shanmuga raja .b (bvb0912004)

7/28/2019 Shanmuga Raja .B (BVB0912004)

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MSRSAS - Postgraduate Engineering and Management Programme - PEMP

i

ASSIGNMENT

Module Code AMT 2502

Module Name Plastics and Composites technology.

CourseM.Sc [Engg] Advanced ManufacturingTechnology.

Department Mechanical and Manufacturing Engg.

Name of the Student Shanmuga Raja .B

Reg. No BVB0912004

Batch Full-Time 2012.

Module Leader Mr. Harsha G. Patil

POSTGRADUATEENGIN

EERINGANDMANAGEMENTPROGRA

MME

(PEMP)

M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced StudiesPostgraduate Engineering and Management Programmes(PEMP)

#470-P, Peenya Industrial Area, 4th Phase, Peenya, Bengaluru-560 058

Tel; 080 4906 5555, website: www.msrsas.org


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Declaration SheetStudent Name Shanmuga Raja .B

Reg. No BVB0912004

Course Advanced ManufacturingTechnology

Batch Full-Time 2012.

Batch Full-Time 2012

Module Code AMT 2502

Module Title Plastics and Composites technology

Module Date 14 Jan 2013 to 16 Feb 2013

Module Leader Mr. Harsha G. Patil

Declaration

The assignment submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations and that I have

conformed to the guidelines against plagiarism as laid out in the PEMP Student

Handbook. All sections of the text and results, which have been obtained from other

sources, are fully referenced. I understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a

breach of University regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.

Signature of the student Date

Submission date stamp(by ARO)

Signature of the Module Leader and date Signature of Head of the Department and date


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Abstract____________________________________________________________________________

A statement is put forth, Green plastics will replace petroleum based plastics by 2030,

considering the environmental balance which is ruined by thermoplastics. As it is known that

few of the products, especially commodity plastics are replaced with bio-plastic, what are the

limitations of using bio-plastic in engineering application? Are assessed based on cost,

synthesis and processing by various literature survey on current and expected trend. It is learnt

that big league automakers showing transcending interest in bio-plastic, have funded research

and adopted some of them in their own line of product. Based on finding and case studies, it is

clearly quoted that green plastics are the next future material.

Plastic processing is a science, which involves numerous considerations. The product

identified, Fan blade for AC outdoor unit, is analyzed for its material and mould designing

technique. As a preliminary stage, the part is modeled having all the required features and in the

subsequent stage the mould design considerations are taken into account and relevant core and

cavity design carried out. Impression layout, feed system and ejection system are proposed by

reasoning. The whole activity aided to realize the functional elements which make a mould and

the necessity of a proper design criterion. It is implied that the activity is not only at the softdesign but, numerous iterations on a trial and prove-out, which can be reduced by design stage.

As an act to replace the thermoplastic fan blade for AC outdoor unit, Composites are

approached as a liable material. The selection of material based on the functionality and cost is

proposed through drilling from the principle classification. Sheet moulding compound (SMC) is

identified as the suitable material by valid justification. The processing technique is chosen as

compression moulding and the various stages and factors are discussed. Things to lookout

while selection of material and process for composite is learnt. Advantages and limitations of

the process in comparison with other method is explained.


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Contents____________________________________________________________________________

Declaration Sheet.................................................................................................................. ii

Abstract ................................................................................................................................. iii

Contents ..................................................................................................................................ivList of Tables ........................................................................................................................... v

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................vi

List of Symbols .................................................................................................................... vii

1.Green Plastics ..................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Green plastic review .............................................................................................. 1

1.3 Advantages and Dis-advantages ............................................................................ 1

1.4 Cost, Synthesis and Processing ............................................................................. 2

1.5 Case studies ........................................................................................................... 3

1.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 3

2.Thermoplastic Fan blades.................................................................................................. 4

2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Component review ................................................................................................ 4

2.3 Material, Process identification and Justification .................................................. 6

2.4 Mould considerations ............................................................................................ 7

2.5 Design of Mould ................................................................................................... 8

2.6 Mould layout and Feed system ............................................................................ 10

2.7 Ejection system ................................................................................................... 11

2.8 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 12

3.Composite Fan blade ....................................................................................................... 13

3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 13

3.2 Material identification and Justification .............................................................. 13

3.3 Manufacturing technique ..................................................................................... 15

3.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 17

Learning Outcome 18

References 19

Bibliography 21

Appendix-1(Solar Panel Substrate) 22


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v

List of Tables

____________________________________________________________________________

Table No. Title of the table Pg.No.Table 1.3 Classes of Green polymer 2

Table 3.2a Composite classification 13

Table 3.2b Generic SMC proportion 15


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vi

List of Figures____________________________________________________________________________

Figure No. Title of the figure Pg.No.Figure 1.4a Bio-plastic synthesis 2

Figure 1.4b PLA processing 2

Figure 1.5a Fiber floor mat for Pajero mini 3Figure 1.5b Bosch-Siemens-Hausgerte Vacuum cleaner cover 3

Figure 2.2a AC outdoor unit propeller 4

Figure 2.2b Features of Fan 4

Figure 2.2c Fan dimensions 5

Figure 2.3 Material selection 6

Figure 2.4a Single daylight mould 7

Figure 2.4b Side core system 7

Figure 2.5a Parting line 8

Figure 2.5b Cavity extraction 9

Figure 2.5c Core extraction 9

Figure 2.6a Cavity mould layout 10Figure 2.6b Core mould layout 10

Figure 2.6c Filler bowl gate 11

Figure 2.7a Elements of Ejection system 11

Figure 2.7b Ejector pin action 12

Figure 3.3a SMC fan 15

Figure 3.3b Compression moulding setup 16

Figure 3.3c SMC cycle 16


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List of Symbols____________________________________________________________________________

Abbrev Description

C/C Carbon Carbon CompositeCMC Ceramic Matrix Composite

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid

INR Indian Rupee

MMC Metal Matrix Composite

PHB Polyhdroxybutyrate

PLA Polylactic acid

PMC Polymer Matrix Composite

PPC polypropylene carbonate

PTT Polytrimethylene Terephthalate

SMC Sheet Moulding Compound


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1

PART-A

CHAPTER 1

1. Green Plastics1.1 Introduction:

Plastics, a ubiquitous material has changed the fate of every modern outlook. The whole paradigm

shift from metals to plastic is because of its versatility of shape, weight benefits and durability.

Major drawback is its disintegration, which takes more than 1000 years to decompose naturally [1].

Though traditional polymers accounts around 5% of overall petroleum usage, recycling has certain

limitations where only higher grades can recycled to subsequent lower grades finally ending up as

useless and occupying large geographic landfills. Due to radical increase in consumption, the

lookout for alternative renewable and decomposable material is vital concerning environmental

outcome. Biodegradable plastics are the key solution mimicking the actual properties rather more

eco- friendly than petroleum plastics. As the technology is still infant but, promises a greater niche

to act as a serious contender to petro-plastic. The discussion is all about whether; Green plastics

could replace Petroleum based plastics by year 2030, exploring the factoids and trend feasible to

support the topic.

1.2 Green plastics review:Green plastics, often called as biodegradable plastics or simply bio-plastics are derivatives from

renewable sources of plant or animal extract as feedstock, and whose end of life is by composting

and yielding back to the environment before a year. The difference between petro-plastics and bio-

plastics lies in the polymer subset whether, petrol or living sources. There are two main types of

bio-polymers, one which is synthesized directly by an organism e.g. DNA, Proteins,

Polysaccharides. And the other synthesized by plants e.g. Starch and Cellulose based [2].

Commercially, starch based bio-plastics accounts 80% of the market.

1.3 Advantages and Dis-advantages:

Green polymers has various advantages such as, a renewable source like corn, soy, sugar can be

used produce. The carbon footprint over the life cycle; greenhouse gas emission is less compared to

petro-plastics. Toxins free requiring less energy to produce than its counterpart. However few

limitations cease its scope like, strength requirement, segregation methodologies between

recyclable and compostable plastics. Basically green polymers are designed for composting not

recycling. Increased land requirement for cultivation particular to produce green polymer[3] [4]

.


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Modern green polymers are classified into three stages, their uses and review is shown in table 1.3

Type Origin Examples Products Utility Advantages Dis-advantages

IExtracted from

biomass directly

Polysaccha

rides

(Starch)

Non-durable

goods:

Packaging

Medium Low cost

Modest

strength, Poor

water resistance

II

Polymer from

large scale

fermentation of

biomass

PHBV

Durable goods:

Toiletry and

Office

accessories

Low

Superior

physical

properties,

good water

resistance

Synthesizing

cost, narrow

melting range

III

Monomer

extracted from

biomass

PLA

Non-durable

goods:

Disposable

plates, Cups,

films

High

More cost

effective than

Type II,

Optical clarity,

moisture

resistance

Low thermal

resistance,

brittleness, high

specific weight

Table 1.3: Classes of Green polymer.

1.4 Cost, Synthesis and Processing:

The cost of the green plastic in current market is 2 to 10 times more expensive than traditional

plastics. This alone cant justify the viability, since the cost here is directly related to the product,

no cost concerns are justified for its after maintenance. For example, we buy a plastic bag for 1INR,

that we bear directly, the waste collection, landfill, segregation and recycling is not borne by us[5]

.

So, instead of unit cost, the life cycle assessment explains a factual cost borne in all aspect with aim

on more eco-friendly attributes examining the total carbon footprint as well. With this context the

production cost of bio-plastic can be more, but the total energy expedited is less compared to petro-

plastic. Besides, bio-plastic waste; an end of life by-product is a worthy residue for biomass.

The bio-plastic synthesis can be done via three ways, micro-organism, natural polymer or from

biomass as shown in Figure 1.4a PLA produced from biomass is shown in Figure 1.4b

Figure 1.4a: Bio-plastic synthesis Figure 1.4b: PLA processing


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1.5 Case Studies:

The larger scope of bio-plastic is in the application of non-durable commodity plastics, whether it is

also suitable for its durability aspects need to be assessed by practical cases performed over.

Case 1:Mitsubishi Motor Company (MMC) has developed plant based polymer for Fiber floor mat. The

material used is Polytrimethylene Terephthalate (PTT) derived from 1, 3-propanediol, produced

through the fermentation of carbohydrate extracted from corn starch, etc., and terephthalic acid

from oil. It offers excellent elasticity and flexibility lowering CO2 emission by 51% compared to

petroleum counterpart [8]. Figure 1.5a shows the fiber mat.

Case 2:

Siemens, have developed an alternate material to Polystyrene based Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-

Styrene by combining bio-polymer, polyhdroxybutyrate (PHB) and carbon dioxide polymer,

polypropylene carbonate (PPC) containing 43% by weight CO2, and demonstrating it to make a

vacuum cleaner cover under series production[9]

. Figure 1.5b shows the part produced.

1.6 Conclusion:

The factoid and Case studies are favorable to quote that Green plastics, now may not be a feasible

option due to maturing technology. But, the interest expressed by major league players over

sustainable sources is really appreciable. Significant research has been catered, 20 patents in 1998

against 330 patents in 2005 [10] to cope the demand and in forthcoming years evolve copying the

whole properties of petroleum based chemicals with better performance and strong ecological

balance. Though lot of improvisation need to be done considering over agricultural land crisis and

pliable methods of compositing, people joining hands with legislation for a greener tomorrow, Bio

plastics are sure the material of the next future.

Figure 1.5a: Fiber floor mat

for Pajero mini[8]

Figure 1.5b: Bosch-Siemens-

Hausgerte Vacuum cleaner cover[9]


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PART-B

CHAPTER 2________________________________________________________________________________

2. Thermoplastic Fan blades2.1 Overview:

Polymer fans are replacing metal based fans from small ventilator fans of computer to large

windmill blades. In particular so as to say because of its high strength to specific weight and able to

form into complex aero foil designs. The forthcoming discussion deals with materials and

processing of medium sized exhaust fan used for ventilation in split air conditioning outdoor units.

The fan blade design is in such a way that maximum air is driven out of the system to keep the unit

i.e. the compressor and condenser unit cool. Finite element model can only justify the right

proportion of the blade design, however considering thermoplastic perspective a sample design is

rendered and its stages are explored.

2.2 Component review:

AC outdoor unit propeller fan as shown in Figure 2.2a is used to drive the hot air rapidly and

effectively out of the system.

Figure 2.2a: AC outdoor unit propeller[11]

The features of the fan are explained by geometric modeling in Catia V5 R20, Part modeling

workbench. Figure 2.2b shows the fan labeled by their feature.

Figure 2.2b: Features of Fan


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Rotor hub:

It is the mating feature of the fan with engages with electric motor. The fit between fan and electric

motor is very crucial, excessive gap leads to play between them and eventually the surface wears

off due to off-balance eccentric turns.

Vanes:

These are stiff curved blades which extract hot air from behind through suction and force them out

of the system. The effectiveness of fan depends on size of the fan (diameter and length of blade),

number of vanes, the pitch and blade angle and the speed of rotation.

Locator Rib:

It is the channeled interface which, locks with the grooved electric motor shaft. Some fans come

with faced shoulder to have an interlock.

Recess hole:

It is a hole through which the fan can be coupled i.e. fastened securely using stainless steel screw

and washer (Stainless steel is used because of environmental effects).

Rib:

These features contributes to the stiffness of the propeller hub, without which the hollow hub have a

tendency to warp while production as well as with effectiveness breakdown.

Figure 2.2c shows approximate dimensions of the thermoplastic fan.

Figure 2.2c: Fan dimensions


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2.3 Material, Process identification and Justification:

As a step further the material need to be selected considering performance, process-ability and

monetary aspects. As it is clear by the geometry and function of the fan that, it needs semi-

crystalline materials to impart requirement toughness, fatigue resistance, stress cracking and waterresistant conditions, the selection can be narrowed concerning those materials. Figure 2.3 suggests

material selection criteria.

Figure 2.3: Material selection [12]

Polypropylene is the suitable material because of its low cost, good chemical resistance, fatigue

resistance, high formability and high recyclability. Because of its lower density, fillers can be added

to impart more weather-ability and flame retardation. Panasonic Air conditioners uses

Polypropylene fan for their outdoor unit in Model CU-E9NKUA and CU-E12NKUA [13].

The product can only be produced by Injection moulding, because of following factors and benefits

Almost any complex shape can be produced. The product output rate is fast. Cost effective methodology for longer production run depreciating the cost of tool. High accuracy and flawless product can be delivered.


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2.4 Mould considerations:

Single daylight mould is the most commonly used tool prospects for injection moulding. The reason

behind this is double daylight / triple daylight with stripper or underfeed is easy to function when

the parting line is planar instead of a contour. Multiple impressions on the mould ups theproductivity and reduces cost of the final component, though a single daylight mould with single

impression is used here because of the large overall dimension of the fan. Multiple impression

mould poses large mould requiring high machine tonnage and higher operating pressures. The fan

chosen has no undercuts, else would have needed Side core members carrying the form and

actuating sideways on the defined rails of core plate. Side cores need finger cams mounted on

cavity plate to drive sideways while mould closing and opening. A uniform thickened component

is the best to offer greater process-ability performance. Figure 2.4a shows a typical single daylight

mould used for Fan injection moulding. Figure 2.4b shows side core system for undercut.

Figure 2.4a: Single daylight mould[14]

.

Figure 2.4b: Side core system [15].


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Some of the approximate calculations are handy prior to mould design which gives a rough estimate

of the equipment rating required for the process [16].

Shot Projected area = d

2

/ 4 = 3.142 x (30)

2

/ 4 = 707 cm

2

(Part diameter considered as 300 mm)Clamping Pressure = 176 Kg/cm2 (Ratio of 50:1 i.e. 100 mm flow depth to 3mm thick)

Clamping force = Shot projected area (Part + Runner) x Clamping pressure

710 x 176 = 124960 Kg = 125 ton and 150 tons, with 20% Factor of safety.

2.5 Design of Mould:

Mould design starts with geometric modeling of the component before- hand. Cavity reflects the

outer surface of the component which is directly visible and Core resembles the inner surface of the

component with ribs and bosses enhancing its stiffness. The parting line need to be determined so

as create the core and cavity splits. Following stages need to be evolved for mould design.

Determine the parting line. Extract Cavity surface from parting line of component. Extract Core surface from parting line of component. Design the impression layout based on numbers. Runner and gate design. Design ejection system.

Parting line:

For a Fan component it is best to make the blade thickness split into half in cavity and half in core,

this obsoletes the challenges of machining complex undercut radius of blade. Figure 2.5a shows the

parting line for the Fan component.

Figure 2.5a: Parting line


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Cavity surface extraction:

The modeled component should be with the allowances (shrinkage) and tolerances. For planar

parting line, a Boolean operator (remove) can be performed over the final block and the part, but

fan has a contoured parting line, so it is always preferred to extract the surfaces. Figure 2.5b showsthe extraction of Cavity.

Figure 2.5b: Cavity extraction.

Core surface extraction:

Surfaces as well as ribs are extracted to form the other half i.e. Core. Ribs should possess a draft so

it can be ejected safely from the core, usually an angle of 1o 2o is used on strengthening ribs.

Figure 2.5c shows core is being extracted.

Figure 2.5c: Core extraction.


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2.6 Mould layout and Feed system:

Once the basic form is extracted a mould layout is created configuring the overall dimension of the

mould along with the necessary features which is very much mandatory in the mould operation.

Cavity:

Cavity should contain one half of the impression and a feed system to pour the molten plastic.

Guide pillars are fitted to the cavity on four corners to facilitate alignment between the Core half.

Usually a guide pillar is an insert with, precise standard dimension and grooves providing access of

lubrication while in action. Figure 2.6a shows the mould layout of the cavity

Figure 2.6a: Cavity mould layout

Core:

Core contains guide bushes to align with pillars on cavity, with features as shown in Figure 2.6b

Figure 2.6b: Core mould layout


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Feed System:

The whole material flow perspective is vital for designing a feed system for the mould.

Symmetrical part which flares out from center always needs a central feeding system so as to

reduce weld or meld lines formed due to welding of different temperature gradients. A Filter bowlgate, which is basically a Sprue gate is used in particular to the product which have direct lead holes

and provide uniform flow. The main disadvantage of this feeding system is the large witness mark

left. Figure 2.6c shows a Filter bowl gate design.

Figure 2.6c: Filler bowl gate [17].

2.7 Ejection system:

One of the final phase of mould design is defining the ejection system. Since, the blade portion of

fan cannot be used for ejection because of the requirement of contoured ejector to suit the form of

blade and indexing strategy in ejector plate. The cost effective methodology is to provide on

propeller hub between the rib, this would leave an almost invisible mark on part. A Round ejector

pin is used because of lower cost. Figure 2.7a shows the various elements of the ejector system, and

Figure 2.7b shows the ejector pin action.

Projected core pin

Figure 2.7a: Elements of Ejection system


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Figure 2.7b: Ejector pin action

The gap between the mold opening (daylight) i.e. core and cavity is the overall thickness of the

component with 150-200mm safe distance. The length of ejector pin protrusion depends on the part

thickness which is totally clear to fall free without manual intervention.

2.8 Conclusion:

The basic process involved in the design of the Fan mould is discussed without missing the

fundamental background; however huge expertise is required to design a mould to reduce the

number of iterations on trial to prove-out. Analysis software provides an edge by virtually

simulating the flow characteristics of the material, based on which necessary modifications can be

rendered in tool design to get a sound product.


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PART-C

CHAPTER 3________________________________________________________________________________

3. Composite Fan Blades3.1 Overview:

Composites are materials which exhibit superior properties than any other material alone. Tailoring

the material as per the requirement is the beauty of the material. Crosslinking of matrix and the

reinforcement makes the part almost indestructible. The objective of the topic is to replace the

previously selected thermoplastic material for fan blade with the composites. All critical

functionality is assessed and proposal is made in selection of material and also addressing the

manufacturing techniques.

3.2 Material identification and Justification:

Selection of right composites for the application, need to be narrowed down from fundamental

composition i.e. the matrix and reinforcement categories.

Matrix

Metal Matrix composites (MMC)

Ceramic Matrix composites (CMC)

Polymer Matrix composites (PMC)

Carbon Carbon composites (C/C)

Reinforcement

Particulate reinforcement

Flakes reinforcement

Fiber reinforcement

Table 3.2a: Composite classification.

Matrix selection:

Considering the fan prospects, properties such as stiffness, impact resistance, corrosion resistance,

fatigue resistance, process-ability and cost are key criteria; each matrix types are compared andcontrasted.

Metal matrix composites, offers excellent mechanical properties, however manufacturingof complex thin blade design is out of practical domain because the powder blend which

is in green state is difficult to compact and sinter.

Ceramics matrix composites are similar to MMC, where the base matrix is ceramicinstead of metal. Since, powder metallurgy is the manufacturing concept, CMC is also

ruled out.


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Polymer matrix composites can be either with thermoplastic or thermoset, and iscomparatively economical and process-able providing all the properties expected.

Carbon Carbon composites are made obsolete for the particular application because ofthe cost incur in material as well as the process.

From the assessment it can be concluded that Polymer matrix would be the ideal based on

functionality, performance, process-ability and cost.

Reinforcement selection:

Forming the backbone of successful component, the option needs to be drilled out for optimum

results.

Particulate reinforcement is generally out of scope so far as the polymer matrix isconcerned, unless if it deals with Nano composites.

Flakes are basically an economical option, but the main disadvantage is distributionwhich may cause lumps creating voids and pre-mature failure.

Fiber reinforcement is an ideal option above all because of its directionality anddistribution standpoint.

Fiber reinforcement is the best option for a fan blade. Short fibers are best suit than continuous

fibers considering the span of the component.

The major drawback while considering composite as an alternative material, is the cost of material

and processing. So, thermoplastic matrix with glass fiber reinforcement is best choice, since the

thickness of the blade is uniform, a Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC) is selected, with glass

reinforcement and polyester matrix. The advantages of SMC[18]

are,

Can take excellent contour and can keep dimensions very close. Provides higher performance at moderate tooling cost. High corrosion resistance can be produced with color and texture.

A generic rule of mixture of Sheet Moulding Compound and the function of each additive is shown

in table 3.2b


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Table 3.2b: Generic SMC proportion[19]

3.3 Manufacturing technique:

Sheet moulding compound (SMC), processing has to be carried out in Compression moulding.

Unlike injection moulding, compression moulding faces large limitations over the complexity of the

part. Ribs, intricacies are easily fabricated in injection moulding and are largely difficult in

compression moulding since high melt flow is involved in the former. So, certain modification of

the part geometry is mandatory. Figure 3.3a shows the modified fan design for SMC compressionmoulding, without losing any of its functional performance.

Figure 3.3a: SMC fan [20]

Compression moulding is a discrete mass production technique predominantly used in fabrication

of thermoset polymer. The cycle involves placing the charge between the heated mould and

compacted under pressure and finally ejecting post curing.


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The compression moulding setup involves two matching mould and sources for applying pressure

and temperature as shown in Figure 3.3b

Figure 3.3b: Compression moulding setup [21]

The principle manufacturing practice followed in compression moulding of composite fan blade is,

The moulds are held between the hydraulic press heated platen. A charge, Sheet moulding compound is placed between them, this can be manual or

automated. Preform charge i.e. already cut to specification should be placed.

Sufficient pressure is applied on the SMC by closing the mould. SMC is softened because of the temperature and flows to the recess of the matching die,

time is allowed at that state to polymerize (crosslink).

The part can be cooled and ejected from the open mould, ready for next charge.

The overall cycle of temperature, pressure with respect to time is as shown in Figure 3.3c

Figure 3.3c: SMC cycle


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Some of the manufacturing factors that need to be realized for compression moulding are[22]

,

Heating of mould wall Rate or speed of closing Clamping force required Gel time Curing time (for demoulding)

Advantages:

Compression moulding has few of the unique advantages compared to other composite

manufacturing techniques.

The process has a fast cycle time and low cost. Volatile emissions are negligible or null. High volume of production is possible with fairly complex geometry. Surface will be smooth and consistent. Low hazards, as labor is less intense and can be automated.

Disadvantages:

Though compression moulding is the fastest and consistent process, some limitation restricts itsapplication.

High capital investment is required for the hot platen hydraulic presses. High operating pressures are involved. Due to matched mould processing and presses, limits the size of component. Cracks and void are much more vulnerable.Not suitable for parts with undercuts and deep cavities, require secondary operation.

3.4 Conclusion:

The thermoplastic replacement of fan blade is Sheet mould compound, these products are readily

available in the market, one of the major disadvantages is the cost compared to plastic but, the

product with excellent mechanical properties are possible. The material and process selection

criteria are learnt, with various technical and functional attributes. Though reinforcement with

natural fibers is available, no method is available on breaking the crosslink and restoring the fiber.


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Learning Outcome________________________________________________________________________________

Green plastic, an excellent topic to debate over. Everyone say to have a shift toward ecological

concern as a prime attitude. But, the dilemma still exists because none afford to pay the extraburden to provide an eco-friendly product. The limitations are realized and also the scope for future,

concerning material selection downgrading carbon footprint is learnt.

The art of mould design is understood by carrying the design of fan. Catia V5 loosened the

contradicting work involved. At the end of the section, appreciation is gained over the effort

rendered. The topic made me to apply the elements and understanding on a practical component,

leveraging my confidence henceforth my future application.

Composite approach is a whole new dimension, requires lot of clear state of understanding,

although I had an experience in the practical usage, configuring wholly from a standpoint base was

never attempted. This knowledge earned with the module made me to apply on real-time

phenomena, which helped to see my future options with the same industry in whole new level.


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References________________________________________________________________________________

[1] Zaki Kuruppalil (2011) Green Plastics: An Emerging Alternative for Petroleum-BasedPlastics? [online] available from [06 Feb 2013] p. 59-61

[2] Brian Momani (2009) Assessment of the Impacts of Bioplastics: [online] availablefrom < http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-031609-

205515/unrestricted/bioplastics.pdf> [06 Feb 2013] p.16-17

[3] Mark Jeantheau (2010) Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioplastics [online] availablefrom [06

Feb 2013]

[4] Michael Stern Ed., (n.d,) Corn Starch Plastic The 7 Advantages and Disadvantages of itsUse [online] available from [06 Feb 2013]

[5] Australian academy of Science (n.d,) Making packaging greener-biodegradable plastics[online] available from

[07 Feb 2013] p.2

[6]

Rite research projects (n.d,) Development of Biodegradable Plastics [online] availablefrom [07 Feb 2013]

[7] National Innovation agency (2008) National roadmap for development of Bioplasticindustry [online] available from

[07 Feb 2013]

p.15

[8] Mitsubishi-motors (n.d,) Green Plastic (Plant-Based Plastics Technology) [online]available from < http://www.mitsubishi-

motors.com/en/spirit/technology/library/green_plastic.html> [07 Feb 2013]

[9] Doris de Guzman (2012) Siemens develop ABS plastic alternative [online] available from< http://www.icis.com/blogs/green-chemicals/2012/05/siemens-develop-abs-plastic-

al.html> [07 Feb 2013]

[10] Zaki Kuruppalil (2011) Green Plastics: An Emerging Alternative for Petroleum-BasedPlastics? [online] available from [06 Feb 2013] p. 63-64

[11] Direct Industry (2012) EBMPAPST [online] available from [12Feb 2013]


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[12] Curbell Plastics (n.d,) Material selection guide [online] available from [12 Feb 2013]

[13] Panasonic (n.d,) Service manual Air Conditioner [online] available from [12 Feb 2013] p.6

[14] SZ-wholesaler.com (n.d,) Fan Mould [online] available from [14 Feb 2013]

[15] LanXess (2007) Engineering Plastics: Part and Mold design [online] available from [14 Feb 2013] p.124

[16] Harsha G. Patil (2013) Module notes: Plastic processing machines, Bangalore: MSRSAS[17] LanXess (2007) Engineering Plastics: Part and Mold design [online] available from

[14 Feb 2013] p.143

[18] Alldene ltd. (2006) sheet moulding compound [online] available on [16 Feb 2013]

[19] Georgia Institute of technology (n.d,) Compression moulding [online] available from [16 Feb2013] p.17

[20] SZ-Promo.com (n.d,) Refrigeration ventilation [online] available from < http://www.sz-promo.com/allspcat/china801/ca8041/refrigeration-ventilation-page-39.html> [16 Feb

2013]

[21] Dr.Sirirat Wacharawichanant (n.d,) Compression moulding [online] available from [16 Feb 2013]

[22] Georgia Institute of technology (n.d,) Compression moulding [online] available from [16 Feb2013] p.23-25


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MSRSAS - Postgraduate Engineering and Management Programme - PEMPBibliography

________________________________________________________________________________

1. Peter Jones (2008)The Mould Design guide, Shropshire: Smithers Rapra technologylimited.

2. West System (2010)Vacuum Bagging guide, 7th Edn, Miami: Gougeon brothers inc.,

3. Alexander Horn, Nick Sumoski (2012) Bio-Plastics: An Economical and Environmental

choice, Pittsburgh: Swanson school of Engineering.

4. Sebastian Fenke (2012) Fan Impeller Injection mould [online] available from< http://grabcad.com/library/fan-impeller-injection-mould> [05 Feb 2013]

shanmuga raja .b (bvb0912004)

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