seed research of oregon improving turfgrass through research improved bluegrasses and ryegrasses for...

Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

Improved Bluegrasses and Ryegrasses for Fairways

Dr. Leah A. BrilmanResearch Director

Seed Research of Oregon


Bluegrass for fairwaysRequirements

Summer patch resistance needed especially in high traffic areas

Ability to take 1/2 inch cut

Wear tolerant - entire season

Rapid recovery from divots - should be on seeding program

Resist Poa annua invasion

Upright growth for good lie

Powdery mildew, leaf spot resistance


Bluegrass for fairwaysRequirements

Rapid establishment

Fine texture

High sod tensile-strength

Rapid recuperative potential

Aggressive growth

High turf quality in your area

Stress tolerant


Types of Kentucky BluegrassesCompact Types CELA Type

Compact Bellevue Type

Midnight Mid-Atlantic type

America Cheri Type

Aggressive Type BVMG Type

Julia Type Common Type

Shamrock Type Other Type


Types of Kentucky BluegrassesSelection of type of bluegrass for fairways

NJ Wear - Spring, summer and fall wear

High performers Low performers

Compact America

Midnight BVMG

Julia Cheri

Aggressive Common

Mid-Atlantic

Repeat with wear, compaction different seasons


Univ. of Maryland 2000 NTEP Kentucky Bluegrass Trial2003 Data Mown at 1/2 inch

2003 2003

Cultivar Quality Cultivar Quality

Julius 8.3 Midnight 6.6

Limousine 8.1 Midnight II 6.6

Chicago II 7.9 Champlain 6.3

Bariris 7.2 Rugby II 6.3

Ulysses 7.0 Tsunami 6.3

Kingfisher 7.0 SR 2284 6.2

Julia 6.9 P-105 6.1

Rampart 6.9 Liberator 5.6

Arcadia 6.8 Baron 4.5Total Eclipse 6.7 Kenblue 3.2LSD @ 5% 0.8


Types of Kentucky BluegrassesSelection of type of bluegrass for fairways

WI Wear trial - fall wear

Combined with perennial ryegrass varying percentages

Only obtained 50% KBG with less than 15% rye

No difference between Midnight types, BVMG types, Aggressive types

Common types less wear tolerant

Midnight, Fairfax more dominant in blends

Longer establishment without rye - use sod


Types of Kentucky BluegrassesIA Wear trial - 1996-2000 NTEP

Cheri type - Serene

Other type - Coventry, Chateau

Common type - Kenblue

America type - America, good - Unique, Brilliant, Apollo, Showcase

Midnight type - Rugby II, good - Midnight, Award, Nustar, NuGlade

Shamrock type- Champagne


Compact TypesCompact, Midnight, America

Low, compact growth

High quality turf

1/2 inch cutting height

Excellent resistance to Leaf Spot

Long Winter dormancy

Variable under Summer stress

Often purple Winter color


Compact Type CultivarsSR 2109 Alpine

Ram I Diva

Moonshadow Platini

Wildwood Indigo

Moonlight Glade

Blackstone Apex

Blacksburg


Midnight TypeCharacteristics of compact type

Very dark green color

Late Spring green-up

Good heat tolerance

Susceptible to powdery mildew

Variable resistance to Summer Patch

Not good in shade sites

Color shows Poa annua


Midnight Type CultivarsArcadia Rugby II Ginney

Odyssey Impact Awesome

Midnight Total Eclipse Barrister

Liberator Quantum Leap Beyond

Award Absolute Impact

NuGlade Tsunami Excursion

NuDestiny Midnight II Bluestone


Arcadia Kentucky blueBetter shade tolerance than Midnight or Blacksburg

Excellent performance in the Transition zone

High summer patch resistance

Improved Dollar Spot resistance

Tolerates reduced mowing heights

Excellent root structure

Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sports Fields, Sod Production, Home Lawns (Shaded Areas)


Odyssey Kentucky blueExcellent performance under low nitrogen

Improved Dollar Spot resistance

Improved Summer Patch performance than Award and Quantum Leap

Tolerates reduced mowing heights

Excels under lower management

Excellent summer persistence

Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sports Fields, Sod Production, Home Lawns


Aggressive Type

Aggressive lateral growth

High shoot density

Very wear tolerant

Quickly knit sod and repair

May predominate in blend

Variable in other characteristics

Check for disease resistance


Aggressive Type Cultivars

Cheetah Orfeo

Bariris P-105

Touchdown Mystic

LimousineNorthstar


Aggressive Type CultivarsCheetah - PpH 6370 - Cynthia x Limousine

Good with summer wear in NJ, high density, sports fields, fairways

Excellent in low light intensity

Reduced Poa annua invasion

High summer patch resistance

Orfeo

Rapid germination, aggressive growth

Superior in Europe for wear tolerance

Great for sod


Julia TypeHigh turf quality

High density

Good Summer performance

Moderate Winter performance

Good Leaf Spot, Stripe Smut resistance

Susceptible to Brown Patch, Dollar Spot


Julia Type Cultivars

Ulysses

Rampart

Avalanche

Julia

Caliber

Ikone


Ulysses Kentucky blueJulia type

High performance at 1/2 inch cut

Excellent performance with season long wear

Excellent summer persistence

Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sports Fields, Sod Production, Home Lawns


America Type

Characteristics of compact type

Finer leaf, higher density

Excellent at 1/2 inch

Moderate Winter dormancy

Moderate Summer recovery

High Summer Patch resistance

Resistant to powdery mildew

Good in shade


America Type CultivarsShowcase Apollo

SR 2284 Brilliant

Kingfisher Langara

America Unique

Bedazzled Sonoma

Boutique Royale

Arrow Bordeaux

Glenmont Mallard


Kingfisher Kentucky blueExceptional spring green-up and winter color

Very fine textured

Improved rust and leaf spot resistance

Short internodes for denser canopy and wear recovery

Improved Heat and Drought Tolerance

Excellent performance at 1/2 inch

Excellent summer patch resistance

Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sod Production, Home Lawns (Shaded Areas)


Showcase Kentucky BlueImproved fall color, better than Midnight

Better summer stress recovery than Blacksburg

Improved Summer Patch resistance than Blacksburg, Award

Improved Powdery Mildew resistance


Rated top of 1995 NTEP for 1/2” mowing height


SR 2284 Kentucky blueExceptional spring green-up and winter color

Very fine textured

Improved rust and leaf spot resistance


Improved Heat and Drought Tolerance

Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sod Production, Home Lawns (Shaded Areas)


Shamrock TypeModerate Winter color

Good resistance to Leaf Spot

Good turf quality and sod strength

Billbug susceptible

High seed yields

Less stemmy than BVMG types

Summer performance variable

Large seed - quick germination


Shamrock Type CultivarsSR 2100

Shamrock

Champagne

Parkland

Champlain

Lakeshore

Brooklawn


SR 2100 Kentucky bluePerforms a lot like an aggressive-type

Darker color than Eclipse and Limousine

Better in full sun than in dense shade

Excellent rhizomes, sod strength

Tolerates lower mowing heights

Good in low light intensities

Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sod Production, Home Lawns


Mid-Atlantic TypeDeep, extensive roots and rhizomes

Vigorous turf & medium-high density

High Summer stress tolerance

Early Spring green-up

Good Winter performance

Rapid recovery from disease

Leaf spot susceptible except: SR 2000 and Preakness


Mid-Atlantic Type Cultivars

SR 2000 Livingston

Monopoly Bel-21

Preakness Plush

Eagleton Wabash

Cabernet


BVMG Type - Not for fairways

High seed yields

Medium-good turf

Stripe Smut susceptible

Medium low growth

Large seed - quick germ

Medium wide leaves

Very stemmy turf

Poor Winter performance

Billbug susceptible


BVMG Type CultivarsBaron Nassau

Victa Raven

Merit Marquis

Gnome BlueChip

Dragon Fortuna

Abbey Goldrush

BlueStar Crest

Cannon


Common Type - not for fairwaysErect growth and narrow leaf blades

Good Summer stress tolerance (may go dormant)

High Leaf Spot susceptibility

Poor Winter color and performance

Early seed production

Good for soil stabilization/conservation


Common Type(Midwest Ecotypes)

Kenblue Huntsville

S-21 Park

Geary Piedmont

Alene Greenley

Ginger Garfield

South Dakota Cert


Why Blends and MixturesKentucky bluegrass apomictic

Single genotype - other turfgrass species are mixture of genotypes

Vegetative cultivars comparison

Vegetative bentgrasses

Vegetative bermudas, zoysias, St. Augustine

Merion Kentucky bluegrass - stripe smut

Not just for disease resistance

Winter and spring growth, shade tolerance


Science and nonscience of blends

Kentucky bluegrass

(Vargas and Turgeon, 1980. Proc. Third ITRC 45-52.)

Melting-out resistance of blend of two

cultivars intermediate between same

cultivars in monostands

Inoculum from susceptible cultivar reduced

resistance of resistant cultivar

Blends of two cultivars generally show resistance intermediate between each alone


Science and nonscience of blends

Early blend analysis - Dr. Funk, RutgersSprigged out plants to ID Aggressive types dominatedAggressive types based on invasion in plots

New DNA techniques allow blend analysis (Lickfeldt et al, 2002. Crop Sci. 42:842-847.) 3-way blend - Unique, Midnight, BlacksburgDifferent management and % of each at seeding

Final composition, 40% U, 46% M, 14% B


Texas X Kentucky bluegrass• Texas bluegrass heat and drought tolerant, extensive

and deep rhizomes

• Kentucky bluegrass turf quality

• 1st generation low fertility, low germination

• Backcrossed to Kentucky bluegrass

• More extensive rhizomes

• Greater heat and drought tolerance

• Must evaluate for diseases, germination vigor, apomixis


Texas x Kentucky bluegrassMany first hybrids poor germination

Thermal Blue = HB 129 = BH00-6002

Improved establishment

High shear strength

Excellent rhizomes = good recovery

Good wear tolerance in Ohio - not high Rutgers

Have done good in some fairway trials

Additional new hybrids with good establishment, high drought tolerance


Texas X Kentucky bluegrass• Rhizomes on young

spaced plants

• Deep rhizomes contribute to recovery

• Bluegrass usage further south

• Top rated for shear strength NTEP


Perennial ryegrassAdvantages in mixtures

Quick establishment

Very dark green color

Resistant to different diseases than KBG/TF

Endophyte-enhanced

Disadvantages in mixtures

Overdominate other components

Bunch-type growth

Reduced stress tolerance


Perennial ryegrassAdvantages and varietal needsRapid establishment - Best species for

establishment during playWinter-active growth for many uses

Daylength-dependent dwarf types less suitableDecumbent, spreading growth - superior in Europe

for repairReduce nitrogen requirementsBest in regular trials may not be best in wear trials


Benefits of Perennial ryegrassBenefits of adding endophyte-enhanced ryegrass to

Kentucky bluegrass

Richmond and Shetlar

Percentage of perennial rye added to blue

Above 40% bluegrass webworm protection

Hairy chinch bug damage down more perennial ryegrass added

No documentation of percentage in other species

Complex of different species and different endophyte strains


Perennial ryegrassGray leaf spot resistanceImportant in MidWest, transitional zone and now

CaliforniaCalifornia reports in both permanent and

overseeded turfSeedlings most vulnerableWarm, moist conditions, especially with less hours

of sunlightRapid advances in resistance


Wear Trials 1999 NTEP Perennial Ryegrass Trial2003 Data Mean two locations

2003 2003


SR 4500 5.9 Gator 3 5.0

SR 4350 5.8 Barlennium 4.9

Citation Fore 5.8 Amazing 4.7

LS 2100 5.7 Pinnacle II 4.7

SR 4220 5.6 Charger II 4.7

Catalina II 5.6 Admire 4.6

Paragon 5.6 Affinity 4.5

Mach I 5.4 Promise 4.3

Racer II 5.4 Panther 4.0Stellar 5.3 Linn 2.9LSD @ 5% 0.9


Gray Leaf Spot ResistanceRutgers University - 2001 Trial 1-9, 9 = Best

2001 2001

Cultivar GLS Res. Quality

Peregrine (1425) 7.0 6.4

Integra 6.0 6.1

Pinnacle II 5.0 5.1

AllStar 2 4.8 5.5

Brightstar II 4.3 4.0



2002 2002


MS1 Comp. 8.0 7.0

Integra Select. 7.0 5.2

SR 4550 (1557) 7.0 4.3

Integra 5.7 3.3

Amazing 5.0 3.5

Pizzazz 4.3 3.2

LSD@5% 1.4 1.0



2003 2003


SP Comp. 7.7 7.2

Panther GLS 7.8 6.9

SR 4550 (1557) 6.0 5.3

Integra C1 6.0 6.7

Integra 4.0 4.2

Pizzazz 3.8 3.8

LSD@5% 1.2 1.2


Temperature and Leaf Wetness


What we knowGray leaf spot spores primarily airborne and spread by

mowers, equipment (How did it get to CA?)

Gray leaf spot overwinters as dormant mycelium in dead tissue - cold winters can reduce initial innoculum

Long periods of leaf wetness under hot conditions favor the disease

Initial innoculum builds up under lower temperatures then it explodes

Often first occurs in shady, wet areas


What we knowInitial symptoms are an off-color, wilted appearance

Often mistaken for drought stress so irrigation is applied increasing period of leaf wetness = more disease

Seedlings tend to be more susceptible than mature plants - could partially be due to maintenance of wet conditions in seedbed

High nitrogen makes it worse

Primo in spring can make it worse, but not in fall


What we knowFungicide control

QoIs - Heritage at high rate good with high disease pressure, Compass at label rate sometimes has reduced control

Benzimidazole or Clearys 3336 good except highest pressure

Always add in a contact fungicide for spores

Resistance already reported to QoIs - switch to fungicide with moderate activity for part of year

Best long term solution lies in breeding for resistance


Ryegrass and GLSFurther studies and needsPyricularia grisea (Magnaporthe grisea) can rapidly

change racesCurrently unknown number of races in USDo resistance genes work against all current races?Some variability in results from seedling trials in NJ

and mature plants in MD - high resistant types remain resistant

New germplasm sources - many resistant genes from European collections

Genetic studies currently being done


Genetic relationship in GLS


Ryegrass and GLSCurrent and future buying decisionsVarieties take two years to get some production

started, three years for maximum productionCurrent varieties with good resistance in last NTEP

SR 4500, SR 4220. SR 4350Varieties with improved resistance in production

Peregrine, SR 4550Varieties available in next few years

Headstart II, SRX 4SP, SRX 4UP3, SRX 4692, SRX 4682


Turf Quality - Green Velvet Sod FarmPerennial ryegrass 2004 Data

2004 2004


Peregrine 8.3 Prizm 5.7

SR 4420 7.7 Seville II 5.7

SR 4550 7.3 Penguin 5.7

SR 4500 7.3 Aberelf 5.7

SR 4010 7.3 Racer II 5.0

SR 4400 7.3 Calypso II 4.7

SR 4220 7.3 Omni 4.0

SRX 45AB 7.0 SR 4200 3.7

SRX 4510 7.0Hawkeye 6.7 LSD @ 5% 1.9


Gray Leaf Spot Resistance

2004 Perennial ryegrass

NTEP Gray leaf spot -

Rutgers University


Wear tolerance 50 passes OH

Table 2: Wear Tolerance Rating* after 50 passes (25 events)Treatment Name Wear Tol. 1.5”

Mowing HeightWear Tol. 3”

Mowing HeightLabyrinth RTF™ 3.0 2.6Grande TF 5.8 5.6HB129 Texas BG x KBG hybrid 6.1 6.0Orfeo KBG 4.6 5.3Aberelf + SR4420 PRG 6.3 6.0Spring Green Festulolium 3.6 3.3Barfest Festulolium 3.0 3.3Showcase KBG + fine fescues 4.3 4.3Nexus PRG 5.8 5.3Rendition TF 5.6 6.0Titan, Kittyhawk + Rendition TF 4.3 5.3Winter Active Fescue (WAF) 5.0 5.0Grande ll TF + Rugby ll KBG 6.0 6.3Rugby ll KBG + Renaissance PRG 6.1 6.1Barlennium PRG 6.5 5.6Bariris KBG 7.6 7.8LSD (0.05) 1.6 1.6

Treatment Name Wear Tol. 1.5” Mowing Height Wear Tol. 3” Mowing HeightBariris KBG 7.6 7.8Grande ll TF + Rugby ll KBG 6.0 6.3Rugby ll KBG + Renaissance PRG 6.1 6.1Aberelf + SR4420 PRG 6.3 6.0Thermal Blue Texas x KBG hybrid 6.1 6.0Rendition TF 5.6 6.0Grande II TF 5.8 5.6Barlennium PRG 6.5 5.6Nexus PRG 5.8 5.3Orfeo KBG 4.6 5.3Titan, Kittyhawk + Rendition TF 4.3 5.3Winter Active Fescue (WAF) 5.0 5.0Showcase KBG + fine fescues 4.3 4.3Spring Green Festulolium 3.6 3.3Barfest Festulolium 3.0 3.3Labyrinth RTF™ 3.0 2.6LSD (0.05) 1.6 1.6


Final recommendations Kentucky bluegrass

Use a blend of types to increase probability of adaptation to all conditions

Include an America-type, a Midnight-type, an Aggressive-type or Julia type.

Shamrock-types needed in established turf

Perennial ryegras

Valuable to add to Kentucky bluegrass for endophyte-enhanced resistance

Use wear tolerant, GLS resistant varieties


Bentgrass Improvement• New NTEP Fall, 2003, first data in spring

– SRX 1GD - Dense

– SRX 1GPD - Dense

– SRX 1PDH - Dollar spot, fairway, color similar to SR 1119

– DSB - very high dollar spot resistance

• Stress tolerant

• Dense types without excessive thatch

• Improved varieties to blend with current stable


Rutgers University 2003 NTEP Bentgrass Greens Trial2004 Data Creeping Bentgrass Cultivars

2004 2004


SRX 1GD 7.2 T-1 6.1

CY-2 6.7 DSB 5.9

Declaration 6.7 Penn A-1 5.8

Shark 6.7 SR 1119 5.4

Penn G-2 6.7 L-93 5.0

Penn G-6 6.4 Pennlinks II 4.9

Independence 6.4 Alpha 4.7

SRX 1GPD 6.3 Kingpin 4.6

LS-44 6.2 Benchmark DSR 4.2Penn A-1 6.1 Penncross 3.4LSD @ 5% 0.7


SRX 1GD Creeping Bentgrass• Stress tolerant germplasm.

• Very high density for greens

• Bright medium green color.

• High turf quality.

• Dollar spot resistance level like L-93.

• High brown patch resistance

• High fall color retention.– Picture Puyallup, WA November, 2004

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SRX 1GD Creeping BentgrassRutgers Univ.

July, 2004

Greens Trial

High stress environment

SRX 1GD rated a 9 by supers


SRX 1GPD Creeping Bentgrass• Stress tolerant germplasm.

• High density for greens and high end fairways

• Bright medium green color.


• High dollar spot resistance

• High brown patch resistance

• Early maturity– Picture Arkansas May 2004









SRX 1GPD Creeping BentgrassRutgers Univ.

July, 2004

Fairway Trial



SRX 1PDH Creeping Bentgrass• Dollar spot resistant.

• Moderately high density for greens and fairways

• Color, texture match SR 1119, Brighton, Sandhill.


• High brown patch resistancePicture Rutgers Univ., Fairway Trial, July 04









DSB Creeping Bentgrass• Developed by Dr. Rich Hurley.

• Very dollar spot resistant.

• Related to L-93.


• Excellent for greens and fairways.

• Moderately high density– Picture Arkansas May 2004









DSB Creeping BentgrassRutgers Univ.

July, 2004

Greens Trial


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