seismic design - bridges

Seismic Designof Bridges

Lucero E. Mesa, P.E.

AASHTO - Division IADraft Specifications, 1996SCDOT 2001 Seismic Design SpecificationsComparison Between LRFD & SCDOT Specs.SCDOT Seismic Hazard MapsTraining and ImplementationConclusionsSCDOT Seismic Design Of Bridges Overview

USGS 1988 Seismic Hazard MapsForce based designSoil Classification I-IVNo explicit Performance CriteriaClassification based only on acceleration coefficientAASHTO Div IA

CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA August 31, 1886 (Intensity IX-X)

Earthquake of August 31, 1886 Charleston, South CarolinaMagnitude=7.3M, Intensity = X

Sandblow in Charleston

1996 USGS Seismic Hazard Maps

Difference in spectral acceleration between South Carolina and California

Normal Bridges : 2/3 of the 2% in 50 yr. Event

Essential Bridges: Two-Level Analysis

Draft Specifications

Force based specificationsN (seat width)Soil classification: I IVDraft Specifications Version of 1999

Draft Specifications

Maybank Bridge over the Stono RiverCarolina Bays ParkwayBroad and Chechessee River BridgesNew Cooper River BridgeBobby Jones ExpresswaySite Specific Studies

SC-38 over I-95 - Dillon County

Maybank Highway Bridge over the Stono River - Charleston CountySEISMIC DESIGN TRIAL EXAMPLES

SC-38 over I-95Description of Project Conventional bridge structure Two 106.5 ft. spans with a composite reinforced concrete deck, supported by 13 steel plate girders and integral abutments The abutments and the interior bents rest on deep foundations

Original Seismic Design

SCDOT version of Div-IA AASHTO (Draft)2/3 of 2% in 50 yr1996 USGS maps usedPGA of 0.15g, low potential for liquefactionResponse Spectrum AnalysisTrial Design Example

Proposed LRFD Seismic GuidelinesMCE 3% PE in 75 yr.Expected Earthquake 50% PE in 75 yr.2000 USGS mapsPGA of 0.33g, at MCE, further evaluation for liquefaction is needed.Response Spectrum Analysis

SC-38 over I-95

Maybank Highway Bridgeover the Stono River

118 spans 1-62 flat slab deck supported by PCP 63-104 /33 -meter girder spans and 2 columns per bent supported by shafts. The main span over the river channel consists of a 3 span steel girder frame w/ 70 meter center span. 105-118 flat slab deck supported by PCP Maybank Highway over Stono River Description of project

Original Seismic DesignSCDOT version of AASHTO Div. I-A (Draft)Site Specific Seismic HazardBridge classified as essentialProject specific seismic performance criteria Two level Analysis:FEE 10% in 50 yr. eventSEE - 2% in 50 yr. event

Trial Design ExampleProposed LRFD Guidelines -2002 Two Level Analysis:Expected Earthquake - 50% in 75 yr.MCE 3% in 75 yr.

Maybank Highway over Stono River

Original Seismic Design

Soil Classification: Type II

Trial Design Example

Stiff Marl classified as Site Class DMaybank Highway over Stono River

The SCDOT 's new specifications adopted the NCHRP soil site classification and the Design Spectra described on LRFD 3.4.1

If this structure were designed using the new SCDOT Seismic Design Specifications, October 2001, the demand forces would be closer if not the same to those found using the Proposed LRFD Guideline -2002 .

Cooper River BridgeCharleston Co.Seismic Design Criteria- Seismic PanelSynthetic TH PGA - 0.65gSa 1.85 at T=0.2 secSa 0.65 at T=1 secLiquefaction

Cooper River Bridge 2500 Yr - SEE for Main Piers

Chart1

0.5981221

0.5978828

0.6062332

0.657019

1.223743

1.525207

1.761362

1.862492

2.024883

2.045064

2.091099

2.00417

1.94197

1.870716

1.696202

1.733649

1.628175

1.600173

1.550332

1.461866

1.446079

1.362169

1.321136

1.262395

1.206377

1.201801

1.140568

1.05765

0.9622915

0.8935123

0.8801973

0.8095753

0.8069438

0.7238672

0.6846485

0.7379509

0.6628761

0.60621

0.6031591

0.6408467

0.6078629

0.5634667

0.534583

0.5132261

0.5162748

0.5103902

0.4989988

0.454771

0.4516279

0.4382602

0.4076472

0.391627

0.388504

0.3712839

0.349106

0.3290744

0.3091084

0.2858528

0.2600183

0.2753139

0.2427134

0.1941293

0.1961209

0.1956073

0.1845256

0.1659677

0.1554216

0.1468234

0.1344521

0.1237631

0.1180613

0.1142936

Period, sec

Spectral Acceleration, g

US17 COOPER RIVER BRIDGES 2500-YR SEE for Main Piers (Vertical Spectra)

Sheet1

Design Response Spectra for Main Piers (File: 1SEE-V)

SEE (2,500-yr), Vertical Components

Damping5%Top of Layer 5 @ Depth of 30 ft

Mean + One Sigma from 3 time histories

Time (sec)Acc (g)

0.0010.5981221

0.010.5978828

0.020.6062332

0.040.657019

0.061.223743

0.081.525207

0.11.761362

0.121.862492

0.142.024883

0.162.045064

0.182.091099

0.22.00417

0.221.94197

0.241.870716

0.261.696202

0.281.733649

0.31.628175

0.321.600173

0.341.550332

0.361.461866

0.381.446079

0.41.362169

0.421.321136

0.441.262395

0.461.206377

0.481.201801

0.51.140568

0.551.05765

0.60.9622915

0.650.8935123

0.70.8801973

0.750.8095753

0.80.8069438

0.850.7238672

0.90.6846485

0.950.7379509

10.6628761

1.050.60621

1.10.6031591

1.150.6408467

1.20.6078629

1.250.5634667

1.30.534583

1.350.5132261

1.40.5162748

1.450.5103902

1.50.4989988

1.550.454771

1.60.4516279

1.650.4382602

1.70.4076472

1.750.391627

1.80.388504

1.850.3712839

1.90.349106

1.950.3290744

20.3091084

2.20.2858528

2.40.2600183

2.60.2753139

2.80.2427134

30.1941293

3.20.1961209

3.40.1956073

3.60.1845256

3.80.1659677

40.1554216

4.20.1468234

4.40.1344521

4.60.1237631

4.80.1180613

50.1142936

5.20.1073436

5.49.73E-02

5.68.46E-02

5.87.93E-02

68.31E-02

6.27.90E-02

6.46.95E-02

6.65.91E-02

6.85.10E-02

74.44E-02

7.23.90E-02

7.43.57E-02

7.63.40E-02

7.83.28E-02

83.21E-02

8.23.06E-02

8.42.84E-02

8.62.59E-02

8.82.37E-02

92.23E-02

9.22.12E-02

9.42.01E-02

9.61.88E-02

9.80.0176052

101.65E-02

101.65E-02

Sheet1

Period, sec

Spectral Acceleration, g

US17 COOPER RIVER BRIDGES 2500-YR SEE for Main Piers (Vertical Spectra)

1see-v

Graph Title:Response Spectra

XAxis Name:Period (sec)

YAxis Title:Acceleration (g)

Curve (1)Layer: 1 - EQ No: 1 - Damping: 5.00% - Outcrop: Yes

Curve (2)Layer: 4 - EQ No: 1 - Damping: 5.00% - Outcrop: No




Curve (6)Layer: 23 - EQ No: 1 - Damping: 5.00% - Outcrop: Yes

0.0010.6639790.0010.6126870.0010.6017390.0010.5870090.0010.5473610.0010.563035

0.010.6643420.010.6129580.010.6015090.010.5868250.010.5474320.010.56292

0.020.6782990.020.6233880.020.6102480.020.5946930.020.5531090.020.574514

0.040.8096420.040.683720.040.6642030.040.6383330.040.5839830.040.733456

0.061.7202920.061.2930730.061.1969320.061.0710590.060.751390.061.556581

0.081.9695960.081.6340070.081.5489670.081.4344260.081.1286480.081.884698

0.12.1095440.11.8825330.11.8217040.11.7382270.11.5080350.11.921365

0.122.0915490.121.9472590.121.9088960.121.8574990.121.713190.121.831834

0.142.2378830.142.0999860.142.062050.142.0125380.141.8769230.141.908614

0.162.230510.162.1181640.162.0869220.162.0435150.161.9327710.161.856386

0.182.2704080.182.1808420.182.155840.182.1210560.182.0232390.181.826766

0.22.1324820.22.065440.22.0466780.22.0205530.21.9466220.21.751518

0.222.0791360.222.0262020.222.0113420.221.9906240.221.9318760.221.692653

0.241.982820.241.9398550.241.9277910.241.9109710.241.8632640.241.655895

0.261.7594540.261.726670.261.7174390.261.704560.261.6679810.261.497739

0.281.8278860.281.7949610.281.7857110.281.7728130.281.7362240.281.54418

0.31.6602490.31.6377170.31.6313580.31.6224780.31.5972250.31.442849

0.321.6562630.321.6359680.321.6302460.321.6222580.321.5995460.321.443855

0.341.6221610.341.6047760.341.5998570.341.5929820.341.5733980.341.426851

0.361.5257430.361.5116030.361.5076330.361.5020980.361.4863920.361.379443

0.381.5089420.381.4950360.381.4910990.381.4855980.381.4699240.381.354345

0.41.4067050.41.3955870.41.3924430.41.3880510.41.3755350.41.286692

0.421.3719220.421.3611940.421.3581370.421.3538540.421.3416090.421.257914

0.441.2872660.441.2793380.441.2771020.441.2739810.441.2651050.441.189661

0.461.2500850.461.2440250.461.2423040.461.2398950.461.2330130.461.171156

0.481.2369710.481.2308090.481.2290650.481.2266290.481.2196840.481.160286

0.51.1757920.51.1702680.51.1686950.51.1664920.51.1601930.51.11132

0.551.09030.551.0858020.551.0845190.551.0827220.551.0775830.551.037285

0.60.9971740.60.9945680.60.9938190.60.9927680.60.9897530.60.962379

0.650.92860.650.9255950.650.9247410.650.9235480.650.920140.650.891063

0.70.9003350.70.8982940.70.8977150.70.8969060.70.8945940.70.878113

0.750.8395750.750.837650.750.8371030.750.8363380.750.8341520.750.818069

0.80.8432270.80.8412410.80.8406760.80.8398860.80.8376270.80.821399

0.850.734460.850.7327240.850.7322330.850.7315450.850.7295870.850.713836

0.90.6926940.90.6917040.90.6914190.90.6910180.90.6898640.90.680868

0.950.7784890.950.7771320.950.7767460.950.7762060.950.7746620.950.762736

10.68223410.6811910.68089110.68047310.67927310.669278

1.050.6168731.050.6162351.050.6160511.050.6157951.050.6150611.050.611473

1.10.6142681.10.613521.10.6133081.10.6130131.10.6121731.10.607066

1.150.6674971.150.6667841.150.666581.150.6662961.150.6654831.150.659509

1.20.6297131.20.6290481.20.6288581.20.6285921.20.6278311.20.622585

1.250.5761711.250.5755161.250.575331.250.5750711.250.5743321.250.569377

1.30.5437451.30.5432921.30.5431661.30.5429881.30.5424821.30.538142

1.350.5186251.350.5182341.350.5181231.350.5179691.350.5175291.350.514648

1.40.5239911.40.5236191.40.5235131.40.5233641.40.522941.40.52026

1.450.5167141.450.5164211.450.5163381.450.5162221.450.5158921.450.513471

1.50.5048611.50.5045571.50.5044721.50.5043511.50.5040091.50.502603

1.550.4602561.550.4600661.550.4600121.550.4599351.550.4597171.550.458465

1.60.4576281.60.4572931.60.4571981.60.4570641.60.4566821.60.45483

1.650.4470391.650.446671.650.4465651.650.4464181.650.4459991.650.443562

1.70.4119591.70.4116131.70.4115141.70.4113761.70.4109821.70.408233

1.750.3974411.750.3973051.750.3972651.750.3972111.750.3970541.750.396437

1.80.4015161.80.4013351.80.4012841.80.4012141.80.4010151.80.399862

1.850.3868911.850.386761.850.3867221.850.3866691.850.3865181.850.385855

1.90.364321.90.3642411.90.3642181.90.3641861.90.3640931.90.363699

1.950.3418761.950.3417671.950.3417361.950.3416911.950.3415641.950.34126

20.31818520.31800820.31795920.31789220.31769920.316961

2.20.2907292.20.290612.20.2905772.20.290532.20.2903992.20.289904

2.40.2615212.40.2614072.40.2613752.40.261332.40.2612012.40.260611

2.60.2895282.60.2894322.60.2894052.60.2893672.60.2892612.60.289199

2.80.2510592.80.2510142.80.2510012.80.2509832.80.2509322.80.250959

30.1818830.18183730.18182530.18180930.18176330.181661

3.20.1978893.20.1978483.20.1978363.20.197823.20.1977793.20.197927

3.40.1996223.40.199563.40.1995433.40.1995183.40.1994493.40.199221

3.60.1905823.60.1905413.60.1905293.60.1905123.60.1904653.60.190371

3.80.1728963.80.1728713.80.1728643.80.1728543.80.1728263.80.17283

40.15973840.15972240.15971840.15971240.15969540.159727

4.20.151324.20.1512934.20.1512864.20.1512754.20.1512444.20.151212

4.40.1396074.40.139594.40.1395864.40.1395794.40.1395594.40.139487

4.60.1267974.60.1267824.60.1267784.60.1267714.60.1267534.60.126824

4.80.1212534.80.1212394.80.1212354.80.1212294.80.1212114.80.121174

50.11757750.11756250.11755850.11755250.11753450.117526

5.20.110735.20.1107185.20.1107155.20.1107115.20.1106985.20.110706

5.40.1006235.40.1006045.40.1005985.40.1005915.40.100575.40.100537

5.60.0873195.60.0873025.60.0872985.60.0872925.60.0872745.60.08718

5.80.0771035.80.0770925.80.0770895.80.0770855.80.0770755.80.07718

60.07396360.07394660.07394260.07393560.07391760.073928

6.20.0685456.20.0685266.20.068526.20.0685136.20.0684926.20.068438

6.40.0614666.40.0614486.40.0614436.40.0614356.40.0614156.40.061315

6.60.0534296.60.0534176.60.0534136.60.0534086.60.0533936.60.053278

6.80.0450946.80.0450876.80.0450856.80.0450826.80.0450726.80.044978

70.04206270.04205470.04205270.04204970.04203970.041994

7.20.0394867.20.0394827.20.0394817.20.0394797.20.0394757.20.039439

7.40.036797.40.0367887.40.0367877.40.0367867.40.0367827.40.036814

7.60.0338727.60.0338687.60.0338677.60.0338657.60.033867.60.033864

7.80.030727.80.0307177.80.0307167.80.0307147.80.030717.80.030693

80.02951480.02950680.02950380.02949980.02948980.029449

8.20.0284938.20.0284858.20.0284838.20.0284798.20.0284698.20.02842

8.40.0273268.40.0273198.40.0273178.40.0273148.40.0273058.40.027248

8.60.0260598.60.0260538.60.0260518.60.0260488.60.026048.60.025978

8.80.0247288.80.0247248.80.0247228.80.024728.80.0247138.80.024648

90.02336690.02336390.02336290.0233690.02335590.023381

9.20.0220879.20.0220869.20.0220869.20.0220859.20.0220839.20.022109

9.40.0208249.40.0208239.40.0208239.40.0208229.40.0208199.40.020835

9.60.0195749.60.0195729.60.0195729.60.0195719.60.0195689.60.019575

9.80.0183499.80.0183479.80.0183479.80.0183469.80.0183429.80.018344

100.01716100.017158100.017158100.017157100.017153100.01715







Curve (4)Mean+Std.

Curve (5)Mean-Std.

0.0010.6126870.0010.5320020.0010.5826350.0010.60906910.0010.5424802

0.010.6129580.010.5326240.010.5826310.010.60919390.010.5429481

0.020.6233880.020.5468780.020.5923210.020.6189480.020.5561098

0.040.683720.040.6354040.040.6478640.040.67614370.040.6351816

0.061.2930730.061.0989510.061.3043220.061.3263880.061.137842

0.081.6340070.081.3334390.081.4752330.081.6036650.081.358121

0.11.8825330.11.4195820.11.5876990.11.8212830.11.438593

0.121.9472590.121.4875050.121.7073540.121.9017920.121.526286

0.142.0999860.141.6563580.141.8855780.142.0617850.141.699496

0.162.1181640.161.7301010.161.8978220.162.0742730.161.756452

0.182.1808420.181.7172680.181.8692930.182.1154210.181.729515

0.22.065440.21.6509860.21.8431470.22.0225390.21.683843

0.222.0262020.221.519910.221.6899990.221.9557380.221.535003

0.241.9398550.241.532620.241.6677820.241.8827750.241.544063

0.261.726670.261.518680.261.6173580.261.705850.261.535955

0.281.7949610.281.4560980.281.5460170.281.7423530.281.455698

0.31.6377170.31.3756220.31.5614080.31.6349830.31.414849

0.321.6359680.321.3382770.321.4780540.321.6057060.321.362494

0.341.6047760.341.244280.341.3666510.341.5549160.341.255555

0.361.5116030.361.240340.361.2930880.361.4657760.361.230911

0.381.4950360.381.1628910.381.2789530.381.4499250.381.174662

0.41.3955870.41.1304030.41.2438060.41.3652370.41.14796

0.421.3611940.421.0789920.421.1815020.421.3238650.421.090593

0.441.2793380.441.0155510.441.173950.441.2646930.441.047867

0.461.2440250.461.0213810.461.0737780.461.2081040.461.018019

0.481.2308090.480.965070.481.0888720.481.2034880.480.9863454

0.51.1702680.50.9617850.51.0353240.51.1421280.50.9694571

0.551.0858020.550.8868140.550.9571750.551.0589860.550.8942079

0.60.9945680.60.8207090.60.8412770.60.96308390.60.8079521

0.650.9255950.650.75680.650.7718810.650.89435670.650.7418274

0.70.8982940.70.7039940.70.8020330.70.8807640.70.7221166

0.750.837650.750.6631330.750.7074130.750.81013680.750.6619938

0.80.8412410.80.6208290.80.6816760.80.80752470.80.6216393

0.850.7327240.850.598980.850.6767670.850.72433310.850.6146476

0.90.6917040.90.5756870.90.644570.90.68496060.90.58968

0.950.7771320.950.5550990.950.5904980.950.73831130.950.5435081

10.6811910.53729110.59347410.663199710.5447703

1.050.6162351.050.5317291.050.5673831.050.60642131.050.5371434

1.10.613521.10.4895921.10.5551171.10.60336421.10.5021218

1.150.6667841.150.5209421.150.542691.150.64104611.150.5125646

1.20.6290481.20.4696921.20.5278821.20.60804811.20.4763665

1.250.5755161.250.4552111.250.5128051.250.56363961.250.4653817

1.30.5432921.30.4534451.30.4973591.30.53471491.30.4613491

1.350.5182341.350.4528861.350.4887541.350.51334511.350.4599043

1.40.5236191.40.4305291.40.480881.40.5163891.40.4402963

1.450.5164211.450.4150981.450.4752041.450.51051151.450.4273039

1.50.5045571.50.4151321.50.4675971.50.4991191.50.4257383

1.550.4600661.550.4090911.550.4329291.550.45485361.550.4132037

1.60.4572931.60.3743751.60.4215851.60.45171071.60.3837913

1.650.446671.650.3368421.650.396841.650.43835191.650.3485494

1.70.4116131.70.3363221.70.3823141.70.40773771.70.3457616

1.750.3973051.750.3332331.750.366011.750.39167531.750.3393567

1.80.4013351.80.3065951.80.340051.80.38855661.80.3100967

1.850.386761.850.2824961.850.3135811.850.3713191.850.2839057

1.90.3642411.90.2783031.90.2914741.90.3491311.90.2735477

1.950.3417671.950.2666611.950.2814261.950.32910731.950.2641287

20.31800820.25115420.27539720.30915420.2538854

2.20.290612.20.24142.20.2653652.20.28588392.20.2456995

2.40.2614072.40.2072372.40.24382.40.26004282.40.2149198

2.60.2894322.60.2043882.60.2224362.60.27533782.60.2021662

2.80.2510142.80.1782172.80.2095012.80.24272762.80.1830937

30.18183730.17547830.19743630.19414230.1756921

3.20.1978483.20.1541763.20.1821773.20.19613133.20.1600027

3.40.199563.40.1805263.40.1774123.40.19562253.40.1760428

3.60.1905413.60.161383.60.1571783.60.18453623.60.1548632

3.80.1728713.80.1355933.80.1389443.80.16597483.80.1322972

40.15972240.13079840.13936640.155425940.1311648

4.20.1512934.20.1246074.20.1300484.20.14682964.20.1238024

4.40.139594.40.1106074.40.1148074.40.13445624.40.1088798

4.60.1267824.60.10744.60.112524.60.12376814.60.1073666

4.80.1212394.80.1001454.80.1062154.80.11806614.80.1003333

50.11756250.09318750.10188950.114298559.41E-02

5.20.1107185.20.0827335.20.0941155.20.10734635.28.44E-02

5.40.1006045.40.0749175.40.0847625.49.73E-025.47.62E-02

5.60.0873025.60.0685735.60.0743545.68.46E-025.66.89E-02

5.80.0770925.80.0608445.80.0770925.87.93E-025.86.40E-02

60.07394660.0532660.08389168.31E-0265.76E-02

6.20.0685266.20.0481236.20.0803296.27.90E-026.25.24E-02

6.40.0614486.40.0452426.40.0704316.46.95E-026.44.86E-02

6.60.0534176.60.0416426.60.0597726.65.91E-026.64.41E-02

6.80.0450876.80.0377766.80.0522756.85.10E-026.83.91E-02

70.04205470.03410570.04416674.44E-0273.58E-02

7.20.0394827.20.0312667.20.0362297.23.90E-027.23.23E-02

7.40.0367887.40.0316567.40.0303437.40.03570997.40.0301481

7.60.0338687.60.0325277.60.0278277.63.40E-027.62.88E-02

7.80.0307177.80.0330027.80.0260487.83.28E-027.82.70E-02

80.02950680.03242380.0243480.032098582.54E-02

8.20.0284858.20.0305858.20.0227238.23.06E-028.22.39E-02

8.40.0273198.40.0276488.40.0212088.42.84E-028.42.24E-02

8.60.0260538.60.0239518.60.01988.62.59E-028.62.07E-02

8.80.0247248.80.0199268.80.0184968.82.37E-028.81.84E-02

90.02336390.01841690.01729692.23E-0291.71E-02

9.20.0220869.20.0179989.20.0161929.22.12E-029.21.63E-02

9.40.0208239.40.0171979.40.0151799.42.01E-029.41.54E-02

9.60.0195729.60.016119.60.0142529.60.01884929.61.44E-02

9.80.0183479.80.0148359.80.0134019.81.76E-029.81.34E-02

100.017158100.014181100.012621101.65E-02101.28E-02







Curve (4)Mean+Std.

Curve (5)Mean-Std.

0.0010.6017390.0010.5140040.0010.5698440.0010.59812210.0010.5256026

0.010.6015090.010.5145880.010.5698050.010.59788280.010.5260518

0.020.6102480.020.5274110.020.5786420.020.60623320.020.5379676

0.040.6642030.040.6057920.040.6290260.040.6570190.040.6089949

0.061.1969320.061.0088830.061.1984160.061.2237430.061.045744

0.081.5489670.081.267770.081.414390.081.5252070.081.295544

0.11.8217040.11.3650060.11.5311660.11.7613620.11.383888

0.121.9088960.121.4549370.121.6672750.121.8624920.121.49158

0.142.062050.141.6234090.141.8518140.142.0248830.141.666633

0.162.0869220.161.7061350.161.8747490.162.0450640.161.733473

0.182.155840.181.6984950.181.8476550.182.0910990.181.710228

0.22.0466780.21.6365410.21.8265280.22.004170.21.668994

0.222.0113420.221.509850.221.6800450.221.941970.221.525522

0.241.9277910.241.5233880.241.6559920.241.8707160.241.534065

0.261.7174390.261.5101620.261.6069580.261.6962020.261.526837

0.281.7857110.281.4486020.281.5393460.281.7336490.281.448791

0.31.6313580.31.3692920.31.5540440.31.6281750.31.408288

0.321.6302460.321.3327770.321.4729730.321.6001730.321.357157

0.341.5998570.341.2402440.341.3631760.341.5503320.341.251853

0.361.5076330.361.2366680.361.2894050.361.4618660.361.227271

0.381.4910990.381.1600850.381.2755060.381.4460790.381.171714

0.41.3924430.41.1268830.41.2408520.41.3621690.41.144617

0.421.3581370.421.0765670.421.1797820.421.3211360.421.088522

0.441.2771020.441.0134040.441.1715760.441.2623950.441.04566

0.461.2423040.461.0194190.461.0720370.461.2063770.461.01613

0.481.2290650.480.9631840.481.0872760.481.2018010.480.9845489

0.51.1686950.50.9598520.51.0337640.51.1405680.50.9676397

0.551.0845190.550.8854660.550.9556740.551.057650.550.8927896

0.60.9938190.60.8196760.60.8403350.60.96229150.60.8069286

0.650.9247410.650.7559880.650.7710740.650.89351230.650.741023

0.70.8977150.70.7034870.70.8015070.70.88019730.70.7216086

0.750.8371030.750.6626790.750.7067970.750.80957530.750.6614775

0.80.8406760.80.6204860.80.6810410.80.80694380.80.6211916

0.850.7322330.850.5986340.850.6763790.850.72386720.850.6142968

0.90.6914190.90.5754670.90.6442310.90.68464850.90.5894295

0.950.7767460.950.5548810.950.5902290.950.73795090.950.5432864

10.68089110.53709710.59310210.662876110.5445172

1.050.6160511.050.5315671.050.567111.050.606211.050.5369421

1.10.6133081.10.4894021.10.554931.10.60315911.10.5019342

1.150.666581.150.5207871.150.5424991.150.64084671.150.5123973

1.20.6288581.20.4695641.20.5277181.20.60786291.20.4762304

1.250.575331.250.4550651.250.5126671.250.56346671.250.4652413

1.30.5431661.30.4533311.30.4972181.30.5345831.30.461227

1.350.5181231.350.4527821.350.4886211.350.51322611.350.4597912

1.40.5235131.40.4304281.40.4807531.40.51627481.40.4401879

1.450.5163381.450.4150191.450.4750221.450.51039021.450.4271958

1.50.5044721.50.4150551.50.4674221.50.49899881.50.425634

1.550.4600121.550.4090061.550.4327761.550.4547711.550.4130916

1.60.4571981.60.3742971.60.4215281.60.45162791.60.3837208

1.650.4465651.650.3367951.650.3967861.650.43826021.650.3485038

1.70.4115141.70.3362771.70.3822511.70.40764721.70.3457142

1.750.3972651.750.3331941.750.3659461.750.3916271.750.3393097

1.80.4012841.80.3065551.80.3399941.80.3885041.80.3100513

1.850.3867221.850.2824581.850.3135561.850.37128391.850.2838734

1.90.3642181.90.2782761.90.2914391.90.3491061.90.273516

1.950.3417361.950.2665951.950.281391.950.32907441.950.2640729

20.31795920.25113720.27536520.309108420.2538656

2.20.2905772.20.2413852.20.2653422.20.28585282.20.2456832

2.40.2613752.40.2072242.40.243792.40.26001832.40.2149077

2.60.2894052.60.2043742.60.2224242.60.27531392.60.2021548

2.80.2510012.80.1782082.80.2094852.80.24271342.80.1830826

30.18182530.17546530.19742330.194129330.1756793

3.20.1978363.20.1541643.20.1821693.20.19612093.20.1599918

3.40.1995433.40.1805193.40.1774053.40.19560733.40.1760373

3.60.1905293.60.1613753.60.1571723.60.18452563.60.1548584

3.80.1728643.80.1355873.80.1389353.80.16596773.80.1322896

40.15971840.13079540.1393640.155421640.1311604

4.20.1512864.20.1246014.20.1300444.20.14682344.20.1237973

4.40.1395864.40.1106024.40.1148024.40.13445214.40.1088746

4.60.1267784.60.1073934.60.1125114.60.12376314.60.1073583

4.80.1212354.80.1001434.80.1062074.80.11806134.80.1003287

50.11755850.09318550.10188250.114293659.41E-02

5.20.1107155.20.0827285.20.0941135.20.10734365.28.44E-02

5.40.1005985.40.0749135.40.0847555.49.73E-025.47.62E-02

5.60.0872985.60.0685685.60.074355.68.46E-025.66.89E-02

5.80.0770895.80.0608415.80.0770915.87.93E-025.86.40E-02

60.07394260.05325560.08388968.31E-0265.76E-02

6.20.068526.20.0481176.20.0803276.27.90E-026.25.23E-02

6.40.0614436.40.0452366.40.070436.46.95E-026.44.86E-02

6.60.0534136.60.0416376.60.0597726.65.91E-026.64.41E-02

6.80.0450856.80.0377736.80.0522756.85.10E-026.83.91E-02

70.04205270.03410270.04416574.44E-0273.58E-02

7.20.0394817.20.0312667.20.0362297.23.90E-027.23.23E-02

7.40.0367877.40.0316567.40.030347.43.57E-027.43.01E-02

7.60.0338677.60.0325277.60.0278247.63.40E-027.62.88E-02

7.80.0307167.80.0330027.80.0260457.83.28E-027.82.70E-02

80.02950380.03242280.02433883.21E-0282.54E-02

8.20.0284838.20.0305858.20.0227218.23.06E-028.22.39E-02

8.40.0273178.40.0276488.40.0212078.42.84E-028.42.24E-02

8.60.0260518.60.0239518.60.0197998.62.59E-028.62.07E-02

8.80.0247228.80.0199268.80.0184958.82.37E-028.81.84E-02

90.02336290.01841590.01729592.23E-0291.71E-02

9.20.0220869.20.0179979.20.0161919.22.12E-029.21.63E-02

9.40.0208239.40.0171969.40.0151789.42.01E-029.41.54E-02

9.60.0195729.60.0161099.60.014259.61.88E-029.61.44E-02

9.80.0183479.80.0148349.80.01349.80.01760529.80.0134488

100.017158100.01418100.012619101.65E-02101.28E-02

100.017157100.014178100.012617101.65E-02101.28E-02







Curve (4)Mean+Std.

Curve (5)Mean-Std.

0.0010.5473610.0010.4300980.0010.5408410.0010.55990730.0010.4522928

0.010.5474320.010.4299070.010.5408950.010.5600050.010.452151

0.020.5531090.020.43670.020.542310.020.56322190.020.4581908

0.040.5839830.040.4743170.040.5478440.040.58101170.040.489751

0.060.751390.060.6070230.060.7663020.060.7800670.060.6364095

0.081.1286480.080.9564750.081.1159460.081.1453640.080.9886819

0.11.5080350.11.1144210.11.2406720.11.4518070.11.123611

0.121.713190.121.2834990.121.4683520.121.6643370.121.312357

0.141.8769230.141.4506440.141.6749030.141.8415960.141.493384

0.161.9327710.161.5795120.161.7533940.161.8994490.161.611002

0.182.0232390.181.5984940.181.7380860.181.963370.181.609843

0.21.9466220.21.5591740.21.7383490.21.9063720.21.589724

0.221.9318760.221.4559030.221.6273890.221.8685490.221.474896

0.241.8632640.241.4739560.241.5931840.241.8063320.241.480604

0.261.6679810.261.4644570.261.5576460.261.6465450.261.480178

0.281.7362240.281.4094220.281.5034870.281.6870730.281.412349

0.31.5972250.31.3354810.31.5146040.31.5916880.31.373186

0.321.5995460.321.30320.321.4457810.321.570520.321.328498

0.341.5733980.341.2184840.341.3443340.341.5256590.341.231818

0.361.4863920.361.2169260.361.2696820.361.4409330.361.207734

0.381.4699240.381.1450530.381.2570720.381.4254240.381.155942

0.41.3755350.41.1097680.41.224990.41.3455830.41.127946

0.421.3416090.421.0635340.421.1702230.421.3063320.421.077245

0.441.2651050.441.0018130.441.1588250.441.2500660.441.033763

0.461.2330130.461.0089030.461.062520.461.1970280.461.005929

0.481.2196840.480.95310.481.0786320.481.1926990.480.9749122

0.51.1601930.50.9494750.51.0253550.51.1321470.50.9578682

0.551.0775830.550.8782250.550.9476370.551.0504440.550.8851864

0.60.9897530.60.8141260.60.8352880.60.95800370.60.801441

0.650.920140.650.7515870.650.7667390.650.88895880.650.7366853

0.70.8945940.70.7007550.70.7986680.70.8771410.70.7188705

0.750.8341520.750.6602230.750.7035130.750.80656060.750.658698

0.80.8376270.80.6186310.80.6776810.80.80382650.80.6187996

0.850.7295870.850.5967760.850.6744430.850.72141410.850.6124566

0.90.6898640.90.5742790.90.6424210.90.68296030.90.5880823

0.950.7746620.950.5537050.950.588750.950.73600030.950.5420777

10.67927310.53605210.59110510.661131610.5431551

1.050.6150611.050.5306851.050.5656371.050.60507591.050.5358461

1.10.6121731.10.4883851.10.553921.10.60205761.10.5009277

1.150.6654831.150.519951.150.541471.150.63977151.150.5114971

1.20.6278311.20.4688691.20.5268351.20.60686221.20.4754944

1.250.5743321.250.4542841.250.5119171.250.56253371.250.4644883

1.30.5424821.30.4527111.30.4964621.30.53387111.30.4605656

1.350.5175291.350.4522151.350.4878991.350.51258311.350.4591789

1.40.522941.40.4298881.40.480071.40.51565971.40.4396057

1.450.5158921.450.4145991.450.4740361.450.50973551.450.4266159

1.50.5040091.50.4146391.50.466481.50.498351.50.4250687

1.550.4597171.550.4085461.550.4319551.550.4543221.550.41249

1.60.4566821.60.3738741.60.4212171.60.45117971.60.3833356

1.650.4459991.650.3365441.650.3964891.650.43776321.650.3482581

1.70.4109821.70.3360341.70.381911.70.40716131.70.3454561

1.750.3970541.750.3329811.750.3656021.750.39137161.750.3390531

1.80.4010151.80.3063441.80.3396961.80.38822571.80.3098109

1.850.3865181.850.2822551.850.3134231.850.3710961.850.2837013

1.90.3640931.90.2781371.90.2912471.90.34896961.90.2733484

1.950.3415641.950.2662541.950.2811941.950.32889391.950.2637808

20.31769920.25104720.27518920.308864420.2537589

2.20.2903992.20.2413062.20.2652172.20.28568492.20.2455964

2.40.2612012.40.2071542.40.2437292.40.25988072.40.214842

2.60.2892612.60.2042972.60.222362.60.2751862.60.2020926

2.80.2509322.80.1781622.80.2094022.80.2426392.80.1830251

30.18176330.17539630.19735730.194064530.1756128

3.20.1977793.20.1541053.20.1821213.20.19606783.20.1599355

3.40.1994493.40.180483.40.1773693.40.19552443.40.1760076

3.60.1904653.60.1613493.60.1571393.60.18446883.60.1548332

3.80.1728263.80.1355513.80.1388843.80.1659283.80.132246

40.15969540.13078140.13932440.155395640.1311377

4.20.1512444.20.1245674.20.1300214.20.14678494.20.1237698

4.40.1395594.40.1105734.40.1147754.40.1344254.40.1088464

4.60.1267534.60.1073544.60.1124644.60.12373354.60.1073138

4.80.1212114.80.1001324.80.1061664.80.11803334.80.1003061

50.11753450.09317350.10184450.114265759.41E-02

5.20.1106985.20.0826975.20.0941035.20.10732935.28.43E-02

5.40.100575.40.0748915.40.0847185.49.73E-025.47.61E-02

5.60.0872745.60.0685445.60.0743295.68.45E-025.66.89E-02

5.80.0770755.80.0608295.80.0770855.87.93E-025.86.40E-02

60.07391760.05323160.08387768.31E-0265.76E-02

6.20.0684926.20.0480896.20.080326.27.89E-026.20.0523211

6.40.0614156.40.0452066.40.0704266.46.95E-026.44.86E-02

6.60.0533936.60.0416166.60.0597696.65.91E-026.64.41E-02

6.80.0450726.80.037766.80.0522736.85.10E-026.83.91E-02

70.04203970.03408670.04416474.44E-0273.58E-02

7.20.0394757.20.0312657.20.0362277.23.90E-027.23.23E-02

7.40.0367827.40.0316557.40.0303247.43.57E-027.43.01E-02

7.60.033867.60.0325267.60.0278087.63.40E-027.62.88E-02

7.80.030717.80.0337.80.0260317.83.28E-027.82.70E-02

80.02948980.03242180.02432683.21E-0282.54E-02

8.20.0284698.20.0305838.20.0227118.23.06E-028.20.0239278

8.40.0273058.40.0276468.40.0211978.42.83E-028.42.24E-02

8.60.026048.60.0239518.60.0197898.62.59E-028.62.07E-02

8.80.0247138.80.0199268.80.0184868.82.37E-028.81.84E-02

90.02335590.0184190.01728692.23E-0290.0170474

9.20.0220839.20.0179919.20.0161829.22.12E-029.21.63E-02

9.40.0208199.40.017199.40.0151699.42.01E-029.41.54E-02

9.60.0195689.60.0161049.60.0142429.61.88E-029.61.44E-02

9.80.0183429.80.0148319.80.0133919.81.76E-029.81.34E-02

100.017153100.014175100.012611101.65E-02101.28E-02

Need for:New SpecificationsSouth Carolina Seismic Hazard Maps

The new SCDOT specifications establish design and construction provisions for bridges in South Carolina to minimize their susceptibility to damage from large earthquakes. SCDOT Seismic Design Specifications October 2001

PURPOSE & PHILOSOPHY (1.1)SCDOT Seismic Design Specifications replace AASHTO Division I-A SCDOT DraftPrinciples used for the developmentSmall to moderate earthquakes, FEE, resisted within the essentially elastic range.State-of-Practice ground motion intensities are used.Large earthquakes, SEE, should not cause collapse.Four Seismic Performance Categories (SPC) are defined to cover the variation in seismic hazard of very small to high within the State of South Carolina.

New Design Level EarthquakesNew Performance ObjectivesNew Soil FactorsDisplacement Based DesignExpanded Design Criteria for BridgesNew Concepts and Enhancements

Small to Moderate EarthquakesEssentially ElasticNo Significant DamageFunctional Evaluation Earthquake(FEE) or 10% in 50 yr. eventSCDOT Seismic Design Specifications October 2001

Large Earthquakes Life SafetyNo CollapseServiceabilityDetectable and Accessible DamageSafety Evaluation Earthquake(SEE) or 2% in 50 yr. eventSCDOT Seismic Design Specifications October 2001

New USGS Probabilistic Seismic Hazard MapsNew Design Level EarthquakesNew Performance ObjectivesA706 Reinf. SteelNew Soil FactorsDisplacement Based DesignCaltrans (SDC) new provisions included

SCDOT Seismic Design Specifications Background (1.2)

New Provisions meet current code objectives for large earthquakes.Life SafetyServiceabilityDesign LevelsSingle Level 2% / 50 yearsNormal BridgesEssential BridgesTwo Level : 2% / 50 years and 10% / 50 yearsCritical BridgesUpgraded Seismic Design Requirement (1.3)

SCDOT Seismic Design Specifications Seismic Performance CriteriaIIIII I

SCDOT Seismic Design Specifications October 2001

VALUES OF Fa AS A FUNCTION OF SITE CLASS AND MAPPED SHORT-PERIOD SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION SS (TABLE 3.3.3A)

SCDOT Pilot WorkshopImbsen & Associates, Inc.

1-*

Increasing performance

Increasing earthquake hazard

Recent Technology

b

c

d

e

f

i

h

g

Collapse Prevention

Limited Damage

Essentially Elastic

2% in 50 Yrs.

2/3 (2% in 50 Yrs.)

10% in 50 Yrs.

Proposed Design or Retrofit Objective

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f, h, i

a, b, c, d, e, g

Secondary System

Primary System

Design or Retrofit Objective

Lecture 1 Fadel SDC 10-07-02

SCDOT Seismic Design Specifications October 2001

DESIGN SPECTRA FOR SITE CLASS A, B, C, D AND E, 5% DAMPING (3.4.5E)SDI-SEE

APPLICABILITY (3.1)New BridgesBridge TypesSlabBeam GirderBox GirderSpans less than 500 feetMinimum RequirementsAdditional Provisions are needed to achieve higher performance for essential or critical bridges

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY AND STRATEGIESSpecifications can be used in conjunction with rehabilitation, widening, or retrofitSPC B demands are compared implicitly against capacitiesCriteria is focused on member/component deformability as well as global ductilityInherent member capacities are used to resist higher earthquake intensitiesUsing this approach required performance levels can be achieved in the Eastern US

Design Approaches (4.7.1)

Plastic Hinge Region Lpr (4.7.7)Plastic Hinge Length (4.7.7)Seat Width SPC A and B, C, D (4.8.2)Detailing Restrainers (4.9.3)Butt Welded HoopsSuperstructrure Shear Keys (4.10)

Other New Concepts and Improvements

Seismic Designof Bridges

Lucero E. Mesa, P.E.Thanks

These photographs are evidence of the destruction caused by the 1886 Charleston Earthquake.There is also evidence of sand blows from different events from Mirtle Beach (border with NC) to Bluffton on the border with Georgia.

The 1996 Draft Specifications adopted the 1996 USGS maps because South Carolina recognized that the Low Seismicity label was inappropriate and misleading.The Caltrans Bridge Design Criteria was used as a reference,The difference between the FEE and SEE events in SC is large, while in California the FEE and SEE events are closerThe SC 10% in 50 yr. Event is very small compared to the 2% in 50 yr. event.On the Draft, the counties were assigned with the largest accel coeff. value from the seismic hazard contours for the 2% in 50 yr. event and a table was developed based on 2/3 of those values for the normal and essential bridges.For some special bridges defined by the Department a Two Level Analysis was required and a seismic scope of services was developed based on the performance criteria

The Draft was a force based specification.The seat widths equations were those of the AASHTO Div IA.The same with the soil classification,The use of seismic restrainers became mandatory at the expansion joints.The last version of the Draft Specs was done in February of 1999, when the ATC -32 document was available to us.We were concerned with the mixed application of different specifications.

The SC Department of Transportation participated in developing two seismic design trial examples which compared the actual design with the LRFD-Guidelines.The porpoise of the comparison was to learn how the new specifications could affect the design of the bridge projects.I will be very brief with this part of my presentation, since Lee will be presenting on this issue a little bit later.

The Department hired a consultant to develop the trial examples for the:

SC-38 over I-95 in Dillon Countyand the Maybank Highway Bridge over the Stono River in Charleston

At the Bridge Design office we tried to choose two bridge projects that could give us a good view of how the LRFD would affect them.Performance level/ Original Design: Conventional bridge. Extensive damage will be allowed but not collapse. Traffic on I-95 has to be kept.Performance Level/LRFD: The performance level is Life Safety for both earthquakes, the MCE and the Expected earthquakeThe Maybank Highway is located is Charleston.The SC map shows the seismicity of SC from 77 to present. Actually the last 2 tremors of magnitude 4.2 are not included in this map.

This bridge consists of 118 spans of various structural types, The flat slab section is typically of 4 span continuousSpans 63 104, 33- meter prestressed bulb-tee girders, and three span continuous105 to 118 similar flat slabs as other approach.

This project was considered by the Department as a lifeline and was classified as essential according to the draft specifications. ATC-32 was used as a reference and also theCaltrans Seismic Design Criteria, 1999.The Two-Level analysis was required and a Push-over analysis to check capacity was required in the scope of work.If this project were designed under LRFD, still the site specific study will be required.The Expected LRFD earthquake is quite smaller than the FEE.The 100%-30% vs. the 100%-40% is not severe.For this structure little to no impact was seen from the increaseThis graphic shows the comparison between the LRFD and the original design curve.

The most significant change between the two designs is the soil classification to determine the site coefficient.

For the SCDOT criteria the stiff marl (dense stiff clay like materia over 200 ft. in depth) classifies as Type II with a site coefficient of 1.2.For the LRFD Guidelines, the same soil classifies as Site D, based on the additional shear wave velocity, with a site coefficient of 1.6 for a S1=0.4gThis is a 33% increaseThe Cooper River Bridge spectral accelerations are higher than the Maybank project.For 0.2 sec the CRB spectral accel. is 1.85gMaybank is 1.14gBoth projects are in Charleston. It seems that the sediment thickness plays an important role in defining those values. Both bridges are a few miles apart.

After using the draft specifications for a few years and developing scope of services for seismic design including the new requirements for seismic performance, the need for the new specifications was obvious.Also, the differences between values of ground motions according to the different maps created the need for the SC seismic hazard maps.

The new specifications were developed by Imbsen and Associates in the year 2001. Dr. Roy Imbsen took the 1996 draft specifications and kept the same format we had.This format was the AASHTO Specifications format.The primary function of these specifications is to provide minimum standards for use in bridge design to maintain public safety in the extreme earthquake likely to occur within the state of South Carolina.They are intended to safeguard against major failure and lose of life, to minimize damage, maintain functions, or to provide for easy repair.Some of the new methodologies that have been incorporated into the specifications for the SDOT have been also included in the Recommended LRFD Guidelines and the Caltrans seismic design criteria (SDC, July of 1999)The philosophy used for the development of the new provisions are those thatsmall to moderate EQ should be resisted within the essentially elastic range of the structural components without producing significant damage.

The Functional Evaluation EQ or the 10% in 50 yr. event is adopted to represent ground motions produced by small to moderate earthquakes.

Also, the philosophy used for the development of the new provisions are those thata large EQ should not cause collapse of the structure.Where possible, damage that does occur should be readily detectable and accessible for inspection and repair unless prohibited by the structural configuration.

The Safety Evaluation EQ or the 2% in 50 yr. event is adopted to represent ground motions produced by large earthquakes.

The new probabilistic seismic hazard maps developed by the USGS have been used in the specifications, in conjunction with the NCHRP Site Classification.According to the spectral acceleration for T=1 sec and the importance category of the bridge, the bridge will be classified for seismic performance category A, B, C or D. The performance levels are establish by the post-earthquake usage of the bridges.The A706 steel has been adopted by the SCDOT and all bridges designed after February, 2003 have to comply with this requirement. Special provisions have been written on this respect. This have been taken from Caltrans SDC and also the butt welded hoops. Butt welded hoops are mandatory for columns and columns on standard bridges shall be round.We are working on specifications for ultimate splices in column reinforcing. We are also in the process of changing the standard specifications in this regard.The performance levels are expressed in terms of service levels and damage levels.THE SERVICE LEVELS ARE:Immediate - Full access to normal trafic is available almost immediately following the EQRecoverable - Limited period of closure to Public. Open to emergency vehiclesImpaired - Extended closure to Public. Open to Emergency Vehicles, Possible replacement neededDAMAGE LEVELSMinimum damage - No, collapse, essentially elastic performanceRepairable damage - No collapse, Concrete cracking, spalling of concrete cover, and minor yielding of structural steel will occur. However the extent of damage should be sufficiently limited that the structure can be restored essentially to its pre-EQ condition without replacement of reinforcing or structural members, ductulity demands, less that 2. Damage can be repaired with a minimum risk of losing functionality.Significant Damage - Although there is a minimum risk of collapse, permanent offsets may occur in elements other that the foundations. Damage consisting of concrete cracking, reinforcing yielding, mayor spalling of concrete, and deformations in minor bridge components may require closure to repair. Partial or complete demolition and replacement may be required in some cases.

The performance levels are expressed in terms of service levels and damage levels.THE SERVICE LEVELS ARE:Immediate - Full access to normal trafic is available almost immediately following the EQRecoverable - Limited period of closure to Public. Open to emergency vehiclesImpaired - Extended closure to Public. Open to Emergency Vehicles, Possible replacement neededDAMAGE LEVELSMinimum damage - No, collapse, essentially elastic performanceRepairable damage - No collapse, Concrete cracking, spalling of concrete cover, and minor yielding of structural steel will occur. However the extent of damage should be sufficiently limited that the structure can be restored essentially to its pre-EQ condition without replacement of reinforcing or structural members, ductulity demands, less that 2. For seismic performance category A, no design is neededFor SPC B very small effort is also required in design..

For SPC C and D more complexity in analysis and design is requred. Pushover analysis is required to check capacity.

Joint shear also has to be checked.

Insert mapsInsert maps

This is the same design response spectrum as fig 3.4.1-1 on the LRFD Guidelines.We have included provisions for vertical acceleration.Bridges under seismic performance Category D, shall have at least 25% of the longitudinal top and bottom mild reinforcement continuous over the length of the bridge superstructure.The continuous steel reinforcement shall be spliced with service load couplers capable of achieving a minimum of 80 ksi strength capacityA case-by-case determination on the effect of vertical ground motions is required for essential and critical bridges.

The restrainers are required at all expansion joints for the extra protection, this is the belt and suspenders approach.We have developed the Department special provisions and details based on Caltrans practice.The cable yield indicators are required on the restrainers.Restrainers shall be detailed to allow for easy inspection and replacementRestrainer layout shall be symmetrical about the centerline of the superstructureRestrainer systems shall incorporate an adequate gap for expansionYield indicators shall be used on cable restrainers to facilitate post earthquake investigationShear keys are typically designed to fuse at the SEE hazard level and to stay elastic at the FEE hazard level.For slender bents shear keys on top of the bent cap can still function elastically at the SEE hazard level

seismic design - bridges

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