second second term project

7/29/2019 Second SECOND TERM PROJECT

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MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi pronunciation (helpinfo) (pronounced:

[mond askrmtnd and i]; 2 October 1869[1] 30 January 1948),

commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was the preeminent leader ofIndian

nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violentcivil disobedience, Gandhiled India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and

freedom across the world.[2][3]

The son of a senior government official, Gandhi was born and raised in a Hindu

Bania community in coastal Gujarat, and trained in law in London. Gandhi became

famous by fighting for the civil rights of Muslim and Hindu Indians in South Africa,

using new techniques of non-violent civil disobedience that he developed. Returning

to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants to protest excessive land-taxes. A

lifelong opponent of "communalism" (i.e. basing politics on religion) he reached outwidely to all religious groups. He became a leader of Muslims protesting the

declining status of the Caliphate. Assuming leadership of the Indian National

Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding

women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, increasing

economic self-reliance, and above all for achieving Swarajthe independence of

India from British domination.

Gandhi led Indians in protesting the national salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi

Salt March in 1930, and later in demanding the British to immediately Quit India in

1942, during World War II. He was imprisoned for that and for numerous other

political offenses over the years. Gandhi sought to practice non-violence and truth in

all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He saw the villages as the

core of the true India and promoted self-sufficiency; he did not support the

industrialization programs of his disciple Jawaharlal Nehru. He lived modestly in a

self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhotiand shawl,

woven with yarn he had hand spun on a charkha. His chief political enemy in Britain

was Winston Churchill,[4] who ridiculed him as a "half-naked fakir."[5] He was a

dedicated vegetarian, and undertook long fasts as means of both self-purification

and political mobilization.
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hi.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_helphttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/M_K_Gandhi.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M_K_Gandhi.ogg


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Subhas Chandra Bose ( listen (helpinfo); 23 January 1897unknown) also known as Netaji

(Bengali/Oriya/Hindi): Respected Leader), was one of the most prominent Indian nationalist leaders who

attempted to gain India's independence from British rule by force during the waning years ofWorld War II with the

help of theAxis powers.

Bose, who had been ousted from the Indian National Congress in 1939 following differences with the moreconservative high command,[1] and subsequently placed under house arrest by the British, escaped from India in

early 1941.[2] He turned to theAxis powers for help in gaining India's independence by force.[3] With Japanese

support, he organised the Indian National Army (INA), composed largely of Indian soldiers of the British Indian

army who had been captured in the Battle of Singapore by the Japanese. As the war turned against them, the

Japanese came to support a number of countries to form provisional governments in the captured regions,

including those in Burma, the Philippines and Vietnam, and in addition, the Provisional Government ofAzad Hind,

presided by Bose.[3]

Bose's effort, however, was short lived; in 1945 the British army first halted and then reversedthe Japanese U Go offensive, beginning the successful part of the Burma Campaign. The INA was driven down

the Malay Peninsula, and surrendered with the recapture ofSingapore. It was reported that Bose died soon

thereafter from third degree burns received after attempting to escape in an overloaded Japanese plane which

crashed in Taiwan,[4]which is disputed.[5] The trials of the INA soldiers at Red Fort, Delhi, in late 1945 caused

huge public response in India.[6][7]

Clement Attlee, the British Prime Ministerduring whose rule India became independent, mentioned that INA

activities of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose (which weakened the Indian Army the very foundation of the British

Empire in India) and the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in 1946[8][9][10][11] were major reasons that made the Britishrealise that they were no longer in a position to rule India. [12]

Subhas Chandra Bose
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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU(Hindustani: [darlalneru] ( listen); 14November 1889 27 May 1964) was the firstPrime MinisterofIndia and a central figure in

Indian politics for much of the 20th century. He emerged as the paramount leader of the

Indian Independence Movement under the tutelage ofMahatma Gandhi and ruled India

from its establishment as an independent nation in 1947 until his death in office in 1964. [4]

Nehru is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state; a sovereign,

socialist, secular, and democraticrepublic.[5] He was the father ofIndira Gandhi and the

maternal grandfather ofRajiv Gandhi, who were to later serve as the third and sixth PrimeMinisters of India, respectively.

The son of a prominent lawyer and nationalist statesman, Nehru was a graduate of

Cambridge University and the Inner Temple, where he trained to be a barrister. Upon his

return to India, he enrolled at theAllahabad High Court while taking an interest in national

politics. Nehru's involvement in politics would gradually replace his legal practice. A

committed nationalist since his teenage years, Nehru became a rising figure in Indian

politics during the upheavals of the 1910s. He became the preeminent leader of the left-

wing factions of the Indian National Congress during the 1920s, and eventually of the entireCongress, with the tacit approval of his mentor, Gandhi. As Congress President, Nehru

called for complete independence from Britain, and initiated a decisive shift towards the left

in Indian politics. He was the principal author of the Indian Declaration of Independence

(1929).

Nehru and the Congress dominated Indian politics during the 1930s as the country moved

towards independence. His idea of a secular nation state was seemingly validated when the

Congress under his leadership swept the provincial elections in 1937 while the separatist

Muslim League failed to form a government in any of the Indian provinces. But, theseachievements were seriously compromised in the aftermath of the Quit India Movement in

1942 which saw the British effectively crush the Congress as a political organisation. Nehru,

who had reluctantly heeded Gandhi's call for immediate independence, for he had desired

to support theAllied war effort during the World War II, came out of a lengthy prison term to

a much altered political landscape. The Muslim League under his old Congress colleague

and now bte noire, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, had come to dominate Muslim politics in India.

Negotiations between Nehru and Jinnah for power sharing failed and gave way to the

independence and bloody partition of India in 1947.
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INDIRA PRIYADARSHINI GANDHI(Hindustani: [ndrand i] ( listen); ne Nehru; 19 November 1917 31 October 1984) was

the thirdPrime Minister of India and a central figure of the Indian National

Congress party. Gandhi is the second-longest-serving Prime Minister (first

196677 and then from 1980 until her assassination in 1984) and the only

woman to hold the office

Indira Gandhi was the only child of Indian Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru.She served as the Chief of Staffof her father's highly centralized

administration between 1947 and 1964 and came to wield considerable

unofficial influence in government. Elected Congress President in 1959, she

was offered the premiership in succession to her father. Gandhi refused and

instead chose to become a cabinet minister in the government. She finally

consented to become Prime Minister in succession to Lal Bahadur Shastri in

1966.

As Prime Minister, Gandhi became known for her political ruthlessness andunprecedented centralisation of power. She presided over a period where

India emerged with greater power than before to become the regional

hegemon ofSouth Asia with considerable political, economic, and military

developments. Gandhi also presided over a state of emergency from 1975 to

1977 during which she ruled by decree and made lasting changes to the

constitution of India. She was assassinated in the aftermath ofOperation

Blue Star.In 2001, Gandhi was voted the greatest Indian Prime Minister in a poll

organised by India Today. She also came first in the "Woman of the

Millennium" poll organised by the BBC in 1999.[1]
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,CIE pronunciation (helpinfo)(Marathi: ) (9 May 1866 19February 1915) was one of the founding social and political leaders during the

Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India. Gokhale

was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and founder of the

Servants of India Society. Through the Society as well as the Congress and

other legislative bodies he served in, Gokhale promoted not only primarily

independence from the British Empire but also social reform. To achieve hisgoals, Gokhale followed two overarching principles: non-violence and reform

within existing government institutions.

Background and education

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was born on May 09, 1866 in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, a

state on the western coast ofIndia that was then part of the Bombay

Presidency. Although they were Chitpavan Brahmins, Gokhales family was

relatively poor. Even so, they ensured that Gokhale received an English

education, which would place Gokhale in a position to obtain employment as a

clerk or minor official in the British Raj. Being one of the first generations of

Indians to receive a universityeducation, Gokhale graduated from Elphinstone

College in 1884. Gokhales education tremendously influenced the course of his

future career in addition to learning English, he was exposed to western

political thought and became a great admirer of theorists such as John Stuart

Mill and Edmund Burke.[1] Although he would come to criticize unhesitatingly

many aspects of the English colonial regime, the respect for English politicaltheory and institutions that Gokhale acquired in his college years would remain

with him for the rest of his life. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, was one of the founding

social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against

the British Empire in India. Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National

Congress and founder of the Servants of India Society. Through the Society as

well as the Congress and other legislative bodies he served in, Gokhale

promoted not only primarily independence from the British Empire but also

social reform. To achieve his goals, Gokhale followed two overarching

principles: non-violence and reform within existing government institutions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empirehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gokhle.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_helphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gokhle.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servants_of_India_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitpavan_Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elphinstone_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elphinstone_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elphinstone_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elphinstone_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elphinstone_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitpavan_Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitpavan_Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitpavan_Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servants_of_India_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gokhle.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_helphttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gokhle.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gokhle.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire

second second term project

Documents