STUDENT: ________________________________________________

DELIVERY DATE:

SECOND TERM

- Complete next exercises. You can support with the information that goes before very

exercises.

-You must complete all the exercises, then write them on the English notebook by hand;

it’s NOT necessary to copy the conceptual parts because it’s supposed that you already

have it.

(Next topics have been seen during the whole term)

ACTIVITY

DELIVERY DATE

-Present simple for likes, like/love/hate +-ing

-Irregular plural nouns

-Pronouns

-Countable and uncountable nouns

-Some and any

-Demonstratives (this, these, that, those?

Docente Acudiente Coordinadora

Workshop

PRESENT SIMPLE FOR LIKES, LIKE/LOVE/HATE +-ING

We can use hate, like, love and prefer with an -ing form or with a to-infinitive:

I hate to see food being thrown away.

I love going to the cinema.

In American English, the forms with to-infinitive are much more common than the -ing form.

There is a very small difference in meaning between the two forms. The -ing form emphasises the action or experience. The to-infinitive gives more emphasis to the results of the action or event. We often use the -ing form to suggest enjoyment (or lack of it), and the to-infinitive form to express habits or preferences.

Compare

I like making jam.

He likes telling jokes.

They don’t like sitting for too long.

emphasis on the

experience/action

We have a lot of fruit in the garden. I like to make jam

every year.

I prefer to sort out a problem as soon as I can.

If you prefer not to go camping there are youth hostels

nearby.

a habit or preference

The -ing form is more common than the to-infinitive form after hate and love:

I hate decorating. I’d rather pay a professional to do it.

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IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

Certain words do not follow the rules for regular plurals. There are some common

types of irregular plural nouns that occur, and some words simply have no plural

form at all. While it is useful to memorize the common irregular plurals, for many

words you simply have to know and understand that it's an irregular plural as a result

of speaking and hearing English.

Noncount Nouns

Noncount nouns, also called collective nouns, have no plural form because they

are assumed to be plural. Most abstract nouns are noncount nouns. Some

examples are:

• Hair

• Grass

• Mud

• Dress (when referring to a style of dress, not when referring to a clothing item that

hangs in your closet)

If you are talking about multiple varieties or types of these irregular plurals, you

cannot make them plural by adding an "s" or "es" to the end. Instead, you need to

make them plural by adding a descriptive phrase.

For example:

• There are many different styles of hair. • There are several varieties of grass. • There are three different kinds of mud. • The ancient people had a few types of styles of dress.

Unchanging Nouns

Certain other nouns have the same singular and plural form. A large number of

animals happen to follow this rule.

These examples will be spelled the same.

• Deer • Fish • Bison • Moose • Elk • Swine • Shrimp • Bass • Trout • Aircraft • Spacecraft

MORE IRREGULAR NOUNS In addition to noncount nouns and unchanging nouns, there are several different types of irregular plurals that follow a pattern in the English language. Explore examples of different endings and how they change, along with irregular plural nouns that change completely.

Nouns With "F" or "Fe" Endings

For most nouns that end in "f" or "fe," you drop the "f" or "fe" and add "ves."

• Knife = knives • Wife = wives • Half = halves • Loaf = loaves • Calf = calves • Life = lives

Exceptions to this rule include roof and proof, among others. These will get an "s" to the end, as in roofs and proofs.

"Us" Endings in Nouns

For many words that end in "us," change the "us" to an "i" (especially if it comes

from a Latin word). There are exceptions to this rule, and it's becoming more

acceptable to add "es" instead of changing to "i" in some cases. • Cactus = cacti • Fungus = fungi • Syllabus = syllabi • Octopus = octopi (it can also be octopuses) • Hippopotamus = hippopotami (it can also be hippopotamuses)

Nouns With "O" Endings

For nouns that end in "o," you add either "s" or "es." Generally, most nouns ending

in "o" just add "s" to make the plural, especially if there's a vowel before the final

"o."

• Zoo = zoos • Studio = studios • Tomato = tomatoes • Potato = potatoes

Some words ending in "o" can be spelled either way, like:

• Banjo = banjos or banjoes • Flamingo = flamingos or flamingoes

Words With "Is" Endings

For many words that end in "is," change the "is" to an "es." This will look like:

• Hypothesis = hypotheses • Oasis = oases • Crisis = crises • Axis = axes • Crisis = crises • Thesis = theses

Nouns With "Um" Endings

Nouns that end in "um" often become plural by changing "um" to "a." See how this

looks in action here.

• Bacterium = bacteria • Medium = media • Curriculum = curricula • Datum = data • Stratum = strata

Nouns With "Ix" Ending

Another irregular plural noun ending that changes is "ix." In Greek and Latin words,

this will change to "ces" or "xes." This will look like: • Appendix = appendixes or appendices • Matrix = matrices or matrixes • Crucifix = crucifixes

Words That Change Form

Certain words do not add a letter to the end to become plural. Instead, these

irregular plurals change the word itself. These words simply need to be memorized.

Some examples include:

• Man = men • Foot = feet • Tooth = teeth • Goose = geese • Mouse = mice • Die = dice • Person = people • Ox = oxen

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PRONOUNS

Pronouns replace nouns. A different pronoun is required depending on two

elements: the noun being replaced and the function that noun has in the sentence.

In English, pronouns only take the gender of the noun they replace in the 3rd person

singular form. The 2nd person plural pronouns are identical to the 2nd person

singular pronouns except for the reflexive pronoun.

Subject Pronouns

Subject pronouns replace nouns that are the subject of their clause. In the 3rd person, subject pronouns are often used to avoid repetition of the subject's name.

Examples

• I am 16. • You seem lost. • Jim is angry, and he wants Sally to apologize. • This table is old. It needs to be repainted. • We aren't coming. • They don't like pancakes.

Object Pronouns

Object pronouns are used to replace nouns that are the direct or indirect object of a clause.

Examples

• Give the book to me. • The teacher wants to talk to you. • Jake is hurt because Bill hit him. • Rachid recieved a letter from her last week. • Mark can't find it. • Don't be angry with us. • Tell them to hurry up!

Possessive Adjectives (Determiners)

Possessive adjectives are not pronouns, but rather determiners. It is useful to learn them at the same time as pronouns, however, because they are similar in form to the possessive pronouns. Possessive adjectives function as adjectives, so they appear before the noun they modify. They do not replace a noun as pronouns do.

Examples

• Did mother find my shoes? • Mrs. Baker wants to see your homework. • Can Jake bring over his baseball cards? • Samantha will fix her bike tomorrow. • The cat broke its leg. • This is our house. • Where is their school?

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns replace possessive nouns as either the subject or the object of a clause. Because the noun being replaced doesn't appear in the sentence, it must be clear from the context.

Examples

• This bag is mine. • Yours is not blue. • That bag looks like his. • These shoes are not hers. • That car is ours. • Theirs is parked in the garage.

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COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable and uncountable nouns

It's important to distinguish between countable and uncountable nouns in English because their usage is different in regards to both determiners and verbs.

Countable nouns

Countable nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They have a singular and a plural form. The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an". If you want to ask about the quantity of a countable noun, you ask "How many?" combined with the plural countable noun.

Singular Plural

one dog two dogs

one horse two horses

one man two men

one idea two ideas

one shop two shops

Examples

1-She has three dogs.

2-I own a house.

3-I would like two books please.

4-How many friends do you have?

Uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns are for the things that

we cannot count with numbers. They may be the names for abstract ideas or qualities or for physical objects that are too small or too amorphous to be counted (liquids, powders, gases, etc.). Uncountable nouns are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form.

Examples

1-tea

2-sugar

3-water

4-air

5-rice

6-knowledge

7-beauty

8-anger

9-fear

10-love

11-money

12-research

13-safety

14-evidence

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Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) or uncountable (U)

1. The children are playing in the garden.

2. I don't like milk.

3. I prefer tea.

4. Scientists say that the environment is threatened by pollution.

5. My mother uses butter to prepare cakes.

6. There are a lot of windows in our classroom.

7. We need some glue to fix this vase.

8. The waiters in this restaurant are very professional.

9. My father drinks two big glasses of water every morning.

10. The bread my mother prepares is delicious.

11. Drivers must be careful; the road is slippery. 12. Some policemen are organizing road traffic to avoid any

accidents.

13. I bought three bottles of mineral water for our picnic.

14. I'd like some juice please!

15. Successful candidates will join the camp later this year. 16. A rise in oil prices is inevitable since there is more and more world demand

for energy.

17. The exercises on this website are interesting.

18. Dehydrated babies must drink a lot of water.

19. Adult illiterates learn through a special government program.

20. I met some nice people when I was walking along the beach.

SOME AND ANY

We use SOME and ANY with plural nouns and uncountable nouns.

Some is generally used in positive sentences.

Any is generally used in negative sentences.

• I have some information for you about flights to Paris. (Positive - Uncountable)

• I don't have any information for you about flights to Paris. (Negative - Uncountable)

• We met some friends for drinks after work yesterday. (Positive - Plural Countable)

• I didn't see any friends there on Thursday. (Negative - Plural Countable)

• I think he will have some time to speak to you today. (Positive - Uncountable)

• I don't think he will have any time to speak to you today. (Negative - Uncountable)

You can also use SOME and ANY in a sentence without a noun if the meaning of the sentence is clear.

• I didn't eat any salad but Peter ate some. (salad) • Sean took lots of photos of the mountains but Emma didn't take any.

(photos)

Questions with Some and Any

Generally, we use ANY in questions.

• Do you know any famous people? • Do you have any children?

But, SOME is used in the following circumstances:

1. When we are offering something.

• Would you like some coffee? • Do you want some sugar for your coffee?

2. When we are asking for something.

• Could I have some salt, please? • Can I have some fries with that?

3. When we are suggesting something.

• Why don't we watch some movies on TV tonight? • Why don't you give her some advice?

You can also use SOME and ANY in a sentence without a noun if the meaning of the sentence is clear.

I didn't eat any salad but Peter ate some. (salad)

Sean took lots of photos of the mountains but Emma didn't take any. (photos)

-

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1. We need bananas.

2. You can't buy posters in this shop.

3. We haven't got oranges at the moment.

4. Peter has bought new books.

5. She always takes sugar with her coffee.

6. I have seen nice postcards in this souvenir shop.

7. There aren't folders in my bag.

8. I have magazines for you.

9. There are apples on the table.

10. Pam does not have pencils on her desk

DEMONSTRATIVES (THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE)

Demonstratives show where an object, event, or person is in relation to the speaker.

They can refer to a physical or a psychological closeness or distance. When talking

about events, the near demonstratives are often used to refer to the present while

the far demonstratives often refer to the past.

Demonstratives can be used by themselves when the noun they modify is understood from the context. Examples:

I'll never forget this.

That has nothing to do with me.

I didn't ask for these.

Those aren't mine.

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Complete next exercises using one of the next demonstratives

correspondingly (this, these, that or those)

1. Look at newspaper here.

2. are my grandparents, and people over there are

my friend's grandparents.

3. building over there is the Chrysler Building.

4. is my mobile phone and is your mobile phone on

the shelf over there.

5. photos here are much better than photos on the

book.

6. was a great evening.

7. Are your pencils here?

8. bottle over there is empty.

9. bricks over there are for your chimney.

10. John, take folder and put it on the desk over there.

12. car.

13. bike. --------->

14. pencils.

15. books. ------->

16. ball. ---------->

17. shoes.

18. mouse.

19. snakes. ------>