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MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi pronunciation (helpinfo) (pronounced:
[mond askrmtnd and i]; 2 October 1869[1] 30 January 1948),
commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was the preeminent leader ofIndian
nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violentcivil disobedience, Gandhiled India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and
freedom across the world.[2][3]
The son of a senior government official, Gandhi was born and raised in a Hindu
Bania community in coastal Gujarat, and trained in law in London. Gandhi became
famous by fighting for the civil rights of Muslim and Hindu Indians in South Africa,
using new techniques of non-violent civil disobedience that he developed. Returning
to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants to protest excessive land-taxes. A
lifelong opponent of "communalism" (i.e. basing politics on religion) he reached outwidely to all religious groups. He became a leader of Muslims protesting the
declining status of the Caliphate. Assuming leadership of the Indian National
Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding
women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, increasing
economic self-reliance, and above all for achieving Swarajthe independence of
India from British domination.
Gandhi led Indians in protesting the national salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi
Salt March in 1930, and later in demanding the British to immediately Quit India in
1942, during World War II. He was imprisoned for that and for numerous other
political offenses over the years. Gandhi sought to practice non-violence and truth in
all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He saw the villages as the
core of the true India and promoted self-sufficiency; he did not support the
industrialization programs of his disciple Jawaharlal Nehru. He lived modestly in a
self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhotiand shawl,
woven with yarn he had hand spun on a charkha. His chief political enemy in Britain
was Winston Churchill,[4] who ridiculed him as a "half-naked fakir."[5] He was a
dedicated vegetarian, and undertook long fasts as means of both self-purification
and political mobilization.
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hi.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_helphttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/M_K_Gandhi.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M_K_Gandhi.ogg 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Subhas Chandra Bose ( listen (helpinfo); 23 January 1897unknown) also known as Netaji
(Bengali/Oriya/Hindi): Respected Leader), was one of the most prominent Indian nationalist leaders who
attempted to gain India's independence from British rule by force during the waning years ofWorld War II with the
help of theAxis powers.
Bose, who had been ousted from the Indian National Congress in 1939 following differences with the moreconservative high command,[1] and subsequently placed under house arrest by the British, escaped from India in
early 1941.[2] He turned to theAxis powers for help in gaining India's independence by force.[3] With Japanese
support, he organised the Indian National Army (INA), composed largely of Indian soldiers of the British Indian
army who had been captured in the Battle of Singapore by the Japanese. As the war turned against them, the
Japanese came to support a number of countries to form provisional governments in the captured regions,
including those in Burma, the Philippines and Vietnam, and in addition, the Provisional Government ofAzad Hind,
presided by Bose.[3]
Bose's effort, however, was short lived; in 1945 the British army first halted and then reversedthe Japanese U Go offensive, beginning the successful part of the Burma Campaign. The INA was driven down
the Malay Peninsula, and surrendered with the recapture ofSingapore. It was reported that Bose died soon
thereafter from third degree burns received after attempting to escape in an overloaded Japanese plane which
crashed in Taiwan,[4]which is disputed.[5] The trials of the INA soldiers at Red Fort, Delhi, in late 1945 caused
huge public response in India.[6][7]
Clement Attlee, the British Prime Ministerduring whose rule India became independent, mentioned that INA
activities of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose (which weakened the Indian Army the very foundation of the British
Empire in India) and the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in 1946[8][9][10][11] were major reasons that made the Britishrealise that they were no longer in a position to rule India. [12]
Subhas Chandra Bose
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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU(Hindustani: [darlalneru] ( listen); 14November 1889 27 May 1964) was the firstPrime MinisterofIndia and a central figure in
Indian politics for much of the 20th century. He emerged as the paramount leader of the
Indian Independence Movement under the tutelage ofMahatma Gandhi and ruled India
from its establishment as an independent nation in 1947 until his death in office in 1964. [4]
Nehru is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state; a sovereign,
socialist, secular, and democraticrepublic.[5] He was the father ofIndira Gandhi and the
maternal grandfather ofRajiv Gandhi, who were to later serve as the third and sixth PrimeMinisters of India, respectively.
The son of a prominent lawyer and nationalist statesman, Nehru was a graduate of
Cambridge University and the Inner Temple, where he trained to be a barrister. Upon his
return to India, he enrolled at theAllahabad High Court while taking an interest in national
politics. Nehru's involvement in politics would gradually replace his legal practice. A
committed nationalist since his teenage years, Nehru became a rising figure in Indian
politics during the upheavals of the 1910s. He became the preeminent leader of the left-
wing factions of the Indian National Congress during the 1920s, and eventually of the entireCongress, with the tacit approval of his mentor, Gandhi. As Congress President, Nehru
called for complete independence from Britain, and initiated a decisive shift towards the left
in Indian politics. He was the principal author of the Indian Declaration of Independence
(1929).
Nehru and the Congress dominated Indian politics during the 1930s as the country moved
towards independence. His idea of a secular nation state was seemingly validated when the
Congress under his leadership swept the provincial elections in 1937 while the separatist
Muslim League failed to form a government in any of the Indian provinces. But, theseachievements were seriously compromised in the aftermath of the Quit India Movement in
1942 which saw the British effectively crush the Congress as a political organisation. Nehru,
who had reluctantly heeded Gandhi's call for immediate independence, for he had desired
to support theAllied war effort during the World War II, came out of a lengthy prison term to
a much altered political landscape. The Muslim League under his old Congress colleague
and now bte noire, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, had come to dominate Muslim politics in India.
Negotiations between Nehru and Jinnah for power sharing failed and gave way to the
independence and bloody partition of India in 1947.
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INDIRA PRIYADARSHINI GANDHI(Hindustani: [ndrand i] ( listen); ne Nehru; 19 November 1917 31 October 1984) was
the thirdPrime Minister of India and a central figure of the Indian National
Congress party. Gandhi is the second-longest-serving Prime Minister (first
196677 and then from 1980 until her assassination in 1984) and the only
woman to hold the office
Indira Gandhi was the only child of Indian Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru.She served as the Chief of Staffof her father's highly centralized
administration between 1947 and 1964 and came to wield considerable
unofficial influence in government. Elected Congress President in 1959, she
was offered the premiership in succession to her father. Gandhi refused and
instead chose to become a cabinet minister in the government. She finally
consented to become Prime Minister in succession to Lal Bahadur Shastri in
1966.
As Prime Minister, Gandhi became known for her political ruthlessness andunprecedented centralisation of power. She presided over a period where
India emerged with greater power than before to become the regional
hegemon ofSouth Asia with considerable political, economic, and military
developments. Gandhi also presided over a state of emergency from 1975 to
1977 during which she ruled by decree and made lasting changes to the
constitution of India. She was assassinated in the aftermath ofOperation
Blue Star.In 2001, Gandhi was voted the greatest Indian Prime Minister in a poll
organised by India Today. She also came first in the "Woman of the
Millennium" poll organised by the BBC in 1999.[1]
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,CIE pronunciation (helpinfo)(Marathi: ) (9 May 1866 19February 1915) was one of the founding social and political leaders during the
Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India. Gokhale
was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and founder of the
Servants of India Society. Through the Society as well as the Congress and
other legislative bodies he served in, Gokhale promoted not only primarily
independence from the British Empire but also social reform. To achieve hisgoals, Gokhale followed two overarching principles: non-violence and reform
within existing government institutions.
Background and education
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was born on May 09, 1866 in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, a
state on the western coast ofIndia that was then part of the Bombay
Presidency. Although they were Chitpavan Brahmins, Gokhales family was
relatively poor. Even so, they ensured that Gokhale received an English
education, which would place Gokhale in a position to obtain employment as a
clerk or minor official in the British Raj. Being one of the first generations of
Indians to receive a universityeducation, Gokhale graduated from Elphinstone
College in 1884. Gokhales education tremendously influenced the course of his
future career in addition to learning English, he was exposed to western
political thought and became a great admirer of theorists such as John Stuart
Mill and Edmund Burke.[1] Although he would come to criticize unhesitatingly
many aspects of the English colonial regime, the respect for English politicaltheory and institutions that Gokhale acquired in his college years would remain
with him for the rest of his life. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, was one of the founding
social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against
the British Empire in India. Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National
Congress and founder of the Servants of India Society. Through the Society as
well as the Congress and other legislative bodies he served in, Gokhale
promoted not only primarily independence from the British Empire but also
social reform. To achieve his goals, Gokhale followed two overarching
principles: non-violence and reform within existing government institutions.
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