exercise was rehearsed beginningat 0500 hours on 21 June. During this rehearsal, the helicopters(without troops aboard) flew from Loading Zones One and Two toLanding Zones Pink and Blue. A modified rehearsal of the fieldexercise was conducted on 23 June. Marines traveled by bus fromCamp Desert Rock to the DIABLO trenches. The troops were ledthrough the DIABLO equipment display area, and levels of damagewere predicted to prepare the troops for the postshot tour of thedisplay. On 24 June, 480 officers and enlisted men from thebrigade observed Shot PRISCILLA (55).

26

When Shot DIABLO was postponed from 27 June to 28 June, alarge part of the brigade was already in position for the firing.Not yet aware that the shot would be delayed, the Marines hadbegun the command post exercise portion of Project 52.1 at 1330hours on 26 June. They completed it at 0130 on 27 June (55). On28 June, the command post exercise personnel were transported tothe trenches to observe DIABLO with the rest of the 4th MarineCorps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade. At 0430, DIABLOfailed to detonate because of electrical problems, and theMarines returned to Camp Desert Rock, as shown in figure 2-3.

Shot DIABLO was eventually rescheduled for 12 July 1957.Because this delay would have prolonged the Marines' stay at CampDesert Rock still further, it was decided to have the 4th MarineCorps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade perform the troop testat Shot HOOD, scheduled for 3 July.

Several exercise facilities were modified to accommodate thehigh yield anticipated for Shot HOOD. Observation trenches dugfor Shot SHASTA had to be quickly altered to accommodate1,900 Marines. These trenches were about six feet deep and werelocated about five kilometers southwest of the HOOD ground zero(28; 55). In addition, the DIABLO equipment display was moved tothe HOOD ground zero area.

The equipment display was designed to demonstrate the effectof a nuclear detonation on Marine equipment and clothing. Themain equipment display consisted of ten positions to the north-east of ground zero, as shown in figure 2-l. The equipment,consisting of items as diverse as trucks and rocket launchers andtelephones and radios, was placed 270 to 1,980 meters from groundzero to the northeast. Four groups of mannequins were placed invarious stances at distances ranging from about 3,470 meters to

28

4,300 meters from ground zero to the northeast and ,just beyondthe observation trenches to the southwest (26; 54).

The troop exercise portion of Pro,ject 52.1 began at 2230 on2 July. Because the command post exercise had already beenperformed in conjunction with one of Shot DIABLO's postponements,it was not repeated. Instead, half the command post exerciseparticipants were trucked with the maneuver troops to thetrenches and half were sent to the Command Post area to observeShot HOOD. The maneuver troops of the 2d Battalion, 5th Marines,left Camp Desert Rock in a five-unit march column commanded bythe Motor Transport Officer of Exercise Desert Rock (9; 13; 44).Along the way, elements of Company G disembarked at Loading ZoneOne at Yucca Pass. The first march unit left Camp Desert Rock at2233 hours on 2 July, and the last arrived at the trench area at0032 on 3 July (55). The convoy vehicles retired to a designatedparking area where they remained on-call to return the troops toCamp Desert Rock after the maneuver. Troops were already in thetrench area when the 3 July firing of Shot HOOD was postponeduntil 0440 hours on 5 July. The activities described above wererepeated beginning at 2230 hours on 4 July (55).

According to the HOOD operation order, three helicoptersquadrons, each consisting of eight helicopters of Marine AirGroup 36, were to leave Camp Desert Rock at 2230 hours on 4 Julyfor Loading Zone One, near the Yucca Pass airstrip (24). How-ever, it is unlikely that the helicopters would have flown atnight. Instead, they probably left Camp Desert Rock beforesunset and arrived at Loading Zone One approximately ten minuteslater. Marine helicopter pilots have confirmed this assumption(13; 38).

Two hours before the shot, personnel rehearsed trenchprocedures. Personnel were ordered to take position in theirassigned trenches 23 minutes before the detonation; they were

30

instructed to don their gas masks and crouch two minutes beforethe shot (55). The Marines were apparently positioned at shot-time as follows (27):

0 2d Battalion, 5th Marines (with the exception ofCompany G), and the Headquarters Company in the trenches

l Detachments of the 1st Motor Transport Battalion,the 3d Amtrac Battalion, and the 1st Anti-tank Battalionat the vehicle assembly area

0 The 3d Light Support Company and Desert Rock trans-port unit at the parking area on Mercury Highway

a Marine Helicopter Squadrons 361, 362, and 363 ofMarine Air Group Light Transport Helicopter 36, 3d MarineAircraft Wing, and Company G, 2d Battalion, 5th Marines,at Loading Zone One at Yucca Psss.

The locations of Marine Observation Squadron 6 of Marine AirGroup Light Transport Helicopter 36 and the Marine Aircraft WingHeadquarters have not been documented, but these units wereprobably in the trenches with the 1st Marine Division.

As a loudspeaker announced the countdown, observers at thevehicle assembly area and News Nob covered their eyes and turnedaway from the detonation, as shown in figure 2-4. At 0440, ShotHOOD was detonated. The heat of the detonation ignited manybrush fires, and the shock caused some of the trenches tocollapse; however, there were no serious cave-ins or personnelcasualties (55). In the mining communities north of the NTS,windows shattered and buildings shook. The light from thedetonation was seen in San Francisco, and the blast was felt inLos Angeles.

Fifteen minutes after the detonation, the maneuver troopsleft their trenches. Company F, 2d Battalion, 5th Marines,marched west to Loading Zone Two, shown in figure 2-1, to waitfor the helicopter airlift. Company H waited in the trench areafor the truck convoy that would transport it to the vehicle

31

assembly area. In the meantime, Company E, led by its commandingofficer and executive officer, formed two columns and marchednortheast toward ground zero. Company E was preceded andaccompanied by radiological safety monitors who measured thelevels of radioactivity encountered. In an apparent contra-diction, the after-action report states that Company E, instopping about 370 meters from ground zero, did not exceed theradiation safety criteria (55). Derivative reference materialcontains similar statements (28), and some participants have madesimilar estimates, although they cannot explain how the distancewould have been accurately determined in the field (34; 56).From AEC radiological survey data (such as that presented inchapter 4, especially figure 4-3) and calculations of the unit'srate of advance, the 5 R/h line is determined to have been about1,000 meters from ground zero (54). After spending five to tenminutes in the area, Company E marched back to Loading Zone Twonear the observation trenches, arriving there at 0700 hours.

While Company E was on its march, a truck convoy left theparking area to the rear of the Command Post; drove to thetrenches; picked up Company H; and brought Company H to the vehi-cle assembly area. From there, parts of the 3d Amtrac Battalion,preceded by Ontos vehicles of the 1st Anti-tank Battalion,traveled to the objective. Figure 2-5 shows one of the Ontosanti-tank vehicles.

Because dust was obscuring visibility in Loading Zone Two,the helicopters delayed their departure from Yucca Pass one hour(55). At 0615, the helicopters landed at Loading Zone Two, asshown in figure 2-6, and began the airlift of Company F and thebattalion command elements. Figure 2-7 shows Marines boardingone of the helicopters. Elements of Company G boarded at LoadingZone One. Company E .joined the airlift after the companyreturned from its march toward ground zero (27; 34).

33

The helicopters were of the HRS and HUS types. Each had acrew of three, and each carried five to seven Marines for thismission (13; 30; 38; 44). The helicopters carried Company G toLanding Zone Blue, depicted in figure 2-1. Companies E and Fwere flown to Landing Zone Pink, also shown in figure 2-l.Helicopters completed the airlift from Loading Zone Two to thetwo landing zones by 0821 (27). By 0900, the LVT force hadlinked up with the helicopter force in the area of theobjective (55).

During the airlift, air support was provided by 24 F9F air-craft of Marine Attack Squadron 223, Marine Air Group 15, fromthe Marine Corps air facility at Mo,jave, California. The firstof these aircraft, each flown by one pilot, arrived at the NTS at0510 . The fighters, flying in groups of four, shuttled betweenMo,jave and the NTS for approximately seven hours. After return-ing to Mo,jave, they were decontaminated by Marine Air Group 15ground personnel (3).

Upon arriving at Landing Zone Pink, Company F .joinedCompany H in the attack against the ob,jective, while Company Eremained at Landing Zone Pink to back up the attacking companies.Upon landing at Landing Zone Blue, the remaining unit, Company G,also attacked the ob,jective (6).

According to one participant, Company G had about 30"casualties" due to heat exhaustion. These men were taken to aspecial assembly area by helicopter and allowed to rest for onehour. They then marched to the helicopter landing zone to waitfor the end of the assault (30).

While the tactical exercise was taking place, about 300Marines from the service and support elements of the 4th Brigadetoured the equipment display area. Upon completion of the heli-copter lift and before returning to Camp Desert Rock, 90 pilots

3 7

and crew members of Marine Air Group 36 were taken through thedisplay area. The Equipment Officer, who belonged to the G-3Section of Headquarters Battalion, 1st Marine Division, conductedthe tours of the display area. Marine Corps monitoring teamschecked all vehicles and personnel for contamination before theyleft the display area (35; 55).

When the objective was seized at 1030, the tactical exercisewas concluded. After having lunch in the objective area, theelements of the 3d Amtrac Battalion and 1st Anti-tank Battalionwithdrew to the vehicle assembly area and were transported byCompany B, 1st Motor Transport Battalion, to the Marine equipmentdisplay area. The 2d Battalion, 5th Marines, was transportedeast from the assault areas to the nearest road. From there,they were trucked to the equipment display area, where theyarrived at about 1400 hours. After viewing the display area,they returned to Camp Desert Rock, arriving there at about 1700(27; 55).

Marine personnel who participated in Project 52.1 passedthrough the decontamination station at Yucca Pass, as did theother participants in Shot HOOD. The radiological safetymeasures used to protect the Marine participants in Project 52.1are discussed in chapter 4.

Most personnel left Camp Desert Rock on 5 and 6 July, withthe last remnants departing by 12 July (55).

2.3 RADIOLOGICAL TRAINING PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD

The two radiological training pro,jects conducted at ShotHOOD were Air Force Project 53.4, Radiological Defense Training,and the Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological DefenseTraining, which was an unnumbered project.

38

Thirty-six members of the Air Force Radiological DefenseSchool, located at Lowry AFB in Denver, Colorado, participated inPro,ject 53.4. Participants viewed the detonation from the 50thChemical Platoon Decontamination Station at Yucca Pass (28).After the shot, a representative from the 50th Chemical Platoonescorted the participants to a specially selected area outsidethe 5 R/h line. The participants reported radiation intensitiesat designated markers. These readings were reported to controlstations by radio and plotted on a map. The representative fromthe 50th Chemical Platoon remained with the project participantsto enforce radiological protection procedures and to givetechnical assistance when needed.

The Sixth Army also conducted a monitoring exercise at ShotHOOD. Although no detailed final report has been located,dosimetry records indicate that two chemical, biological, andradiological defense teams, consisting of 12 men each, partici-pated. The teams originated from Camp Hanford, Washington, andFort Mason, California (4; 39).

2.4 TECHNICAL SERVICE PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD

The Army conducted three technical service projects at ShotHOOD, as listed in table 2-l. The DOD personnel who took part inthese projects also performed them at other PLUMBBOB shots bothbefore and after Shot HOOD.

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by the ArmySignal Research and Development Laboratories of Fort Monmouth,New Jersey. The pro,ject was designed, first, to test the abilityof Army radar equipment to detect nuclear detonations and trackradioactive clouds and, second, to examine Army fallout pre-diction methods. The project required the use of three radar

39

sets located at unknown distances from ground zero. A total of25 Army personnel were directly involved in this project (28).In addition, an unspecified number of military personnel wereattached to the Fallout Prediction Unit, part of the TestManager's organization headquartered at Camp Mercury. This unit,operating from an M-109 mobile van next to the weather station atCamp Mercurv, gathered data and estimated the direction offallout.

Project 50.7, Test of Ordnance Materiel, sponsored by theBallistic Research Laboratories, had four subprojects, three ofwhich were conducted at Shot HOOD:

0 Vehicle Damage Testl Radiation Test0 Foxhole Test.

The Vehicle Damage Test was performed by the Detroit Arsenaland was designed to measure the effects of a nuclear detonationon vehicles situated near ground zero. Five days before theshot, Desert Rock personnel positioned three tanks, four hemi-spheres of conventional and experimental types of tank armor, andthree light-armored vehicles 900 meters southeast of ground zero.They placed another light-armored vehicle 720 meters southeast ofthe area. These vehicle displays were studied after thedetonation, when radiation levels permitted (28).

In the Radiation Test, fielded by the Ballistic ResearchLaboratories, the four hemispheres were exposed to ionizingradiation from the shot. Four participants from Field CommandWeapons Effects Test Group Pro.ject 2.4 installed gauges formeasuring gamma and neutron radiation on three M-48 tanks, whichwould be exposed to the blast. Following the shot, six partici-pants aided Desert Rock personnel in compiling dosimetry readingsfrom this subpro.ject (28).

40

The Foxhole Test, fielded by the Continental Army Command,was designed to evaluate the protection afforded by positioningtanks over three revetted and three unrevetted foxholes. Thesefoxholes were located 900 meters southeast of ground zero (28).

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and RadioactiveFallout, was conducted by the Army Artillery and Guided MissileSchool, with support from the Chemical Corps, the Air DefenseBoard, the Artillery Board, and the Air Weather Service. Thechief purpose of the project was to assess how well equipmentfound in a typical Army unit could determine the location, heightof burst, and yield of a nuclear detonation. At Shot HOOD, theproject involved 557 Army participants: 59 officers and 498enlisted men. Participants in Project 50.8 included (28):

l One field artillery observation battery

l Three field artillery meteorological sections

0 One tactical support center detachment

0 One fire support coordination center detachment

l One Army aviation detachment

0 One Air Weather Service detachment

a Six Army Chemical Corps monitoring parties (threeaerial, three ground)

0 One Army Chemical Corps radiological monitoringcontrol party

0 One Army Air Defense Board test and evaluationunit

0 One Army Artillery Board test and evaluation group

l One Test Director detachment.

The participants worked at distances between 10 and 80 kilometersfrom ground zero.

41

Part of Project 50.8 required two H-34 helicopters and oneH-13 helicopter to fly aerial monitoring surveys and a B-26aircraft to track the HOOD cloud. The purpose of these surveyswas to test how well Army personnel could predict and monitorradioactive fallout. The helicopters flew at altitudes of 6,000feet. The crews probably consisted of three men each, althoughthe H-34 could carry 12. Before the shot, the B-26, with a crewof four, was flying a holding pattern at 18,000 feet (3).Details of the B-26 activities in tracking the nuclear cloud arenot documented.

Available documents differ as to whether other Army tech-nical service projects were conducted at Shot HOOD. The ExerciseDesert Rock Final Report of Operations indicates that 11 menparticipated in Pro.jects 50.4, 50.5, and 50.6 (28). However,other sections of this source, as well as the AFSWP OperationSummary (18), indicate that these projects were not performed atHOOD.

42

CHAPTER 3

NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT HOOD

At Shot HOOD, DOD personnel participated in scientific,diagnostic, and training projects coordinated by the Nevada TestOrganization. They were involved in all 19 proejects conducted bythe AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group, one projectof the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Test Group, and oneproject fielded by the University of California RadiationLaboratory Test Group. DOD personnel also participated in sixpro.jects conducted by the Federal Civil Defense AdministrationCivil Effects Test Group. In addition, Air Force and Marinepersonnel conducted four operational training projects. Finally,Army and Air Force personnel supported the test groups and theTest Manager. More than 200 DOD personnel participated directlyin the projects, more than 500 provided air and ground support,and approximately 100 personnel provided administrative support.

Detailed descriptions of pro.ject ob.jectives and generalproject activities are contained in the PLUMBBOB series volume.The information contained in this chapter addresses only thoseproject operations conducted at Shot HOOD. The two primarysources of this information are the Schedule of Events, a preshotdocument, and the postshot weapons test reports for each project.

3.1 FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS AT SHOTHOOD

The Weapons Effects Test Group of AFSWP Field Command con-ducted the projects Listed in table 3-l. This table alsoindicates the agencies that fielded the pro;jects and, whenpossible, the estimated numbers of participants.

4 3

-- a- .--- -- -A

Table 3-l: FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUPPROJECTS, SHOT HOOD

EstimatedNumber* of

Project Title Participating Agency Personnel

1 . 1 Bas ic Airblast P h e n o m e n a Ba l l i s t i c Research Labora tor ies 5

2.2 N e u t r o n - i n d u c e d A c t i v i t i e s i n S o i l E l e m e n t s N a v a l R a d i o l o g i c a l D e f e n s e L a b o r a t o r y 4

2.3 N e u t r o n F l u x f r o m S e l e c t e d N u c l e a r D e v i c e s Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories 3

2.4 N e u t r o n a n d I n i t i a l - g a m m a S h i e l d i n g B a l l i s t i c R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s ; A r m y C h e m i c a l 6Warfare Laborator ies

2.5

2.6

I n i t i a l G a m m a R a d i a t i o n I n t e n s i t y a n d N e u t r o n - i n d u c e d Army Signal Research and Development 4

Gamma Radiation of NTS Soils Labora tor ies

Evaluation of New Types of Radiac Instruments Army Signal Research and Development 40Labora tor ies

2.7

2.6

2.10

Radio-wave Attenuation Studies

E v a l u a t i o n o f M i l i t a r y R a d i a c

Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth InterfaceMeasurements

Naval Research Laboratory 1 4

Nava l Mater ia l Labora tory 6

G e n e r a l M i l l s C o m p a n y 9

4.2 Evaluation of Eye Protection Afforded by anElec t romechan ica l Shut te r

Wright Air Development Center 1 7

5.3

5.4

5.5

6.2

In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4 Aircraft to a Naval Air Special Weapons Facility;N u c l e a r D e t o n a t i o n North American Aviation, Inc. t

In-flight Structural Response of the A4D-1 Aircraft to a Navy Bureau of Aeronautics; t

N u c l e a r D e t o n a t i o n D o u g l a s A i r c r a f t C o m p a n y

In-flight Structural Response of the F-B9D Aircraft to a Wright Air Development Center; t

N u c l e a r D e t o n a t i o n N o r t h r o p A i r c r a f t

Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the D i a m o n d O r d n a n c e F u z e L a b o r a t o r i e s 2 1

E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c F i e l d N e a r a N u c l e a r D e t o n a t i o n

6.2a

6.4

E f f e c t o f N u c l e a r R a d i a t i o n o n S e m i - c o n d u c t o r D e v i c e s D i a m o n d O r d n a n c e Fuze Labora tor ies **

A c c u r a c y a n d R e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e S h o r t - b a s e l i n e A i r F o r c e C a m b r i d g e R e s e a r c h C e n t e r t

NAROL System

6.5 E f f e c t s o f N u c l e a r D e t o n a t i o n s o n N i k e H e r c u l e s Army Missile Test Center; Bell TelephoneLabora tor ies

2 3

8.2 P r e d i c t i o n o f T h e r m a l P r o t e c t i o n o f U n i f o r m s a n dThermal Effects on Standard-reference Material

Nava l Mater ia l Labora tory 7

9 . 1 T e c h n i c a l P h o t o g r a p h y Lookout Mountain Laboratory; Edgerton,Germeshausen and Gr ie r

t

* Minimum estimates based on Schedule of Events.t Unknown.

*it Project b.Za personnel are included in Project 6.2 estimate.

Project 1.1, Basic Airblast Phenomena, was conducted toobtain data on overpressure and dynamic pressure as a function oftime and distance from ground zero. Project personnel alsoevaluated the performance of various pressure gauges and measure-ment devices.

Before shot-day, project participants installed 24 gaugesfor measuring dynamic and static pressure at 14 stations. Thesestations were located at points approximately 300 to 910 metersfrom ground zero along a blast line extending to the southeast.Pro.ject participants also placed pressure gauges at the YuccaLake radio station, located over 19 kilometers south of groundzero, and at the helicopter pad near Yucca Pass, nearly 24 kilo-meters south of ground zero. The data were recorded at eachstation. Project participants recovered the records from the twodistant stations one hour after the burst (53). The gaugeslocated along the blast-line in the shot area were recovered whenradiation intensities allowed (8). The team spent 30 to 45 min-utes in recovery activities (53).

The objective of Pro,ject 2.2, Neutron-induced Activities inSoil Elements, was to gather information concerning the radio-activity produced by the interactions of neutrons from a nucleardevice with soil and to correlate this information with measure-ments of the resulting gamma radiation fields. At Shot HOOD,project participants studied neutron-induced activity in an M-48tank rather than in soils.

About two days before the detonation, Army personnel placedthe M-48 tank, which was used in Desert Rock Pro,ject 50.7, 910meters southeast of ground zero. Personnel from Projects 2.2 and2.4 moved the tank to a position 2,440 meters from ground zeroabout eight hours after the detonation in order to measure theinduced radiation of the tank. Nine hours and 30 minutes afterthe detonation, four project participants measured the gamma

45

radiation levels of the tank. The readings were 1.5 R/h at therear and 0.4 R/h immediately in front of the tank. The radiationintensity 45 meters from the tank was 0.003 R/h; at 60 metersfrom the tank, the intensity was 0.0025 R/h. Twelve hours afterthe detonation, the radiation levels were measured again. Threereadings of 0.6 R/h were measured inside the tank, while externalreadings ranged from 0.35 R/h on the front of the tank to 0.7 R/hon the rear. Pro.iect 2.2 participants also measured the gammaspectrum with a mobile scintillation spectrometer (11; 49).

Project 2.3, Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices, wasdesigned to measure the neutron output from nuclear devices.However, at Shot HOOD, Pro,ject 2.3 personnel only providedinstruments to other Program 2 studies. They supplied neutronand gamma detectors for Pro.ject 2.4 and furnished the detectorsthat were suspended from balloons in Project 2.10 (37).

Project 2.4, Neutron and Initial-gamma Shielding, was astudy of the shielding effectiveness of several types of metals,military vehicles, and foxholes in reducing radiation levels.Although the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories planned theproject, placed the instruments, and reported the results, otherProgram 2 participants and DOD agencies assisted. The BallisticResearch Laboratories provided the ordnance equipment, the EvansSignal Laboratory was responsible for the gamma film packetmeasurements, Project 2.X personnel measured neutron flux,Project 2.5 participants kept the records of initial gammaintensity versus time, (and the Air Force School of AviationMedicine provided the chemical dosimetry instruments.

A few davs before the HOOD shot, Desert Rock Pro.ject 50.7personnel and Program 2 participants placed M-48 tanks, Ontosvehicles, and metal hemispheres and dug foxholes at intervals of

15 to 30 meters on an arc about 910 meters southeast of groundzero. Several gamma and neutron detectors and dosimeters werecontained in each item. According to the Schedule of Events, arecovery party was to leave 15 minutes after the shot to retrievethe detectors and dosimeters. About eight hours after the shot,Project 2.2 and 2.4 personnel moved one M-48 tank to a location2,440 meters from ground zero so that Pro.ject 2.2 personnel couldtake readings using a gamma dose ratemeter, as described forProject 2.2 (43).

Project 2.5, Initial Gamma Radiation Intensity and Neutron-induced Gamma Radiation of NTS Soils, was designed to determinethe intensities of gamma radiation in the soil shortly afterdetonation. The original project plans called for the SignalResearch and Development Laboratory to measure the initial gammaintensity. However, before Operation PLUMBBOB started, theproject was expanded to include support of other Program 2studies. Personnel from AFSWC and the Rand Corporation alsoassisted.

Before the detonation, pro,ject participants assembled andtested the instrumentation in the quonset hut area at CampMercury. The detectors were calibrated both before and after theshot. In the days preceding Shot HOOD, personnel from Pro,jects2.5 and 2.10 transported the instrumentation racks to groundstations in the shot area. Because the instrumentation racksweighed several hundred pounds and were about ten feet tall,participants used a truck with a monorail to emplace them. Theseven ground stations, located at 460-meter intervals between 460and 3,200 meters south-southeast of ground zero, had been con-

structed at the beginning of Operation PLUMBBOB and were used atseveral of the PLUMBBOB events. The Pro,ject 2.5 work party wasscheduled to have finished installing the instrumentation racksby 2200 hours on the day before the shot.

47

The recoverv team reentered the shot area when radiologicalconditions permitted. Recovery was completed within three tofour days after the shot. Participants transported theinstruments back to the quonset hut area, where the data wereprocessed (18).

Project 2.5 participants also helped Pro,ject 2.10 personnelto suspend electronic detectors from balloon cables and tetherand launch the balloons on the day before the shot. In addition,they assisted in modifying and installing an instrument system inan M-48 tank for the Project 2.4 study of neutron and gammashielding.

Project 2.6, Evaluation of New Types of Radiac Instruments,had two parts. The first part tested the ability of a new gamma-neutron ion chamber dosimeter to detect and measure initial radi-ation. Project personnel placed the dosimeters in cylindricaltubes and mounted them between steel stakes at six locationsranging from 1,500 to 2,000 meters south of ground zero. Aboutfour hours after the detonation, pro,ject personnel recovered thedosimeters and took them to Camp Mercury, where they were readand interpreted.

The second part of this project was designed to evaluate thenew beta-gamma ion chamber ratemeter for Army field use.According to the Schedule of Events, one individual was to leavefor the shot area about 30 minutes after the burst to take betaand gamma readings at the 3 R/h line. The Weapons Test Reportstates that 26 experienced Desert Rock radiological safetypersonnel were given the new IM-123 beta-gamma radiac meters andthe standard AN/PDR-39 radiac meters. The Desert Rock partici-pants entered the shot area about 11 hours after the burst tosurvey a 90-meter wide area located between 365 and 1,100 metersfrom ground zero. They resurveyed the area 29 and 32 hours afterthe detonation. Fifty-five hours after the burst, project

48

personnel and six inexperienced Desert Rock personnel made radio-logical surveys in the same area. Intensities of 0.2 R/h to 5 R/hof gamma radiation were measured during these surveys.

In addition to these manual surveys of the shot area,participants placed a recording station about 870 meters south ofground zero. The station was installed two hours after the shotand recovered 27 hours later. Project personnel made periodicsurveys at the station using the IM-123, AN/PDR-39, and the 1002beta meter two, four, and 11 hours after the shot. During these2O- to 3O-minute surveys, personnel wore protective clothing andused respirators (10).

Project 2.7, Radio-wave Attenuation Studies, studied theinterference of high levels of radiation with radio transmissionsand radar operations. Two transmitters and equipment for mea-suring gamma rays and monitoring the effect on the transmittersof the electromagnetic signal from the detonation were installedin two shielded bunkers located 1,160 and 1,460 meters north ofground zero. Receivers were located in Ruilding 400 near theControl Point, 22 kilometers south of ground zero. From 2200hours to 0100 hours the night before the shot, two parties werein the shot area to activate the stations. Personnel beganrecovering data and records about eight hours after the deto-nation and spent several days in this activity. Personnel alsoinstalled scintillation detectors near the bunkers and obtainedreadings from these detectors after the shot (22; 49).

Project 2.8, Evaluation of Military Radiac, was intended todetermine the accuracy of several tvpes of Navy radiac equipmentin measuring radiological hazards in the field under the condi-tions of nuclear warfare. The experimental equipment consistedof three masonite phantoms and a dosimeter rack. Two phantomswere loaded with selectively shielded standard depth-dose detec-tors and dosimeters, and the third held two recording ratemeters.

49

_-_ ---- ---- -a---

About two hours after the detonation, participants, misled by anerroneous AN/PDR-43 reading, placed the two dosimeter phantoms,the ratemeter phantom, and the dosimeter rack in a 2 to 3 R/hfield instead of a 5 R/h field as planned. Because the radiationintensity in this field was too low to obtain good data, thedosimeter phantoms and rack were moved to a 7 R/h field aboutSO minutes later. The ratemeter phantom could not be transportedto a more intense field, because the power trailer serving the.ratemeter recorder was shared with another pro,ject and could notbe moved. The ratemeter phantom was recovered 32 hours after thedetonation, and the dosimeter phantoms and rack were recovered56 hours after the detonation.

According to the Schedule of Events, six project partici-pants used three vehicles to place the dosimeter arrays. Thesepersonnel were accompanied by a radiation monitor (15; 49).

Pro.ject 2.10, Initial Nelltron and Gamma Air-earth InterfaceMeasurements, was conducted by AFSWC, with assistance from theGeneral Mills Company. The study investigated the effect of theair-ground interface on radiation resulting from a nucleardetonation. Pro.ject personnel measured integrated gamma dose andneutron readings and gamma dose rates at points on the ground.and at corresponding points in the air at heights up to about950 feet. Four tethered balloons, supplied and handled by theGeneral Mills Company with technical assistance from SandiaLaboratory, were used to elevate the equipment and otherinstruments.

On the day before the shot, nine Project 2.10 participantsassisted by personnel from Pro.ject 2.5, were scheduled to go tothe pro.ject area at 1300 hours to fill the balLoons with helium,install instruments, and moor the balloons at positions 1,830,2,290, 2,780, and 3,270 meters south-southeast of ground zero.The men were to have completed these tasks and left the area bv

50

2400 hours. Two hours after the shot, eight men in two vehicleswere to recover the jnstruments from the balloon stations. Theballoons themselves were destroyed by the blast and thermaleffects of the shot (47; 49).

Project 4.2, Evaluation of Eye Protection Afforded by anElectromechanical Shutter, was designed to determine the effec-tiveness of a prototype electromechanical shutter in preventingor minimizing flash blindness. The Tactical Air Command suppliedthe C-47 aircraft in which the experiment took place and the sixvolunteer subjects. The Air Force School of Aviation Medicinefurnished a trained examiner for each of the subjects. Personnelfrom the Navy Radiological Defense Laboratory, the WrightPatterson Aero Medical Laboratory, and the Nellis AFB Hospitalprovided technical support.

The C-47 had special modifications for six test subjects.These modifications included six portholes with facilities formounting four shutters. One of the prototype electromechanicalshutters used in the test was intentionally inoperative. Inaddition, at least one window of the aircraft had been replacedwith a sandblasted diffusing screen to simulate the illuminationof a nuclear detonation as seen by an aircrew flying above,below, or within a cloud layer. Four or more rabbits were alsoused as test subjects. The rabbits were placed in a holderdesigned to minimize movement and ensure that their eyes would beexposed to the light from the detonation.

The C-47 took off from Nellis AFB at 0310 hours. At shot-time, the aircraft was about 30 kilometers southeast of groundzero at an altitude of 9,000 feet. After the detonation, theexaminers determined the time needed for the volunteers torecover useful vision, as measured by the ability to read air-craft instruments, and to recover night vision, as measured on anyctometer. The volunteers averaged a minimum time of 10 seconds

51

to recover aircraft instrument recognition and a maximum time of90 seconds to recover night vision. Separate results for thevolunteer with the inoperative shutter are not available. Theaircraft landed at Nellis AFB at 0517. The test subjectsreceived a complete ophthalmological evaluation at Nellis AFR( 3 ; 5 2 ) .

Project 4.2 plans also called for four men to operate aground station from four hours and 30 minutes before the shot to30 minutes after the shot. This station may have been intendedas a second observation post for the experiment. However, theweapons test report does not describe any Project 4.2 groundactivities at Shot HOOD (49; 52).

Project 5.3, In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to measure thethermal and blast wave response of the FJ-4 aircraft and todetermine its performance and delivery capabilities during anuclear detonation. The operational phase of this project wasconducted by the Naval Air Special Weapons Facility, staging fromIndian Springs AFB during the test. North American Aviation,Inc., supplied the specially instrumented test aircraft and thepersonnel required to maintain it. Personnel involved in Project5.3 were the aircraft crew, the air traffic controllers, and themaintenance personnel.

The FJ-4 took off from Indian Springs AFB at 0345 andarrived over the test area at 0354 hours. It established anorbiting point southwest of ground zero at an altitude of 20,000feet. The aircraft was positioned nearly over ground zero, at aslant range of about 4,600 meters, in a level flight attitude,tail-on to the blast at the time of shock arrival. The aircraftlanded at Indian Springs AFB at 0449. A standby aircraft waspositioned at 20,000 feet over Indian Springs AFB during thedetonation and landed at 0456 (3). Total gamma dose in the test

52

aircraft was recorded by film badges located in the cockpit,ammunition bay, right drop tank, and nose-wheel well (29).

Pro;iect 5.4, In-flight Structural Response of the A4D-1Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was fielded by the Navy Bureauof Aeronautics, supported by the Douglas Aircraft Company. Itsob,jective was to measure the thermal and blast wave response ofthe A4D-1 aircraft during flight and to determine its performanceand delivery capabilities during a nuclear detonation. Personnelinvolved in Project 5.4 were the aircraft crew, the groundcontrollers, and the maintenance personnel responsible for thespecial painting and instrumentation of the aircraft.

Two aircraft were originally scheduled to participate atShot HOOD, but difficulties with communications equipment causedone of the A4D-1 aircraft to abort (3). The aircraft that didparticipate was to obtain gust response at a relatively lowincidence angle. The aircraft took off from Indian Springs AFBat 0400 hours, entered an orbit pattern at 0408 hours, made two

practice orbits in a pattern approximately 35 nautical miles inlength, and made a run-in over ground zero five minutes beforethe detonation.

4t the time of detonation, the A4D-1 was located 7,800 feetabove terrain, at a slant range of 4,160 meters north of thedetonation. When the shock wave arrived, the aircraft was7,800 feet above terrain at a slant range of 9,300 meters furthernorth (3). Ten minutes after the detonation, the plane landed atIndian Springs AFB. Nuclear radiation in the aircraft wasmeasured by four film badges located in the bottom of the nosesection, six film badges in the cockpit map case, and otherdosimeters located in the nose wheel door and the leg pocket ofthe pilot's flight suit (3; 45).

53

Project 5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the F-891) Air-craft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine thestructural response of the F-89D aircraft in flight to the blast

and thermal effects of a nuclear detonation. Northrop AircraftCorporation had a contract with the Wright Air Development Centerto assist in planning and conducting the test. Northrop wasresponsible for calibrating, maintaining, and operating theinstrumentation and associated equipment, as well as analyzingthe data collected. Northrop and Wright Air Development Centerjointly determined positions and positioning methods.

The F-89D aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0410 hours,arriving at its designated preshot position northeast of groundzero at 0417 hours. The aircraft established a holding patternnortheast of ground zero at an altitude of 26,000 feet. At themoment of detonation, the aircraft was about 11,000 meters south-southwest of ground zero on a heading of 200 degrees. At thetime of shock arrival, the aircraft had traveled approximately6,000 meters further from the shot and was continuing on the sameheading. The aircraft left the area at 0443 hours and landed atIndian Springs AFB at 0446 (3; 42).

Project 6.2, Measurement of the Magnetic Component of theElectromagnetic Field near a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted byDiamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories. The pro,ject determined thecharacteristics of the electromagnetic pulse from a nucleardetonation as a function of time and distance. This study usedfive self-powered recording stations located at distances ofabout 170, 320, 750, 1,520, and 2,890 meters from ground zero.

Before Shot HOOD, the project staff, which had 21 members,installed sensors and recording devices at each station. Thedevices were buried in holes lined with concrete and then coveredwith sandbags. The preparation of these stations required thesupport of between 10 and 15 members of the pro,ject staff.

54

According to the Schedule of Events, three men were to occupy astation at UTM coordinates 895855 between Yucca Lake and MercuryHighway from two hours before to one hour after the shot.

Recovery operations began about four hours after shot-time.Recovery of some of the recording devices took only about 90 min-utes, but the recovery of others was considerably more difficultbecause the protecting sandbags had disintegrated and the holeshad to be dug out before the recording packages could beretrieved. Recovery operations within the four days after theshot involved eight to ten men who spent one to two days workingin the field (21; 49; 51).

Project 6.2a, Effect of Nuclear Radiation on SemiconductorDevices, was conducted by Pro.ject 6.2 personnel. The objectiveof the project was to ascertain the effects of neutron, gamma,and electromagnetic radiation on commercially available tran-

sistors, diodes, and electronic circuits using these components.The major project effort was at Shot PRISCILLA. Projectpersonnel placed transistors and diodes in aluminum cans, whichin turn were packed in insulated plywood boxes. The one box usedat Shot HOOD was buried 240 meters from ground zero and wasprobably recovered within a few days after the shot (50).

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baselineNAROL System, had three ob.jectives:

0 To study the ability of the NAROL System to detectthe position and measure the yield of a nucleardetonation

0 To detect accurately the electromagnetic pulse fromnuclear bursts

0 To collect data on the propagation of that pulse asit travels over land.

The NAROL geometry tested during PLUMBBOB consisted of oneinverse LORAN net, with stations at Albuquerque, New Mexico;Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota (18).

55

Project 6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike Her-cules, investigated the effects of nuclear detonations on thestructural and operational characteristics of components,materials, and electronic systems of the Nike Hercules guided-missile system. At Shot HOOD, however, the only ob.jective was toinvestigate radar signal propagation through a nuclear cloud.The pro.ject was fielded by 23 personnel from the Army MissileTest Center of the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. Theywere assisted by four employees of the Systems Test Division ofthe Bell Telephone Laboratories, Whippanv, New Jersey.

The project procedure actually used differed considerablyfrom that planned because cf an instrument malfunction. Forattenuation measurements, the plan was to locate a Nike beacon ona mountain high enough so that a radar signal sent from anothermountftin station could pass through the nuclear cloud and illum-inate the beacon. Before detonation, however, the clock on theradio relay used to energize the beacon malfunctioned, and thebeacon failed to activate. The radar signal that reflected fromthe mountain where the beacon was located was then used to makethe attenuation measurements (16).

At 2330 hours on the day before the shot, ten projectparticipants went to the radar station, located near SynclineRidge at UTM coordinates 765103. The radar station was mannedthrough shot-time. Personnel left the area two hours after theshot (16; 49).

Project 8.2, Prediction of Thermal Protection of Uniformsand Thermal Effects on Standard-reference Material, investigatedthe ability of laboratory experiments to predict accurately theeffects of intense thermal radiation on live skin and tissuecovered by various uniform materials. Laboratory results werecompared with actual burns in selected materials exposed to

56

thermal radiation from a nuclear detonation. Although two equip-ment stations were planned for this project, only one station,containing recording instruments and selected materials, wasinstalled 3,180 meters from ground zero. Protective covers wereremoved from exposure assemblies the evening before the deto-nation. Seven men returned to the station to retrieve samplesand instruments after recovery hour was declared at 0608 hours(14; 49). It is not known how long the recovery team spent inthese activities.

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, provided technicalphotography and documented detonations for historical purposesand for release to the press through the Joint Office of TestInformation. In addition, the pro.ject provided cameras forProject 8.2.

An airborne camera station, manned by personnel from theLookout Mountain Laboratory, and a camera station in the forwardarea, operated by Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier photog-raphers, provided color and black-and-white and still and motionpicture coverage. By using laboratory facilities established atthe test site, personnel could process and classify the photo-graphs for release to the press (18).

The airborne station, a C-47 from the Military Air TransportService, left Indian Springs AFB at 0325 hours and arrived at theNTS at 0330 hours. The aircraft established an orbiting patternat 10,000 feet about 25 kilometers south of ground zero at0340 hours. It left the NTS at 0520 hours and landed at IndianSprings AFB at 0525 hours. The plane spent 40 minutes over theNTS after the detonation (3).

Based on standard photographv procedures during the testseries, cameramen probably spent one day photographing pro,jectsetups before the detonation. The postshot pho.tography was

57

------ --

done within a few davs, after the areas were declared radio-logically safe.

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN LASL AND UCRL TESTGROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD

The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Test Group performedfive projects at Shot HOOD. Of these five projects, onlyPro,ject 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD participants,as indicated in table 3-2. The University of California Radia-tion Laboratory Test Group conducted eight pro,jects at Shot HOOD,but DOD personnel took part only in Pro.ject 21.2, RadiochemistrySampling. 4s shown in table 3-2, the same sampler pilots fromAFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) provided support con-currently for these projects. The two pro,jects are discussedtogether under AFSWC participation at Shot HOOD, in section 3.5of this chapter.

Table 3-2: LASL, UCRL, AND CETG PROJECTS WITH DOD PERSONNELINVOLVEMENT, SHOT HOOD

Project Title Sponsor

11.2/21.2

3 7 . 2 137.2a

3 9 . 1

39.5

39.9

R a d i o c h e m i s t r y S a m p l i n g

Biophysical Aspects ofFallout!Physical Aspects ofF a l l o u t

Gamma and NeutronR a d i a t i o n M e a s u r e m e n t s

Radiation Dosimetry forH u m a n E x p o s u r e

R e m o t e R a d i o l o g i c a lM o n i t o r i n g

LASL/U C R L

1 6 4926th Test Squadron,AFSWC

C l o u d S a m p l i n g

C E T G a AFSWC R a d i o Relay

C E T G

C E T G

CETG

EstimatedNumber

DODPersonnel

22

3

1

DOD

Agency

USAF School ofAviation Medicine

USAF School ofAviation Medicine

USAF School ofAviation Medicine

Capacity

*

L a b o r a t o r y A n a l y s i s

+ Unknown

58

3.3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL EFFECTS TESTGROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted ten projects at HOOD.DOD personnel took part in five of these projects, as shown intable 3-2. As at all shots in the PLUMBHOH series, Department ofDefense participation in the Civil Effects Test Group projectswas limited.

Projects 37.2, Riophysical Aspects of Fallout, and 37.2a,Physical Aspects of Fallout, required one C-47 aircraft, providedby AFSWC, for a radio relay. Other than eight AFSWC partici-pants, DOD personnel were not involved in this project. The C-47aircraft arrived at the NTS at 0240 hours and began an orbit 20nautical miles southeast of ground zero at an altitude of 12,Oi)Ufeet. It left the NTS after 0600 hours (3).

Pro.ject 39.1, Gamma and Neutron Radiation Measurements,engaged 22 DOD personnel. Some of these participants were fromthe .$ir Force School of Aviation Medicine. They experimentedwith film dosimetry techniqlles to measure gamma radiation from anuclear detonation. Dosimeters were placed at loo-meter inter-vals 450 to 1,:350 meters from ground zero (41). According to theSchedule of Events, three men were to enter the shot area eighthours after the detonation to recover the dosimeters (49).

Pro.ject 39.5, Radiation Dosimetry for Human Exposure,involved three DOD personnel from the Air Force School ofAviation Medicine. Other personnel included 18 civilians fromthe AEC Oak Ridge National Laboratory, three civilians fromEdgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, and one civilian from theGeneral Electric Company. The ob,jective of Project 39.5 was todetermine the shielding afforded by light-frame houses and simi-lar structures against fast neutrons and gamma rays. Pro.jectpersonnel placed an array of neutron and gamma ray detectiondevices southeast of ground zero at slant ranges of 1,140, 1,370,

59

and 1,600 meters. Shortly after the detonation, participantsrecovered the devices (12; 40).

Pro.ject 39.9, Remote Radiological Monitoring, involved oneDOD participant from the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine.Participants recorded residual radiation data at four monitoringstations located 675, 900, 1,125, and 1,350 meters northeast ofground zero (40).

3.4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS AT SHOTHOOD

The Marine Corps conducted one operational training pro,jectat Shot HOOD, and the Air Force conducted three, as shown intable 3-3. The primary aims of these training projects were totest tactics and equipment and to instruct military personnel inthe effects of nuclear detonations.

Table 3-3: DOD OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS, SHOT HOOD

Projoct Tide Sponsor

52.3 Manne Fly-by lndoctrtnatlon Mann0 C o r p s

53.5 Awcrew lndoctnnation Air Defense Command

53.z I n d i r e c t B o m b Damage Wright Air Development

Assessment Command

53.9 P h o t o g r a p h i c TactIcal Atr Command

ReconnawsnceTrawvng

TYWAircraft

R5DA40

T-33

F-890

R F - 8 4 F

No. IAircmft Staging Etssa

1 El Toro Marine Air

3 Base Station,C a l i f o r n i a

4 Nailis AFB. Nevada

1 Indian Springs AFB.6Jevada

2 Luke AFB,C a l i f o r n i a

EstimatedN o .

Cersonnel

163

8

2

2

60

Pro,ject 52.3, Marine Fly-by Indoctrination, was conducted byMarine Air Group 33 of the 3d Marine Air Wing. The projectinvolved one RFjD aircraft, probably manned by a crew of three andcarrying 13 passengers, and three A4D aircraft, manned by onepilot each. A fourth A4D was supposed to participate, buttechnical problems forced it to abort its mission. The aircraftoperated from the El Toro Marine Corps Air Base Station, SantaAna, California. The three A4Ds flew at altitudes of 21,000 to24,000 feet in an orbit 25 nautical miles long. The A4D aircraftentered the NTS and began their orbit at 0430 and left at0500 hours. At shot-time, they were 16.5 nautical miles south-east of the HOOD detonation. The R5D began its orbit betweenLathrop Wells and Camp Desert Rock at 11,000 feet at 0430 hours,and was ten nautical miles south of ground zero at shot-time. Itleft the area at 0500. The reporting point of all aircraft wasLathrop Wells (3).

Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination, was conducted by theAir Defense Command to provide an opportunity for crew membersand commanders to witness a nuclear detonation and penetrate thenuclear cloud. Four T-33 aircraft, each with a crew of two, tookoff from Nellis AFB at 0420. /It 0435, they began orbiting at34,000 feet, 30 nautical miles northeast of ground zero. Theyleft their orbit and penetrated the cloud when ordered to do soby the sampler control aircraft discussed in section 3.5.1. TheT-33s left the area by 0500 hours (3).

Project 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, conducted bythe Wright Air Development Center, included one F-B9D manned by acrew of two. The plane left Indian Springs AFB at 0355 andarrived at its shot-time position at 0410. It flew at analtitude of 35,000 feet in an orbit that placed it east of groundzero at shot-time. The plane left its orbit at 0441 and landedat Indian Springs AFB at 0504 (3).

61

Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, wasconducted by an Air National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance Unit.The project involved two RF-84F aircraft, each probably manned byone pilot. The aircraft left Luke AFB at 0355 and arrived at theNTS at 0435, where they orbited between Lathrop Wells and Beatty,Nevada. The participants, who were from the Alabama NationalGuard, were assigned to photograph the ground zero area. At 0450they flew toward ground zero at 10,000 feet. The planes left thearea at 0515 (3).

3.5 AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER ACTIVITIES AT SHOT HOOD

Air Force Special Weapons Center support to the Test Managerand to test groups during Shot HOOD was provided by the 4950thTest Group (Nuclear), the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling), andthe 4935th Air Base Squadron, with support from the 4900th AirBase Group. AFSWC missions consisted of nuclear cloud sampling,cloud tracking, cloud penetration, terrain surveys, and couriermissions. Cloud sampling was conducted for LASL Pro.ject 11.2 andUCRL Project 21.2. AFSWC personnel located in the air operationscenter at the Control Point at Yucca Pass exercised operationalcontrol of all aircraft participating at Shot HOOD. Table 3-4indicates DOD participation in AFSWC projects, including thenumber and types of aircraft used.

3.5.1 Cloud Sampling

Ten aircraft collected samples of the Shot HOOD cloud forLASL Pro.ject 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, and UCRL Pro.ject21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. These ten sampler aircraft wereflown by pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) andincluded four B-57Bs, each with one pilot and a radiationmonitor, two F-84s with one pilot each, and four T-33s, each witha crew of two. A B-57B sampler control aircraft, which was flownby an AFSWC pilot accompanied by a scientific advisor from UCRL,also participated.

Table 3-4: AFSWC AIR MISSION SUPPORT, SHOT HOOD

Estimated Number ofProgram/Project Mission Type Aircraft Number of Aircraft DOD Personnel

11.2/21.2 C l o u d S a m p l i n gS a m p l e r C o n t r o l 0-57 1 2Sampler F - 8 4 2 2

Sampler B - 5 7 4 aSampler T-33 4 a

Courier Missions C - 4 7 3 1 5

37.2t37.2a R a d i o - R e l a y c-47 1 a

- C l o u d

Tracking0-25 1 6

- C l o u d T-33 1 2Pene t ra t ion

- Security Sweeps L - 2 0 2 4

- Survey Missions H - 2 1 6 24I

The sampler control aircraft (serial number 504) left IndianSprings AFB at 0425 and reached its preshot position 50 nauticalmiles east of ground zero at an altitude of 30,000 feet at 0430.It left this orbit shortly after the detonation to view the cloudfrom all sides. The scientific advisor then directed the sampleraircraft to penetrate the cloud in order to collect the necessarysamples. The sampler control aircraft left the NTS at about 0725and landed at Indian Springs AFB around 0730. A spare B-57Bsampler control aircraft stood by at Indian Springs AFB but wasnot needed.

63

The missions of the sampler aircraft, which all staged fromIndian Springs AFB, are summarized in the following listing:

-----------.-----------------------------_----__TIME TIME

AIRCRAFT SERIAL TAKEOFF ENTERED LEFT LANDINGTYPE NUMBER TIME CLOUD AREA CLOUD AREA TIME-----.---------------------.----------.----.---------------

T-33 803 0416 0445 0600 3605T-33 825 0416 0450 0600 0605T-33 267 0420 11450 0610 0615T-33 812 0420 0450 0610 0615F-84G 054 0610 0615 0655 0700F-84G 046 0620 0625 0705 0710B-57B 495 0555 0600 0632 0640B-57B 496 0600 0605 0645 0650B-57B 500 0630 0635 0715 0720B-5'7B 50% 0640 0655 0725 0730

Two spare F-84G and one B-57B aircraft stood by at.Indian SpringsAFB during the cloud sampling mission but were not used (3).

Upon landing, sampler aircraft taxied to a designated areawhere Air Force ground personnel removed the samples and placedthem in metal containers which were sent by courier to thelaboratories. At the completion of this activity, the aircraftcrew went through the decontamination procedures described in thePLUMBBOB series volume.

64

3.5.2 Courier Missions

It was planned that three C-47s would deliver cloud samplesto UCRL and LASL. Five Air Force personnel probably manned eachaircraft (3).

3.5.3 Cloud Tracking

Immediately after the HOOD detonation, four aircraft werescheduled to fly cloud-tracking missions over and beyond theNevada Test Site. However, available documentation specifiesonly that one B-25, serial number 410, left Indian Springs AFB at0500 and entered NTS airspace at 0510. The B-25 probably had acrew of six (3).

3.5.4 Cloud Penetration

Another AFSWC activity at Shot HOOD was part of an ongoingstudy to determine whether the Air Force should monitor theaccumulation of radioactive contaminants on aircraft. A T-33,serial number 105, from the 4926th Test Squadron, piloted by anofficer from Air Support Group Headquarters and carrying oneobserver, entered the Shot HOOD cloud. The pilot and theobserver both wore lead vests instrumented with several filmbadges. Six additional film badges were taped to the e,jectionseats. The T-33 left Indian Springs AFd at 0550, began followingthe cloud at 0610, discontinued tracking at 0630, and landed atIndian Springs AFB at 0635 (2; 3).

3.5.5 Security Sweep Missions

Two L-20 aircraft, each carrying a security guard and a pilot,were scheduled to fly security checks over the test area on the davbefore and sometime after the detonation. The L-20 aircraft werebased at the Yucca Lake airstrip (3).

65

3.5.6 Terrain Survey Missions

Six H-21 helicopters, staging from the helicopter pad nearthe Control Point, were available to fly radiation safety andterrain survey missions, as directed by the Test 'Manager and theTest Director. Each helicopter carried two Air Force crewmembers and two radiation safety monitors from ReynoldsElectrical and Engineering Company. This survey mission isdescribed with the other monitoring activities in chapter 4.

CHAPTER 4

RADIATION PROTECTION ATSHOT HOOD

To protect DOD participants at Shot HOOD from the radiationassociated with a nuclear detonation, Exercise Desert Rock VII,the Nevada Test Organization, and the Air Force Special WeaponsCenter each developed its own criteria and procedures. Thesesafety criteria and procedures, as well as the organizationsdeveloped to implement them, are detailed in chapter 5 of thePLUMBBOB series volume. The purpose of the radiation protectionprocedures developed for Operation PLUMBBOB was to ensure thatindividual exposure to ionizing radiation was as low as possible.At the same time, the procedures were designed so thatparticipants could accomplish their missions.

Some of the procedures required that records be kept so thatExercise Desert Rock, the NTO, and AFSWC could evaluate theeffectiveness of their radiation protection programs. Availableinformation concerning radiation protection at Shot HOOD includesfilm badge readings for some of the participants in Desert RockProject 52.1, Marine Brigade Exercise, and NT0 data on radiationsafety equipment, survey results and records, isointensity plots,and decontamination records.

4.1 RADIATION MONITORING AND FILM BADGE READINGS FORPARTICIPANTS IN THE MARINE BRIGADE EXERCISE

The following discussion details radiation protectionactivities specifically related to the Marine Brigade Exercise,Pro.ject 52.1, at Shot HOOD.

67

Monitoring and Dosimetry

Monitors from seven major Marine Corps commands participatedin special monitoring exercises while the 4th Marine Corps Pro-visional Atomic Exercise Brigade was at Camp Desert Rock. These178 monitors were in addition to those monitors who belonged tothe subordinate units of the 4th Brigade. At shot-time, 13 ofthe 16 monitoring teams were in the trenches, two were with theobservers in the News Nob area, and one was in the vehicleassembly area. Fifteen minutes after the shot, the monitorsbegan their activities. They monitored the equipment displayarea, accompanied Desert Rock monitors surveying towards theground zero area, preceded Company E on its march towards groundzero, accompanied the motor convoy from the vehicle assembly areato the trenches and back to the assembly area, monitored LoadingZone One, and accompanied observers on buses and in sedans. Themonitoring teams reassembled at the equipment display area uponcompletion of the exercise and monitored departing vehicles andpersonnel for contamination. The monitors returned to CampDesert Rock at about 1800 hours (27; 55).

Sixteen monitors from 2d Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment,were deployed to Camp Desert Rock for special training by Armyradiological safety teams at the NTS. These monitors, groupedinto four teams, performed monitoring during the field exercisefor Companies E, F, G, and H (55).

An attempt was made to establish an interim dosimetry capa-bility for the Marine Corps. Field X-ray processing equipmentwas set up, and dental X-ray packets were issued to a repre-sentative group of participating personnel. After the troopexercise, the film was processed and interpreted. The resultsappeared to be in the reliability range of other photodosimetrysystems (55). Results of the regular dosimetry program arereported in the next section.

68

Film Badge Results

Each Exercise Desert Rock participant was issued a filmbadge. Form LSD SCTF 10, the Lexington Signal Depot Film BadgeService Radiation Report, was used to record the individual'sname, rank, serial number, organization, film badge number, andexposure. While the forms include much useful information, theydo not always provide information specific to Shot HOOD. The LSDSCTF 10 forms cover periods of time ranging from two days to twomonths. In some cases, the participants could have gone to theforward area during another event. In addition, information onthese forms was not always recorded accurately; names weremisspelled and incorrect organization names were recorded.

In spite of these recordkeeping problems, film badgereadings can be identified for about two-thirds of the DODpersonnel at Shot HOOD. These are the records of the partic-ipants in Project S2.1, the Marine Brigade Exercise, which wasperformed only at Shot HOOD during the PLUMBBOB series. Byseparating the records of Project 52.1 participants from theother PLUMBBOB LSD SCTF 10 forms, it was possible to compile filmbadge readings specific to Shot HOOD.

Film badge readings are available for 639 persons assignedto Project 52.1. The only group not fully represented in thesedata is the 2d Battalion, 5th Marines: film badge readings arenot available for the majority of enlisted men in this group.Research indicates that 51 of the 639 soldiers had film badgesthat were damaged or otherwise unreadable. Figure 4-l presentsthe distribution of film badge readings for the 588 participantswith readable badges. Although Pro,ject S2.l consisted almostentirely of Marines, ten Navy medical personnel also partici-pated. Only one of these ten men received an exposure greaterthan 1 ;oentgen; this exposure was 1.3 roentgens.

69

Number

of

Persons

Total: 588 individuals (does not include 51 persons

for whom badge readings are unavailable)

rl.l r I I

I rl I LL

32 3 2 1 50 112 31 3 0 3 1 53 17 15 9 f 5 1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 and over l

Film Badge Readings (Roentgens) *specific total readings were: 2.3052.4802.5703.0207.200

Figure 4-l: DISTF IBUTION OF TOTAL FILM BADGE READINGS,PROJ ICT 52.1, SHOT HOOD

70

The mean exposure reading for the 588 participants withreadable badges was 0.6 roentgens. Seventy-five percent of thereadings were below 1.6 roentgens, but eight of the 588 parti-cipants received 2 roentgens or more. The Equipment DisplayOfficer, who returned to the display area several times in thedays after the shot, received 7.2 roentgens. This is the onlyreading detected among Project 52.1 participants in excess ofthe Exercise Desert Rock limit of 5 roentgens. Aside from anequipment display assistant, all others with totals greater than1.25 roentgens were members of the monitoring teams.

Most of the ProSect 52.1 participants were issued only onefilm badge. However, over one-third of those for whom dosimetryresults are available received more than one badge, as shownbelow:

Persons issued one film badge: 369 (63%)Persons issued two film badges: 42 (7%)Persons issued three film badges*: 177 (30%)

TOTAL 588 (lOO%,

The men who received three badges were monitors. Half the moni-tors entered contaminated areas twice during training exercises,thus using two film badges. The other half used only one badgeduring training. The last badge received by both groups ofmonitors was used for Shots PRISCILLA and HOOD (55). Readingsfor the monitors are shown in figure 4-2. The mean reading formonitors was between 1.1 and 1.2 roentgens, approximately twiceas high as the mean reading for all Project 52.1 participants.

--- --- ----.------*One person received four badges; the fourth may have been areplacement for a lost badge.

71

50

40

30

Numberof

Participants

.

8 1 1 20 49

172 individuals (does not include four persons

the one person who had four badges)

1 7 1 5 In9 3 4

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 and overFilm Badge Readings (Roentgens)

Figure 4-2: DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL FILM BADGE READINGS, PROJECT 52.1,PARTICIPANTS WITH THREE FILM BADGES (MONITORS)

For all Desert Rock pro.jects other than Pro,ject 52.1,participants were required to follow the standard proceduresdescribed in the PLUMBBOB series volume.

4.2 NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION RADIATION PROTECTION ACTIVITIES

The following subsections describe the radiological protec-tion activities of the Nevada Test Organization at Shot HOOD.

Dosimetrv Records

From 4 July to 13 July 1957, a period that includes the5 July detonation of HOOD, the Personnel Dosimetrv Branch of theNT0 issued 838 film badges and 405 pocket dosimeters.

Although the number of AFSWC participants who wore filmbadges is not known, data have been found that indicate theexposures received by ground crews during aircraft decontamina-tion. For the decontamination of F-84 cloud samplers at ShotsHOOD, PRISCILLA, DIABLO, DOPPLER, and OWENS, ground crew membersreceived an average total exposure of 0.112 roentgens (1). Noshot-specific exposure data are availahle.

Information on Radiation Safety Equipment

For Shot HOOD, the Logistics Branch issued 1,425 pieces ofprotective clothing and 370 respirators.

Monitoring Procedures and Support

Five minutes after the detonation, nine vehicles carrying atotal of 12 monitors began the initial ground survey, which had amid-time of 0536 hours. Resurvevs were also made at a mid-timeof 1052 hours on shot-day, and again on 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and13 Julv.

73

-- --- A- A -_ - --

Because heavy dust obscured ground points, the AFSWC aerialsurvey team, described in section 3.5.6 of this volume, could notperform its survey until about six hours after the detonation.The mid-time of this survey was 1043 hours. The aerial surveyteam also resurveyed the area around ground zero on 6 and 7 <July.The maximum intensity encountered by the aerial survey team was40 R/h, measured the day after Shot HOOD at 25 feet above groundzero (36; 46).

Plotting and Briefing

Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting andBriefing Branch developed radiation isointensity contour maps.Figure 4-3 shows a copy of the initial map, with radiationintensities at a mid-time of 0536 hours. Figures 4-4 through 4-7show copies of the contour maps generated from resurveys.

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting andBriefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological Exclu-sion (RADEX) areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch also issuedthe access permits required for entry into these areas. Duringthe period 5 July through 13 July, access permits were issued toa total of 619 individuals involved in 66 pro,jects (36; 46).

Decontamination Activities

During the period 4 July through 13 July 1957, personnel ofthe Decontamination Section decontaminated 29 vehicles, 20pressure gauges, and five electrical devices.

74

.*....>.

....

.

METERS

Stake Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h- - w - e - - - - - 0.1 A/h-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h

Figure 4-3: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 5 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0536

75

Stake Lines

METERSLI 11 I0 1000

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h---d------ 0.1 R/h-.-.-.-,-.-. 1.0 R/h

Figure 4-4: RESURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 5 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 1052

Stake L ines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M E T E R S 0.01 R/h- - - e - e - - - -l 1 1 1 I 0.1 R/h

0 1000 -.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h

Figure 4-5: RESURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 6 JULY 1967, MID-TIME 0613

77

M E T E R SM E T E R SI 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 I00 loo0loo0

Stake L inesStake L ines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h0.01 R/h---v----w----v----w- 0.1 R/h0.1 R/h-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h1.0 R/h

Figure 4-6: RESURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 7 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0818

7 s

Stake Lines

METERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h

I w--B --v--w 0.1 R/h0 1000 a.m.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h

Figure 4-7: RESURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 8 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0668

7’9

8 0

REFERENCE LIST

The following list of references representsonly those documents cited in the HOODvolume. When a DASA-WT document is followedbg an EX, the latest version has been cited.A complete list of all documents consultedduring the preparation of the PLUMBBOB seriesvolumes is contained in the OperationPLUMBBOB volume.

81

- - - --- -

AVAILAHILITY INFORM.4TION

An availability statement has been included at the end ofthe reference citation for those readers who wish to read orobtain copies of source documents. Availability statements werecorrect at the time the bibliography was prepared. It isanticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable maybecome available during the declassification review process. TheCoordination and Information Center (CIC) and the NationalTechnical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided futureDNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number.

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CICmay be reviewed at the following address:

Department of EnergyCoordination and Information Center(Operated by Revnolds Electrical XI Engineering Co., Inc.)ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley2753 S. HighlandP.O. Box 14100 Phone: (70%) 734-3194Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTISmay be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.When ordering bv mail or phone, please include both the pricecode and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parenthesesbefore the NTIS order number.

National Technical Information Service5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office)

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained bywriting to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling(703) 487-4660.

82

SHOT HOOD: REFERENCES

1.

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

10.

4950th Test Group, Nuclear. IT-33 Contamination Study.1Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 7 October 1957.7 Pages.**

4950th Test Group, Nuclear. "Operation Plan l-57,Operation PLUMBBOB." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC.1 March 1980. 139 Pages. (A07) AD/A995 031.*

Air Force Special Weapons Center. "Air Mission SummaryReport for HOOD Event." Mercurv, NV.: AFSWC.6 July 1957. 6 Pages.**

Armed Forces Special Weapons Proeject. fparticipation ofMilitary Personnel Assigned to Nevada Test Organi-zation in Exercise Desert Rock.1 Mercury, NV.:AFSWP. 10 July 1957. 2 Pages.**

Atomic Energy Commission. "The Effects of Nevada AtomicTests." AEC. March 1957. 46 Pages.**

Ballard, George, LTCOL., USMC (Ret.). [Notes fromInterview, Sub.iect: Shots PRISCILLA and HOOD.1Houston, TX. October 7, 1980. 5 Pages.***

Bass, Joseph. [Taped Interview, Suh,iect: Shot HOOD. 1Fairhope, AL. February 11, 1981.***

Bryant, E.; Keefer, J.H. Basic Airblast Phenomena, Pro,ject1.1. Ballistic Research Laboratories. Albuquerque,NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1401. June 1962.202 Pages. (AlO) AD 344 935.*

Bradv, B. [Notes from Interview with LTCOL. Bvron Bradv,USMC (Ret.) on Shot HOOD and Pro,iect S2.1, and ShotPRISCILLA.1 September 25, 19380. 5 Pages.***

Cohen, A.; Jachter, M.; Koeh, D.; et al. "Evaluation ofNew Types of Radiac Instruments, Pro.iect 2.6."Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1415-EX.October 1979. 71 Pages. (A04) AD/B951 766.*

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***Not Available.

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

83

11.

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17 .

18 .

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Cook, C.; et al. Neutron-Induced Activities in SoilElements, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 2.2. NavalRadiological Defense Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.:Field Command, DASA. WT-1411-EX. February 1980.82 Pages. (A05) AD/A955 019.*

Corsbie, R. "Operation PLUMBBOB Civil Effects Test GroupProject Summaries." Mercury, NV.: CETG. May 1957.69 Pages. (A04) AD/B 951 587.*

Curtis, Oliver, COL., USMC (Ret.). [Interview, Subject:Shot HOOD.1 Cape Coral, FL. February 10, 1981.***

Derksen, W.; Monahan, T.; Bracciaventi, J.; et al."Prediction of Thermal Protection of Uniforms, andThermal Effects on a Standard-Reference Material,Project 8.2." Naval Material Laboratory.4lbuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1441.May 1960. SO Pages. (AO3) AD 360 876.*

DiIanni, E.; Riggin, F. "Evaluation of Military Radiac,Proeject 2.8." Naval Material Laboratory.Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1417.November 1957. 58 Pages. (A03) AD 360 872.*

Elder, G. "Effects of Nuclear Detonations on NikeHercules, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 6.5." WhiteSands Missile Range. October 1960.***

Evans, W.A. History of 4950th Test Group (Nuclear) inOperation PLUMBBOB. Air Force Special Weapons Center,Historical Section. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC.6 January 1958. 128 Pages.

Field Command, AFSWP. "Operational Summary: OperationPLUMBBOB." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP,WT-1444-EX. October 1979. 73 Pages. (A04)AD/B951 751.*

Frash, W.F., COL., USMC, (Ret.). [Notes from PhoneInterview, Sub.ject: Shot HOOD.] Palos Verdes, CA.February 1981.***

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***Not Available.

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

84

20.

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General Electric Company - TEMPO. Compilation of LocalFallout Data From Test Detonations 1945-1962.Volume 1: "Continental U.S. Tests." Washington,DC.: DNA-1251-l-EX. 1979. 600 Pages.(A16) AD/A079 310.*

Haas, P.; Wimenitz, F.; Hoadley, J.; et al. "Measurementof the Magnetic Component of the Electromagnetic Fieldnear a Nuclear Detonation, Pro.ject 6.2." DiamondOrdnance Fuze Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: FieldCommand, DASA. WT-1436-EX. February 1980.66 Pages. (A04) AD/B951 750.*

Hanscome, T.; Caldwell, P.; Gorbics, S.; et al.Investigation of Effects of Nuclear Detonations onElectromagnetic Wave Propagation and Nuclear RadiationDetector Design, Project 2.7. Naval ResearchLaboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.WT-1416-EX. September 1980. 97 Pages.(A05) AD/A995 057.**

Harney, J. B., LTCOL., USMC (Ret.). [JRB Interview,Sub,ject: Shot PRISCILLA.] Vista, CA. *January 21,1981.***

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. "Operation Order Number 7,Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, Shot HOOD." CampDesert Rock. 28 June 1957. 39 Pages.**

Headquarters, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. Unit Diary for1st Marine Division, Battalions and Companies,April--July 1957. Headquarters, USMC, PersonnelDepartment. Washington, DC.: Hqs > USMC. 1957.

Headquarters, Fourth Marine Corps Provisional AtomicExercise Bde. "Administrative Plan l-57, Desert RockVII." Camp Pendleton, CA.: U.S. Marine Corps.29 May 1957. 80 Pages.**

Headquarters, Fourth Marine Corps Provisional AtomicExercise Bde. Schedule of Events. 1957.3 Pages.**

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Headquarters, Sixth Army. Exercise Desert Rock VII andVIII: Final Report of Operations. Presidio of SanFrancisco, CA.: Sixth U.S. Army. AG-S-9531.25 November 1957. 107 Pages. (AO6) AD/A077 515.*

Julian, A. Inflight Structural Response of FJ-4 Aircraftto Nuclear Detonations, Operation PLUMBBOB, Pro.iect5.3. Washington, DC.: Department of the Navy,Bureau of Aeronautics. WT-1432. February 1960.190 Pages. (AO9) AD 360 875.*

Klinck, C. C. [Interview, Sub,ject: Shots PRISCILLA andHOOD. 1 Vickerv, OH. Februarv 1981.***

Lega, Charles J., Jr. [Notes from Interview, Sub;ject:Shots PRISCILLA, DIABLO, and HOOD.] Westbury, NY.September 27, 1980. 4 Pages.***

Marine Nuclear Test Personnel Review. Operation PLUMBBOB:List of Participation Units. Washington, DC. 1979.1 Page.**

DELETED.

Negron, R.; Murphy, H. [Notes of Telephone Interviews withR. Negron and H. Murphv to Reconstruct MarineActivities at Shot HOOD.1 Washington, DC. April1978. 21 Pages.***

Pearce, G. [Notes from Interview with LTCOL. Gary Pearce,USMC (Ret.) former Equipment Officer, 4th MCPAEB.1April 22, 1980.***

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company. "On SiteRad-Safe Support Shot HOOD." Las Vegas, NV.: REECo.1957. 10 Pages.****

Rigotti, D.; Kinch, H.; Funsten, H.; et al. "Neutron Fluxfrom Selected Nuclear Devices, Project 2.3." USArmy, Chemical Warfare Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.:Field Command, DASA. WT-1412-EX. October 1979.SO Pages. (A04) AD/A995 074.*

Sawver, James, MAJ., USMC (Ret.). [Taped Interview,Sub.ject: Shot HOOD.] Hudson, WI. 02/10/81.***

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***Not Available.

****Requests sub.ject to Privacy Act restrictions.

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39.

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Science Applications, Inc. Film Badge Dosimetrv Analvsis:Exercise Desert Rock VII-VIII. McLean, VA.: SAI.June 1979. 345 Pages.****

Sigoloff, S. Remote Radiological Monitoring, Project 39.0.Mercury, NV.: Civil Effects Test Group. WT-1509.1960. 90 Pages. (A05) AD/A077 508.*

Sigoloff, S.; Logie, L.; Borella, H.; et al. "RadiationMeasurements Utilizing the USAF Chemical Dosimeters,Pro,ject 39.1." Civil Effects Test Group. WT-1500.November 1958. 66 Pages. (A04) AD 339 464.*

Stalk, G.; Gee, R.; Bednar, J.; et al. "In-FlightStructural Response of an F-89D Aircraft to a NuclearDetonation, Pro,ject 5.5." Wright Air DevelopmentCenter. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.WT-1494. March 1960. 56 Pages. (A04) AD 357975.*

Tompkins, R.; Weaver, C.; Peterson, G. Neutron andInitial-Gamma Shielding, Pro,ject 2.4. TJS A=v,Chemical Warfare Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.:Field Command, DASA. WT-1413-EX. Fehruarv 19380.115 Pages. (A06) AD/A995 035.*

Wagenhoffer, M.T., LTCOL., USMC (Ret.). fNotes from PhoneInterview, Sub.ject: Shot HOOD.1 Alexandria, VA.Februarv 1981.***

Walls, J. In-Flight Structural Response of the Model A4D-1Aircraft to a Nuclear Explosion, Project 5.4,Department of the Navy, Bureau of Aeronautics.Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1433.March 1960. 186 Pages. (A09) AD 355 562.*

Wilcox, F.; Goeke, R.; Weaver, C. Operation PLUMBBOB&site Radiological Safetg Support Report. LasVegas, NV.: REECo. OTO-57-2. 1957. 193 Pages.(A09) AD/A077 488.*/**

York, E.; Bovd, R.; Blavlock, J. "Initial Neutron andGamma Air-Earth Interface Measurements, OperationPLUMBBOB, Pro,ject 2.10." Air Force, Special WeaponsCenter. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.WT-1419. February 1960. 70 Pages. (A04) AD 464381.*

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Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director."ANNEX J, to Test Director's Operation Plan No.CTDN-140: Special Instructions, HOOD." Mercury,NV.: AEC. 29 June 1957. 16 Pages.**

Haas, P. H.; Shaull, J. M.; Behrens, W. V. "Effect ofNuclear Radiation on Semiconductor Devices (U),Project 6.2a." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,AFSWP. WT-1489. [October 19601. 22 Pages.

Haas, P. H. [Interview with Mr. Peter Haas, ProjectOfficer for Project 6.2, Concerning Activities at ShotHOOD.] December 1, 1981.***

Gulley, W.; Metcalf, R.; Wilson, M.; et al. "Evaluation ofEye Protection Afforded by an ElectromechanicalShutter, Project 4.2." Albuquerque, NM: FieldCommand, AFSWP. WT-1429. April 1960. 54 Pages.AD 615 738.*

Bryant, Edward J. [Project Officer, 1.11. Letter toL.C. Novotney, Sub.ject: HOOD, Project 1.1. Be1 Air,Maryland. 9 March 1982. 1 Page.**

Frank, G.; Goetz, J.; Klemm, J.; et al. Analysis ofRadiation Exposure, 4th Marine Corps ProvisionalAtomic Exercise Brigade, Exercise Desert Rock VII,Operation PLUMBBOB. Science Applications, Inc.Washington, DC.: DNA-5774F. June 1981. 80 Pages.(A05) AD/A122 204.*

Headquarters 4th Marine Corps. Provisional Atomic ExerciseBrigade, Report of Exercise Desert Rock VII, MarineCorps (U). Camp Pendleton, CA.: USMC, 4th Corps.July 1957. 93 Pages.***

Keenan, John M., LTCOL., USMC. [Notes from Interview,Subject: Shot HOOD.] Washington, DC. December 5,1978. 1 Page.***

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before theasterisk.

**Available at DOE CIC.

***Not Available.

****Requests sub-ject to Privacy Act restrictions.

88

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U.S. Army Comd & General Staff CollegeATTN: Library

U.S. Army Nuclear & Chemical AgencyATTN: Library

U.S. Army War CollegeATTN: Library

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

Aviation History UnitATTN: Library

Bureau of Medicine and SurgeryATTN: Asst. for Medical Surgery

James Carson Breckinridge LibATTN: Library Div

Marine Corps BaseATTN: Document Custodian

Marine Corps Dev & Education CommandATTN: J. C. Breckinridge Lib

Marine Corps Historical Center2 cy ATTN: Code HDH-2

Marine Corps Nut Test Personnel ReviewATTN: Code MSRB-60

Merchant Marine AcademyATTN: Director of Libraries

Naval Historical CenterATTN: Operational Archives Branch

Naval Hospital Corps SchoolATTN: Library

Naval Ocean Systems CenterATTN: Library

Naval Oceanographic OfficeATTN: Code 025, Historian

Naval Postgraduate SchoolATTN: Code 1424, Library

Naval Research LaboratoryATTN: Library

Naval SchoolATTN: Librarian

Naval Sea Systems ConnnandATTN: Nuclear Technology Div

Naval Surface Weapons CenterATTN: Library

Naval War CollegeATTN: Professor 8 Libraries

Naval Weapons CenterATTN: Code 343, FKA6A2, Tech Svcs

Naval Weapons Evaluation FacilityATTN: Library

U.S. Military AcademyATTN: Director of Libraries

89

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued)

Navy Department LibraryATTN: Librarian

Navy Nuclear Power SchoolATTN: Library

Navy Nuclear Test Personnel Review2 cy ATTN: W. Loeffler

Nimitz LibraryATTN: Documents & Reports Dept

Office of the Judge Adv GenATTN: Code 73

U.S. Merchant Marine AcademyATTN: Librarian

U.S. Naval Air Station LibraryATTN: Library

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

Aerospace Defense CommandATTN: Historian

Air Force Communications CommandATTN: Historian

ir Force Institute of TechnologyATTN: Library

Air Force Logistics CommandATTN: Historian

Air Force Nuclear Test Personnel ReviewATTN: HQ USAF/SGES

Air Force Systems CommandATTN: Historian

Air Force Technical Applications CtrATTN: Historian

Air Force Weapons LaboratoryATTN: Tech Library

Air National GuardATTN: Historian

Air Training CommandATTN: Historian

Air University LibraryATTN: AUL-LSE

Military Airlift CommandATTN: Historian

Pacific Air ForcesATTN: Historian

Strategic Air CommandATTN: HistorianATTN: NRI-STINFO, Library

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE (Continued)

Tactical Air CommandATTN: Historian

U.S. Air Force Academy LibraryATTN: Library

U.S. Air Force Occupational & Env Health LabATTN: NTPR

USAF School of Aerospace MedicineATTN: Strughold Library

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Department of EnergyATTN: OMA, DP-22

Nevada Operations OfficeATTN: Health Physics Div

2 cy ATTN: R. Nutley

Human Health & Assessments Div, EV-31ATTN: Librarian

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS

Holmes & Narver, IncATTN: JiKTDR, Fir Greene

Lawrence Livermore National LabATTN: Technical Info Dept Library

Los Alamos National LaboratoryATTN: M. Walz, ADLA MS Al83ATTN: D. Cobb, ESS MSS D466

2 cy ATTN: Library2 cy ATTN: ADPA MMS 195

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co, IncATTN: CICATTN: W. Brady

Sandia National LabATTN: Central LibraryATTN: W. Hereford

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

U.S. Public Health ServiceATTN: G. Caldwell

Central Intelligence AgencyATTN: Office of Medical Services

Dept of Health & Human SvcsATTN: Office of General Counsel

Exec Oft o f the PresidentManagement & Budget Oft Lib

ATTN Librarian

Library ofATTNATTNATTN

CongressLibrary Service DivisionScience & Technology DivSerial & Govt Publication

90

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

National ArchivesATTN: Librarian

National Atomic MuseumATTN: Historian

Department of CommerceATTN: Librarian

Occupational Safety & Health AdminATTN: Library

Office of Health & DisabilityATTN: R. Copeland

Office of Workers Compensation PgrmATTN: R. Larson

U.S. Coast Guard Academy LibraryATTN: Librarian

U.S. House of Representatives2 cy ATTN: Committee on Armed Services

U.S. House of RepresentativesATTN: Subcommittee on Health & Envir

U.S. SenateATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs

U.S. SenateATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs

Veterans Administration - ROProvidence, RI

ATTN: Director

Veterans AdministrationWashington, D.C.

ATTN: Board of Veteran Appeal

Veterans Administration - Oft CentralWashington, D.C.

ATTN: Dept Veterans Benefit, Central OftATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROMontgomery, AL

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROAnchorage, AK

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROPhoenix, AZ

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROLittle Rock, AR

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration -ROLos Angeles, CA

ATTN: Director

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

Veterans Administration - ROSan Francisco, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - RODenver, CO

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROHartford, CT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROWilmington, DE

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROSt. Petersburg, FL

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROAtlanta, GA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROHonolulu, HI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROChicago, IL

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROSeattle, WA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROIndianapolis, IN

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - RODes Moines, IA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROWichita, KS

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROLouisville, KY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - RONew Orleans, LA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROTogus, ME

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROBaltimore, MD

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROBoston, MA

ATTN: Director

91

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued1

Veterans Administration - ROSt. Paul, MN

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROJackson, MS

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROHuntington, WV

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROSt. Louis, MO

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROFort Harrison, MT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROLincoln, NE

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROReno, NV

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROManchester, NH

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - RONewark, NJ

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROMilwaukee,. WI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROAlbuquerque, NM

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROBuffalo, NY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration -RONew York, NY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration -ROWinston Salem, NC

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROFargo, ND

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROCleveland, OH

ATTN: Director

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

Veterans Administration - ROPortland, OR

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROPittsburgh, PA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROPhiladelphia, PA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROAPO San Francisco

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROSan Juan, Puerto Rico

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROColumbia, SC

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROSioux Falls, SD

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - RDHouston, TX

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROWaco, TX

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROSalt Lake City, UT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROWhite River Junction, VT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - RORoanoke, VA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROCheyenne, WY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROSan Diego, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROBoise, ID

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - RODetroit, MI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration - ROMuskogee, OK

ATTN: Director

92

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

Veterans administration - RONashville, TN

ATTN: Director

The White HouseATTN: Domestic Policy Staff

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS

Advanced Research & Applications CorpATTN: H. Lee

JAYCORATTN: A. Nelson

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div

Kaman Tempo6 cy ATTN: E. Martin

ATTN: DASIAC

Kaman TempoATTN: R. Miller

Kaman Tempo10 cy ATTN: C. Jones

National Academy of SciencesATTN: C. RobinetteATTN: Medical Follow-up AgencyATTN: National Materials Advisory Board

Pacific-Sierra Research CorpATTN: H. Brode, Chairman SAGE

R & D AssociatesATTN: P. Haas

Science Applications, IncATTN: Tech Library

Science Applications, Inc10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney

OTHER

Adams State CollegeATTN: Govt Publication Lib

Akron Public LibraryATTN: Govt Publication Librarian

Alabama St Dept of Archives & HistoryATTN: Military Records Division

University of AlabamaATTN: Reference Dept/Documents

University of AlaskaATTN: Director of Libraries

University of AlaskaATTN: Govt Publication Librarian

OTHER (Continued)

Albany Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Alexander City State Jr CollegeATTN: Librarian

Allegheny CollegeATTN: Librarian

Allen County Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Altoona Area Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

American Statistics IndexATTN: Cathy Jarvey

Anaheim Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Andrews Library, College of WoosterATTN: Government Documents

Angelo State University LibraryATTN: Librarian

Angelo Iacoboni Pub LibATTN: Librarian

Anoka County LibraryATTN: Librarian

Appalachian State UniversityATTN: Library Documents

Arizona State University LibraryATTN: Librarian

University of ArizonaATTN: Gov Dot Dept, C. Bower

Arkansas College LibraryATTN: Library

Arkansas Library Coon-nATTN: Library

Arkansas State UniversityATTN: Library

University of ArkansasATTN: Government Documents Div

Austin CollegeArthur Hopkins Library

ATTN: Librarian

Atlanta Public LibraryATTN: Ivan Allen Dept

Atlanta University CenterATTN: Librarian

93

OTHER (Continued)

Auburn Univ at Montgomery LibATTN: Librarian

B. Davis Schwartz Mem LibATTN: Librarian

Bangor Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Bates College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Baylor University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Beloit College LibrariesATTN: Serials Dots Dept

Bemidji State CollegeATTN: Library

Benjamin F. Feinberg LibraryState University College

ATTN: Government Documents

Bierce Library, Akron UniversityATTN: Government Documents

Boston Public LibraryATTN: Documents Department

Bowdoin CollegeATTN: Librarian

Bowling Green State UnivATTN: Govt Dots Services

Bradley UniversityATTN: Govt Publication Librarian

Brandeis University LibATTN: Documents Section

Brigham Young UniversityATTN: Librarian

Brigham Young UniversityATTN: Documents Collection

Brookhaven National LaboratoryATTN: Technical Library

Brooklyn CollegeATTN: Documents Division

Broward County Library SysATTN: Librarian

Brown UniversityATTN: Librarian

Bucknell UniversityATTN: Reference Dept

OTHER (Continued)

Buffalo & Erie Co Pub LibATTN: Librarian

Burlington LibraryATTN: Librarian

California at Fresno State Univ LibATTN: Library

California at San Diego UniversityATTN: Documents Department

California at Stanislavs St Clg LibATTN: Library

California St Polytechnic Univ LibATTN: Librarian

California St Univ at NorthridgeATTN: Gov Dot

California State LibraryATTN: Librarian

California State Univ at Long Beach LibATTN: Librarian

California State UniversityATTN: Librarian

California State UniversityATTN: Librarian

California Univ LibraryATTN: Govt Publications Dept

California Univ LibraryATTN: Librarian

California University LibraryATTN: Govt Documents Dept

California University LibraryATTN: Documents Set

California UniversityATTN: Government Documents Dept

Calvin College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Calvin T. Ryan LibraryKearney State College

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept

Carleton College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Carnegie Library of PittsburghATTN: Librarian

Carnegie Mellon UniversityATTN: Director of Libraries

94

OTHER (Continued)

Carson Regional LibraryATTN: Gov Publications Unit

Case Western Reserve UniversityATTN: Librarian

University of Central FloridaATTN: Library Dots Dept

Central Michigan UniversityATTN: Library Documents Section

Central Missouri State UnivATTN: Government Documents

Central State UniversityATTN: Library Documents Dept

Central Washington UniversityATTN: Library Dots Section

Central Wyoming College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Charleston County LibraryATTN: Librarian

Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Pub LibATTN: E. Correll

Chattanooga Hamilton CoATTN: Librarian

Chesapeake Pub Lib SystemATTN: Librarian

Chicago Public LibraryATTN: Governments Publications Dept

State University of ChicagoATTN: Librarian

Chicag;;T;;iversity Library: Director of Libraries

ATTN: Documents Processing

Cincinnati University LibraryATTN: Librarian

Claremont Colleges LibsATTN: Dot Collection

Clemson UniversityATTN: Director of Libraries

Cleveland Public LibraryATTN: Documents Collection

Cleveland State Univ LibATTN: Librarian

Coe LibraryATTN: Documents Division

OTHER (Continued)

Colgate Univ LibraryATTN: Reference Library

Colorado State Univ LibsATTN: Librarian

Colorado University LibrariesATTN: Director of Libraries

Columbia University LibraryATTN: Documents Service Center

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public LibATTN: Gen Ret Div

Compton LibraryATTN: Librarian

Connecticut State LibraryATTN: Librarian

University of ConnecticutATTN: Govt of Connecticut

Connecticut UniversityATTN: Director of Libraries

Cornell University LibATTN: Librarian

Corpus Christi State University LibATTN: Librarian

CSIA LibraryATTN: Librarian

Culver City LibraryATTN: Librarian

Curry College LibraryATTN: Librarian

DallasA;;;nty Public Library: Librarian

Dallas Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Dalton Jr College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Dartmouth CollegeATTN: Librarian

Davenport Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Davidson CollegeATTN: Librarian

Dayton & Montgomery City Pub LibATTN: Librarian

University of DaytonATTN: Librarian

95

OTHER (Continued)OTHER (Continued

Decatur Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Dekalb Comn Co11 So CpusATTN: Librarian

Delaware Pauw UniversityATTN: Librarian

University of DelawareATTN: Librarian

Delta College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Delta State UniversityATTN: Librarian

Denison Univ LibraryATTN: Librarian

Denver Public LibraryATTN: Documents Div

Dept of Lib & ArchivesATTN: librarian

Detroit Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Dickinson State CollegeATTN: Librarian

Drake Memorial Learning Resource CtrATTN: Librarian

Drake UniversityATTN: Cowles Library

Drew UniversityATTN: Librarian

Duke UniversityATTN: Public Dots Dept

Duluth Public LibraryATTN: Documents Section

Earlham CollegeATTN: Librarian

East Carolina UniversityATTN: Library Dots Dept

East Central UniversityATTN: Librarian

East Islip Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

East Orange Public LibATTN: Librarian

East Tennessee State Univ Sherrod LibATTN: Documents Dept

East Texas State UniversityATTN: Library

Eastern BranchATTN: Librarian

Eastern Illinois UniversityATTN: Librarian

Eastern Kentucky UniversityATTN: Librarian

Eastern Michigan University LibATTN: Documents Libn

Eastern Montana College LibraryATTN: Documents Oept

Eastern New Mexico UnivATTN: Librarian

Eastern Oregon College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Eastern Washington UnivATTN: Librarian

El Paso Public LibraryATTN: Documents & Geneology Dept

Elko County LibraryATTN: Librar.ian

Elmira CollegeATTN: Librarian

Elon College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Enoch Pratt Free LibraryATTN: Documents Office

Emory UniversityATTN: Librarian

Evansville & Vanderburgh County Pub LibATTN: Librarian

Everett Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Fairleigh Dickinson UnivATTN: Depository Dept

Florida A & M UnivATTN: Librarian

Florida Atlantic Univ LibATTN: Div of Public Documents

Florida Institute of Tech LibATTN: Federal Documents Dept

Florida Intl Univ LibraryATTN: Dots Section

96

OTHER (Continued)

Florida State LibraryATTN: Documents Section

Florida State UniversityATTN: Librarian

Fond Du Lac Public LibATTN: Librarian

Fort Hays State UniversityATTN: Librarian

Fort Worth Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Free Pub Lib of ElizabethATTN: Librarian

Free Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Freeport Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Fresno County Free LibraryATTN: Librarian

Gadsden Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Garden Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Gardner Webb CollegeATTN: Documents

Gary Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Librn

Georgetown Univ LibraryATTN: Govt Oocs Room

Georgia Inst oi TechATTN: Librarian

Georgia Southern CollegeATTN: Librarian

Georgia Southwestern CollegeATTN: Director of Libraries

Georgia State Univ LibATTN: Librarian

University of GeorgiaATTN: Dir of Libraries

Glassboro State CollegeATTN: Librarian

Gleeson LibraryATTN: Librarian

OTHER (Continued)

Government Publications Library-MAlTN: Director of Libraries

Graceland CollegeATTN: Librarian

Grand Forks Public City-County LibraryATTN: Librarian

Grand Rapids Public LibraryATTN: Director of Libraries

Greenville County LibraryATTN: Librarian

Guam RFK Memorial University LibATTN: Fed Depository Collection

University of GuamATTN: Librarian

Gustavus Adolphus CollegeATTN: Library

Hardin-Sinmnons University LibraryATTN: Librarian

Hartford Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Harvard College LibraryATTN: Director of Libraries

University of HawaiiATTN: Government Dots Collection

Hawaii State LibraryATTN: Federal Documents Unit

University of Hawaii at MonoaATTN: Director of Libraries

University of HawaiiATTN: Librarian

Haydon Burns LibraryATTN: Librarian

Henry Ford Cornn College LibATTN: Librarian

Herbert H. Lehman CollegeATTN: Library Documents Division

Hofstra Univ LibraryATTN: Documents Dept

Hollins CollegeATTN: Librarian

Hoover InstitutionATTN: J. Bingham

97

OTHER (Continued)

Hopkinsville Comm CollegeATTN: Librarian

University of Houston,ATTN: Documents

Houston Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Hoyt Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Humboldt State CollegeATTN: Documents

LibraryDiv

LibraryDept

Huntington Park LibraryATTN: Librarian

Hutchinson Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Idaho Public Lib & Info CenterATTN: Librarian

Idaho State LibraryATTN: Librarian

Idaho State University LibraryATTN: Documents Dept

University of IdahoATTN: Documents SectATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of Illinois, LibraryATTN: Documents Section

Illinois State LibraryATTN: Government Documents Branch

Illinois Univ at Urbana ChampaignATTN: P. Watson, Documents Library

Illinois Valley Comm Co11ATTN: Library

Indiana State LibraryATTN: Serial Section

Indiana State UniversityATTN: Documents Libraries

Indiana University LibraryATTN: Documents Department

Indianapolis Marion Cty Pub LibraryATTN: Social Science Div

Iowa State University LibraryATTN: Govt Documents Dept

Iowa University LibraryATTN: Government Documents Dept

OTHER (Continued)

Butler University, Irwin LibraryATTN: Librarian

Isaac Delchdo CollegeATTN: Librarian

James Madison UniversityATTN: Librarian

Jefferson County Public LibATTN: Librarian

Jersey City State CollegeATTN: Librarian

Johns Hopkins UniversityATTN: Documents Library

John J. Wright Library, La Roche CollegeATTN: Librarian

Johnson Free Public LibATTN: Librarian

Kahului LibraryATTN: Librarian

Kalamazoo Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Kansas City Public LibraryATTN: Documents Div

Kansas State LibraryATTN: Librarian

Kansas State Univ LibraryATTN: Documents Dept

University of KansasATTN: Director of Libraries

Kent State University LibraryATTN: Documents Div

Kentucky Dept of Library & ArchivesATTN: Documents Section

University of KentuckyATTN: Governments Publication DeptATTN: Director of Libraries

Kenyon College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Lake Forest CollegeATTN: Librarian

Lake Sumter Comm Co11 LibATTN: Librarian

Lakeland Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

98

OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued)

Lancaster Regional LibraryATTN: Librarian

Lawrence UniversityATTN: Documents Dept

Lee Library, Brigham Young UniversityATTN: Documents & Map Section

Library & Statutory Distribution & Svc2 cy ATTN: Librarian

Little Rock Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Long Beach Pub1 LibraryATTN: Librarian

Los Angeles Public LibraryATTN: Serials Div U.S. Documents

Louisiana State UniversityATTN: Government Dot DeptATTN: Director of Libraries

Louisville Free Pub LibATTN: Librarian

Louisville Univ LibraryATTN: Librarian

Lyndon B. Johnson Sch of Pub Affairs LibATTN: Librarian

Maine Maritime AcademyATTN: Librarian

Maine University at OrenoATTN: Librarian

University of MaineATTN: Librarian

Manchester City LibraryATTN: Librarian

Mankato State CollegeATTN: Govt Publications

Mantor LibraryUniv of Maine at Farmington

ATTN: Director of Libraries

Marathon County Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Marshall Brooks LibraryATTN: Librarian

University of MarylandATTN: McKeldin Libr Dots Div

University of MarylandATTN: Librarian

University of MassachusettsATTN: Government Dots College

McNeese State UnivATTN: Librarian

Memphis Shelby County Pub Lib & Info CtrATTN: Librarian

Memphis State UniversityATTN: Librarian

Mercer UniversityATTN: Librarian

Mesa County Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

University of Miami, LibraryATTN: Government Publications

Miami Public LibraryATTN: Documents Division

Miami Univ LibraryATTN: Documents Dept

Michel Orradre LibraryUniversity of Santa Clara

ATTN: Documents Div

Michigan State LibraryATTN: Librarian

Michigan State University LibraryATTN: Librarian

Michigan Tech UniversityATTN: Library Documents Dept

University of MichiganATTN: Acq SW Documents Unit

Middlebury College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Millersville State Co11ATTN: Librarian

Milne LibraryState University of New York

ATTN: Dots Librn

Milwaukee Pub LibATTN: Librarian

Minneapolis Public LibATTN: Librarian

Minnesota Div of Emergency SvcsATTN: Librarian

Minot State CollegeATTN: Librarian

Mississippi State UniversityATTN: Librarian

99

OTHER (Continued)

University of MississippiATTN: Director of Libraries

Missouri Univ at Kansas City GenATTN: Librarian

Missouri University LibraryATTN: Government Documents

M.I.T. LibrariesATTN: Librarian

Mobile Public LibraryATTN: Governmental Info Division

Moffett LibraryATTN: Librarian

Montana State LibraryATTN: Librarian

Montana State University, LibraryATTN: Librarian

University of MontanaATTN: Documents Div

Moorhead State CollegeATTN: Library

Mt Prospect Public LibATTN: Librarian

Murray State Univ LibATTN: Library

Nassau Library SystemATTN: Librarian

Natrona County Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Nebraska Library CommATTN: Librarian

Univ of Nebraska at OmahaATTN: Librarian

Nebraska Western College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Univ of Nebraska at LincolnATTN: Director of Libraries

Univ of Nevada at RenoATTN: Governments Pub Dept

Univ of Nevada at Las VegasATTN: Director of Libraries

New Hampshire University LibATTN: Librarian

Flew Hanover County Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Nebraska UniversityATTN: Director of Libraries

OTHER (Continued)

New Mexico State LibraryATTN: Librarian

New Mexico State UniversityATTN: Lib Documents Div

University of New MexicoATTN: Director of Libraries

University of New Orleans LibraryATTN: Govt Documents Div

New Orleans Public LibATTN: Library

New York Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

New York State LibraryATTN: Dot Control, Cultural Ed Ctr

New York State Univ at Stony BrookATTN: Main Lib Dot Sect

New York State Univ Co1 at CortlandATTN: Librarian

State Univ of New YorkATTN: Library Documents Set

State Univ of New YorkATTN: Librarian

New York State UniversityATTN: Documents Center

State University of New YorkATTN: Documents Dept

New York University LibraryATTN: Documents Dept

Newark Free LibraryATTN: Librarian

Newark Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Niagara Falls Pub LibATTN: Librarian

Nicholls State Univ LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Nieves M. Flores Memorial LibATTN: Librarian

Norfolk Public LibraryATTN: R. Parker

North Carolina Agri & Tech State UnivATTN: Librarian

Univ of North Carolina at CharlotteATTN: Atkins Library Documents Dept

Univ of North Carolina at Greensboro, LibraryATTN: Librarian

100

OTHER (Continued)

North Carolina Central UniversityATTN: Librarian

North Carolina State UniversityATTN: Librarian

North Carolina University at WilmingtonATTN: Librarian

University of North CarolinaATTN: BA SS Division Documents

North Dakota State University LibATTN: Dots Librarian

University of North DakotaATTN: Librarian

North Georgia CollegeATTN: Librarian

North Texas State University LibraryATTN: Librarian

Northeast Missouri State UniversityATTN: Librarian

Northeastern Illinois UniversityATTN: Library

Northeastern Oklahoma State UnivATTN: Librarian

Northeastern UniversityATTN: Dodge Library

Northern Arizona University LibATTN: Government Documents Dept

Northern Illinois UniversityATTN: Librarian

Northern Iowa UniversityATTN: Library

Northern Michigan UnivATTN: Documents

Northern Montana College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Northwestern Michigan CollegeATTN: Librarian

Northwestern State UnivATTN: Librarian

Northwestern State Univ LibraryATTN: Librarian

Northwestern University LibraryATTN: Govt Publications Dept

Norwalk Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

OTHER (Continued)

University of Notre DameATTN: Document Center

Oakland Corms CollegeATTN: Librarian

Oakland Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Oberlin College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Ocean County CollegeATTN: Librarian

Ohio State UniversityATTN: Libraries Documents Division

Ohio University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Oklahoma City University LibraryATTN: Librarian

Oklahoma City University LibraryATTN: Librarian

Oklahoma Dept of LibrariesATTN: U.S. Govt Documents

University Library, OklahomaATTN: Government Documents Collection

Old Dominion UniversityATTN: Ooc Dept Univ Library

Olivet College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Omaha Pub Lib Clark BranchATTN: Librarian

Oregon State LibraryATTN: Librarian

University of OregonATTN: Documents Section

Ouachita Baptist UniversityATTN: Librarian

Pan American University LibraryATTN: Librarian

Passaic Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Paul Klapper LibraryATTN: Documents Dept

Pennsylvania State LibraryATTN: Government Publications Section

101

OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued)

Pennsylvania State UniversityATTN: Library Document Set

University of PennsylvaniaATTN: Director of Libraries

Penrose LibraryUniversity of Denver

ATTN: Penrose Library

Peoria Public LibraryATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept

Free Library of PhiladelphiaATTN: Govt Publications Dept

Philipsburg Free Public LibraryATTN: Library

Phoenix Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

University of PittsburgATTN: Documents Office G 8

Plainfield Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Popular Creek Public Lib DistrictATTN: Librarian

Association of Portland LibATTN: Librarian

Portland Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Portland State University LibraryATTN: Librarian

Prescott Memorial LibLouisiana Tech Univ

ATTN: Librarian

Princeton University LibraryATTN: Gocuments Division

Providence CollegeATTN: Librarian

Providence Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Cincinnati & Hamilton County Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson CountyATTN: Library

University of Puerto RicoATTN: Dot & Maps Room

Purdue University LibraryATTN: Librarian

Quinebaug Valley Community Co1ATTN: Librarian

Ralph Brown Draughon LibAuburn University

ATTN: Microforms & Documents Dept

Rapid City Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Reading Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Reed College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Reese LibraryAugusta College

ATTN: Librarian

University of Rhode Island LibraryATTN: Govt Publications Office

University of Rhode IslandATTN: Director of Libraries

Rice UniversityATTN: Director of Libraries

Richard W. Norton Mem LibLouisiana College

ATTN: Librarian

Richland County Pub LibATTN: Librarian

University of RichmondATTN: Library

Riverside Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

University of Rochester LibraryATTN: Documents Section

Rutgers University, Camden LibraryATTN: Librarian

Rutgers State UniversityATTN: Librarian

Rutgers UniversityATTN: Director of Libraries

Rutgers University Law LibraryATTN: Federal Documents Dept

Salem College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Samford UniversityATTN: Librarian

San Antonio Public LibraryATTN: Bus Science & Tech Deot

102

OTHER (Continued)

San Diego County LibraryATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions

San Diego Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

San Diego State University LibraryATTN: Govt Pubs Dept

SanFrancisco Public LibraryATTN: Govt Documents Dept

San Francisco State CollegeATTN: Govt Pub Collection

San Jose State College LibraryATTN: Documents Dept

San Luis Obispo City-County LibraryATTN: Librarian

Savannah Pub & Effingham Libty Reg LibATTN: Librarian

Scottsbluff Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Scranton Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Seattle Public LibraryATTN: Ref Dot Asst

Selby Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Shawnee Library SystemATTN: Librarian

Shreve Memorial LibraryATTN: Librarian

Silas Bronson Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Simon Schwab Mem LibColumbus College

ATTN: Librarian

Sioux City Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Skidmore CollegeATTN: Librarian

Slippery Rock State College LibraryATTN: Librarian

South Carolina State LibraryATTN: Librarian

University of South CarolinaATTN: Librarian

OTHER (Continued)

University of South CarolinaATTN: Government Documents

South Dakota Sch of Mines & TechATTN: Librarian

South Oaknta State LibraryATTN: Federal Documents Department

University of South DakotaATTN: Documents Librarian

South Florida University LibraryATTN: Librarian

Southdale-Hennepin Area Libraryp\TTN: Government Documents

Southeast Missouri State UniversityATTN: Librarian

Southeastern Massachusetts University LibraryATTN: Documents Set

University of Southern AlabamaATTN: Librarian

Southern California University LibraryATTN: Documents Dept

Southern Connecticut State CollegeATTN: Library

Southern Illinois UniversityATTN: Librarian

Southern Illinois UniversityATTN: Documents Ctr

Southern Methodist UniversityATTN: Librarian

University of Southern MississippiATTN: Library

Southern Oregon CollegeATTN: Library

Southern University in New Orleans, LibraryATTN: Librarian

Southern Utah State College LibraryATTN: Documents Department

Southwest Missouri State CollegeATTN: Library

Southwestern University of Louisiana, LibrariesATTN: Librarian

Southwestern University School of Law LibraryATTN: Librarian

103

OTHER (Continued)

Spokane Public LibraryATTN: Reference Dept

Springfield City LibraryATTN: Documents Section

OTHER (Continued)

St.

St.

st.

st.

St.

Bonaventure UniversityATTN: Librarian

Joseph Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Lawrence UniversityATTN: Librarian

Louis Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Paul Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Stanford University LibraryATTN: Govt Documents Dept

State Historical Sot LibATTN: Dots Serials Section

State Library of MassachusettsATTN: Librarian

State University of New YorkATTN: Librarian

Stetson UnivATTN: Librarian

University of SteubenvilleATTN:. Librarian

Stockton & San Joaquin Public LibATTN: Librarian

Stockton State College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Superior Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Swarthmore College LibATTN: Reference Dept

Syracuse University LibraryATTN: Documents Div

Tacoma Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Tampa, Hillsborough County Public LibATTN: Librarian

Temple UniversityATTN: Librarian

Tennessee Technological UniversityATTN: Librarian

University of TennesseeATTN: Dir of Libraries

Terteling LibraryColleqe of Idaho

-ATTN: Librarian

Texas A & M University LibraryATTN: Librarian

University of Texas at ArlingtonATTN: Library Documents

University of Texas at San AntonioATTN: Library

Texas Christian UniversityATTN: Librarian

Texas State LibraryATTN: U.S. Documents Sect

Texas Tech University LibraryATTN: Govt Dots Dept

Texas University at AustinATTN: Documents Co11

Texas University at El PasoATTN: Documents and Maps Lib

University of Toledo LibraryATTN: Librarian

Toledo Public LibraryATTN: Social Science Dept

Torrance Civic Center LibraryATTN: Librarian

Traverse City Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Trenton Free Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Trinity College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Trinity University LibraryATTN: Documents Collection

Tufts University LibraryATTN: Documents Oept

Tulane UniversityATTN: Documents Dept

University of TulsaATTN: Librarian

UCLA Research LibraryATTN: Public Affairs Svc/US Dots

State Library of OhioATTN: Librarian

104

OTHER (Continued)

Uniformed Svcs Univ of the Hlth SciATTN: LRC Library

University LibrariesATTN: Dir of Libraries

Upper Iowa CollegeATTN: Documents Collection

Utah State UniversityATTN: Librarian

University of UtahATTN: Special Collections

University of UtahATTN: Dept of PharmacologyATTN: Director of Libraries

Valencia LibraryATTN: Librarian

Vanderbilt University LibraryATTN: Govt Dots Sect

University of VermontATTN: Director of Libraries

Virginia Commonwealth UniversityATTN: Librarian

Virginia Military InstituteATTN: Librarian

Virginia Polytechnic Inst LibATTN: Dots Dept

Virginia State LibraryATTN: Serials Section

University of VirginiaATTN: Public Documents

Volusia County Public LibrariesATTN: Librarian

Washington State LibraryATTN: Documents Section

Washington State UniversityATTN: Lib Documents Section

Washington University LibrariesATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of WashingtonATTN: Documents Div

Wayne State University LibraryATTN: Librarian

Wayne State University Law LibraryATTN: Documents Dept

Weber State College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Wagner CollegeATTN: Librarian

OTHER (Continued)

Wesleyan UniversityATTN: Documents Librarian

West Chester State Co11ATTN: Documents Dept

West Covina LibraryATTN: Librarian

University of West FloridaATTN: Librarian

West

West

West

Hills Corrmunity Co11ATTN: Library

Texas State UniversityATTN: Library

Virginia Co11 of Grad Studies LibATTN: Librarian

University of West VirginiaATTN: Dir of Libraries

Westerly Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Western Carolina UniversityATTN: Librarian

Western Illinois University LibATTN: Librarian

Western Washington UnivATTN: Librarian

Western Wyoming Community College LibATTN: Librarian

Westmoreland Cty Comn Co11ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr

Whitman CollegeATTN: Librarian

Wichita State Univ LibraryATTN: Librarian

William & Mary CollegeATTN: Dots Dept

William Allen White LibraryEmporia Kansas State College

ATTN: Govt Documents Div

William College LibraryATTN: Librarian

Willimantic Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

Winthrop CollegeATTN: Documents Dept

University of Wisconsin at WhitewaterATTN: Governments Documents Library

105

OTHER (Continued)

Wisconsin Milwaukee UniversityATTN: Librarian

Wisconsin Oshkosh UniversityATTN: Librarian

Wisconsin Platteville UniversityATTN: Librarian

Wisconsin University at Stevens PointATTN: Dots Section

University of WisconsinATTN: Govt Pubs Dept

University of WisconsinATTN: Acquisitions Dept

Worcester Public LibraryATTN: Librarian

OTHER (Continued)

Yale UniversityATTN: Director of Libraries

Yeshiva UniversityATTN: Librarian

Yuma City County LibraryATTN: Librarian

Wright State Univ LibraryATTN: Govts Documents Dept

Wyoming State LibraryATTN: Librarian

University of WyomingATTN: Documents Div

106