shocks and disruptions the relationship between food security and national security

7/31/2019 Shocks and Disruptions the Relationship Between Food Security and National Security

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Scks d DsptsBy George Grant

Frwr b th Rt Hn Sr Mllm Rn MP

Th Rlnshp Btwn F Srt n Nnl Srt


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Cntnts

FOREWORD 5

MEssagE FROM thE CROp pROtECtiOn assOCiatiOn 6

EXECUtiVE sUMMaRY 8

intRODUCtiOn 14

WhY FOOD sECURitY MattERs 17

Food SecuRiTy aNd THe ecoNoMy 17Food SecuRiTy aNd THe euRoPeaN uNioN 20

Food SecuRiTy aNd coNFLicT 26

THe iMPacT oF SHocKS aNd diSRuPTioNS oN THe uK Food cHaiN 28

CRitiCaL aREas FOR FURthER COnsiDERatiOn 32

BioFueL TaRGeTS 32

eu ReGuLaTioN oF cRoP PRoTecTioN PRoducTS 33

eu ReGuLaTioN oF GeNeTicaLLy ModiFied oRGaNiSMS 34

eu aGRicuLTuRaL TaRiFFS aNd eXPoRT ReFuNdS 35

THe coMMoN aGRicuLTuRaL PoLicy caP 37

uK aGRicuLTuRaL ReSeaRcH aNd deVeLoPMeNT R&d 38

THe ReLaTioNSHiP BeTWeeN Food SecuRiTy, 41

FoReiGN PoLicy aNd deVeLoPMeNT PoLicy

Food WaSTe 42

eMeRGeNcy Food ReSeRVeS 44

uK FoodcHaiN ReSiLieNce 46

COnCLUsiOn 51

EnD nOtEs 53

BiBLiOgRaphY 62

aBOUt thE hEnRY JaCKsOn sOCiEtY 70

aBOUt thE CROp pROtECtiOn assOCiatiOn 70

Shks n dsrpns : Th Rlnshp Btwn F Srt n Nnl Srt

Grg Grnt s Rsrh Fllw t Th Hnr

Jksn St, whh h jn n otbr

2009. Grg hs wrn xtnsvl fr HJS

n w rng f sss rlng t Brsh

frgn pl n ntrnnl rlns, wth

mjr rnt pblns nlng Sng

n afghnstn (Sptmbr 2010) n Th

Tppng Pnt: Brsh Nnl Strtg n

th uKs Ftr Wrl Rl (Jl 2011). Sn

Fbrr 2011, Grg hs wrk lsl

n th nt n Lb n th ntrs

sbsqnt rts twrs mr

trnsn. H wrts frqntl fr mnstrm

nnl n ntrnnl nwspprs nlng

th dl Tlgrph, th Grn n th Wll

Strt Jrnl erp, n rglrl pprs n

TV n r nws tlts nlng th BBc, al

Jzr, chnnl 4 Nws n Sk Nws.

a frqnt spkr n frgn pl n

fn sss, Grg hs gvn brngs tsnr ls t th Frgn & cmmnwlth

o, th Mnstr f dfn, th Stblsn

unt n ltrrs t th Rl Mltr

am, Snhrst. Grg hs n Ma (Hns)

n Hstr frm th unvrst f enbrgh, n

n Ma (dst.) n invsgv Jrnlsm frm

ct unvrst, Lnn.

i w bt f thnks t lrg nmbr f

ppl fr thr ntrbns t th prn

f ths rprt. Frst, i shl lk t thnk ewr

Wnl, dn Mrg n dv Gstn

wh, whlst Rsrh assstnts t Th Hnr

Jksn St (HJS), prv xllnt

rsrh spprt. i mst ls thnk HJSs

Pll drtr, dvs Lwn, n f rs r

exv drtr, dr aln Mnz, wtht

whm ths prjt wl nt hv m bt.M thnks ls t Rhm Kssm, frm Th

Hnr Jksn St, n Shmn Spgl,

frm Gnm dsgn, fr thr hlp n sgnng

th rprt. i ls wsh t thnk ll ths wh

gv f thr m t prv m wth ntrvws

fr th rprt, nlng Sr Brn Bnr, Mk

Rw n Prfssr Bb Wtsn, th frmr

hvng srv n th lr tw nnng t

srv wth snn t th dprtmnt fr

envrnmnt, F n Rrl ars. Lkws

m thnks t dr dv Nbrr Spl

Rprsntv f th Srtr Gnrl fr

F Srt n Ntrn t th unt

Nns; Mrn Hwrth H f Pl t th

Nnl Frmrs unn; n Trstrm Strt,

whs xprs n th ss f f wst r

nsrpss. i wsh t xtn prlr thnks

t Sr dv omn, th uKs rst Srt n

intllgn crntr t th cbnt o,

whs ntrbns vrll, bt n prlr t

th sns f ths rprt lng wth uK f-

hn rsln n srt, wr nvlbl.i m ls pl hnr tht Sr Mllm

Rn, n f th mst sngsh plns

srvng n th unt Kngm t, gr t

wrt th Frwr t ths rprt; t hs nl

bn nhn b tht ntrbn. Fnll, m

thnks g t th crp Prtn assn

fr mmssnng ths rprt, n n prlr

t dmn dr n dnl Prsll, wtht

whs spprt ths pbln wl nt hv

bn pssbl. it nl rmns fr m t s tht

n rrrs r mssns ntn wthn ths

pbln r mn ln.

abt th athr

aknwlgmnts


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5

Foreword Sr Mllm Rn

F s n f mnkns mst bsns, n nqt prvsn s

trg fr hnrs f mllns f

ppl lvng n th vlpng wrl.

yt th mprtn f th wrls fsppl xtns fr bn th thrt

f shrtgs, hngr n pvrt. Th

vlblt n st f f ts

mn rs f ms pl, s wll snnl n ntrnnl srt.

Ths w-rngng n mprhnsvrprt mpts t rss th hllngs

tht w frm sppl hn tht s

nr nrsng prssr. chf mng

thm s th n t nrs grltrlprvt, r f wst, n

mprv strbn ntwrks. Sh

stps mst b prrs f prns t kp p wth th mns f wrl ppln st t x 9 blln

b 2050.

cnsrn s ls gvn t th

nrsng st f f. Rnt spks

n mmt prs hv xps th

frglt f th wrls f prnbs, n th prrs bln

btwn sppl n mn. Rsng

prs hv n t n th hlth f

th uK nm, s wll s pllstblt n frgn ntrs. as th arb

Sprng hs mnstrt, ntrs

tht r nmll wk r tl

vlnrbl t tns n st.

Ths rprt ls mks n mprtnt

vln f th ms grltrlstr, n th srt f th uKs f

sppl. Whl th uK n erp r

wrl lrs n prn, th f

hn rsln mst b kpt nrnstnt rvw n n g f jst-n-

m lvr mls.

Th crp Prtn assn s t

b ngrtlt fr mmssnng

thght-prvkng st, n Grg

Grnt f Th Hnr Jksn Stshl b mmn fr prng

rbl n ml vln f ths

tp.



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Mssg frm th crp Prtn assn

at m f hghtn nrn vr thmbn mpt f ppln grwthn lmt hng n f prs nvlblt, ths grnbrkng rprt bTh Hnr Jksn St hghlghts thvr srs rsks n s-nm,g-pll n hmntrn trms f

flng t tkl th glbl hllng ff srt.

Th mmt nm nsqnsf f nsrt r wll-mnt.in th nstrls wrl, hghr fprs wl l t nrs prssrn spsbl nms wth mgngmpts n th wr nm, whlnsmrs n lwr nms wlls sr rn n th hlthbnts sst wth w h frbl frsh frt n vgtbls. invlpng ntrs, f shrtgs nhghr mmt prs wl thrtnth p f vlpmnt n l tnrs hngr n mlntrn n thwrls prst rgns.

cntrl t th rprts nmnlsns s lr sgnl tht ss tth mst vn frmng thnlgs

wll b n t nsr glblf prn n kp p wthbrgnng mn, whl kpng thl n f pr nn n prvngth rw mtrls t sfgr jbs,grwth n wlth rn wthn thrst f th f hn.

Bt n xmnng th rlnshpbtwn f n nnl srt,ths rprt ls hghlghts th wr,vstng nsqns whh n blnk t srpns n glbl f sppl,

frm hmn nt n vl nrst ttr srpn, mss mgrn n ththrt f gr-trrrsm.

Th rprt sngls t th eu s n f thwrls mjr f prng nms,wth sgnnt pt t nn glblf prs n vlblt, bt wrns tht

erps lrs r t rsk f slpwlkngnt f rss nlss rrnt pls trstrt prn-bsng grltrlthnlgs r rvrs.

innvn n plnt sn, fr xmpl,frm grltrl bthnlg t nvlrp prtn prts, rs mjrpprtns fr erps frmrs tlvr sstnbl gns n grltrlprvt. yt sh vns rsrg b n nsn eu plgn.

Th crp Prtn assn spls t spprt ths rprt s nmprtnt ntrbn t th fsrt bt. abv ll, w wlmth rprts lr mssg t pl-mkrs f th rgnt n t mbrvlpmnts n grltrl sn nnnvn, nt nl t stv glblhngr n nm hrshp, bt lst mgt th thrt f f-rlttrrr, wr n hmn srng.

dmn dr. chf exv,

crp Prtn assn


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exv Smmr

WhY FOOD sECURitY MattERs

Th uK gvrnmnt hs smt thtb 2050 th wrl wll n t pr70 pr nt mr f thn t s t.Ths wll pt nsrbl prssr nlr strn grltrl rsrs.

Hwvr, f srt ls mrs fr rng f rsns thr thn nsrngtht th wrls ppln hs nght t. Ths nl:

thE iMpaCt OF Rising FOOD pRiCEs

On UK anD gLOBaL ECOnOMiC

gROWth

Btwn Jl 2010 n Jl 2011,th vrg uK f bll wnt p b5.2 pr nt. Th F & agrltrorgnsn hs prt tht glblf prs wll rs b n nl 20pr nt b 2020. Rsng f prs wll

r th mnt nsmrs spn nthr strs f th nm, frthrthrtnng n lr-hlng nmrvr.

an nl nrn s t ht nsmrsrspn t rsng prs b mprmsngn th qlt f f th b.Lw-nm hshls lr spnn vrg f 15.8 pr nt f thrnm f f, n rsng f prswll mk t mr lt t mntnhlth ts.

F-pr nn ls rprsnts sgnnt thrt t th nm hlthf mjr mrgng nms sh schn n in, wth th ptnl tslw nm grwth ntrnnll.Th uK hs k rl t pl n rssngth hllng, bth npnntl nn nrt wth ts erpn prtnrs.

FOOD sECURitY anD thE EUROpEan

UniOn

Th erpn unn (eu) s th wrlsthr lrgst prr f rls n thsn lrgst prr f lvstk. Thmprt n xprt vl f erpngrltrl prts rmns thhghst n th wrl. as lng frn th frmln f glbl grltrlpl, th eu rtns th pt tnn glbl f prs.

erpn grltrl pl n rssh s th prn f bfls r thrgln f gnll m (GM)f s nt jst mpt n erpnnsmrs, bt ls n nsmrswll bn erps brrs. Bfltrgts hv bn lnk t glbl fpr nn n rprsnt rlthrt t glbl f srt. Strtprhbns n th lvn nmprt f GM fs ns erp rwrkng gnst th ntrsts f frmrs

exv Smmr

n vlpng ntrs whh pnn th erpn grltrl mrkt,n r nsqntl n ss tthnlgs tht l prtt rpsn nhn ls.

FOOD sECURitY anD COnFLiCt

Th rlnshp btwn f srtn nt s sgnnt. Thr rrrntl 60 ntrs n th wrlrnk s hvng n extrm r HghRsk f f-rlt nsrt, wthth mjrt f ths ntrs ltn nrvlp rgns whrnm n pll brkwn svn.

in 2008-09, f nsrt ntrbtt rvlns tht ps thgvrnmnts f H n Mgsrn st zns f lvs. in drfr,f n wtr-rlt nt hs l500,000 ppl n gnrt 2mlln nvrnmntl rfgs.

Mst rntl, f nsrt hs bnn s ntrbtr ftr tth prsngs tht hv swpt rss

th Ml est n Nrth afr. Fr glbls trng nn sh sth uK, nts vrss n n jprs Brsh ntrsts, srpngtr, rng rfgs n nrrngxpnsv pst-nt rnstrn.Mrvr, th nt n Lb hsmnstrt tht f nsrt -vn whn nrt - n ntrbt tvlpmnts tht rslt n Brshmltr rspns.

thE iMpaCt OF shOCKs anD

DisRUptiOns On thE UK FOOD

Chain

Th gvrnmnt hs ssss th uKsf srt s hgh. Th sz nvrst f th uK f nstr mkst rlvl rslnt t srpnstht l s lsng mg.Nnthlss, th phsl pnnss fth uK f-hn mks t vlnrblt trgt shks, b th ntrl,ntl r mls.

it s ls mprtnt t nt tht thuKs f slf-sn hs stlln vr th pst thr s.in 2010, th uK pr jst 52 prnt f th f nsm, n h slf-sn r f 60 pr nt. in1984, th uKs slf-sn r ws

78 pr nt, ts pk fllwng strvr n th rs fllwng thSn Wrl Wr.

in th pst tw s, th uK hssr svrl shks t ts f hnwhh btwn thm hv st thBrsh nm 15 blln n rtll t th lss f 630 lvs.

Th cntr fr th Prtn f Nnlinfrstrtr (cPNi), lng wth nmbr f thr nstr-xprts, hs



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wrn tht th uK f-hn s lsvlnrbl t gr-trrrst ks. Thphsl pnnss f mst frmrs;th nntrt n ntnsv ntrf ntmprr frmng prs n

th ft tht vng prrs fr frmwrkrs r lmst nn-xstnt, mkth f-hn ptnll vlnrbl tk.

CRitiCaL aREas FOR FURthER COnsiDERatiOn

in rr t mgt ths rsks nmprv bth nnl n glbl fsrt, th fllwng rs shl br srs frthr nsrn:

BiOFUEL taRgEts

ovr th nxt , th ntrnnlrv t mt bfl trgts l ntf prs b s mh s 40 pr nt.in ts ssssmnt f th 2007-08 fpr spk, whh sw glbl f prsrs b 63 pr nt, th uK gvrnmntnl tht th vrsn fgrltrl ln t bfl prnws sgnnt ntrbtr ftr.

if bfl trgts r nt t b srppltgthr, th shl t lst b mrxbl, wth n pssblt bng tspf rlnshp btwn th FPr inx (FPi) n th vrsn fbfl fstks bk nt th fhn.

EU REgULatiOn OF CROp pROtECtiOn

pRODUCts

crp prtn prts r vtl tgrng rps frm th psts n

ss tht rrntl nt fr nsmt 40 pr nt lss n th glblprn f f. dspt ths ft, theu s mm t rng th s frp prtn prts, pl tht shrng frmrs n hvng n vrsmpt n rp ls n prs. Thgvrnmnts chmls Rglndrtrt hs smt tht th eusltst ps rv l t rpls b s mh s 20 pr nt.

Rgln f rp prtn prtss vr mprtnt, prlrl whr

th ps rsk t hmn hlth rth nvrnmnt. Hwvr, rrntrgln s rvn b prpn fhzr, rthr thn sn vn frsk. Th eu ns t rvst ts rglnf rp prtn prts t nsrtht rglns n ths r r snbs, nblng n prprnt.

EU REgULatiOn OF gEnEtiCaLLYMoDifieD organiSMS (gMoS)

Fr mn rs, erpn pbl pnnhs bn ssps f GMos n thrsks th l ps t hmn hlth.Hwvr, rnt sts b bth thRl St f Mn n therpn cmmssn drtrt-Gnrl fr Rsrh nt tht GMoshv bn nsm b mllns fppl wrlw fr vr 15 rs wthn rprts f ll-ts. Nt nl tht,

exv Smmr

bt t frm th intrnnl Srvfr th aqsn f agr-bthapplns (iSaaa) hs nltht GMos hv gnrt sgnntnvrnmntl n nm bntsvr th pst -n--hlf.

in spt f ths, th eus pprh t GMorgln s rvn s mh b plsn prpn s b mprl snvn. Th uK gvrnmnts lstn s tht GMo rgln shlb sn nt pls-l prss.Th gvrnmnt shl thrfr wrkwth lkmn eu mmbr stts t

rfrm th pprvls prss t brngGMo rgln n ln wth th vlblsn vn n nhn glblf srt.

agRiCULtURaL taRiFFs & EXpORt

REFUnDs

agrltrl prtnsm hs lng bn ntrbng ftr t hgh glbl fprs n f nsrt. Whn Rss,th wrls thr lrgst wht xprtr,mps grn xprt bn n agst2010, th rslt ws srg n glblwht prs, whh rv p glblf prs b 5 pr nt. Whn Rssl th mbrg n M 2011, whtprs rpp lmst mmtl b 5pr nt.

agrltrl trs n th eu r nvrg thr ms hghr thn thvrg rss nstrl gs, n

rtn k mms r prttb trs f vr 70 pr nt.

unfrtntl, rts t glbll rtrs t th Wrl Tr orgnsn

(WTo) hv stll sn 2008 n ts lt t s hw bln nqtbl rn f trs wll bhv t th glbl lvl nl thsrts rsm. Ths ls ppls t thlmnn f xprt rfns, lthghth eu hs r ths sgnntl nrnt rs.

The CoMMon agriCulTural PoliCy (CaP)

althgh tslf frm f grltrlprtnsm, th cmmn agrltrlPl (caP) shl nt b srpp.inst, th caP mst b rnttsvl twrs mxmsng

prn n lmnng thsbssn f wst. ensrng thtth uK frmng nstr n nnt prv fr th Brsh ppl s strtg sine qua non.

crtn bjvs ntn wthn thltst caP rfrm prpsl fr 2013shl b spprt, nlng blngth bgt fr grltrl rsrhn nnvn, n fltng thvlpmnt f ng frmrs.

othr prps msrs shl bbnn, n prlr th rtst rntr St-s, ths m frlgl prpss, n prpsl tmk 30 pr nt f rt spprt tfrmrs nngnt pn mntrnvrnmntl rtr. Th eu s rghtt mntn nvrnmntl rglns,bt th caP shl nt b n f thm.

uK reSearCh & DeveloPMenT (r&D)

Whn th Grn Rvln trnsfrmglbl grltr 50 rs g, t s



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wth nnvn n thnlg, ntthrgh th lvn f sgnnt

qns f nw ln. ovr th nxt50 rs, th wrl wll n snGrn Rvln, wth mgrphn nvrnmntl nstrnts mnngtht thr wll b vn lss nw lnvlbl fr lvn ths m.

Hwvr, sn th m-1980s, th uKgvrnmnt hs r ts spprt frgrltrl rsrh n vlpmnt,n grltrl prvt hssr rngl. Nt nl hv ttlprvt nrss ln rlvt thr lng erpn ntrs,thr r fwr snsts nvlv ngrltrl rsrh, n ths whrmn r gng lr.

Th uK gvrnmnt mst rgns thtrtnng ts stts s wrl-lr nnnvv rsrh s mprtnt nt jstfr uK f srt, bt ls n lght f

th rlv ln f nmbr f thrstrs f th nm.

thE RELatiOnship BEtWEEn FOOD

sECURitY, FOREign pOLiCY anD

DEVELOpMEnt pOLiCY

it hs bn smt tht th wrllr grws ngh f t f11.5 blln ppl. Th prblm stht whlst sm ppl hv mrthn ngh, thrs hv fr t ll.imprvng strbn s mprtnt, bt

prl nstrnts, nt lst th nt mnms f pr rss mn t ht

ths nnt b th whl sln.Prhps th mst sgnnt sf f nsrt n lk f sst f s pr gvrnn n sttflr. Th wrls hngrst stts rls mngst ts wrst gvrn. it sn nn tht isrl hs th smlvl f f srt s Prtgl nSpn, bt jst hlf th nnl rnfll fethp.

althgh uK grltrl vlpmntssstn n n s sv lvs n thshrt-trm, n th lng-trm t wll fl fnt mpn b nmtnt rtst mprv gvrnn n srtn ntrs f nrngls whhmst b rt n th uKs frgn nvlpmnt pls.

FOOD WastE

arss bth th vlp nvlpng wrls, sm 30-50 pr ntf ll f pr s nvr nsm.

in th vlpng wrl, mst f swst bfr t rhs th nsmr.inqt n-pst sfgrs shs prpr sls nt fr sgnntlss, whlst pr r nfrstrtrn lk f prpr rfrgrn ls tgs splng whlst n trnst. avrswthr nns n ss nls hv sgnnt mpt. Th

exv Smmr

gvrnmnt ns t spprt rtst mprv phsl nfrstrtr, swll s hlp nrs th vlblt fmh-n grltrl thnlgs.arssng gvrnn ns thtprptt ths flrs n th rstpl s rl.

in th vlp wrl, mst wstrs r f rhs th mrktpl.Th mn prblm s bhvrl, nwrnss mpgns t hng tshv prt t pl. Hwvr, th mptf sh nvs wll lws b lmtmpr t hngng nm

nnvs, whh rprsnt th mstnnl rvrs f hng.

Th uK shl ls mprv nmkng s f tht f whh wlthrws b wst. F bnks, whhrstrbt rtlr f wst t thsn n, r n xmpl. Hwvr, theu ls ns t rvst lgsln whhprhbts th mjrt f f wstbng f t lvstk.

EMERgEnCY FOOD REsERVEs

intrnnll, f rsrvs r nln, n n rnt s hvtn twrs n nrs rlnn mprts frm glbl mrkts tmt f ns. in 2010-11 ln,glbl rl stks ln frm 534t 490 mlln tnns. objns tnnl f rsrvs r tht thstrt mrkt prs n r xpnsv

t mntn. Th uK s nt rrntlhl n f rsrvs f ts wn.

Th Wrl F Prgrmm (WFP)psssss lmt grn rsrvs, nth WFP smts t fs mr thn 90mlln ppl vr r. instnll,hwvr, th rgnsn s rv,nt prv. Th WFP ns rfrmt nbl t t pt mr frwr-lkng pprh, whr n n btkn n npn f rss, n nt

jst r n hs ht.

an nv rrntl bng trll nWst afr n rspns t th 2007-08f pr spk l srv s sflml. Rthr thn strbng fs sstr-rlf, ths prpsl nvlvshlng rsrvs f f tht n bprhs b lgbl stts t th lwrn f th f pr nx n th vntf sn pr rss r tns.

uK fooD-Chain reSilienCe

althgh uK f srt s sssss hgh, th f hn s vlnrbl n

msrs t nrs rsln shlb nrg. Brl, thr r thrlvls f rsln: Frst, nnf ptnl thrts n vlpmnt fnngn plns; sn, nvstmntn mmnt rsln t rspn tths shks tht r nt frsn rprvnt; thr, pv rsln,whh nvlvs rwng n pstxprn whn pgrng r rplngphsl nfrstrtr n lgssntwrks.

Th cntr fr th Prtn fNnl infrstrtr (cPNi) hspr xtnsv v fr th fnstr n hw t mnms th thrtf srpn t thr srvs. Thsrmmnns r nl vsr nntr, hwvr, n vlbl rsrhsggsts th f nstr prfrs tprt n jst-n-m s pps t

jst-n-s bss.

Th gvrnmnt shl nhn rtst rs wrnss f th mprtnf rsln mngst th grltrlnstr, n nsr bth nnl nlgl msrs t mprv n spprtmpln. an rfrms mst hv bln btwn nrsng rslnn nsrng th mpvnss f thuK f nstr.



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intrn

ovr th pst thr s, Wstrnnns hv nt strggl t fthmslvs. on th ntrr, t lstnsfr s fng Wstrnrs snrn, th hv pr tmh. Fr mh f th rst f hstr,n sll n mn vlpng ntrst, th ppst hs bn th s.Thr r tw prmr ss fr pplgng hngr. Th rst f ths s whn

mn tstrps sppl; whn thrr mr mths t f thn thr sf vlbl t f thm. Th sns whn th mns f strbn fl;whn f ngh xsts, bt t s ntrh ths wh n t. i

ovr th mng s mnkn sgng t b nfrnt b bth thshllngs n mjr w. Btwn2012 n 2050 th wrls pplns xpt t nrs frm svnblln t nn blln, rs f mrthn 140,000 ppl pr . Nt nlwll frmrs n t grw mr f,th wll n t s n sstnblw t lss st t th nvrnmnt,

. Th mst wll-knwn f ll xpsns n th rst f ths

tw prblms s An Essay on the Principles of Populaon,

pnn b th 18th

ntr englsh shlr, th RvrnThms Mlths, n 1798. in hs ss, Mlths fmsl

prt tht pr strvns mst nssrl r

bs th pwr f ppln s nntl grtr

thn th pwr n th rth t pr sbsstn t mn.

Prhps th mst fms prpnnt f th sn prblm

- tht f strbn flrs s th prmr hllng t b

vrm - s th Nbl Prz-wnnng inn nmst,

amrt Sn. in hs ss Poverty and Famines, pblsh n

1998, Sn rg tht pl sns hv grtr rl

n sng mss strvn thn f shrtgs. cng th

1943 Bngl fmn, n whh thr mlln , Sn pnt

t tht f ws tll bng xprt thrght ths

pr. Wht rll s th fmn ws lk f ss,

b tht n trms f rblt r phsl ss t f.

wth lm hngs thmslvsntrbng t grwng f nsrtn mn prts f th wrl. According toth uK gvrnmnts Frsght rprtn Glbl F n Frmng Ftrs,n rr t qtl mt rsngmn, th wrl wll n t pr70 pr nt mr f b 2050 thn ts nw.1

Ths tsk wll b frthr mplt b

nmbr f nl n ntr-rlthllngs, nlng n xpnngmn fr mr rsr-ntnsvf; rsng nrg prs; slwnggrwth f ls; pls rvng grwngmn fr bfls; ptnl flrt xplt grltrl thnlgssh s rp prtn prts ngnll m rgnsms (GMos);rp shrlls frm ntrl sstrs;nrsng ln n wtr srt; nprtnst pls tht rstrt sppln rv p th pr f f.

intrn

Fr sgnnt nmbrs f ppl rssth vlpng wrl, f srtrmns -t- ss f lf rth. althgh tht s nt th sfr Brsh zns lvng n th untKngm, thr r nnthlss nmbr f thr ws tht f srtn n s mpt n th uK n tsntrsts.

arng t rrnt grs, th uKs n f th fw vlp ntrswth ppln tht s xpt txpn sgnntl vr th nxt fws. arng t th uS PplnRfrn Br, th uK ppln sprt t grw t 77 mlln ppl b2050, frm 62.2 mlln nw, srpssngFrance and Germany to become themst ppls ntr n erp.2 Atth sm m, th uK s bmngnrsngl pnnt pn fmprts, wth uK f slf-snnnng th ln tht bgn n th

m-1980s. in 2010, th uK pr jst52 pr nt f th ttl mnt f ft nsm, n h slf-snr f 60 pr nt ii.3 in 1984, th uKsslf-sn r ht pk f 78 prnt, fllwng st rvr n thrs fllwng th Sn Wrl Wr.4Ths mnstrts th mpln wthwhh plmkrs hv vw fsrt n th uK, whh hs nrsth ntrs vlnrblt t shks n

tns n hghl nrtn glblf mrkt.

Th s whn th uK n erppr t mh t t, t th pntwhr plmkrs p frmrs ntt pr f, r gn. Fr sm30 rs, btwn th m-1970s

. Th rn btwn th mnt th uK prs

s prprn f wht t nsms, n vrll slf-

sn, s tht th lr nls f pr fr

xprt whh l b vrt t ms s shl th

n rs.

Global Populaon Growth

Least developed naons

Developing naons

Developed naons

Billions

Source : FAO



9/37

16 17

n th m-2000s, th pr f fstl ln.5 Th nstrlswrl ltrll rp th bnts fthnlgl vns m rngth s-ll Grn Rvln, trnngMlthsn prns tht fprn l nvr kp p wthppln grwth n thr h. Ththng brptl n 2007 wth th nstf pr-spk tht sw f prsrs b mr thn 63 pr nt n jst 18mnths. Ths prs br rppbk t pr-2007 lvls n th lr hlff 2008 n rl 2009, bfr rsngn thn bgnnng sn spk n

2010-11.6 arng t th uN F& agrltr orgnsn (Fao), thstrn s st t nn n th mngrs. Th rrnt Fao frst fr2011-2020 prts tht rl prswll b n vrg 20 pr nt hghrb 2020 thn th r nw, n mtprs 30 pr nt hghr. dpnng nvrbls nlng l grwth n thpr f l n wrl mmt prs,ths nrs l b hghr sll.7

Mh hs bn wrn n rnt rsbt th ntrnnt hllngs fhw t f th wrl n th mngs. Hwvr vtl ths qsnm b, f srt s bt mhmr thn nsrng tht th wrls

prst ppl hv ngh t t. Thprps f ths rprt s t hghlghtsm f th thr k rsns wh fsrt rprsnts n f th mstsgnnt hllngs f r m.

Th rprt s v nt tw sns.Sn n ls wth sm f thprmr rsns wh f srtmrs, nlng:

Th mpt f rsng f prs n uKn glbl nm grwth;

Th mprtn f th erpn unn(eu) s glbl f prr n

shpr f ntrnnl grltrlpl;

Th ntrrlnshp btwn fnsrt, nt n rvln,

Th mpt f shks, whthrmls, ntrl r ntl, n thuK f hn.

Th sn sn f ths rprt hghlghts nmbr f rl rs fr frthrnsrn b bth plmkrs nnstr xprts f uK n ntrnnlf srt ns r t bsssfll rss.

intrn

Wh F Srt Mrs

FOOD sECURitY anD thE ECOnOMY

iMpaCt OF Rising FOOD pRiCEs On UK

ECOnOMiC gROWth

on f th mst srs rllrs fth nrs prssrs n th wrlsf sppls s rsng prs. invtbl,ths ht hrst b hghr f prswll b th pr n vlpng ntrs,

bt th r nt th nl ns wh wllb t. Brsh plmkrs shlls b nrn b ths trn bsf th trmntl mpt tht rsng fprs hv n nm grwth, bth nvlp n vlpng nms.Rsng f prs hv th ptnl tjprs n lr frgl nmrvr n th uK n ntrnnll.

arng t th gvrnmnts 2010Fml F Srv, hshls spnn vrg f 24.50 pr prsn prwk n f, whh qts t 1,274pr nnm pr prsn.8 Ths fmlf fr s nw spnng vr 5,000 r n f. on vrg, 11.5 pr ntf hshl spn s nw lltt f, rsng t 15.8 pr nt fr lw-nm fmls.9 Btwn Jl 2010-11 ln th vrg f bll n th

uK wnt p b 5.2 pr nt, s vrghshl nms stgnt.10 if fprs wr t rs b n nl 20pr nt, s th Fao hs prt wllr, ths wl pt sgnnt xtrstrn n lr sqz bgts.

Sh vlpmnts nstt rl

nrn, nt lst bs nmgrwth frsts n th uK rmnxtrml pr, wth th ngngerzn rss ntrng thpssblt f sn rssn. ThuK nm shrnk b 0.3 pr ntn th lst thr mnths f 2011, trn tht m nn nt 2012.11Smltnsl, th nsmr prnx f nn nn t fth Bnk f englns 2 pr nt trgtthrght 2011, pkng t vr 5 prnt. 12 althgh nn hs fllnbk n ln wth th Bnks prnssn tht m, t nsh 2011 bv 4pr nt n ws sll t 3.4 pr nt nMrh 2012.13

Plmkrs shl b nrnbt th mpt f rsng fprsfr tw rsns. T bgn wth, mn



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18 19

fmls, lr ghtl-sqznnll, wll rspn t n nrsn f prs b mprmsng n thqlt f f th b. Ths n lwrnms wll b hrst ht b pr rssn m n t mr lt t mntnhlth ts. Rsng prs l lsl t stgnn n rs f th mrktfs n prmm/nh fs, nvls-bs prts (rgn, frtr n hghr-wlfr rngs).

althgh ths s nrn, thr s gvn t sggst tht vn rngn nm rss spnng n f

rmns frl nsstnt; t s spnngn thr rs whh lns s rslt.Th vlt f ths nrn ppr thv bn brn t b hlf-r slsgrs rls n 5th otbr b Ts,th uKs lrgst sprmrkt, whhrtns mr thn 30 pr nt f thntrs ttl mrkt shr. Psng tswrst prfrmn fr 20 rs, Tshghlght wkn mn fr nn-f tms, nlng ltrns nntrtnmnt prts. Sgnntl,hwvr, th sprmrkt rprt thtlk-fr-lk sls n f wr posiveand showing signs of improvement.14

Hwvr, Tss Jnr 2012 trngsttmnt, rprt 1.3 pr ntrs n lk-fr-lk sls.15

in, nlss b th instt frFsl Sts (iFS) mntns tht nlkn prvs rssns, f prhssr n ft fllng sgnntl, whh mrt shrp nrss n th pr ff. in st rls n 17 otbr,th iFS rprt 6.6 pr nt rp nf prhss vr th rs f thrrnt rssn.16

it s b n mns nnvbl tht smnsmrs wll rspn t rsng fprs b ng bk thr spnngn f, whlst thrs wll hs tr spnng n thr rs. ethr

w, sgnnt nrss n f prst m f stllng nms n rsngnmplmnt n nl strn nn lr wkn uK nm. asth o fr Bgt Rspnsblt(oBR) wrn n Mrh 2011, f l nf prs nn t rs, thn s wllnn: Under the assumpon thatwages dont adjust to this, consumponwill fall and growth will be lower.17

iMpaCt OF Rising FOOD pRiCEs On

thE intERnatiOnaL ECOnOMY

T, th mjr ngns f glblnm grwth r t b fn n as,

n prlr chn n t lssr btnnthlss sgnnt xtnt in. asuK nm grwth strggls t rh 1pr nt, chn pst grwth grs f8.9 pr nt n th nl qrtr f 2011ln,18 whlst in nsh th rwth qrtrl grwth f 6.1 pr nt.19as th Gvrnr f th Bnk f engln,Mrvn Kng, ssrt n sph n18th otbr 2011, Our fate rests toa considerable extent on the policiespursued by our trading partners.20 Forth erpn unn, bth chn nin r tw sh nspnsbl trngprtnrsiii.21

Shl th nm grwth f thstw mjr nms slw nsrbl,tht wl rtnl jprs th eusfltrng nm rvr, f nt thft f th nr glbl nm. Hghr

f prs rprsnt jst sh thrtt bth ntrs.

in n t ngng nmtrbln wthn erp n th unt

. chn s th eus mst sgnnt mprt prtnr n

ts thr mst mprtnt xprt prtnr r th unt

Stts n Swtzrln. Lkws, th eu rprsnts chns

mst mprtnt xprt prtnr n sn mst sgnnt

mprt prtnr r Jpn. Frm th in n prspv,

th ptr s lrr sll: Th eu s ts mst mprtnt

xprt n mprt prtnr br nn. (Sr: Wrl Tr

orgnsn)

Wh F Srt Mrs

Stts, hgh lvls f nn hvngvl t bth chn n inn rnt mnths. Thgh sll mprssvwhn mpr t Wstrn grwthgrs, chns grwth ln blmst n pr nt lst r, wn frm9.8 pr nt t th n f th rst qrtrf 2011.22 in Mrh 2012, Bjng t tsnnl grwth trgt t 7.5 pr nt fr2012.23 inn nm grwth slwnsrbl n 2011, ts fth qrtrgrwth rt ws th lwst n mr thntw rs.24

althgh nn n chn hs flln

bk frm ts 2011 hgh f 6.1 prnt, wht hs nt hng s thsprprnt mpt f f prnn n th vrll gr. Fnstts th bggst prt f chnscPi, wth n smt shr f rn30 pr nt, n bk n Sptmbr2011, f pr nn ws rnnngt ngrsl hgh lvl f 13.4 prnt, mr thn bl th vrll cPi.Tht r nn nt rl 2012,wth f pr nn rnnng t 6.2pr nt, s gnst n vrll nnrt f 3.2 pr nt. 25 in in fpr nn ws rnnng bv 10pr nt n otbr 2011, n thgh tfll bk t 6.55 pr nt n rl 2012n rspns t rs n glbl fprs, f pr nn nnthlsspss gnn rsk t th ntrsnm ftr.26

Mn f th ss f f prnn n chn n in r ntrnlr nvrnmntl n nsqntlbn th ntrl f uK plmkrs,t lst n th shrt trm. in th sf chn, fr nstn, th wht rpws bl t n 2010-11 bxtn rghts n svr s.envrnmntl prblms r frthrxrbt b th frgmnt ntr

f chns grltrl str, whh smprs f mllns f smll frmrs,mkng t mr vlnrbl t f prrss, n sprprntl prnt f pr vllt. Hlf f chnsppln - sm 674 mlln ppl -sll lv n th ntrs. Mn wrkn grltr, n t s rgbl thtth vlnrbl n rmntr ntrf thr smll plts lv thm mrsspbl t th fllt f hngsn mrkt prs, ss n vrswthr thn lrg nstrl prns,whh sll nstt nl 20 pr nt fth chns mrkt.27

Hwvr, s wth lmst ll ntrs,f prs ns chn n in rls t b ntrnnl ftrs,vr whh Brsh n erpnplmkrs hv nsrblnn. Bth ntrs rl nntrnnl mrkts t hlp mtthr f nsn ft, chn s ntmprtr f f, n th brgnngml lsss n bth ntrs rmnng mr vr n lrt rqrng sgnntl nrssppl f f t sstn. v Bth frmrsn plmkrs n th uK n eu wllhv vtl rl n hlpng t mt thtmn n th mng rs.

v. Ths s prlrl pprnt wth rgrs t rsng

mn fr mt, th prn f whh s mh mr

rsr ntnsv thn rps. Fr xmpl, btwn 1,150

n 2,000 ltrs f wtr r rqr t pr 1kg f

wht, bt 16,000 ltrs r rqr pr 1kg f bf.

in trn, 10kg f grn r rqr t pr 1kg f bf.

arng t th gvrnmnts Frsght rprt n Glbl

F n Frmng Ftrs, pr pt nsmpn f

mt s xpt t grw frm 32kg pr pt t t

rn 52kg pr pt b th ml f th ntr, n

t s vlpng ntrs sh s c hn n in tht wll

nt fr th grtst shr f tht rs.



11/37

20 21

FOOD sECURitY anD thE EUROpEan UniOn

EUROpEs signiFiCanCE as a gLOBaL

FOOD pRODUCER

T, erp s rll mprtntf prr, whthr n trms fth ls t hvs, th thnlgst prs r th pls t prss,ll f whh nn th grltrlnstr ntrnnll. Th eu sth wrls thr lrgst prr frls, r chn n th untStts n th sn lrgst prrf lvstk r chn. in trms f bth

th mprt vl n th xprt vl fts grltrl prts, th eu rmnsb fr th mst mprtnt mrkt.28as th F n Frmng Mnstr, JmP MP, bsrv n otbr 2011,f th prt mpts f lmthng m t pss, nrthrn erpn prlr wll bm n vn mrsgnnt mpnnt f th wrlsf prn bs n th nxt hlfntr.29

in trms f th ls th hv,erpn ntrs nn t st nxmpl tht mh f th rst f thwrl sprs t fllw. as f 2009,vrg wht ls rss th eu wr5.2 tnns pr htr, th hghst nth wrl, n 7.7 tnns n th unt

Kngm. Ths mprs t n vrgf 3 tnns n Nrth amr, 3.2 tnnsn Sth amr, 2.9 tnns n as n2.3 tnns n afr.30

Th r f ln vlblt rlv tppln sz s qll sgnntn th ntxt f f srt. Bths msr, th ns f Sth estas n th P r mst t,s ths rgns pssss jst 29 prnt f th wrls rbl ln, bt 53pr nt f ts ppln. cntrst

ths wth th ntrs f th oecd,erp n cntrl as, whh btwnthm nt fr 22 pr nt f thwrls ppln bt 46 pr nt fts rbl ln.31 Tkn n sln, theu psssss sm 7.1 pr nt f thwrls ttl ppln n 8.1 pr ntf ts rbl ln.32

it s mprtnt t nt tht vr th nxt50 rs ppln grwth n erpn th oecd ntrs s xptt lrgl stgnt, whlst vlpngntrs, spll n Sth estas, wll nt vrwhlmngl frth prt 2 blln nrs n thwrls ppln, mkng erpsntrbn t f srt vn mrvtl. Ths rlt s vn n th

Wh F Srt Mrs

ntrsng ntrnnl rspnss tth rm spk n th pr f grns,r n r prts tht tk pl n2007-2008. Whl th glbl prnf f nrs b lmst 4 pr nt,sgnntl, ths grwth tk plvrwhlmngl n th vlp wrln th cmmnwlth, wth th rstf th vlpng wrl rprng nbv-trn grwth.33

Ths s wh, vn thgh erpnntrs m fl ntnt tht thpr ngh t f thmslvs,tht s nt mn th n gnrthr vtl rl n hlpng f th rstf th wrl. Ths rspnsblt shlb rgns s mh mr thn jstltrs. as lr mnn, rsngglbl f prs tht rslt frm

sppl flng t mt mn rprsnta real threat to the economic wellbeingf sm f th wrls mjr nms.

in n t erp prng nghf t hlp mt rsng glbl mn,eu plmkrs ls n t rgnsth mpt tht thr grltrl plsn hv wll bn erps brrs.

thE iMpaCt OF BiOFUEL taRgEts On

FOOD sECURitY

on r f eu pl tht hs vrsl

t f prs s th rv tnrs th s f bfls. as prt f glbl rt t r pnnn nn-rnwbl nrg srs nmbt lmt hng, th eu hsmm tslf t mntr 10 prnt mnmm trgt t b hvb ll Mmbr Stts fr th shr fbfls n trnsprt ptrl n slnsmpn b 2020.34 Brzl, Jpnn inns hv lkws mmthmslvs t 10 pr nt trgt nchn t 5 pr nt trgt. Th untStts hs mm t mng 30 prnt f ts nrg ns frm rnwblsrs tht nl bfls b 2030.35

althgh ths pls ppr wll-ntnn, th ft s tht bfltrgts r plng nnssr

nstrnts n n lr prssrsglbl f mrkt n nng prssgnntl. arng t 2011 rprtb th Wrl Bnk, xpnng bflprn t mt th vrs nnltrgts rrntl n pl l psh pglbl prs f rn n thr mjrgrns b 3 pr nt b 2020, n thpr f sgr b p t 8 pr nt.36 Thsm vn b nsrvv smt: rnt rprt b th Fao smtstht nlss sgnnt mnt f xtr



12/37

22 23

ln s fn fr bfl prn,glbl f prs l b psh pb nwhr btwn 15-40 pr nt,shl f-rp prn rmnstbl.37

a mjr prblm wth bfl trgtss tht th nrg mrkt s wrthsgnntl mr thn th mrkt frf, s tht vn rlvl smll trgtstrnslt nt hg mn fr rps.Fr nstn, t th strt f 2011, thnlnt fr jst 8 pr nt f th uSsfl fr vhls, bt nsm lmst40 pr nt f ts lr nrms

mz rp. if ll th amrn mzrqr t pr ths thnl wrnst s s f, glbl bl mzsppls wl nrs b 14 pr nt.38

Th mpt f bfls n f prsn f srt s nt jst prblmfr th ftr hwvr; th mpt slr bng flt. in ts ssssmntf th 2007-2008 f pr spk,whn glbl prs nrs b mrthn 63 pr nt n 18 mnths, th uKgvrnmnt nl tht th vrsnf grltrl ln t bfl prnws sgnnt ntrbtr ftr.39Lkws, th Fao hs prtl rbtth rrnt nrs n glbl f prst bfl prn.40 irnll, 2010 rprt spnsr b th erpncmmssn hs tslf rgns thmpt f bfl xpnsn n rpprs, bt nt ths ws psvvlpmnt whn msr gnstth prv ntr f maintainingfarm incomes.41

thE iMpaCt OF EU gMO REgULatiOns

On FOOD sECURitY

anthr mjr r f eu pl tht svrsl mpng glbl f srts th rgln f gnll m(GM) f.

oppsn t GM f n erp n

th unt Stts hs lng pgr,ng frm th m-1990s, whn GMrps wr rst ntr t th fmrkt. inll, ppsn ws bspn frs tht GM fs l bhrmfl t hlth, wth prssr grpssh s Grnp n Frns f therth wrnng nsmrs f th ngrsf s-ll Frnknfs.42 In onemmrbl mpgn, Grnpbgn rnnng vrts ftrngFrnknTn, mnstrs mtn fTn th Tgr, n prtst t Kllggs sf GM ngrnts n thr rls.43

in rspns t wspr pplrnrn bt th ptnll vrsts f gnll m rgnsmsn hmn hlth, th eu mps defacto bn n pprvls f nw GMosn 1998, whh ws nl l sx rsltr n 2004. Ths sn ws rfrrt th Wrl Tr orgnsn, whhrl n 2006 tht th mrtrm ws ntrvnn f ntrnnl trrls.44

crrntl, jst tw GM rps n blgll grwn mmrll ns th eu, GM mz strn, Mn 810, thrsn 1998 n GM strh ptt knwn samr, thrs fr lvn nnstrl prssng n Mrh 2010.45Grwn prmnntl n Spn, Mn810 s sgn t b rsstnt t therpn rn brr, whh prlrlts mz rps n sthrn erp.Th mz s s prmrl fr nmlf, nt hmn nsmpn. Thamr ptt, lkws, s nt sfr hmn nsmpn bt nstrlstrh prn. Mr thn 20 thrrqsts fr thrsn f GMolvn, r fr thr rnwl, rngng.46 Thr r n GM rpsrrntl grwn mmrll n thunt Kngm, sn nthr f thtw pprv prts r f ntrst tuK frmrs.47

Wh F Srt Mrs

Thrt-nn GM prts wr thrsfr f/f mprts s f otbr2011, lthgh eu pl n th mprtf GMos s b n mns rlx. 48 unlm-2011, th eu h zr-tlrnpl n th prsn f nthrsGM n nml f mprts. in ntrssh s argnn r th unt Stts,whr GMos r wspr n thf-hn, nsrng tht f fr xprtt th eu s nrl tr-fr f GMoshs bm nrsngl mmrllnvbl. on 25 Jn 2011, hwvr,th eu nnn ts sn t rlxth zr-tlrn pl, grng

nw 0.1 pr nt lmt n th prsnf nthrs GMos n f mprts.49Th eu sll mntns th zr-tlrnpl n f mprts ntn frhmn nsmpn, hwvr.

an nrsng nmbr f grps nnvls frm bth th snmmnt n th f nstr blvtht th eus nn rsstn tGMos s nt nl snll nsn,bt mmrll mgng t fprrs n bth th vlp n thvlpng wrl. Whl t s nl rghttht nsrbl r shl b tknbfr ntrng gnll mrgnsm nt n sstm, sll mr hmn t, vr th pst mjrsts hv fn n vn tht GMf s n ft hrm hlth. a 2008rvw b th Rl St f Mn

nt tht GM fs hv bn tnb mllns f ppl wrlw frvr 15 rs, wth n rprts f llts.50 Lkws, 2010 rprt frmth erpn cmmssn drtrt-Gnrl fr Rsrh n innvntrmn tht: The main conclusionto be drawn from the eorts of more than130 research projects, covering a periodof more than 25 years of research, and

involving more than 500 independent

research groups, is that biotechnology,

and in parcular GMOs, are not per semore risky than e.g. convenonal plantbreeding technologies.51

on th ntrr, thr s nw gvn t sggst tht bthnlg,nlng GMos, r rng fbnts tht hv r frmnhn grltrl prvt. Thintrnnl Srv fr th aqsnf agr-bth applns (iSaaa) hsnl tht h th wrl nt ms f bth rps btwn 1996 n2009, n nl 75 mlln htrsf nvnnl rps wl hv bnrqr t pr th sm tnngf f, sm f t n frgl mrgnllns t rsk f frstn; 393 mlln

klgrms (kg) f xtr pss wlhv bn rqr; n n 2009 ln,n nl 17.6 mlln kg f rbnx (co2) wl hv bn rlsnt th tmsphr, th qvlnt f7.8 mlln rs. in trms f nmgns, bth rps ntrbt t nsmt $65 blln n xtr rvnst th frm lvl btwn 1996 n2009 n ntrbt sgnntl tlwrng glbl f prs.52

in rspns t sh vn, n-GM



13/37

24 25

mpgnrs hv nrtkn sbtlsh n thr mpgnng. Th mphsss n lngr n ptnl ngrst hmn hlth, bt th sppsnnl st t pr frmrs n thvlpng wrl n nrns vr thmrgn f sprws. Th blftht GM rps bnt lrg rprnst th xpns f smll frmrs s n fth mst prvsv rgmnts m bppnnts f GM rps. in ft, prr tthr lvn bng lgls, smllfrmrs n vlpng ntrs sh sBrzl rsrt t smgglng GM ssnt thr frms n b t rmn

mpv ntrnnll.53 T, 90pr nt f GM rps r grwn nt bbg rprns bt b smll frmrsn vlpng ntrs.54 Accordingt dr Nn Fr, wh srv s thuS Stt dprtmnts hf Snn Thnlg avsr btwn2007 n 2010, n-GM pls mtll bnt lrg rprns t thxpns f smll frmrs:

The connuing distaste for [genecallyengineered plants] and their consequentabsurd over-regulaon means thatthe most up-to-date, environmentally

benign crop protecon strategies areused almost exclusively for the mega-crops that are protable for biotechcompanies. The public agricultural

research sector remains largely

excluded from using modern molecular

technology.55

at m whn l grwth s slwng,mn fr f s rpl nrsng,n prs r rsng, th eus nnrsstn t GMos s mprmsngbth rgnl n ntrnnl fsrt. Wthn erp, GMos rbng vlp tht r bth pst-rsstnt ths rng th n frpss n pbl f lvrngnhn ls. Fr nstn, th Jhninns cntr n Nrflk s rrntl

nng rsrh n GM pttst mk thm rsstnt t prlrblght pthgn ll Phytopthorainfestans. Phytopthora s n spllhrmfl blght tht hs vlv tl hnrs f ntrl rsstngns prsnt n mst lvt pttvrs, n whh ss sm 3.5blln n nnl lsss wrlw. Thblght-rsstnt ptt rrntl bngtrll t th Jhn inns cntr rsth mnt f pss th rp nswhlst rtnng ll th hrtrsstht th mrkt vls n ptts.56

Bn erps brrs, th eus GMopls r hvng sgnnt n, nmn ss, trmntl mpt n fsrt. Prtl s nsqn f euGMo rglns, mn nn-erpngvrnmnts hv pt n-GMopls, bth bs f th eusmprtn t thm s n xprt mrktn t f sr t mlt erpnbst pr. Th ltrs ts fths trn hv mnfst mst tln afr. ovr th pst 40 rs, glblf prn hs nrs b 145pr nt, t afrn f prnrpp b 10 pr nt vr th smpr. a mxtr f pll nnvrnmntl prblms ntrbtt ths tm, wth th nsqntht mn ntrs n afr r nblt f thmslvs. arng t thFao, jst 4 pr nt f afrn ln s

rrgt, n lmst 240 mlln f thnnnts 760 mlln ppl r gnghngr.57

althgh afrs f nsrt wllnvr b rslv wtht sbstnvpll rfrms, GM rps l hvn mprtnt rl t pl n rnghngr n nrsng f srtfr th mllns f ppl srngfrm flrs bn thr ntrl.Fr nstn, th Knn gvrnmnts rrntl wrkng wth th Bll &

Wh F Srt Mrs

Mln Gts Fnn t spprtsnsts n vlpng ntrnll-nhn GM srghm rp. Srghms fvr b mmns n smf th mst r rgns f afr, frnstn n nrthrn Kn, bs t sht tlrnt n rqrs vr ll slmstr t grw. its mjr rwbk,hwvr, s tht t psssss lmstn vtmns, mkng t n nhltht n whh mn mmns rnnthlss mpll t rl.58 on 1stJl 2011, th Knn gvrnmnt, nrspns t rsng prs n grwngb f vn nrmng th sft

f GMos, pprv lw prmngth prn n mprtn fgnll m rps.59

Hwvr, Kn s nl th frth fafrs 54 ntrs t llw th fll-sl prn n mprtn fGM rps.60 Mst afrn gvrnmntsrmn pl spl f GMos, vnwhn nfrnt wth xtrm hngrn vn fmns. in 2002, Zmbnprsnt Lv Mwnws fmslrjt shpmnt f f- frmth uS tht ntn GM-rn, sptfng fmn tht thrtn th lvs

f p t 2.4 mlln ppl. Mwnwsnsst, I will not allow Zambians to beturned into guinea pigs no maer thelevels of hunger in the country.61 The

prsnts sn fllw lrsgn b Frns f th erth n 140afrn mmnt lrs t th uSgvrnmnt wrnng f GMs ptnllhrn tx ts n hmn hlth,n hghlghng th rsk f nr.62 Inrnt rs, eu pls n GMos hvprvk nrsngl strng rsmn rln t thr mpt n th GMpls f mn vlpng ntrs,spll ths whh pn pn

th eu s n xprt mrkt. in otbr2011, th lng afrn snst nfrmr grltrl vsr t th Knngvrnmnt, dr Flx Mmb, wnt sfr s t s th eu f nlgng nhypocrisy and arrogance [that] comeswith the luxury of a full stomach.63

if rsng glbl mn fr f s tb mt n mng rs, t s vtl thterp prs ngh t f bthtslf n mn bn ts brrs.eu plmkrs thrfr hv rspnsblt rgns th mpt thteu f rglns hv ntrnnll.



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26 27

FOOD sECURitY anD COnFLiCt

The inTer-relaTionShiP beTweenFOOD insECURitY, COnFLiCt anD

REVOLUtiOn

Nt sn th Swng Rts f th 1830shs Brtn bn nfrnt wth mjrvl nrst nnt t th pr ff. in tht nstn th tlst wsth n f th Npln wrs n thntrn f nstrl thnlgt th frmng str tht mbnt mk f prs nt t hgh, btt lw fr th lrg nmbr f pplsll pnnt pn grltr frthr lvlhs. T, vn wth fprs rsng t nprnt lvls,n wrnng n Mrh 2011 b snrHSBc nmst tht ths l n

mbn wth thr svr nmprssrs n l t f rts n thuK, vl nrst nnt t th pr ff rmns mprbbl.64

Nvrthlss, fr pl glblsntr sh s th unt Kngm, ththrts ps b f-rlt ntbr shl b rl nrn. on19th Jl 2011, Grmns PrmnntMssn t th unt Nns sghtt nl f srt n th gnf th uN Srt cnl, rgng tht

f nsrt can be both a cause anda consequence of violent conict.65 it slr tht th mbnn f xpnngpplns, rsng f prs, lmthng n fr mgrns r pst mk f-rlt nt grwngprblm vr th mng rs.

arng t th 2011 F Srtinx, pr b th glbl rsk-nlss mpn Mplr, thrr rrntl 60 ntrs n th wrlrnk s hvng n extrm Rsk rHgh Rsk f f-rlt nsrt,12 xtrm n 48 hgh. unsrprsngl,th mjrt f ths ntrs rlt n nrvlp rgns fth wrl whr pll n nm

brkwn s vn, wth dR cngn Sml rrntl rnk th mstt-rsk ntrs n rth.66

als t rsk r nmbr f arbstts, nlng egpt, Lb, Tnsn ymn, ll f whh xprnmjr phvls n 2011. Lngstnngnm n pll mvs frth s-ll arb Sprng prsngsr wll stblsh; hwvr thrs vn tht rsng f prswr nthr sgnnt tlst. a

Wh F Srt Mrs

Sptmbr 2010 frst b th NmrRsrh instt, whh lst th tp25 ntrs mst vlnrbl t rsngf prs, nl egpt, Lb nTns.67 in th 24 mnths prngth tbrk f thr rspvrvlns, f prs rs b vr32 pr nt n egpt n lmst 11 prnt n Tns.68 Th rst prtsts fth arb Sprng, whh ht Tns ndmbr 2010, wr smss nlls smpl nthr rn f br rts,n nmbr f rgms rspn bmkng jstmnts t f prs nrng nrs sbss.69

a rnt st b th Nw englncmplx Sstms instt hs psttht thr s gr bv whh fpr rts n nrst bm fr mrlkl. Tht gr s 210 n th Faos fpr nx (FPi), pss nr th tstf th mst rnt f pr spk nm-2010, n whh rmn bv210 thrght 2011.70 Whthr sh nrt gr n b s n ths ws pn t qsn, bt t nnthlsssms hghl plsbl tht lngstnnggrvns nlng pll rprssnn nm mmblt, whnmbn wth mmt nlprblms sh s th rpl rsng prf f, n n l t nrst shs hs bn sn rss mh f thMl est n Nrth afr (MeNa) n2011.

Th MeNa prsngs r b n mnsth rst phvls t hv tkn pl nrnt rs n whh rsng f-prsm hv bn sgnnt ntrbngftr, nr r th lkl t b thlst. Th f-pr spk f 2007-2008sw th Fao nx rs frm 130 t thstrt f 2007 t vr 210 b m-2008,n th pr nrs71 ntrbt tth llps gvrnmnts n H nMgsr. in H, th gvrnmntfll n 12 aprl 2008 whn sntrs

r th prm mnstr r mrthn wk f rts vr f prs,n prlr th pr f r, whhl v ppl , nlng n uNpkpr.72 in Mgsr, sprllngr prs ls hlp ntrbt t thrt xprssn f mr whhst 135 lvs n sw th nmbntprsnt Mr Rvlmnn rplb th thn-mr f antnrv, anRjln, n rl 2009.73

althgh nt th prmr fs fths rprt, nthr srs ninterconnected concern that will

nbtl gnrt nlnt n th mng s s wtrnsrt. it hs bn smt thtb 2050, hmns wll b nsmngs mh s 90 pr nt f th wrlsfrshwtr sppl, p frm 54 pr ntn 2009.74

inrs mpn fr wnlngrsrs hs lr gnrt mjrnt n rnt rs, wth prhps thmst brtl xmpl n th drfr rgnf Sn. althgh th nt bgn s rgnl rblln n 2003, tnsnsslt n prt t mpnvr wtr sppls rvn b rght.ovr th prvs 40 rs, rpn rnfll f btwn 16-30 pr ntsh th srt bnr b 60 mls,prmpng nm trbs t g r thtrrtr f sntr frmrs fr f



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28 29

n wtr.75 Th rslng nt wsntns b th ft tht th pplt b ths ks s thSns gvrnmnt nt nl fflng t prvnt ths nrsns barb nms, bt f spprng thm.Th gvrnmnt n Khrtm lkth nssr nfrstrtr n wllt rspn t th rss vl, nnst rrt arb mls knwn sth Jnjw t wg mpgn fthn lnsng tht st 500,000 lvsn gnrt 2 mlln nvrnmntlrfgs.76

on 17th otbr 2011, th Brshambssr t Khrtm, Nhls K,srb Sn s ntr wherehunger stalks the land.77 at m whnth ntrnnl mmnt strgglt f 5.2 mlln Sns, Ks th gvrnmnt f prfrrng tsacrice lives rather than sit around atable.78 Th rmrks s prlrnstrnn n Khrtm, whr thgvrnmnt frs nthr pplrprsng. Sn lr xprnrglr prtsts n 2011, s prsfr stpl fs rs b mr thn20 pr nt mnth.79 Th Snsgvrnmnt hs bn s f sngf s wpn f wr gnst thnwl-npnnt Sth Sn, bblkng gns rng th pr-hrvst ln ssn, n ths pngsvrl thsn f ts zns t rsk f

strvn. 80

in ts mst rnt Nnl SrtStrtg (NSS), th uK gvrnmntrm ts mmtmnt t prrsngpstrm nt prvnn, rrtlrgnsng ths s fr hpr nmr v strtg thn pst-ntrnstrn.81 Th gvrnmnt mstrgns tht msrs t rb hghn vll f prs r rlmpnnt n tht rt. F-rltnt nt nl gnrts nw rfgws n ptnll rss fprs frthr, t n vn mpl n

ntrnnl mltr rspns, whhl mplt th uK. if rsng fprs rss th MeNa rgn wrn prt f th tlst tht l tth prsngs n Tns n egpt nrl 2011, whh n trn sprk thrvln n Lb, tht mks thm mpnnt n th srs f vnts whhl t nggmnt f Brsh frs nLb s prt f uN Srt cnlRsln 1973. Th ft tht hgh fprs wr lmst rtnl nt n thmns f thr clnl G r PrmMnstr dv cmrn whn thnsr thr rspns t th rss smmtrl; th ft s tht th wr ntrbng ftr, n n tht snplmkng n ftr plnnng nst rgns n nrstn.

thE iMpaCt OF shOCKs anD DisRUptiOns On thE UK FOOD Chain

althgh th uK rrs mh lwrlvl f f srt rsk thn mnvlpng ntrs, th Brsh fhn s b n mns nvlnrbl tshks.

as wth mst strs f th mrnBrsh nm, th f nstrprts n jst-n-m s ppst jst-n-s bss. Th gvrnmnt

hls n f rsrvs f ts wn, nvrll rsrvs wthn th uK rn tjst fw s, nssng f whtvrf rmns ns wthn th f-hn t gvn mmnt.82 ovr th pst, th vrg stk f f hlb Brsh rtlrs hs bn n ln. in1996, th vrg rtlr stk f fst-mvng grrs (prshbls sh smlk n br) ws 10.5 s; n 2008 t

Wh F Srt Mrs

ws 9.5 s. ovr th sm pr thvrg rtlr stk f slw-mvnggrrs (nn-prshbl, nn-frzngs) ln frm 13.5 s t 10.5s, n th vrg stk f frznfs ln frm 12 s t 9.83cmmrl prssrs ls mn thtth f-hn b s ln s pssbl,n nsqntl pnnt pn vrsn fnnng prprl.84 Wthntht f hn, th uK hs m t rlvrwhlmngl n lrg sprmrktsn thr lgss ntwrks. B ts vrntr, thrfr, th Brsh f-hns vlnrbl t shks n srpns,whthr ntrl, ntl r mls.

Th uK f-hn s ls vlnrbl t th pnnss, qnt n vrstf f prn n strbnsts wthn th ntr. Th thrt fgr-trrrsm n th uK s nt wlrgns ts rtn splststrs, bt s n mprtnt mpnntf uK f srt rqrng rflnsrn b plmkrs.

Th gvrnmnts cntr fr thPrtn f Nnl infrstrtr(cPNi) ns thr mn gr-trrrst thrts t f n rnk. Frst,mls ntmnn wth txmtrls sng ll-hlth n vn

th; sn, sbtg f th spplhn lng t f shrtg; nthr, mss f f n rnk mtrlsfr trrrst r rmnl prpss.85 ThecPNi mntns tht pstrm ks(.. srpns t th prn nf th f-hn), hv th ptnlt s mh grtr hrm thnwnstrm ks (.. srpnst th nsmr n f th f-hn),86 s wnstrm ks hv lls mpt, whrs sssflpstrm k l prlt wnnt nmrs thr strs f th fhn.

Sr dv omn, wh t s th uKsrst Srt & intllgn crntrn 2002, nrs tht ks n pstrmf prrs hv th mst ptnlt s hrm n wl b rlvls t xt. Th ntrnntnssf th uK f hn wth thr rlmpnnts f th uKs nfrstrtr,n prlr th ltrt gr n thr ntwrk, rprsnts n nlnrn.87

Hwvr, omn ls mntns thtlthgh th f hn s vlnrblt k, t wl b lt t brngbt srpn pbl f snglsng n wspr mg.88 The



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30 31

cPNi lkws mntns tht th sz nvrst f th uK f nstr, whlstmkng t mr vlnrbl t k,ls mks t mr rslnt t lsngmg. Th vrll vlblt f fsppls n th blt t sbsttn f fr nthr wll lws mk txtrml lt fr mls kst t th f sppl snt ts srs srpn.89

T t, th uK hs bn frtnt thtths ssssmnt hs bn brn t bvnts. Fr nstn, ntbl nntrr b th cPNi nvlv mjr

prr f pstr gs lsng vs f prn n 2007, t st f5 pr nt f ts nnl trnvr, whnts ftr ws sht wn fllwng mls k tht ntr pntsnt th st, whh ws sgnts nt-fr.90 B s th stn wsfr tht f prr, hwvr, thnnt nt hv sgnnt mptn f srt nnw.

Ths s nt t nrpl th thrts tht f th uK f hn. Th uK fhn hs sr nmbr f svrnn-mls shks n rnt rs.Rsln xprts sh s omn nSr Brn Bnr, Prmnnt Srtr tth Mnstr f agrltr (sbsqntldeFRa) btwn 2000 n 2005,mntn tht t wl b pssbl tn smlr shks mlsl. Thphsl pnnss f mst frmrs,th nntrt n ntnsv ntrf ntmprr frmng prs,n th ft tht vng prrs frfrm wrkrs - mn f whm mfrm br n tmprr bss rlmst nn-xstnt, ll ntrbt tth uKs vlnrblt t th ntrnf ss t lvstk.

Th ft tht th mst rnt mjrshks t t th f hn n rntrs hv bn nn-mls s

nt r th n fr vgln bplmkrs. it s ntbl tht thnlsn rh b th gvrnmntn th wk f th Ft & Mth rss n2001 ws tht wr l-Q t mptn grtrrrst k, thn th Ft &Mth rss wl srv s n xmpltht wl b lt t srpss ntrms f mg s.91

in th pst tw s th uK hs ht l wth nmbr f mjr shkswhh hv, n thr rnt ws, llmpt pn th uK f hn. Thshv nl th BSe rss (1986-m-

1990s); th Fl Prtsts (2000); th Ft& Mth tbrk (2001); th H1N1innz (2009-2010); th rpnf th iln vln ejflljklln th rslng sh l whh shtwn r tr rss erp (2010);n mst rntl th e-cl tbrk(2011). Btwn thm, ths rssst th Brsh nm n xss f15 blln n, n th s f th BSen H1N1 rss, 629 hmn lvs.v Themst svr f ths rss n nmtrms, th Ft & Mth rss f 2001,st th Brsh nm n xss f 8billion92 n rslt n th slghtr fsm 4 mlln nmls.93

Prhps th lrst xmpl f hwqkl lls srpn nslt nt mjr nnl rss,hwvr, s th Fl Prtsts f 2000.Wht bgn s sr pkng fl rnrs b frmrs n hlrs n8th Sptmbr rpl vlp nt nnw srs f blks. B 13 thSptmbr, jst v s ltr, lmst

v. Th BSe tbrk lm 173 lvs n th unt

Kngm n th H1N1 tbrk lm 457. althgh

bth Ft & Mth ss n e-cl hv lm lvs

lswhr n th wrl, nthr f ths rss lm

lvs ns th unt Kngm rng th nns

mnn. althgh bth th fl prtsts n th

ejflljkll rpn m hv st lvs nrtl, th

hv nt bn rtl rbt t lss f lf n th uK.

Wh F Srt Mrs

thr-qrtrs f ptrl stns hrn r,94 wth sprmrkts wrnng flmt stks wng t thr nblt trsppl thr strs. Hr t, pn-bng brk t.95 cmng t trmswth th sl f th stn, thn-Prm Mnstr Tn Blr rspnb png th NHS n n mrgnfng n th rm n stnb,plng sm ght mltr fltnkrs rn th ntr n nvkngmrgn pwrs t nsr lvr ffl t vtl srvs.96 Th fl prtstsmnstrt th ngrs lmtnsf prng vtl srvs n jst-n-

m bss.

eqll sgnnt s th ft tht, wthth xpn f th H1N1 nnz,nthr th fl prtst nr n f ththr rss mnn ws frsn bth gvrnmnt. as th cPNi n thrshv rgns, thrfr, vn xbl rspns mhnsms rs, f nt mr, mprtnt t lngwth ths shks vl thn rtst prvnt thm n th rst pl.

in ts mst rnt ssssmnt f uK fprn rsln, th gvrnmntnl tht th uK rmns wll-pl t wthstn srpns t fmprts. althgh th uK rrntlrls n mprts fr rn 48 pr ntf th f t nsms, th mjrtf mprts m frm wthn th eu,whh s whl s vr 90 pr ntslf-snt.97 Nt nl s thgvrnmnt nsr brkwn

n trng rlnshps btwn thuK n/r th eu n th rst fth wrl nlkl, t pnts t thtptnl lvtbl ln mfrtblxs prsntl hrvst ln, ntht prn l b nrs nrspns t strng mrkt sgnls.98 Therprt pnts t tht vn rng thSn Wrl Wr, th uK ws nvrnrl slf-snt, bt tht vn n wrst s snr n whh th uK snrl slt, t wl nnthlssrtn snt prv ptnl tf ts ppln qtl, lbt n sgnntl ltr t.99

Tht th uK l, in extremis, prvntts ppln frm strvng t thwll b mfrt t plmkrs n nlvl. on nthr lvl, hwvr, ths shrl th gl stnr. dsrpnst uK f sppls n fll lng wshrt f ttl llps bfr thgnrt vr srs prblms. Nrn srpns b lng trm t rlhrm. as th Mi5 mxm pts t, t nn m th uK s fr mls w frmnrh. Whthr r nt ths s tkns n vrsttmnt, t nnthlssmks th pnt. Fr ths n mnf th thr rsns lr tlnn ths rprt, plmkrs shl bvl prsng pls tht nt nlmnms th ptnl fr srpns tth f-hn, bt ls grnt thBrsh ppln nn sppl

f ssbl, rbl, n ntrsf.



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32 33

crl ars fr Frthr cnsrn

as ths rprt hs sght t hghlght,glbl f srt s bt mh mrthn nsrng th wrls pplnhs ngh t t. Rsng f prs rmpng vrsl n nm grwthn bth th vlp n vlpngwrls, n th r ls ntrbng tnt n vn rvlns tht n thpst 12 mnths hv, n th s f Lb,rslt n Brsh mltr rspns. as

th wrls lrgst prr, mprtrn xprtr f f, erp hs prlr rspnsblt t hlp mtth wrls grwng f ns, n tsgrltrl pls n n mptn tht rt bth wthn n bnts brrs. Mrvr, lthgh ntvlnrbl n th sm w s mnvlpng ntrs, th uK f hns nt mmn t shks n srpns,whthr ntl, ntrl r mls,n ths shl b n v nrn frplmkrs. Ths sn f th rprthghlghts nmbr f k rs nwhh bth plmkrs n nstrxprts wll n t fs, nt nl tnsr tht th wrl hs ngh f

t t n mng s, bt ls tmlrt ths thr rlt nrnsn th prss.

BiOFUEL taRgEts

Nmrs rprts frm th untNns, th uK gvrnmnt n thrsrs hv mnstrt tht thrv t nrs th s f bflshs ntrbt sgnntl t rsng

glbl f prs, n wll nn t s n ftr. Th prst f bfltrgts l nt th pr f f bnwhr btwn 15-40 pr nt vrth nxt , vn xlng thrvrbls tht l psh th pr psll frthr.

Whn bfls bgn gnng wsprpplrt n th lt 1990s/rl 2000s,glbl f prs wr mprvllw, t rn 90-120 n th FaosFPi.100 Wth f prs rsng rpl, nprt s nsqn f bfls, thmntr bfl prn trgtsmps b th eu n thrs mnrlbrn.


Th erpn cnl hs stt tht tsmntr 10 pr nt mnmm trgtfr th shr f bfls n trnsprtptrl n sl nsmpn b 2020...is appropriate, subject to produconbeing sustainable, second-generaonbiofuels becoming commercially

available and Direcve 98/70/EC of theEuropean Parliament and of the Councilof 13 October 1998 relang to thequality of petrol and diesel fuels [7] beingamended to allow for adequate levels of

blending.101 Enhancing the commercialvblt f sn-gnrn bfls,whh r rv frm w rps,

grltrl rss n wst s rl.if bfls r t bm lsng prtf th nrg-mx, th mst b rvfrm nn-f srs t th grtstpssbl xtnt.

if bfl trgts r nt t b srppltgthr, th shl t lst b mrxbl, wth n pssblt bng tspf rlnshp btwn th FPin th vrsn f bfl fstksbk nt th f-hn. Th sns t wht gr wl mrk ththrshl bn whh sh vrsnl tk pl shl b bs n nssssmnt, sh s th n rr tlst r b th Nw engln cmplxSstms instt, f th ppng-pntbn whh f-rlt nsrtl bm sgnntl mr lkl.

EU REgULatiOn OF CROp pROtECtiOn

pRODUCts

crp prtn prts r vtl tprtng rps frm psts n ss,n t hlp frmrs pr f t nrbl pr. Plnt psts n sssrrntl nt fr pprxmtl 40pr nt lss n glbl prn, nrnt sn frsts prt thtths prblm wll gt wrs.102 Th sttrn f eu pl, s l wn n thSxth envrnmnt an Prgrmm(6th eaP), s to encourage low-input

or pescide-free culvaon.103 Manyfrmrs blv tht nl pl st wrk twrs lmnng th s fpss ns th eu ltgthr.

Ths hslt t rp prtn tls smsg, n ns t b rss.

Nt nl r eu pss rglnshrng frmrs, th ls hv trmntl mpt n f srtns th eu. Th uK gvrnmntschmls Rgln drtrt hssmt tht th eus ltst psrv l hv th vrsnsqn f ng rp ls bs mh s 20 pr nt.104 clrl, thss smthng tht bth th uK n theu s whl nnt r. Th Faohs prt tht f rrnt trnsnn, mbnn f slwngls, rpl nrsng mn n

rsng nrg prs wll psh th vrgpr f f p b 20 pr nt. on thrnlss, vn 5 pr nt rn nwht ls wl rslt n 25 prnt nrs n pr. Shl th smthng hppn t th glbl r rp,th pr wl rs b lmst 25 prnt, lkws wth rs grns, whlstth pr f pltr mt wl rs brn 12 pr nt.105

in rnt uK-fs nlss, thcrp Prtn assn nl



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34 35

tht flr t nvst n v rpprtn prts l l t 40pr nt nrs n th nns fbll, sng n xtr 70 blln. Sh pr nrs wl rslt n lossof choice and a decline in the naonshealth and nutrion as householdsreduced consumpon of expensive fruitand vegetables.106

elgl nrns rtnl nstt lgmt rsn t rglt th sf rp prtn prts. Hwvr, ts qll mprtnt fr eu plmkrst nrstn th ntrnntnss

f rgln n ths r wth hst fthr nrns, n t nslt mrlsl wth frmrs rgrng thrmns f pls tht t nhnr sstnbl frmng. Gvn thtfrmrs r rspnsbl fr sm 44pr nt f ll th ln wthn th eu,th rmn mngst th bst-plstns f r nvrnmnt.107

T, erp s lsng prts ththv bn snll prvn ssf bs rgln s rvn bth prpn f hzr, rthr thnsn-bs vn f rsk. Theu mst rvst ts rgln f rpprtn prts t nsr thtrglns n ths r r sn-bs n prprnt.

EU REgULatiOn OF gEnEtiCaLLY

MODiFiED ORganisMs

Th sn t ntr gnllm rgnsm nt th ntrlnvrnmnt, prlrl fr prtssn fr hmn nsmpn,mst b tkn wth th grtst r.Hwvr, vr th pst , nmbr f nvsgns nt thptnl ngrs f GMos hv fnn vn tht GM f s hrmfl. asmnn n Sn on f ths rprt,rnt rprts frm bth th RlSt f Mn n th erpn

cmmssn drtrt-Gnrl frRsrh hv nl tht thr sn vn tht GMos ps rsk thmn hlth n mr thn trnlplnt-brng thnlgs.

unfrtntl, th eus pprh tGMo rgln s rvn s mh bpls n prpn s b mprlsn vn. at prsnt, th eusGM thrsn frmwrk hs twsnt n sprt phss. Th rsts th rsk-ssssmnt phs, nvlvng sn ssssmnt f hmn nnvrnmntl rsks b npnntsnsts prng nr th spsf th erpn F Sft athrt(eFSa), n llbrn wth xprts

frm mmbr stts. Th eFSa thnprvs sn pnn t therpn cmmssn n th prt.108

Th sn phs, b ntrst, s plll-l prss. Mmbr sttstk nt nt th eFSas snpnn n tnm wth thr lgmtftrs, bfr mkng nl snbt whthr t thrs GMprt.109 Ths n rslt n hvlpls prss, n whh sn-bs nsrns vr whthr


r nt th prt n qsn m bhrmfl t hmns r th nvrnmntn bm snr trmnngftr.110

unr rrnt prpsls t rfrmth pprvls prss fr lvnf rps ns th eu, n mnmnths bn pt frwr tht wl llwnvl gvrnmnts t bn thlvn f pprv GM rps nsl r nm grns, sh spbl ppsn r t sfgr rgnfrmng.111 Ths s stp bkwrs.inst, th eu shl b fsng nrfrmng ts GMo pprvls prsss tht sns r m sll n thbss f sn vn f rsk n

bnts.

anll, th eu shl wrk tstrmln th pprvls prss, whhs prhbvl mplx n xpnsv.Th vrg m rqr t pprv GM prt fr mprt nt th eu s45 mnths.112 Tht mprs wth 30mnths n cn, 27 mnths n Brzl,n 25 mnths n th unt Stts. Thstn s wrs sll whn t ms tthrsng GM prts fr lvnns th eu: n th pst 13 rs, jst

tw prts hv bn thrs frlvn.113 as f agst 2011 thrws bklg f 72 GM prts nth eu pprvls sstm, 51 fr mprtr prssng, n 21 fr lvn.114irnll, th mplxt f th rrntsstm bnts lrg GM mpnssh s Mnsnt, whh rrntlmnt th mrkt n GMos; smllrmpns n t xtrml lt tmpt n sh mplx n stlsstm.115

Th uK gvrnmnts l stnn GMo pprvls s tht t shl b

sn nt pls-l prss, nmntns tht th grwth n slf GM f r f prts shlb grnt nl r rbst rskssssmnt nts tht t s sf frppl n th nvrnmnt.116 Thegvrnmnt shl wrk wth lk-mn eu mmbr stts t rfrm thpprvls prss n hv ths gl.

GMos r b n mns th sl slnt rrnt hllngs t glbl fsrt, bt s th gvrnmntsFrsght rprt n mn thrsts hv nl, th hv nmprtnt rl t pl.117 as th RlSt hs nt n rnt rprt, pstbts n th s f nw thnlgsn grltr hv t n prsntplmkrs wth fls htm;n thr/r pprh, mphssngth vl f n pprh vr thwnss f thrs. in rlt, n snglthnlg r pprh n b vws pn, bt nr shl prmsngthnlgs b gnr fr th sk fpll xpn.118

EU agRiCULtURaL taRiFFs & EXpORt

REFUnDs

agrltrl prtnsm hs lngntrbt t hgh glbl f prsn f nsrt. as th gvrnmntsFrsght rprt hs rg:



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Producon subsidies, trade restriconsand other market intervenons used byhigh-income countries have become of

huge signicance because of the nancialand polical powers of the naonsinvolved. This polical signicance hasallowed subsidies and barriers to trade

in agricultural markets to assume levels

far in excess of those applied in any

industrial sector.119 agrltrl trsn th eu r n vrg thr mshghr thn th vrg rss nstrlgs, n rtn k mms rprtt b trs f mr thn 70 prnt.120

unfrtntl, th dh dvlpmntRn t th Wrl Tr orgnsn(WTo), whr ntrnnl rts tr grltrl trs r nt t mlltrl lvl, hs bn stll sn2008. Th eu rmns ngg n srsf bltrl tlks wth thr ntrsfsng n ths sss, t t s ltt s hw n bln n qtblrn f grltrl trs n tkpl wtht rrs t glbl frmsh s th dh Rns t th WTo.

in n t trs, nthr rltr f nrn s xprt rfns. inlt Jnr 2009, ...in response tothe serious situaon on the EU dairymarket, th eu nnn ts sn

t nrs sbss fr r prts,wth xprt rfns f s mh s 200pr tnn r fr skmm mlk,n 580 pr tnn fr brl. it ws tht th msr shl ppl...for as long as market condions sodictate.121

Th sn mt wth rl rspnsfrm th crns Grp, ln f19 grltrl xprng ntrsmm t rfrmng grltrltr:122

This is a dangerous acon, given therisk that it could encourage further

trade-distorng responses which needto be avoided. Moreover, by resorng toexport subsidies again, as it did last year

for pork and did previously for wheat,the EU connues to shield its producersfrom market forces, at the expense of

unsubsidised producers in other markets.It is of parcular concern that farmersin many developing countries, which

cannot aord to engage in subsidy wars,stand to suer most from increaseddistorons in world agricultural markets.This is not the leadership we require from

key economies at this point in me.123

exprt rfns hv ln sgnntln rnt rs, n nw nstt jst0.5 pr nt f th cmmn agrltrlPl (caP) bgt. Th eu hs rt phs xprt rfns t ltgthr,bt ths s n th nn tht thr

ntrs rp smlr tr-strngsbss.124

Mjr f prng ntrsn rgns mst rgns thtprtnst pls sgn tbnt nsmrs t hm n mptths lvng bn thr brrs. WhnRss, th wrls thr lrgst whtxprtr, mps grn xprt bnt th strt f agst 2010 n rspnst rght n wlrs, th rsltws srg n glbl wht prs.


Ths n trn rv glbl f prsp b 5 pr nt n th bggst mnth-n-mnth nrs sn Nvmbr2009.125 Whn Rss nnn tssn t l th mbrg t th nf M 2011, mrkts rspn blmst mmtl rppng th prf wht b 5 pr nt.126

Gvn tht th eu rmns n f thwrls bggst prrs, xprtrs nmprtrs f f, th mpt n glblf mrkts wr t t tk smlrn fr whtvr rsn wl lklb s f nt mr svr. in, t s nt

vn lr tht eu f prtnsmbnts erpn nsmrs. in 2008, tws smt tht th eus grltrlpls nrs f prs b s mhs 12 pr nt.127 erps mprtn nth glbl f mrkts hs mnt thtprtnst pls hv gnrtsgnnt f srt prblms. Thgvrnmnt mst nn ts rts tnvn ts erpn prtnrs f thfll f sm f ths pls.

thE COMMOn agRiCULtURaL pOLiCY

(CaP)

Mn rs f eu grltrl plblv tht th cmmn agrltrlPl (caP) s prlrl bltntxmpl f prtnsm tht shlb spns wth nrl.128 Ths rprtrgs tht th caP shl nt bsrpp, bt tht th ngng rfrm

prss mst b rrntt twrsmxmsng prvt n lmnngth sbssn f wst.

Th eus agrltr cmmssnr,dn cl, hs rntl rgtht th mrkt nnt b rl pnmpltl fr smthng s strtgllmprtnt, n vlnrbl t xtrnlvnts, s f prn.129 For antr t rtn th pt t fts ppln n ms f n s wlls ms f plnt s strtg sine qua

non. a ntr n bm pnntn th mrkts fr th mprt f mstthngs, n srvv f ths lflnsr t , bt n ntr n srvvwtht f. as th arb prsngs thsr hv mnstrt, f srtn trggr vln n rvln lngbfr sppls r t mpltl. uKf slf-sn hs ln rpln th pst tw n--hlf s, frmlmst 80 pr nt n 1984 t 60 pr ntnw. a rsn fr ths hs bn tht thhgh sts uK frmrs nr prngBrsh f mk t lt t mptgnst frmrs n thr mrkts whr

th st f prn s lwr.

it s mprtnt t nt th hvmntsf caP s wll s ts ns. Frnstn, b plng pmntsfrm prn, th caP hs hlpr mrkt strns rslng frmpmnts, n hs brght erpnpl n ln wth WTo rls.130Hwvr, s th WTo hs rptlstrss, frthr rfrms r n tr mrkt strns rsng frmth caP. Ths bng s, sh rfrmsmst b nt n w tht nblserpn frmrs t mxms fprn n rmn n bsnss.

Mn f th mst grgs caPsbss hv bn sgnntlr, f nt lmnt, n rntrs. in 2008, th eu sspn thst-s pl, rst ntr n 1988,whrb frmrs wr tll p ntt pr f n gvn prntgf thr grltrl ln.131 cnlrng th 2007-08 pr spk, thsn ws wlm rgnn fth ft tht fr erp, s fr th rst fth wrl, th r f br mntnsn wn lks s vr. as mnn nth prvs sn, th xprt rfnsstm hs ls bn mprv, n hsnw bn r t lss thn 0.5 prnt f th ttl caP bgt.



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Th eu s rrntl n th mst f mjr rt t rfrm th caPprss b 2013, th lst sh rnf rfrms hvng tkn pl n 2003.On 12th otbr 2011, th erpncmmssn pr ts ltst prpslfr caP rfrm, t mx rvws. crtnmsrs ntn wthn th prpslr t b wlm, fr nstnblng th bgt fr grltrlrsrh n nnvn, n skngt fltt th stblshmnt f ngfrmrs, n lght f th ft tht twthrs f erpn frmrs r 55 rsf g r lr.132 it shl b s,

hwvr, tht mrkt frs wll lwsprv th srst nnv fr ngppl t ntr n prfssn. if, rtw s f ln, frmng ngn bms prtbl n vlprfssn n erp, thn th prblmf nng ng ppl t bmfrmrs wll tk r f tslf.

Hwvr, sm f th thr msrsprps r lss wlm. Th eu hspl sprprnt mphss nnvrnmntl grnng pls s prtf th caP. unr th plns, 30 pr ntf rt spprt t frmrs thrghth caP wll b nnl n fllwngmntr ns m bnlt th nvrnmnt. Lkws, n nnwlm rtrn t de facto st-spls, frmrs wll ls b blgt st s 7 pr nt f thr ln fr

lgl prpss.133

Spprt b th Nnl Frmrsunn (NFu), th gvrnmnt hsrghtl rs th pln, rmrkngthat taking 7 per cent of land out ofproducon when demand is increasingwould not be sensible.134

Th uK gvrnmnt shl wrk wthts erpn prtnrs t pps thnlsn f grnng pls n thcaP shl sh pls m t th

xpns f mxmsng f prn.

if nvrnmntl nsrns r tfrm prt f th nw caP, thn thshl b lss nfrm thn th rt prsnt. Thr r pprxmtl300,000 frms n th uK, png vrs rng f rbl n pstrlln.135 invtbl, sm frms pln tht s br fr frmng thnthrs, n th eu shl nsr wsb whh th mst frl frms l sts lss f thr ln fr nvrnmntlprpss, whlst frms wth ln mrst t sh vrsn, l st

s mr.Th eu s rght t mntn nvrnmntlrglns, bt th caP shl ntb n f thm. its prps mst bt nbl frmrs t mxms fprn, n th gvrnmnt mstkp ths t th frfrnt f thr rtsn th nw rn f caP rfrms.

UK agRiCULtURaL REsEaRCh &

DeveloPMenT (r&D)

B 2050, th wrl wll n t pr

70 pr nt mr f thn t sprsntl n rr t f 2 bllnnl ppl n mt grtrnrss n ntrnl mns.Mrvr, ths f wll ls hv tb pr sng prprnll lsswtr, n bt th sm mnt f


ln, n wtht sng nlhrm t th nvrnmnt.

Whn th Grn Rvln trnsfrmglbl grltr 50 rs g, t sthrgh nnvn n thnlg, ntthrgh th lvn f sgnntqns f nw ln.136 ulmtlt ws sn vlpmnts whhnbl th wrls frmrs t fMlthss fms prns. Gvn thnl nstrnts mps pn thfrmrs wh wll sppl th glbl fsppl fr th nxt 50 rs, nnvnwll bm vn mr mprtnt.

Th uK gvrnmnt mst thrfrnvst n uK grltrl rsrh nvlpmnt (R&d). as strng pnt,th gvrnmnt shl spprt euprpsls t bl th grltrlrsrh n nnvn bgt s prtf ngng caP rfrms.137

on f th lrst xmpls f thrl mprtn f R&d s n rssngth mng wtr sppl rss. in 2009,t ws smt tht hmns nsm54 pr nt f th wrls frshwtrsppl, 70 pr nt f whh wnt ngrltr. if pr pt nsmpnrss rss th glb t th rt snwthn vlp ntrs, ths lnrs t 90 pr nt b 2025. 138 Thsprblm s mpn b th ft thtfrmrs f nrsng mpnfr wnlng wtr sppls frm thwrls mn rpl grwng s.139Frmrs r gng t n t prmr f wth mprvl lsswtr, n n ths nvr sn wllhv vtl rl t pl.

as th Rl St hs nt, wtrstrss s prlrl t n ht, rrgns f th wrl, whr mhlrgr mnts f wtr r n tpr th sm grn l thn n lssstrss rgns.140 a hgh prrt frth ftr, thrfr, wll b t vlp

rps tht mntn r vn nrsls bt rqr r mnts fwtr. Sh vlpmnts wll b vnmr rgnt f th prt mptsf lmt hng m t pss. T thsn, rrgn wll rqr sgnntlmprv ppl rsrh. irrgns n ssnl tl fr nrsng rpls, s mnstrt b th ft thtlthgh rrgt rs nt fr jst20 pr nt f th wrls ttl lvtr, th pr lmst 50 pr nt fts f.141

Thr r ls mpllng nnlmvns fr nrtkng grltrlR&d. arng t th Rl agrltrlSt f engln, smt rtrns n

nvstmnt n pbll-fn grltrlR&d rng frm 10 pr nt t vr 50pr nt. a rnt uK smt shws mrgnl rt f rtrn n R&d f bt17 pr nt r tkng nt nt spll-vrs frm prvt n ntrnnlR&d.142 Th vst gns n grltrltpt tht tk pl s nsqnf sh nvstmnt l rtl t thrm rp n glbl f prs vr pr f svrl s, frm thm-1970s t th m-2000s.



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Btwn 1953 n 1984, th prvtgrwth f uK grltr Ttl FtrPrvt (TFP) ws 1.68 pr ntpr nnm. Hwvr, btwn 1984 n2000, grwth slw t jst 0.68 pr nt,wth th uK fllng bhn lng euntrs. althgh nmbr f ftrsntrbt t ths rlv ln, tst grltrl R&d nvstmnt hvbn n s prmr rvr.143an pprnt rn n th stts fppl rsrh s gnst bs snrsrh, mbn wth rn nth nmbr f shlrshps vlblfr Phd trnng n ppl grltrlrsrh, hs prhps ls rslt n rn n th nmbr f snstsnvlv n rsrh rtl lnk t

th nstr n ths wh rmn rgng lr.144

Ths s prsl th wrng rn frth uK t b trvllng n. Rtnng tsstts s wrl-lr n nnvvrsrh shl b prrt fr th uK,gvn th rlv ln f nmbrf thr strs f ts nm. ovrth pst fw s, ntbl uK-lgrltrl nnvns hv nlth ntrn f sm-wrng gnsnt wht stks, rspnsbl fr 14

pr nt nrs n ls; ntllgntbrng thnqs tht hv l tfnmntl mprvmnts n rlrsstn t pst rght n vrstmprtrs wrlw;145 and thevlpmnt f nw vrt f brltht s sspt t lwr th rsk f hrtss n sm frms f nr.146 Thevl f ths n smlr vns hsbn mmns, n rprsnts xtlth kn f vlpmnts tht th wrlwll n t f tslf sstnbl b2050. Sn mn vlpng ntrssll lk th rqst R&d pblst mt thr f srt hllngsnssst, lrshp frm ntrssh s th uK wll bm ll th mrmprtnt.

Fnll, th uK gvrnmnt shlnt nglt th mprtn f R&d nprvnng grltr-rlt ssswhh n hv n nrms nmmpt. anml n rp sss stth Brsh nm sm 1.24 bllnpr nnm, n vlpmnts t rths lsss mst b trt s prrtr f rsrh.147


thE RELatiOnship BEtWEEn FOOD

sECURitY, FOREign pOLiCY anD

DEVELOpMEnt pOLiCY

Th wrl rrntl prs mr thnngh t f th glbl ppln f7 blln ppl qtl, wth smsmts sggsng tht sntf s lr grwn t f 11.5blln ppl.148 Th prblm s thtths f s nt qll strbtwhl sm stts hv mr thnngh, thrs hv mh t ll.cnsqntl, mprvng ss mstb s mh prrt n hvng glblf srt s nhnng prn.Sm mpgnrs hv gn s frs t rg tht msrs t mprvf prn r nnssr, ntht mprvng ss, rng wstn rfng mblns n th glblf sstm n slv th prblm. Thsrgmnt s nrls. dstrbnlmblns r nt th nl nrn,thr fr ths n th rh, vlpwrl, r fr th wrls prstntrs. if tpt flls blw mn,f prs wll rs. Hghr glbl fprs wll pt f sll frthr t frh fr ths wh n t mst, whlstpr vllt wrks hv wth smllfrmrs wh r l nt knwng hwr whr t nvst.149 Lkws, hngnghbts s fr sr s thn n, nt th f sstm s blg tbln grwng f nrns wth

nw nvrnmntl ns.cnsqntl, plmkrs n t nws f mprvng ss t f wthtvrsl ng th xsng mrkt,n mst lk t th wr ss f fnsrt, n prlr pr gvrnnn stt flr. almst vr ntrn th wrl rrntl ssss t bsrng frm hgh r xtrm lvls ff nsrt s ls rnk s mngstth wrls wkst stts. Th rll-llf nms s ll-t fmlr: dR cng;

Sml; ethp; Sn; Zmbbw;Nrth Kr; ymn.150 envrnmntlnsrns sh s xtrm wthrr lk f rnfll r nl n mpnntf th prblm. it s tllng, fr nstn,tht isrl, ntr wth th smlvl f f srt rsk s Prtgl rSpn, hs jst hlf th nnl rnfll fethp.151 it s rtnl n nntht, t t, n fnnng mrhs vr sr frm fmn.152

Th ngng fmn n th Hrnf afr hs bn srb s gvrnn rght tht tk

pl nt bs nsnt fws vlbl n thr, bt bsth sstms rqr t gt t whrt ns t b n m r nqt.Th rght ws prt b vrsrl-wrnng sstms nlng thFmn erl Wrnng Sstms Ntwrk(FeWS NeT) n th ar Lns prjts rl s 2010, bt vr ll wsn t prpr.153 in Kn, f hsr nlssl bs th trnsprtnfrstrtr n t gt t t mrkts nqt.154

in th otbr 2010 cmprhnsvSpnng Rvw (cSR), th gvrnmntmm t nshrn th sz f thuKs vrss vlpmnt bgt nlw, t 0.7 pr nt f GdP, frm 2013. 155



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Hwvr, nmrs sts hv shwntht smpl spnng mr mn n s nt th nswr t ths p-rtprblms, nr r prjts lmt tprvng mmt f , r vnhlpng frmrs t pr mr fsstnbl. imprvng frm prvthvs ll f th trnsprtnfrstrtr n t gt tht ft mrkt s nt n pl. Lkws,prng snt f sppl srrlvnt f flng nm plsrslt n nt prs tht prvnt thppln frm bng bl t b t.

Snsvt t sns f lnlsmhv m mn erpn ntrsn th uK n prlrvrl sbt rts t rnt ltrsvlpmnt bjvs wth msrstht rbstl sk t mprv th qltf gvrnn n trgt ntrs. Thsnnt nn. F nsrt,rsr nt n gvrnn rnmtl ntrlnk, n vlpmntpl mst lrl rt tht ft.

FOOD WastE

on f th mst grgs ntrbtrst f nsrt s th stggrngmnt f f tht s wst hr. it s smt tht n bth rhntrs n pr, sm 30-50 prnt f ll f pr rts wntn.156 arng t th Fao, pst-hrvst wst n afr xplns wh

mn smllhlrs r nt prhsrsf f, vn thgh th grw nghfr thr fmls t t. Fr ts prt, t ssmt tht uK hshls wst 25pr nt f ll th f th b.157

in bth th vlp n vlpngwrl, nvs tht sssfll rf wst n ntrbt twrsrrssng glbl f nsrt. it hsbn smt tht lmnng thmllns f tnns f f wst vrr n th uK n uS ln l l

blln ppl t f hngr.158

in th vlpng wrl, mst f swst bfr t rhs th nsmr.inqt n-pst sfgrs nfrms llw rts, m r lsts tt rps n th l r n strg.Pr r nfrstrtr n lk fprpr rfrgrn rslt n gssplng n trnst.159 as f nstts fr grtr prprn f hshlnm n pr ntrs s mhs 60-80 pr nt n sm ss mprvl smll mnt s wstb nsmrs n th btn t.160

cnsqntl, lng wth f wstn th vlpng wrl s prmrl mr f mprvng th pt f fprrs t r wst bfr frhs th mrkt.

as n th vlp wrl, ths ntlssh msrs s blng prprsls, br rs n prvng brrfrgrn.

Hwvr, ths slns r xpnsv,n wll rqr sgnnt nvstmntfrm mm srs, nlngmlltrl nrs sh s th WrlBnk, th afrn dvlpmnt Bnkn th asn dvlpmnt Bnk s wlls nvl gvrnmnt srs shs th uKs dprtmnt fr intrnnldvlpmnt (dFid). Th gvrnmntshl ls b r t vtmsrs tht brn ss t pst

r rght-rsstnt rps mngst prfrmrs, n t spprt rsrh ntth vlpmnt f ths prts.

Mr l lws b n twrsths ns, bt s s th s mrbrl, vlpmnt pls mstmbn ths grn-lvl trgtmsrs wth rts t mprvgvrnn ns tht prpttsh flrs n th rst pl.

in th vlp wrl, b ntrst, ths


mst rspnsbl fr wsng f rnsmrs thmslvs. arng t theu, hshls pr pprxmtl42 pr nt f th ttl mnt f fwst, f mnftrrs 39 pr nt,rtlrs 5 pr nt n th trngstr 14 pr nt.161

F wst b nsmrs s prmrl bhvrl ss. in rr t hngts, wrnss mpgns npl n mprtnt rl. Fr nstn,sngshng btwn f t lbls(fr xmpl, th rn btwnbst bfr n s b); vngr-sng f; f mpsng; nnrgng rfrgrt f strgn mprv bth f sft n rf wst.

ulmtl, hwvr, th gvrnmntmst rgns tht th mjrtf nsmrs wll nt hng thrhbts nl thr s snt nnlnnv fr thm t s. Thr rlgmt qsns bt whthr thgvrnmnt shl pnls ts znsfr hw th hs t s f thtth hv prhs, n whthrsh rs wl vn b pssbl.it s rtnl nt th psn f thsrprt t vt sh msrs.

unfrtntl, th rlt rmnstht th mpt f prl vlntrmpgns n wrnss-rsng wllnl vr b lmt.

Rtlr f wst n b rtlsng f bnks, whh llt fsrplss frm rtlrs, whlslrs,bkrs, ns n nvlsthrgh nnl n ll llnsn rstrbt th sppls t t thsn n.162

anthr r rqrng frthrnn n rsrh s eu lgslngvrnng th fng f f wst tlvstk. Sn 2001, fng trngn ms f wst t lvstkhs bn prhbt. Whlst rtl n

mnftrng nn-mt fsts nb f t lvstk, ths s nt pplf tht f hs bn hnl nr thsm rf s mt, nlss th prtrn mnstrt tht t nnt mnt ntt wth mt.163

objns t th rlxn f lgslnn ths r rlt t th ft tht thtbrks f bth Ft & Mth ss(2001) n lssl swn fvr (2000)n th uK wr tr bk t bl-mng swll-fng sstms.164 The



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nrn s tht ntmnt f wstwl rprsnt lkl ntr-pnt frsh sss nt th uK f-hn frglns wr rlx. Hwvr, t hsbn rg tht sh ntmnnrsks l b vrm b strlsngf wst bfr fng t t lvstk.Hng hs bn mnstrt t b grnt w f kllng pthgnssh s Ft & Mth ss nlssl swn fvr.165 althgh fwst rv frm mt shl ntb f t hrbvrs sh s ws nshp, sh rstrns n nt pplt mnvrs nmls sh s pgs n

hkns.

Frm n nm prspv, thnvrsn f f wst nt lvstkf mks sns. arng t thmpgnng grp F aWaRe,sm 18 mlln tnns f blf ns p n lnll vr r,wth n nnl vl f 23 blln.166althgh th gvrnmnt nw fvrsanrb dgsn (ad) s mrnvrnmntll-frnl mth f fwst spsl thn lnll, ths mthhs ts lmtns.167 as mnn,bkr prts n nwnt frt nvgtbls n b f t lvstk s lngs th hv nt m nt ntt wthmt. Whrs wst prrs p nth rgn f 80 pr tnn t sps ff wst thrgh ad, f th f wstn b sprt frm nml prts

t n b sl t frmrs fr rghl 20pr tnn.168

Th nvrsn f f wst ntlvstk f l ls hvnvrnmntl bnts. it hs bnsmt tht btwn tw n 500ms mr co2 l b sv bfng f wst t pgs rthr thnsnng t fr ad.169 as nstr xprtTrstrm Strt hs bsrv, th eumprts sm 40 mlln tnns f sfr pg f vr r, th prn

f whh ms t sgnntnvrnmntl st.170 Nt nl tht, bts mprts r nrsngl xpnsv,th pr f s hvng nrs blmst 200 pr nt n 10 rsstswhh l b bt b rplmntwth f wst.171

EMERgEnCY FOOD REsERVEs

Th lng-trm prblms f f prrss n pr vllt n nl bslv b msrs whh sstnblnhn prvt n mprvss, spll n th vlpngwrl. Hwvr, s shrt-trm br

gnst th mpt f pr spks n thwrls prst nsmrs, mrgnf rsrvs l hv n mprtntrl t pl.

Mn ntrs hv th ptt rstrbt f frm pls fplnt t pls f shrtg n ms fn. in nmbr f ntrs whrgvrnn r nfrstrtr s pr, ths

s nt th s, n ntrs tht rnt-f mprtrs m ls strggl tn srpls pt whn nssr.172

althgh sm ntrs sh s th


Phlppns sll hl mrgn frsrvs, th trn n rnt shs bn twrs grtr rln nmprts frm glbl mrkts t mt gvn ntrs f ns. in 2010-11,th Fao smt tht glbl rlstks ln rmll frm 534mlln tnns t 490 mlln tnns,lthgh stks r xpt t rmnrlvl nstnt n 2011-12, t 493mlln tnns.173 as vlpntr whs wn f srt sssss t b hgh,174 th uK snt rrntl hv n rsrv fstks f ts wn.175 According to the

gvrnmnt, th sn t snnth mntnn f ntrvnn strsf f ws tkn rng th rl 1990swng t th r thrt t th nf th cl Wr, n th nsrblst (10 mlln pr nnm t 1990prs) f thr rtnn.176 Th stkstht xst r wthn th mmrlf hn, n hv bn n ln n

rnt rs.177

on f th prmr bjns t nnstts mntnng f rsrvs stht ths strts mrkts, pnspn g gvrnn, n s stl

t mntn.178 Mst f s prshbl,n mst thrfr b phsll strn qt fls, n rglrlrtt. it hs bn smt tht thst f hlng grn stks s s hgh s15-20 pr nt f th vl f th stkpr r.179 Sm hv rg tht ts hpr n mr nt t hlrmrk sh rsrvs t prhssppls frm ntrnnl mrktss rqr. Hwvr, s th 2007/08pr spk mnstrt, snn xtrm pr rss n nllf th f ths pprh.

unr sh rmstns, th ltf ntrnnl, f nt nnl, frsrvs bms mr pprnt.Hwvr, t prsnt, vr ll n thw f ntrnnl f rsrvs xsts.Th Wrl F Prgrmm (WFP) spssss grn rsrvs n bts rnth wrl, n th WFP smts thtt mngs t f mr thn 90 mllnppl vr r.180

althgh th WFP hs sv mn lvsn rspns t mrgns, t s stmb th ft tht t s nstnllrv, nt prv. in th vw fdr dv Nbrr, th uN SrtrGnrls Spl Rprsntvn F Srt n Ntrn,WFP fnng s rll w.181Fnng s llt n r-b-rbss, n s rv prmrl frmhmntrn mn (rv) rthrthn vlpmnt mn (prv).Th WFP ws nl rntl prmt ngg n ftrs trng nvn prhss, rl lmntsn vlpng mr frwr-lkngn v pprh.182 Frthrrfrm t nbl th WFP t prt n mr prv n bsnsslk ws n, n th gvrnmnt shlprrs ths vlpmnts. Fr tmn ppl r ng frm strvnbs n s nt tkn nl r



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rss hs vlp, s hs bn ths wth th ngng fmn n th Hrnf afr. Srs nsrn shlls b gvn t blng mrgnf rsrvs hl b th WFP t frthrnhn ts pt t rspn t nprvnt f-rlt rss.

on ptnll psv nvrrntl bng trll s f rsrvsstm sgn t mt th ns ff-mprng vlpng ntrswth lmt pt. Th prpsl,pt t G20 grltr mnstrs tthr ngrl mng n 24th -25th

M 2011, nvlvs mntnng frsrvs tht n b ss b lgblstts t rbl prs. dr Nbrrmntns tht ths s nt pr-ntrlmhnsm; rthr f wl b mvlbl t th lwr n f th prnx n th vnt f sn pr rssr tns. Th nv ws grt t mng f G20 vlpmntn nn mnstrs n lt Sptmbr2011, n wll b tst nll n Wstafr, n rnn wth th rgnlb, th enm cmmnt f Wstafrn Stts (ecoWaS).183 Shl thsnv prv sssfl, thr wll b strng s fr rllng t t n thrprts f th wrl wth hgh lvls ff nsrt.

uK fooD-Chain reSilienCe

uK f srt s rrntl ssss

s hgh b bth th uK gvrnmnt nnn-gvrnmntl rgnsns thtssss f srt t th ntrnnllvl.184 Hwvr, th uK f hnrmns vlnrbl t shks, whthrntl, ntrl r mls, n t smprv tht plmkrs nrtkmsrs tht mnms th vlnrbltf th uK f hn.

Sr dv omn hs nthr lvls f rsln. Frst, thnn lvl: nfng ptnl

prblms n vlpng nngnplns t hlp prvnt thm. Sn,plmkrs mst lws rgns thtbs nt vr shk s prvntbl,nvstmnt n mmnt rsln snssr n s sp trgts rtkn wn. Thr, t s vtl t nvstn pv rsln, rwng pnpst xprn whn ng ftrpl n mkng sns tht

nvlv rplng r pgrng phslnfrstrtr n lgss ntwrks.185

Th cPNi hs pr n xtnsv lstf msrs tht th uK f nstrshl tk t mnms th thrt fsrpn t thr srvs. Ths nlstrnng mngrs t ssss th kn fthrts t whh thr sts r srvs m

b vlnrbl; mplng pprprtvng prrs; ntrllng phslss t prmss; ntrllng ssst srvs, mtrls n prsss; nnsrng th sr strg f trnsprtvhls.186

Ths mnt, ntl PaS 96, snl vsr n s nn-bnng. Thss nsstnt wth th gvrnmntsrrnt rlnshp wth th fnstr n rsln sss, whhs nn-rgltr n rls pn th


vlntr mplmntn f bstpr. Whthr r nt ths rmnsth s, th cPNi mst nn twrk wth th f nstr, prlrln ssssng mrgng thrts sh sbr-mg, t ssss whh rsmn lsr nn.

Th mst rnt ssssmnt f bsnssmptn n rsln ws rrt n 2006 b dr Hln Pk, n dfr-spnsr rprt, Resilience in the FoodChain: A Study of Business ConnuityManagement in the Food and DrinkIndustry. Ths rprt, whh s rfrn

n th uK gvrnmnts mr rntf srt ssssmnt, nltht fw Brsh mpns ngg nprv r prvntv BcM.187 ass th s rss th uK f hn,ths mpns nl n th rprtprfr t prt n jst-n-m spps t jst-n-s bss, trsr nstrnts, lk f xprsn prssrs t mxms prts.188Mrvr, thr s sll mprvllmt wrnss f th mprtn fBcM r f srt t th mpnlvl, lthgh ths s grwngnrn.189 Th prmr nrn frths mpns n th vnt f rsss brn rptn.190

as bth th cPNi n nvls shs Sr dv omn hv rgns,prv r prvntv rsln snl n prt f th sln. Gvnth sz n mplxt f th uK fhn, t s vrtll mpssbl t prvntvr k r rss. cnsqntl,

rv rsln mst ls b prmr nrn. Th gvrnmntshl rgns tht ll rss rfnmntll ll. Th gvrnmntmst thrfr ssss hw llmmns wl p f nfrntwth sgnnt srpn t th fhn, n wrk wth thm t vlpmhnsms pbl f mgng shshks n srpns.

F mpns r mprvlmr ngg n rv rsln.all f th rgnsns srv n drPks st h sm frm f iT-rlt

nnt plnnng/sstr rvr npl.191 Hwvr, vn whn t mst rv BcM, mst mpns nt vw ths s nsst. Thsmpns tht ngg n BcM s prmrl t th bhst f lnts, rfr rsns f mpln. crtnl,whn mpns ngg n BcM, t s frrsns f nlghtn mmrl slf-ntrst; nsrns f th pblg r th mntnn f prnsn ms f nnl mrgn ntsm t pl prt.192

Th gvrnmnt shl nhn rtst rs wrnss f th mprtn fBcM mngst th grltrl nstr,n prlr thrgh th F chnemrgn Lsn Grp (FceLG).193Th FceLG s dfr-hr b whhmts qrtrl t sss sss fnrn t th f nstr n trmsf ntrl hzrs n mls thrt.Th grp nls rprsntvs frmth f str nstrs, s wll s



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rlvnt gvrnmnt rgnsns.

in rr t srtn th xtnt t whhth f nstr s tkng rslnsrsl, n vlntrl mplmnngth gvrnmnts rmmnns,th gvrnmnt shl nsrmmssnng n pt vrsn f drPks 2006 rprt.

Th rlt, hwvr, s tht nvlbsnsss spll smll ns nnt b xpt t kp thnnl ntrst t th ntr fthr nsrns wth rgrs tth rsln f thr prns.

cmpln wll lws nstt thmst sgnnt rvr f hng nths r, n th gvrnmnt shlprhps nsr ws t nrsthr rsln thrgh mntrmpln wtht mgng bmlns nrsnbl. clrl, sgnnt

prl n nnl nstrnts wlllws mp rts t mxmsf hn rsln n mst strk bln btwn nhnng rslnn nsrng tht th uK f nstrrmns mpv.

apv rsln, whh s nssrl lng-trm prss, mst ls hvn mprtnt rl t pl n thsrts, t qsns rmn s twh wll p th st. ulmtl, thnsmr wll p fr msrs tkn bmpns t nrs thr rsln,bt th gvrnmnt shl ls ssss

whthr th uKs f srt wrrntssbssng rsln-pgrs b thf nstr. ethr w, th cPNishl wrk wth th f nstr nmk th s fr th bsnss bntsf nvsng n grtr rsln n thlng-trm.



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cnlsn

Th prps f ths rprt hs bn thghlght th ntrnntnss f fsrt n thr rs f nrn frth uK gvrnmnt.

at m f xtrm nm frglt,th ptnl mpt f rsng f prsn th Brsh nm rprsnts vrrl s fr nrn. Rsng f prsn th uK wll nl r th mnt

nsmrs spn n thr strs fth nm n frthr thrtn nlr hlng nm rvr.intrnnll, rsng f prs nmjr mrgng mrkts sh s chnn in nstt n f th prnplrvrs f hgh nn, whh s lrslwng nm grwth n thsntrs. Gvn tht ths ntrs rmngst th mst mprtnt rvrs fglbl nm grwth, ftrs whhmg tht grwth shl nrnWstrn nms, nlng th uK.

Whlst sm f th rvrs f rsngprs r bn th ntrl f uKplmkrs fr nstn, ntrlsstrs r th p f grltrlrfrm n nms sh s chn thr ftrs n b nn b uKpl, prlrl t th erpn lvl.

as mjr glbl f prr n lng plr n th frmln fglbl grltrl pl n rs shs bfls n GM fs, th eu hs rl rl t pl n nsrng tht thrght pls r prs nt nl tgrnt tht ll ths lvng wthnts brrs hv qt ss tntrs n rbl f, bt lst ntrbt t glbl f srt.

in n t jprsng nmgrwth, rsng prs n f nsrt

n ntrbt t nt n rgnssh s afr n th Ml est.Fr glbls trng nn sh sth uK, nts vrss jprsBrsh ntrsts n n nsstt Brsh rspns. dsrpns t trws, th gnrn f rfgs nth ntrnnl sts f pst-ntrnstrn r mpllng rsnswh uK plmkrs shl prvl

prs msrs tht mnms fnsrt. as th nt n Lbhs shwn, f nsrt vn fnrtl n ntrbt t stnstht rqr Brsh mltr rspns.it s lkl tht rpl rsng f prsn th MeNa rgn t s n f thtlsts whh sprk th prsngs nTns n bn.

Th ft tht th uK s nlkl t srfrm lrg-sl pplr nrst rltt f prs r srt s nt mnth uK f hn s nt vlnrbl tshks n srpns. Th uK f-hn hs sr frm nmbr fsrs nn-mls shks n thpst tw s whh st th Brshnm sm 15 blln n l tth lss f 630 lvs. as bs sh sth cPNi n thr nstr xprts

hv wrn, gr-trrrst ks,prlrl f ntr pstrm nth f hn, l s srsmg.

Ths rsns prsnt prssvs fr plmkrs t prrsf srt n th mng rs.Th gvrnmnt mst rgns thtnvrnmntl msrs tht rtlnrmn grltrl prvtn tk n f th mrktmst b rfrm. Th rv fr bfls



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52 53

rprsnts n sh pl tht shlb rnsr, n th ntrn fnvrnmntl qts nt th cmmnagrltrl Pl shl b rsst.Th gvrnmnt mst ls rss thprblms s b kn-jrk rsstnt l-nhnng thnlgs, nlngrp prtn prts n GMos. asvrs bs frm th unt Nnst th Rl St hv rg, thsthnlgs r nt th pn tglbl f srt prblms, bt thrprsnt n mprtnt prt f thsln. Th gvrnmnt mst ls nvstn grltrl rsrh n nnvn.

in th nxt 40 rs, th wrl wll ntnl n t pr 70 pr nt mrf thn t s nw, t wll n t s n rghl th sm mnt f ln,sng mprvl lss wtr, n wthlss hrm t th nvrnmnt. ahvngths tsk wll b mpssbl wthtnsrbl grltrl nnvn.

inrsng f prn ln snt th nr nswr. evr r,hnrs f mllns f tnns f fs wst rss bth th vlp

n vlpng wrl, n msrs tr ths wst mst b ntr.In order to ameliorate the immediate

ts f pr spks r thr f-rlt rss, th gvrnmnt shlsrsl nsr rts t nhnmrgn ntrnnl f rsrvsn rfrm th Wrl F Prgrmm.Th G20 plt prgrmm rrntlbng nt n Wst afr mnstt n mprtnt ml t fllw.in th lng-trm, prhps th mstmprtnt stp Brsh plmkrs ntk t rss th frmnnprblms s t prmt mprv

gvrnn, spll n th vlpngwrl. Pr gvrnn mps thnm prgrss, nfrstrtrvlpmnt n prv nvstmntvtl t lng wth th grltrlns tht nn t blghts mn ntrs. as ths rprt hssght t mnstrt, ths s nrnth gvrnmnt shl tk srsl,nt nl fr th sk f th wrls mstvlnrbl ppl, bt ls t prttBrsh ntrsts.

cnlsn Shks n dsrpns : Th Rlnshp Btwn F Srt n Nnl Srt

en Nts

1. Th Gvrnmnt o fr Sn,Foresight: The Future of Food andFarming, Lnn, 2011, p.67

2. Wllp, Hrr, Britain to be biggestcountry in Europe by 2050, The

Tlgrph, 29 Jl 2010

3. dprtmnt fr envrnmnt, F nRrl ars, Overseas trade stascs: Food,

feed and drink, 2 Nvmbr 2011, hp://www.fr.gv.k/stss /ffrm/

f/vrsstr/ (lst ss 15Nvmbr 2011)

4. Ibid.

5. BBc, The cost of food: facts and gures,16 otbr 2008, hp://nws.bb..k/1/h/wrl/7284196.stm (lstss 15 Nvmbr 2011)

6. Fao, FAO Food Price Index, 3Nvmbr 2011, hp://www.f.rg/wrlfstn/wfs-hm/fprsnx/n/ (lst ss 15Nvmbr 2011)

7. oecd-Fao,Agricultural Outlook 2011-2020, Jn 2011, hp://www.f.rg/lmn/sr_pl/ nwsrm/s/otlkr.pf (lst ss 15Nvmbr 2011)

8. dprtmnt fr envrnmnt, F nRrl ars, Family Food 2010, Lnn,2011, p.1

9. Ibid., p.55

10. Hwks, alx, Households budgets hitby frozen pay and rising food prices, ThGrn, 3 agst 2011

11. BBc, UK economy shrinks by 0.2% inlast three months of 2011, 25 Jnr2012, hp://www.bb..k/nws/bsnss-16715080 (lst ss 26Jnr 2012)

12. Trng enms, United KingdomInaon Rate rate, 2011, hp://www.trngnms.m/nt-kngm/nn-p (lst ss 18Jnr 2011)

13. Ibid.

14. Thssmn..k, Tesco balesmost challenging retail market

in a generaon as Britons ghten

spending, 5 otbr 2011, hp://www.thssmn..k/mn/mrkts/rl-2045446/Ts-bls-hllngng-rtl-mrkt-gnrn.html (lst ss 15 Nvmbr 2011)

15. Ts PLc, Christmas & New Year

Trading Statement, Fe invsgt,12 Jnr 2012, hp://www.nvstgt..k/arl.spx?=201201120700254213V (lstss 18 Jnr 2012)

16. crssl, Thms F., Lw, Hmshn od, crm (enm, nSl Rsrh cnl), HouseholdConsumpon Through Recent

Recessions, IFS Working Paper W11/18,instt fr Fsl Sts, Lnn, 17otbr 2011, p.18

17. Sk Nws, Oil prices biggest risk toUK growth, Mrh 29 2011, hp://nws.sk.m/hm/bsnss/rl/15962404 (lst ss 15 Nvmbr2011)

18. Trng enms, China GDPgrowth rate, 2011, hp://www.trngnms.m/hn/gp-grwth-nnl (lst ss 3 Jnr2011)

19. Trng enms, India GDPgrowth rate, 2011, hp://www.trngnms.m/n/gp-growth (lst ss 3 Jnr 2011)

20. ct aM, Governor: Time is running out,19 otbr 2011, hp://www.tm.m/nws-n-nlss/gvrnr-m-rnnng-t (lst ss 15Nvmbr 2011)

21. WTo, European Union trade prole,hp://stt.wt.rg/cntrPrl/WSdB cntrPFVw.spx?Lngg=e&cntr=e27,iN,cN (lst ss 15


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54 55

Nvmbr 2011)

22. Bk, arn, Chinas economic growthslows, Th Wll Strt Jrnl, 18otbr 2011, hp://nln.wsj.m/rl/SB10001424052970204346104576637874081066658.html (lstss 15 Nvmbr 2011)

23. BBc, China cuts growth target to 7.5%in 2012, 5 Mrh 2012, hp://www.bb..k/nws/bsnss-17254484(lst ss 21 Mrh 2012)

24. Trng enms, India GDPgrowth rate, 2011, hp://www.trngnms.m/n/gp-growth (lst ss 3 Jnr 2011)

25. orlk, Tm, Chinas Food-PriceIndigeson, Th Wll Strt Jrnl, 22Sptmbr 2011

26. Ntinn, Indias food inaon rate indouble digit territory again at 10.60%,20 otbr 2011, hp://nnn.n/nws/2011/10/20/00016639/ns-f-nn-rt-bl-gt-trrtr-gn-1060 (lst ss 15Nvmbr 2011);

BBc, Indian inaon eases asfood prices fall, 14 Fbrr 2012,hp://www.bb..k/nws/bsnss-17023787 (lst ss 21Mrh 2012)

27. orlk, Tm, Chinas Food-PriceIndigeson, Th Wll Strt Jrnl, 22Sptmbr 2011

28. FaoSTaT f prntsts, F n agrltrorgnsn f th untNns, 2010, hp://fstt.f.

rg/st/567/dsktpdflt.spx?Pgid=567#nr (lst ss6 Jnr 2012)

29. crp Prtn assn, Cropprotecon industry welcomes ChineseGovernment crackdown on counterfeit

pescides, 24 otbr 2011, hp://www.rpprtn.rg.k/nws/rp-prtn-nstr-wlms-hns-gvrnmnt-rkwn-n-ntrft-pss.spx (lst ss 15Nvmbr 2011)

30. FaoSTaT f prntsts, F n agrltr

orgnsn f th untNns, 2010, hp://fstt.f.rg/st/567/dsktpdflt.spx?Pgid=567#nr (lst ss6 Jnr 2012)

31. dvlpmnt, cnpts n dtrncntr (dcdc), Strategic TrendsProgramme: Global Strategic Trends

Out to 2040, Mnstr f dfnStrtg Trns Prgrmm, Lnn,12 Jnr 2010, p.110,

32. cntrl intllgn agn, The WorldFactbook, 2011, hps://www..gv/lbrr/pblns/th-wrl-ftbk/nx.html (lst ss 6 Jnr2012); ls, FaoSTaT f prn

tsts, F n agrltrorgnsn f th unt Nns,2010, hp://fstt.f.rg/st/567/dsktpdflt.spx?Pgid=567#nr (lst ss 6 Jnr 2012)

33. Rkr, Sn, The Value of CropProtecon: An Assessment of the

Full Benets for the Food Chain andLiving Standards, Th crp Prtnassn, Ptrbrgh, Nvmbr2010, p.8

34. erpn cnl, Direcve 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament andof the Council of 23 April 2009 on the

promoon of the use of energy fromrenewable sources and amending

and subsequently repealing Direcves

2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC, euR-Lx, 23 aprl 2009, hp://r-lx.rp./LxurSrv/LxurSrv.?r=ceLeX:32009L0028:eN:NoT (lstss 19 Jnr 2012)

35. Th enmst, Plagued by polics biofuels are an examples of what not to

do, 2

shocks and disruptions the relationship between food security and national security

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