scope of judicial review - overview

8/21/2019 Scope of Judicial Review - Overview

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ADMINISTRATIVEREVIEWCOUNCIL

THESCOPEOFJUDICIALREVIEW

REPORT TO THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL

Report no. 47

Apri !""#


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Administrative Review Couni!

An$ in%&irie' ()o&t t*i' report or +ore ,ener($ ()o&t t*e Co&ni '*o& )e irete to/

T*e E0e&ti1e Diretor

A+ini'tr(ti1e Re1ie2 Co&niRo)ert G(rr(n O33ie'

ARTON ACT !#""

Teep*one/ "! #!5" 56""

('i+ie/ "! #!5" 586"9

E+(i/ (r.(n:(,.,o1.(&

Internet/ 222.(2.,o1.(&;(r

< Co++on2e(t* o3 A&'tr(i( !""#

T*i' 2or= i' op$ri,*t. Ap(rt 3ro+ (n$ &'e per+itte &ner t*e Copyright Act 1968, no p(rt

+($ )e repro&e )$ (n$ proe'' 2it*o&t 2ritten per+i''ion.

ISN "#4! !>>6>7


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AD"I#ISTRATIVEREVIEWCOU#CIL

!" Apri !""#

T*e Hon P*iip R&o= MP

Attorne$-Gener(

P(ri(+ent Ho&'e

CANERRA ACT !#""

De(r Attorne$-Gener(

I *(1e pe('&re in '&)+ittin, to $o& t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Re1ie2 Co&ni?' report entite The Scope of

Judicial Review.

T*e report i'&''e' on'tit&tion( (n poi$ +(tter' ree1(nt to t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 (n

on3ir+' t*e e''enti( roe o3 @&ii( re1ie2 in en'&rin, t*e (23& e0eri'e o3 po2er )$ t*e e0e&ti1e

(n in +(int(inin, e0e&ti1e (o&nt()iit$.

It i' t*e Co&ni?' 1ie2 t*(t t*e (n($'i' in t*e reportin&in, t*e e0(+in(tion o3 +e*(ni'+' &'e

)$ P(ri(+ent to i+it @&ii( re1ie22i ontri)&te to ( ,re(ter &ner't(nin, o3 @&'ti3i(tion' 3or

i+itin, '&* re1ie2. T*e Co&ni *ope' t*(t it' 3r(+e2or= o3 ini(ti1e prinipe' 2i pro1e (

&'e3& too 3or ,o1ern+ent in it' on'ier(tion o3 t*e re1ie2 +e*(ni'+' to )e inorpor(te in

e,i'(tion.

Yo&r' 'inere$

Bii(n Se,( AM

Pre'ient


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The Administrative Review Council

At t*e ti+e o3 3in(i'(tion o3 t*e report t*e 3oo2in, peope 2ere +e+)er' o3 t*e

A+ini'tr(ti1e Re1ie2 Co&ni/

Bii(n Se,( AM Pre'ient

B&'tie G(rr$ Do2ne' AM

Pro3e''or Bo*n MMi(n

Pro3e''or D(1i Wei')rot

Peter Aner'on

I(n C(rne

Ro)ert Corn( AO

Pro3e''or Ro)in Cre$=eRi*(r H&+p*r$ AO

Anre2 Met(3e

Me(nie So'' SC

M(@or Gener( P(& Ste1en' AO rt

S&e V(ron AO

T*e 3oo2in, 2ere +e+)er' o3 t*e Co&ni?' 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 '&)-o++ittee/

Pro3e''or Ro)in Cre$=e

Step*en G(,eer SC

W($ne M(rtin C Pre'ient 3ro+ !! A&,&'t !""! to !> A&,&'t !""5Pro3e''or Bo*n MMi(n

Bii(n Se,( AM Pre'ient 3ro+ >5 Septe+)er !""5

Me(nie So'' SC

At*o&,* t*e ter+' o3 (ppoint+ent o3 Step*en G(,eer SC (n W($ne M(rtin C ene

)e3ore t*e report 2(' 3in(i'eF )ot* (,ree to re+(in +e+)er' o3 t*e '&)-o++ittee &nti t*e

report?' o+petion. T*e Co&ni t*(n=' t*e+ 3or t*i'.

B&'tie Do2ne' AM *( o)'er1er 't(t&' on t*e '&)-o++ittee.

T*e Co&ni ('o o++i''ione Mr Step*en Lo$F )(rri'terF to o 2or= on t*i' report. Itt*(n=' Mr Lo$ 3or *i' 1(&()e ontri)&tion.


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The scope of judicial review v

Contents

Pre$ae%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%i&

' Introdution%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%'

t*e 'o&re (n n(t&re o3 t*e po2er )ein, e0eri'e......................................>

t*e n(t&re o3 t*e ei'ion +(=er....................................................................>

t*e n(t&re o3 t*e ei'ion..............................................................................>

>.> T*e p&rpo'e o3 t*i' report........................................................................>

>.! T*e 'tr&t&re o3 t*e report........................................................................!

>. Con'&t(tion.............................................................................................

( T)e *resent so*e o$ +udiia! review%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,

!.> So&re' o3 @&ii( re1ie2 @&ri'ition (n t*e r(n,e o3 ,o1ern+ent

(ti1it$ '&)@et to @&ii( re1ie2.......................................................5

!.>.> T*e Hi,* Co&rt?' on'tit&tion( @&ri'ition.......................................................................5

!.>.! T*e eer( Co&rt?' 't(t&tor$ @&ri'ition...........................................................................#

!.>. T*e eer( M(,i'tr(te' Co&rt............................................................................................7

!.>.4 St(te (n territor$ o&rt'.....................................................................................................7

!.>.5 T*e r(n,e o3 Co++on2e(t* (ti1it$ '&)@et to @&ii( re1ie2........................................6

!.! Re+eie' (n 't(nin,.............................................................................6

!.!.> Con'tit&tion( (n ot*er re+eie'.......................................................................................6

!.!.! M(n(+&'..........................................................................................................................8

!.!. Pro*i)ition (n ertior(ri....................................................................................................8

!.!.4 In@&ntion .........................................................................................................................>"

!.!.5 De(r(tion.......................................................................................................................>"

!.!.# H()e(' orp&'...................................................................................................................>"

!.!.7 Di'retion(r$ on'ier(tion'.............................................................................................>"


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The scope of judicial review vi

!.!.6 T*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 At.......................................................>>

!. T*e ,ro&n' o3 re1ie2............................................................................>!

- T)e Par!iament and t)e so*e o$ +udiia! review%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%',

.> Le,i'(ti1e po2er to e0p(n t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2......................>5

.! Le,i'(ti1e po2er to re&e t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2.......................>#

. Pro1i'ion' 'ee=in, to +(=e ei'ion' 3in( (n on&'i1e....................>#

.4 Pro1i'ion' i+itin, or (+enin, ,ro&n' o3 re1ie2...............................>6

.4.> T*e eer( Co&rt.............................................................................................................>6

.4.! T*e Hi,* Co&rt.................................................................................................................>6

.5 Pro1i'ion' e+po2erin, t*e i''&e o3 erti3i(te' t*(t on'tit&te on&'i1e

e1iene o3 ( 1(i ei'ion.............................................................>8

.# Pro1i'ion' ini(tin, t*(t non-o+pi(ne 2it* ('pet' o3 ( 't(t&tor$

re%&ire+ent oe' not (33et t*e 1(iit$ o3 (tion t(=en...................>8

.7 Ti+e i+it'............................................................................................. !"

.6 Pro1i'ion' on3errin, po2er' 2it* no &t$ to e0eri'e..........................!>

.8 T(iorin, pro1i'ion' t*(t ,o1ern t*e ei'ion-+(=in, po2er.................!>

.8.> S(ti'3(tion o3 t*e ei'ion +(=er....................................................................................!!

.8.! T*e on3errin, o3 )ro( i'retion'..................................................................................!

.8. T*e n(rro2in, or re+o1( o3 i'retion'..........................................................................!

.8.4 Coi3i(tion o3 proe&re'................................................................................................!4

.>" Pri1(ti'(tion o3 ei'ion +(=in,..........................................................!4

.>> Con&in, re+(r='.............................................................................!#

. Judiia! review in onte&t%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%(/

4.> T*e roe o3 @&ii( re1ie2.....................................................................!7

4.! P&)i (2 1(&e'....................................................................................!7

4. Unert(int$ ()o&t t*e ontent or (ppi(tion o3 ,ro&n' o3 re1ie2.... ... .!8

4.4 B&'tii()iit$..........................................................................................."

4.5 B&ii( re'tr(int (n e3erene .............................................................>

4.# Con&in, re+(r='...............................................................................


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The scope of judicial review vii

, Justi$iations *ut $orward $or reduin0 t)e so*e o$ +udiia! review%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%-,

5.> T*e Co&ni?' (ppro(*..........................................................................5

5.! (tor' i+pin,in, on t*e (1(i()iit$ (n 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2... .... .5

5.!.> r(,+ent(tion o3 ri+in( @&'tie proeein,'.................................................................#

5.!.! Dei'ion' o3 ( '&)orin(te e,i'(ti1e *(r(ter................................................................7

5.!. Dei'ion' ()o&t poi$......................................................................................................6

5.!.4 Dei'ion' in1o1in, po$entri 3(tor'............................................................................8

5.!.5 Dei'ion' o3 (n e0eption( n(t&re pro1iin, ( )ene3it not ot*er2i'e (1(i()e...............8

5.!.# Dei'ion' '&)@et to &n+eritorio&' *(en,e or 2*ere t*e e($ in*erent in @&ii(

re1ie2 proeein,' (n re(te (ppe(' on'tit&te' (n en in it'e3........................................4"

5.!.7 Dei'ion' t*(t (re not 3in( or oper(ti1e............................................................................4>

5.!.6 Dei'ion' 2*ere t*ere i' ( p(rti&(r nee 3or ert(int$....................................................4!

5.!.8 Ur,ent ei'ion'...............................................................................................................4

5.!.>" Dei'ion' 2*ere (e%&(te (tern(ti1e re+eie' (re (1(i()e.........................................44

5.!.>> Dei'ion' 2*ere on'i'ten$ in ei'ion +(=in, i' i+port(nt........................................47

5.!.>! Dei'ion' 2*ere @&ii( re1ie2 i' 'o&,*t on ,ro&n' o3 &nre('on()ene'' or proe&r(&n3(irne''F 3(i&re to *(1e re,(r to ree1(nt on'ier(tion' or *(1in, re,(r to irree1(nt

on'ier(tion'............................................................................................................................46

1 Con!udin0 omments and t)e $ramewor2 o$ indiative *rini*!es%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,'

A**endi& A Setion ,' o$ t)e Administrative A**ea!s Tri3una! At%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,,

A**endi& A Setion ,' o$ t)e Administrative A**ea!s Tri3una! At%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,,

A**endi& 4 Su3missions reeived%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,/

A**endi& 4 Su3missions reeived%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,/


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The scope of judicial review ix

Preface

B&ii( re1ie2 p($' ( 1it( roe in A&'tr(i(?' '$'te+ o3 ,o1ern+ent. T*ere *('F *o2e1erF

)een itte onerte (n($'i' o3 it' e'ir()e 'ope or o3 t*e ir&+'t(ne' in 2*i*

i+it(tion' on @&ii( re1ie2 +i,*t )e @&'ti3ie. T*i' i' per*(p' '&rpri'in, 2*en one

on'ier' P(ri(+ent?' (p(it$F '&)@et to t*e A&'tr(i(n Con'tit&tionFto 1(r$ t*e 'ope o3

@&ii( re1ie2.

In t*i' report t*e Co&ni re'pon' to t*i' (= o3 (n($'i' )$ on'ierin, t*e on'tit&tion(

3r(+e2or= 2it*in 2*i* @&ii( re1ie2 (n it' ee+ent' 'itF t*e 3(tor' ree1(nt to 2*en

e,i'(ti1e (+en+ent to t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 +i,*t )e (ppropri(te (n in t*e p&)i

intere'tF (n *o2 t*i' +i,*t )e't )e(*ie1e. An i+port(nt %&e'tion e(t 2it* i' t*e e0tent

to 2*i* it i' proper 3or P(ri(+ent eit*er to &t )(= on t*e 'ope o3 ( @&ii( re1ie2@&ri'ition it *(' pre1io&'$ re(te or to 'ee= to +ini+i'e t*e (+)it o3 @&ii( re1ie2

pr(ti($ (1(i()e &ner ' 751 o3 t*e Con'tit&tion.

T*e on&'ion' t*e Co&ni re(*e (' ( re'&t o3 it' (n($'i' (re )ro&,*t to,et*er in (

3r(+e2or= o3 ini(ti1e prinipe' (t t*e en o3 t*e report.

or t*e p&rpo'e' o3 t*i' report t*e Co&ni t(=e' (' it' )en*+(r=' t*e p&)i (2 1(&e' t*(t

&nerie @&ii( re1ie2t*e r&e o3 (2F t*e '(3e,&(rin, o3 ini1i&( ri,*t'F

(o&nt()iit$F (n on'i'ten$ (n ert(int$ in t*e (+ini'tr(tion o3 e,i'(tion. T*e report

re3et' t*e Co&ni?' 1ie2 t*(t t*e'e 1(&e' (re 3&n(+ent( (n t*(t t*e 'tron,e't re('on'

2o& )e neee i3 @&ii( re1ie2 2ere to )e re&e in ( 2($ t*(t +i,*t (o2 &n(23&on&t to proee 2it*o&t (n$ =in o3 re+e$.

In e1eopin, it' reportF t*e Co&ni ('o (''e''e t*e e'ir()e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2

(,(in't t*e )(=,ro&n o3 t*e @&ri'ition o3 Co++on2e(t* o&rt' in t*i' (re(F t*e r(n,e o3

(ti1itie' o1ere (n peope entite to 'ee= reie3F t*e ,ro&n' on 2*i* t*e$ +($ o 'oF (n

t*e re+eie' (1(i()e to t*e+.

C*(pter 5 re'pon' iret$ to (r,&+ent' t*(t *(1e )een (1(ne to @&'ti3$ re'trition' on

@&ii( re1ie2 in t*e onte0t o3 t*e Co&ni?' o2n pro@et (n in ot*er onte0t'3or

e0(+peF in 'ee=in, to e0&e ei'ion' 3ro+ re1ie2 t*ro&,* i'tin, in S*e&e > o3 t*e

Adi!istrative "ecisio!s #Judicial Review$ Act 19%%. A+on, ot*er t*in,'F t*e (r,&+ent' e(2it* t*e (1(i()iit$ o3 (e%&(te (tern(ti1e re+eie' t*e &n+eritorio&' n(t&re o3 t*e (i+'

+(e in re(tion to ert(in 'ort' o3 ei'ion' (re(' o3 ei'ion +(=in, 2*ere on'i'ten$ i'

o3 p(rti&(r i+port(ne (n (i+' +(e on t*e )('i' o3 &nre('on()ene''F proe&r(

3(irne'' or re(te ,ro&n'.

T*e Co&ni *ope' t*(t t*e (n($'i' it pro1ie' 2i eno&r(,e in3or+e i'&''ion (n t*(t

it' 3r(+e2or= o3 ini(ti1e prinipe' 2i )e ( &'e3& o+pe+ent to t*e non-)inin,

,&ieine' on +erit' re1ie2 ont(ine in it' >888 p&)i(tion &hat "ecisio!s should 'e

Su'ject to (erits Review)It ('o tr&'t' t*(t t*e ini(ti1e prinipe' 2i )e &'e3& 2*en ne2

e,i'(tion i' )ein, on'iere.


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The scope of judicial review 1

1 Introduction

B&ii( re1ie2? *(' ( n&+)er o3 3(et'. It (n )e e'ri)e )ro($ (' t*e 3&ntion or

(p(it$ o3 o&rt' to pro1ie re+eie' to peope (1er'e$ (33ete )$ &n(23& ,o1ern+ent

(tion. S&* ( e'ription ienti3ie' t*e pri+(r$ ee+ent' (33etin, t*e )re(t* o3 @&ii(

re1ie2/

t*e e0tent o3 t*e @&ri'ition o3 o&rt' to *e(r (n eter+ine i'p&te' (ri'in, in

re(tion to ,o1ern+ent (tion or in(tion

t*e r(n,e o3 ,o1ern+ent (tion or in(tion in re(tion to 2*i* reie3 (n )e 'o&,*t i3

t*(t (tion or in(tion i' &n(23&. T*i' ee+ent *(' 'e1er( ('pet'

J t*e 'o&re (n n(t&re o3 t*e po2er )ein, e0eri'e

J t*e n(t&re o3 t*e ei'ion +(=er

J t*e n(t&re o3 t*e ei'ion

t*e (1(i()e re+eie' (n t*e ir&+'t(ne' in 2*i* t*e re+eie' +i,*t )e re3&'e

on i'retion(r$ ,ro&n'

t*e peope entite to 'ee= reie3 3ro+ ( o&rt 2it* @&ri'ition to *e(r (n eter+ine

i'p&te' o3 t*i' n(t&re

t*e proe&r( (n '&)'t(nti1e i+it(tion' on t*e ,ro&n' o3 re1ie2.

1.1 The purpose of this report

In t*i' report t*e Co&ni pro1ie' (1ie to t*e Attorne$-Gener(F in (or(ne 2it* it'

3&ntion' &ner ' 5> o3 t*eAdi!istrative Appeals Tri'u!al Act 19%* Ct* in onnetion

2it* t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2. See Appeni0 A 3or t*e 3& te0t o3 ' 5> o3 t*e At.

T*e p&rpo'e o3 t*e report i' to e0(+ine t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 o3 e0e&ti1e in&in,

'&)orin(te e,i'(ti1e (tion' o3 t*e Co++on2e(t* ,o1ern+entF it' (,enie' (n (,ent'F2it* ( 1ie2 to eter+inin, 2*en i+it(tion' on @&ii( re1ie2 (re (ppropri(te (n in t*e

p&)i intere't (n *o2 t*e$ +i,*t )e't )e (*ie1e.

On t*e )('i' o3 t*i' (n($'i'F t*e report on&e' 2it* ( 3r(+e2or= o3 ini(ti1e prinipe'.

T*e Co&ni *ope' t*e prinipe' 2i (''i't ,o1ern+ent (,enie'F e,i'(tor' (n

o++ent(tor' in eter+inin, 2*en i+it(tion' to @&ii( re1ie2 (re (ppropri(te in t*e

onte0t o3 p(rti&(r poi$ (n e,i'(ti1e propo'('.

T*e report (n t*e 3r(+e2or= o3 prinipe' repre'ent ( re'pon'e )$ t*e Co&ni to it'

pereption t*(tF (t*o&,* t*ere (re n&+ero&' 2($' P(ri(+ent (n e0p(n (n ontr(t t*e

(+)it o3 @&ii( re1ie2 'o+e o3 2*i* (re o&tine in t*e reportF t*ere *(' to (te )een


10/62


itte onerte (n($'i' o3 t*e e'ir()e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 or o3 t*e ir&+'t(ne' in

2*i* i+it(tion' on re1ie2 +i,*t )e @&'ti3ie.

T*e on'tit&tion( 3r(+e2or= 3or @&ii( re1ie2 (t t*e Co++on2e(t* e1e *(' re,(r to

i+port(nt p&)i (2 1(&e' '&* (' t*e r&e o3 (2F t*e '(3e,&(rin, o3 ini1i&( ri,*t'F (n

e0e&ti1e (o&nt()iit$. T*e 3r(+e2or= o3 ini(ti1e prinipe' re3et' t*e Co&ni?' 1ie2t*(t t*e r&e o3 (2 (n t*e pro1i'ion o3 re+eie' 3or peope (33ete )$ &n(23& ,o1ern+ent

(tion or in(tion (re p(r(+o&nt (n t*(t t*e 'tron,e't re('on' 2o& )e neee i3 @&ii(

re1ie2 2ere to )e re&e in ( 2($ t*(t +i,*t (o2 &n(23& on&t to proee 2it*o&t (n$

=in o3 re+e$.

In >888 t*e Co&ni p&)i'*e ( )oo=et entite &hat "ecisio!s should 'e Su'ject to (erits

Review)F 2*i* ont(ine non-)inin, ,&ieine' e'i,ne to *ep 2it* t*e e1eop+ent o3

e,i'(ti1e propo'(' in1o1in, (+ini'tr(ti1e ei'ion-+(=in, po2er'. T*e Co&ni *ope'

t*e prinipe' ienti3ie in t*i' &rrent report in re(tion to @&ii( re1ie2 2i )e ( &'e3&

o+pe+ent to t*o'e in re(tion to +erit' re1ie2 in t*e e(rier p&)i(tion.

1.2 The structure of the report

C*(pter ! '&++(ri'e' t*e &rrent 'it&(tion in onnetion 2it* @&ii( re1ie2 (t t*e

Co++on2e(t* e1e. Con'i'tent 2it* t*e ,ener( 3o&' o3 t*e reportF @&ii( re1ie2 (t t*e

't(te (n territor$ e1e i' not on'iere. C*(pter ! oe' not 'ee= to )e o+pre*en'i1e/ (

n&+)er o3 te0t' o1er t*i' 3ie.

C*(pter i' onerne 2it* t*e (p(it$ o3 P(ri(+ent to e0p(n t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2

)e$on 2*(t i' on'tit&tion($ entren*e (' 2e (' +e*(ni'+' to re+o1e or i+it t*(t

'ope in p(rti&(r ('e'.

In C*(pter 4 t*e Co&ni i'&''e' t*e on'tit&tion( 3r(+e2or= 2it*in 2*i* @&ii( re1ie2

(n it' ee+ent' re'ie. T*e Con'tit&tion p(e' i+port(nt i+it' on t*e e0tent to 2*i*

ee+ent' o3 @&ii( re1ie2 (n )e (tere )e$on (n irre&i)e +ini+&+. C*(pter 4 ('o

i'&''e' t*e r&i( roe o3 @&ii( re1ie2 in A&'tr(i(?' '$'te+ o3 ,o1ern+ent (n

e'pei($ in +(int(inin, t*e r&e o3 (2. I+piit in t*e i'&''ion i' t*e notion t*(t (n$

(tte+pt to re&e t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 o& i+p(ir t*e e33eti1ene'' o3 t*e r&e o3

(2.

C*(pter 5 oo=' (t t*e ir&+'t(ne' in 2*i* it i' @&'ti3i()e to i+it t*e )re(t* o3 one or

+ore o3 t*e ee+ent' o3 @&ii( re1ie2 e(t 2it* in t*e preein, *(pter'. In p(rti&(rF iton'ier' (r,&+ent' t*(t (re o++on$ (1(ne to @&'ti3$ '&* i+it(tion' (n t*e e0tent to

2*i* it i' (ppropri(te to (ee to t*e+.

C*(pter # pre'ent' t*e on&'ion' t*e Co&ni re(*e (' ( re'&t o3 it' (n($'i' t*e'e (re 'et

o&t in t*e 3or+ o3 ( 3r(+e2or= o3 ini(ti1e prinipe' t*(t (re ree1(nt to 'it&(tion' 2*en

(+en+ent' to t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 +i,*t )e ree1(nt (n in t*e p&)i intere't.

T*e Co&ni note' t*(t t*e %&e'tion o3 t*e nee 3or re3or+ o3 t*e r&e' re(tin, to 't(nin,

one o3 t*e ee+ent' o3 @&ii( re1ie2*(' )een t*e '&)@et o3 et(ie (n($'i' )$ t*e

A&'tr(i(n L(2 Re3or+ Co++i''ion on t2o o('ion'3ir't in >865F in it' report no. !7F

Sta!di!g i! +u'lic !terest -itigatio! (n t*en in >88#F in it' report no. 76F.eyo!d the"oor/0eeper sta!di!g to sue for pu'lic reedies. In t*e i,*t o3 t*i'F (n o3 t*e 3(t t*(t t*e


11/62


'eon o3 t*e'e report' i' re(ti1e$ reentF t*e Co&ni oe' not (n1('' in t*i' report 2*(t

+i,*t )e t*e (ppropri(te 't(nin, 3or (ppi(tion' 3or @&ii( re1ie2.

1.3 Consultation

In e1eopin, it' report t*e Co&ni 2(' (''i'te )$ re'pon'e' to it' i'&''ion p(per entite

The Scope of Judicial ReviewF p&)i'*e in !"".

Appeni0 i't' t*e re'ponent' to t*e i'&''ion p(perF 2*i* (ttr(te intere't 3ro+ (

1(riet$ o3 peope (n (,enie'F o1er >5"" opie' )ein, i'tri)&te. T*e i'&''ion p(per 2('

(1(i()e in printF on CD-ROM (n on t*e Co&ni?' 2e)'ite K(2.,o1.(&;(r. T*e Co&ni

t*(n=' t*o'e 2*o pro1ie o++ent.


12/62


2 The present scope of judicial review

A ,ener( i'&''ion o3 t*e &rrent 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 o3 Co++on2e(t* (tion

pro1ie' ( onte0t 3or t*e (n($'i' t*(t 3oo2' in '&)'e%&ent *(pter' o3 t*i' report. T*e

i'&''ion oe' not (tte+pt to (t(o,&e pro1i'ion' (pp$in, in 'pei3i 3ie' t*(t in 'o+e

2($ n(rro2 t*e 'ope o3 re1ie2.

T*e ee+ent' i'&''e *ere (re to 'o+e e0tent inter-re(te.

2.1 Sources of judicial review jurisdiction and the range ofgovernment activity subject to judicial review

T*e 'o&re' o3 @&ii( re1ie2 @&ri'ition (n t*e r(n,e o3 ,o1ern+ent (ti1it$ '&)@et to

@&ii( re1ie2 (re onept&($ i33erent )&t o'e$ re(te. T*e$ (re in=e )$ 'i+i(r

riteri( or to&*'tone'.

2.1.1 The High Courts constitutional jurisdiction

Uner t*e A&'tr(i(n Con'tit&tion t*e Hi,* Co&rt *(' ori,in( @&ri'ition in re'pet o3 (

+(tter' in 2*i* t*e Co++on2e(t*F or ( per'on '&in, or )ein, '&e on )e*(3 o3 t*e

Co++on2e(t*F i' ( p(rt$ ' 75iii (n ( +(tter' in 2*i* ( 2rit o3 +(n(+&' or

pro*i)ition or (n in@&ntion i' 'o&,*t (,(in't (n o33ier o3 t*e Co++on2e(t* ' 751.

T*e 3ir't o3 t*e'e 'o&re' o3 @&ri'ition' 75iiit&rn' 'oe$ on t*e ientit$ o3 t*e

Co++on2e(t* or t*e (,ent )ein, '&e. T*e (+)it o3 ' 75iii (' ( 'o&re o3 @&ri'ition 3or

&nert(=in, @&ii( re1ie2 *(' not )een t*e '&)@et o3 e0ten'i1e (n($'i' in t*e Hi,* Co&rt.

T*e 'eon 'o&re' 751pro1ie' @&ri'ition in onnetion 2it* ert(in re+eie'

(,(in't o33ier' o3 t*e Co++on2e(t*?. T*i' 'etion en'&re' t*(t t*o'e re+eie' (re

(1(i()e 2*en ( Co++on2e(t* o33ier *(' 3(ie to per3or+ (n en3ore()e e,( &t$

+(n(+&'F *(' e0eee t*eir po2er' pro*i)ition or *(' ot*er2i'e (te &n(23&$

in@&ntion. On one 1ie2F t*e @&ri'ition on3erre )$ ' 751 pro1ie' ,re(ter

p(rti&(ri'(tion o3 one ('pet o3 t*e @&ri'ition on3erre )$ ' 75iii.>

T*e t2o pro1i'ion' on3er on t*e Hi,* Co&rt t*e @&ri'ition to &nert(=e @&ii( re1ie2 o3

(+ini'tr(ti1e (n e,i'(ti1e (tion )$ t*e Co++on2e(t* (n it' o33ier'in p(rti&(rF to

en'&re t*(t '&* (tion i' (rrie o&t 2it*in i+it' i+po'e )$ t*e Con'tit&tion (n (n$ 1(i

en(t+ent.

> A' to t*e re(tion'*ip )et2een '' 75iii (n 751F 'ee"eputy Coissio!er of Ta2atio! v Richard&alter +ty -td >884 >6 CLR >#6F M('on CB (t >78F De(ne (n G(&ron BB (t !"4J5F D(2'on B (t !!> Re

Refugee Review Tri'u!al3 42 parte Aala !""" !"4 CLR 6!F G(&ron (nG&++o2 BB (t 8!.a!0 of 5ewSouth &ales v The Coo!wealth >846 7# CLR >F Di0on CB (t #The Coo!wealth v (ewett >88#>8> CLR 47>F G&++o2 (n ir)$ BB (t 547.


13/62


2.1.2 The !ederal Courts statutory jurisdiction

T*e eer( Co&rt?' @&ii( re1ie2 @&ri'ition eri1e' 3ro+ t2o 't(t&tor$ 'o&re'.

T*e 3ir't i' t*eAdi!istrative "ecisio!s #Judicial Review$ Act 19%%Ct*F 2*i* pro1ie'

t*(t t*e eer( Co&rt *(' @&ri'ition to re1ie2 t*e +(=in, o3 or t*e 3(i&re to +(=e (ei'ionF or on&t en,(,e in 3or t*e p&rpo'e o3 +(=in, ( ei'ionF to 2*i* t*(t At

(ppie'. In e''eneF t*i' +e(n' ei'ion' o3 (n (+ini'tr(ti1e *(r(ter +(e &ner (

Co++on2e(t* en(t+ent or )$ ( Co++on2e(t* (&t*orit$ &ner ( 't(te or territor$

en(t+ent.!T*e +o't iret e33et o3 t*e pro1i'ion i' to e0&e re1ie2 o3 non-'t(t&tor$

ei'ion''&* (' ei'ion' +(e &ner e0e&ti1e or prero,(ti1e po2er' (n &ner ontr(t'

to 2*i* ( ,o1ern+ent (,en$ i' ( p(rt$. Aition($F @&ri'ition oe' not e0ten to

ei'ion' )$ t*e Go1ernor-Gener( or ei'ion' o3 ( =in e0pre''$ e0&eF (' pro1ie 3or

in S*e&e > to t*e At.

T*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 At 'pe' o&t t*e ,ro&n' 3or @&ii( re1ie2

3or e0(+peF )re(* o3 n(t&r( @&'tieF error o3 (2F (n on'ier(tion o3 (n irree1(nt+(tter. T*e At ('o ont(in' ot*er i+port(nt 3e(t&re'F (+on, t*e+ en()in, t*e o&rt to

'&'pen t*e oper(tion o3 ( ei'ion penin, re1ie2 (nF in ontr('t 2it* t*e o++on (2

'it&(tionF en()in, ( per'on (,,rie1e )$ ( ei'ion to o)t(in ( 't(te+ent o3 re('on' 3or t*(t

ei'ion.

T*e eer( Co&rt?' 'eon 'o&re o3 @&ri'ition i' ' 8> o3 t*eJudiciary Act 197 Ct*

t*i' i' t*e '(+e (' t*e @&ri'ition o3 t*e Hi,* Co&rt in re(tion to (n$ +(tter in re'pet o3

2*i* ( 2rit o3 +(n(+&' or pro*i)ition or (n in@&ntion i' 'o&,*t (,(in't (n o33ier o3 t*e

Co++on2e(t*.4

T*i' 'eon 'o&re o3 @&ri'ition i' '&)@et to 'o+e e0eption'. It oe' not e0ten toei'ion' )$ o33ier' o3 t*e Co++on2e(t* to pro'e&te ( per'on 3or (n o33ene 2*ere it i'

propo'e t*(t t*e pro'e&tion )e initi(te in ( 't(te or territor$ o&rt.5Nor oe' it e0ten to

t*e 'it&(tion 2*ere ( pro'e&tion or ri+in( (ppe( )e3ore ( 't(te or territor$ o&rt onern'

ei'ion' o3 o33ier' o3 t*e Co++on2e(t* +(e in t*e ri+in( @&'tie proe'' (''oi(te

2it* t*(t o33ene.#In )ot* t*e'e ('e' t*e 't(te or territor$ o&rt i' in1e'te 2it* @&ri'ition

to ,r(nt t*e 'pei3ie re+eie'.7

&rt*erF @&ri'ition oe' not (ri'e &ner ' 8> 2*ere t*e Co++on2e(t* o33ier i' (

per'on *oin, o33ie &ner t*e &or0place Relatio!s Act 1996Ct*6or t*e #Cth$ Act 196or

i' ( @&,e o3 t*e (+i$ Co&rt o3 A&'tr(i(8or ( @&'tie o3 t*e eer( Co&rt o3 A&'tr(i(.>"

T*e eer( Co&rt *(' ( 'ep(r(te 'o&re o3 @&ri'ition to &nert(=e @&ii( re1ie2 &ner

' 8>A o3 t*e B&ii(r$ At. T*i' 'etion on3er' @&ri'ition in re'pet o3 (n$ +(tter

(ri'in, &ner t*e Con'tit&tion or in1o1in, it' interpret(tion (n (ri'in, &ner t*e (2' +(e

! or +ore et(iF 'eeAdi!istrative "ecisio!s #Judicial Review$ Act 19%% Ct*F ' . At*o&,* t*i' ri,*t +($ )e e0&e &ner ' > o3 t*e At )$ in&'ion in S*e&e !.4 Setion 8> o3 t*e At.5 Setion 8> o3 t*e At.# Setion 8>C o3 t*e At. In '&* ir&+'t(ne' t*e o&rt oe' not ,ener($ *(1e @&ri'itionF )&t 'ee

' 8>D o3 t*e At.7 I3 (n$ '&* proeein, 2ere o++ene in t*e Hi,* Co&rtF it o& re+it t*e proeein, to t*e ree1(nt

't(te o&rt )&t not t*e eer( Co&rtJudiciary Act 197 Ct*F ' 44>.6 Judiciary Act 197 Ct*F ' 8 !(.8 Judiciary Act 197 Ct*F ' 8!).>" Re Jara!42 parte Coo0 No. > >887 >66 CLR 585.


14/62


)$ t*e P(ri(+ent2it* t*e e0eption o3 ( +(tter in 2*i* ( ri+in( pro'e&tion i'

in'tit&te or (n$ ot*er ri+in( +(tterF in&in, ( +(tter in 2*i* t*e Co++on2e(t* i'

'ee=in, (n in@&ntion or ( e(r(tion ' 8>A(. W*ere t*e o&rt oe' *(1e @&ri'itionF

it *(' t*e po2er to +(=e orer' o3 '&* =in' (n to i''&e '&* 2rit' (' t*e Co&rt t*in='

(ppropri(te.>>

T*ere i' on'ier()e o1er(p in t*e @&ri'ition to &nert(=e @&ii( re1ie2F (' on3erre )$

'' 8> (n 8>A. T*e 'etion' (re notF *o2e1erF ienti(. or e0(+peF t*e

@&ri'ition on3erre )$ ' 8> e0ten' to po2er' e0eri'e )$ o33ier' o3 t*e

Co++on2e(t* t*(t o not (ri'e &ner 't(t&te or &ner t*e Con'tit&tion. T*e r(n,e o3

Co++on2e(t* (ti1it$ o1ere )$ ' 8>A i' e'' preit()e )e(&'e t*e to&*'tone 3or

@&ri'ition i' +ore (+orp*o&'. T*e eer( Co&rt *(' @&ri'ition to &nert(=e @&ii(

re1ie2 o3 ( ei'ion or on&t i3 t*e +(tter (ri'e' &ner ( (2 +(e )$ t*e P(ri(+ent or

&ner t*e Con'tit&tion. T*i' o&r' 2*en t*e ri,*t or &t$ in %&e'tion in t*e proeein, o2e'

it' e0i'tene to 3eer( (2 or t*e Con'tit&tion or epen' on '&* ( (2 3or it' en3ore+ent.>!

T*i' (2 +&'t )e e,i'(ti1e in n(t&re.

T*e @&ri'ition on3erre )$ ' 8>A oe' not re%&ire t*(t one o3 t*e re+eie' 'pei3ie in

' 8> )e in1o=e (n oe' not re%&ire t*(t t*e re'ponent )e (n o33ier o3 t*e

Co++on2e(t*.

T*e eer( Co&rt?' ori,in( @&ri'ition &ner t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii(

Re1ie2 At in re(tion to ert(in +i,r(tion ei'ion' i' i+ite. It' @&ri'ition 3or t*e

+(@orit$ o3 +i,r(tion ei'ion' eri1e' 3ro+ t*e(igratio! Act 19*8Ct* (n t*e B&ii(r$

AtF '&)@et to t*e pri1(ti1e (&'e in ' 474 o3 t*e Mi,r(tion At. T*e o&rt?' ori,in(

@&ri'ition in re(tion to +i,r(tion ei'ion' *(' )een 3&rt*er i+ite )$ t*e(igratio!

-itigatio! Refor Act *Ct*.

2.1.3 The !ederal "agistrates Court

T*e eer( M(,i'tr(te' Co&rt *(' t*e '(+e @&ri'ition (' t*e eer( Co&rt &ner t*e

A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 At.

S&)@et to ert(in e0eption'(ri'in, 3ro+ t*e p(''(,e o3 t*e Mi,r(tion Liti,(tion Re3or+

Att*e eer( M(,i'tr(te' Co&rt *(' t*e '(+e ori,in( @&ri'itionF &ner t*e Mi,r(tion

AtF in re(tion to +i,r(tion ei'ion' (' t*e Hi,* Co&rt *(' &ner ' 751 o3 t*e Con'tit&tion.

2.1.4 State and territory courts

T*e @&ri'ition o3 't(te (n territor$ o&rt' to &nert(=e @&ii( re1ie2 o3 Co++on2e(t*

on&t i' i+ite.

Setion 8 o3 t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 At pro1ie' t*(t 't(te o&rt' o

not *(1e @&ri'ition to re1ie2 ei'ion' to 2*i* t*(t At (ppie' or ei'ion' 'pei3ie in

S*e&e > to t*e At.

>> :ederal Court of Australia Act 19%6 Ct*F ' !.>! R v Coo!wealth Court of Co!ciliatio! a!d Ar'itratio!3 42 parte .arrett >845 7" CLR>4>FL(t*(+

CB (t >54Jaes v South Australia >8!7 4" CLR > (t 4".


15/62


T*eJurisdictio! of Courts #Cross/;esti!g$ Act 198%Ct* pro1ie' t*(t 'pei( 3eer(

+(tter'? ,ener($ )e tr(n'3erre to t*e eer( Co&rt or 'o+e ot*er 'pei3ie o&rt. T*e ter+

'pei( 3eer( +(tter'? in&e' ( +(tter (ri'in, &ner t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion'

B&ii( Re1ie2 At (n (n$ +(tter t*(t i' 2it*in t*e ori,in( @&ri'ition o3 t*e eer(

Co&rt )$ 1irt&e o3 ' 8 o3 t*e B&ii(r$ At.>

Neit*er o3 t*e'e pro1i'ion' (33et' t*e '*e+e @&'t noteF 2*i* in1e't' 't(te (n territor$

o&rt' 2it* @&ri'ition in re(tion to ert(in @&ii( re1ie2 (ppi(tion' (ri'in, in t*e

ri+in( @&'tie proe''.

2.1.5 The range of Commonwealth activity subject to judicial review

Mo't Co++on2e(t* ei'ion +(=in, i' '&)@et to @&ii( re1ie2. T*ere (re 'o+e

e0eption'F (n t*e te't' to )e (ppie r(i'e i33i&t %&e'tion'. Dei'ion' +(e (n on&t

en,(,e in &ner Co++on2e(t* en(t+ent' (re '&)@et to @&ii( re1ie2 )$ t*e eer(

Co&rt or t*e eer( M(,i'tr(te' Co&rt2it* t*e e0eption o3 ei'ion' (n on&t

e'ri)e in S*e&e > to t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 At (n ei'ion'

(n on&t o3 t*e Go1ernor-Gener(.>4T*e '(+e *o' 3or ei'ion' +(e &ner 't(te or

territor$ (2' )$ Co++on2e(t* (&t*oritie'? (n o3 t*e B&ii(r$ At to ,i1e t*e'e re+eie'

2*en it' @&ri'ition i' in1o=e &ner ' 75iii o3 t*e Con'tit&tion.>5

> Courts #Cross/;esti!g$ Act 198%Ct*F '' # (n .>4 T*e At e0&e' ( ei'ion )$ t*e Go1ernor-Gener(? 3ro+ it' e3inition o3 ( ei'ion to 2*i* t*i'

At (ppie'? ' >. T*e Co&ni reo++ene t*e re+o1( o3 t*i' i+it(tion in C*(pter 5 o3 it' >868 reportentiteReview of the A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 At >877 the a'it of the ActReport no.!.


16/62


T*e eer( Co&rt *(' po2er to +(=e orer' (n i''&e t*e'e 2rit' (' 2e &ner ' ! o3 t*e

:ederal Court of Australia Act 19%6F 2*ere t*e Co&rt *(' @&ri'ition in ( +(tter in

p(rti&(rF &ner ' 8>AF (' i'&''eF e1en 2*en +(n(+&'F pro*i)ition (n in@&ntion'

(re not 'o&,*t.

T*e r&e' re(tin, to 't(nin, 3or t*e'e re+eie' (re o+pe0 (n 'ti e1o1in,. It (ppe(r't*ere i' no 'in,e te't 3or 't(nin, t*(t (ppie' to ( t*e re+eie'F (t*o&,* t*ere (re 'o+e

o++on t*re('.>#ro($ 'pe(=in,F ( per'on 2i *(1e 't(nin, to 'ee= (n$ o3 t*e re+eie'

i3 t*e$ (re (1er'e$ (33ete )$ e0e&ti1e (tion in t*e 'en'e t*(t t*e$ *(1e ( 'pei( intere't

in t*e '&)@et o3 t*e ei'ion or 2o& )e (1er'e$ (33ete )$ t*e o&to+e.

T*e 3oo2in, 'etion' pro1ie ( )rie3 e'ription o3 e(* o3 t*e o++on (2 re+eie' t*(t

*(1e )een +entioneF (on, 2it* ( '&int 't(te+ent o3 t*e (ppi()e 't(nin, te't.

2.2.2 "andamus

A 2rit o3 +(n(+&' i' ( o++(n o+pein, t*e re'ponent to per3or+ ( p&)i &t$. T*i'

re+e$ i' p(rti&(r$ (ppropri(te i3 t*e per'on re'pon'i)e 3or i'*(r,in, t*e p&)i &t$

eit*er *(' 3(ie to per3or+ it or *(' on'tr&ti1e$ 3(ie to per3or+ itin t*e 'en'e t*(t (n$

p&rporte per3or+(ne 2(' in3ete 2it* @&ri'ition( error (n 2(' t*ere3ore not ( e,($

e33eti1e per3or+(ne o3 t*e &t$.

T*e te't 3or 't(nin, o3 ( per'on 2*o 'ee=' ( 2rit o3 +(n(+&' *(' )een 1(rio&'$ e'ri)e

(' re%&irin, ( 'pei3i e,( ri,*t?F e,( ri,*t?F re( intere't? (n 'pei( intere't?. It i'

,ener($ on'iere 'triter t*(n t*e 't(nin, r&e' (pp$in, to ertior(ri (n pro*i)ition.

2.2.3 $rohibition and certiorari

A 2rit o3 pro*i)ition re'tr(in' t*e per'on to 2*o+ t*e 2rit i' irete 3ro+ oin, 'o+et*in,

&n(23& t*(t i' propo'e to )e one or 3ro+ ontin&in, to o (n &n(23& (t (re($ )e,&n.

T*e ,ro&n on 2*i* t*e 2rit i' i''&e i' t*(t t*e ei'ion or on&t &ner re1ie2 i' in3ete

)$ ( @&ri'ition( error 'o t*(t it *(' no e33et (t (2.

An orer 3or ertior(ri *(' t2o p(rt'/ to re+o1e t*e o33ii( reor o3 t*e i+p&,ne ei'ion

into t*e o&rt +(=in, t*e orer (n t*enF i3 t*e (tion i' 3o&n to *(1e )een &n(23&F to

%&('* t*e i+p&,ne ei'ion. T*i' re+e$ i' (ppropri(te i3 ( ei'ion *(' 'o+e e,( e33et

)&t i' i()e to )e 'et ('ie 3or )re(* o3 ( ,ro&n o3 re1ie2. In '&* ( ('eF t*e re+e$ (n )e

'(i to 2ipe t*e '(te e(n. An orer 3or ertior(ri i' &'&($ o&pe 2it* ( 2rit o3+(n(+&' to iret t*(t t*e +(tter )e on'iere (3re'* (orin, to (2.

It i' e1ientF t*enF t*(t pro*i)ition (n ertior(ri (re o'e$ re(teF (n t*e %&e'tion o3 2*i*

i' (ppropri(te t&rn' on 2*et*er t*e o33ii( on&t *(' on&e (n )een 3&$

i+pe+ente. W*en ( ei'ion *(' )een +(e )&t no 3&rt*er (tion i' penin,F ertior(ri

(one +i,*t '&33ie. W*en &n(23& on&t i' propo'e or i' o&rrin,F pro*i)ition +i,*t )e

t*e +ore '&it()e re+e$. An (e 3e(t&re o3 ertior(ri i' t*(t it (n )e &'e to %&('* (

>5 or e0(+peF 'ee-i v (i!ister for igratio!, -ocal =over!e!t a!d 4th!ic Affairs >88! >7# CLR> (t !".

># .atea!>s .ay -ocal A'origi!al -a!d Cou!cil v A'origi!al Cou!ity .e!efit :u!d +ty -td >886>84 CLR !47 (t !# (n !78J6" Truth A'out (otorways +ty -td v (ac?uarie !frastructure !veste!t(a!agee!t -td !""" !"" CLR 58> (t 588J#""F #>>F #!7J6F #5!J (n #7".


17/62


ei'ion t*(t i' in3ete 2it* (n error o3 (2F e1en t*o&,* t*(t error i' not ( @&ri'ition(

error pro1ie t*e error (ppe(r' on t*e reor.

T*e 't(nin, r&e' 3or ertior(ri (n pro*i)ition (re ,ener($ on'iere to )e t*e '(+e. A

p(rt$ to t*e i+p&,ne ei'ion-+(=in, proe'' 2i *(1e 't(nin,. A 'tr(n,er to t*(t proe''

(n *(1e 't(nin, '&)@et to t*e i'retion o3 t*e o&rt. Gener($F i3 ( 'tr(n,er *(' ( per'on(intere't in t*e o&to+e o3 proeein,' or 2o& )e (1er'e$ (33ete )$ t*e o&to+eF

't(nin, i' +ore i=e$ to )e ,r(nte.

2.2.4 %njunction

In@&ntion' (re (1(i()e to protet 't(t&tor$ ri,*t' (n to en3ore t*e 't(t&tor$ o)i,(tion' o3

o33ii(' or ot*er' t*e re+e$ (n )e i''&e in pro*i)itor$ or +(n(tor$ 3or+. An in@&ntion

i' +ore 3e0i)e t*(n ot*er re+eie' (n (n )e +o&e to t*e ir&+'t(ne' o3 t*e ('e 'o

(' to (o2 t*e re'ponent (n opport&nit$ to reti3$ pro)e+'. In@&ntion' ie 3or )ot*

@&ri'ition( (n non-@&ri'ition( ie,(it$.>7

2.2.5 &eclaration

A e(r(tion i' ( o&rt orer re'o1in, ( i'p&te ()o&t t*e (2 t*(t (ppie' to ( 'it&(tion. It

*(' no +(n(tor$ or re'tr(inin, e33et (n i' +ere$ e(r(tor$. Nonet*ee''F it (n )e (

&'e3& re+e$ (,(in't ( p&)i (&t*orit$ )e(&'e '&* (&t*oritie' (n )e e0pete to ,i1e

e33et to t*e o&rt?' eter+in(tion 2it*o&t (n$ o+p&'ion. A e(r(tion i' o3ten 'o&,*t

(on, 2it* on'e%&enti( reie3.

T*e 't(nin, r&e 3or ( e(r(tion i' t*e '(+e (' t*(t 3or (n in@&ntion. >6A per'on +&'t *(1e

( 'pei( intere't in t*e '&)@et +(tter o3 t*e (tion? in orer to *(1e 't(nin, to 'ee= one o3t*e'e re+eie'.>8At*o&,* t*i' te't i' ,ener($ on'iere 'triter t*(n t*(t 3or t*e

prero,(ti1e re+eie' @&'t i'&''eF it i' not e(r 2*et*er in pr(tie it pre'ent' ( +(@or

(ition( *&re 3or +(n$ (ppi(nt'. T*e Attorne$-Gener( (n ('o ,r(nt *i' or *er 3i(t to (

per'on in orer t*(t t*e$ (n '&e (' t*e Attorne$-Gener(?' re(tor.

2.2.6 Habeas corpus

T*e 2rit o3 *()e(' orp&' i' (1(i()e to 'e&re t*e ree('e o3 ( per'on 3ro+ ie,( etention.

T*ere i' no 't(nin, r&e 3or (ppi(tion' 3or t*i' 2rit.

2.2.7 &iscretionary considerations

E(* o3 t*e ()o1e re+eie' i' '(i to )e i'retion(r$F (t*o&,* it i' i33i&t to t*in= o3 (

('e 2*ere ( 2rit o3 *()e(' orp&' 2o& )e re3&'e i3 it 2ere eter+ine t*(t t*e etention

2(' &n(23&.!"

It i' not po''i)e to e'ri)e e0*(&'ti1e$ t*e 3(tor' t*(t +i,*t (tten ( o&rt?' e0eri'e o3

i'retion in ,r(ntin, reie3. InR v Coo!wealth Court of Co!ciliatio! a!d Ar'itratio!3 42

>7 See+roject .lue S0y !c v Australia! .roadcasti!g Authority >886 >84 CLR 55 (t 8.>6 or e0(+peFAustralia! Co!servatio! :ou!datio! v The Coo!wealth >86" >4# CLR 48F Gi))' B

(t 5!#8 i)i. (t 5!7.!" &t 'ee t*e o++ent' o3 e(&+ont B inRuddoc0 v ;adarlis !""> >>" CR 48>.


18/62


parte @o!e Theatres #Aust$ -tdF!>*o2e1erF 3i1e @&'tie' note t*e 3oo2in, 3(tor' ('

ree1(nt in t*e onte0t o3 (n (ppi(tion 3or ( 2rit o3 +(n(+&'. T*e'e 3(tor' *(1e

'&)'e%&ent$ )een '(i ('o to pro1ie ,&i(ne in t*e onte0t o3 2rit' 3or pro*i)ition (n

ertior(ri!!/

or e0(+pe t*e 2rit +($ not )e ,r(nte i3 ( +ore on1enient (n '(ti'3(tor$re+e$ e0i't'F i3 no &'e3& re'&t o& en'&eF i3 t*e p(rt$ *(' )een ,&it$ o3

&n2(rr(nt()e e($ or i3 t*ere *(' )een )( 3(it* on t*e p(rt o3 t*e (ppi(ntF eit*er

in t*e tr(n'(tion o&t o3 2*i* t*e &t$ to )e en3ore (ri'e' or to2(r' t*e o&rt to

2*i* t*e (ppi(tion i' +(e. T*e o&rt?' i'retion i' @&ii( (n i3 t*e re3&'( o3 (

e3inite p&)i &t$ i' e't()i'*eF t*e 2rit i''&e' &ne'' ir&+'t(ne' (ppe(r

+(=in, it @&'t t*(t t*e re+e$ '*o& )e 2it**e.

T*e 3oo2in, on'ier(tion' *(1e ('o )een 'een (' ree1(nt in t*e onte0t o3 2*et*er (n

in@&ntion '*o& )e ,r(nte/

t*(t ( ne2 (2 +($ or 2i 'oon o+e into oper(tion t*e e3en(nt?' eono+i o''

i3 t*e in@&ntion i''&e' t*e o33er o3 (n &nert(=in, in p(e o3 (n in@&ntion t*e

i+po''i)iit$ o3 o)e$in, t*e in@&ntion 2*et*er t*e e3en(nt?' ie,(it$ 2('

&p()e or innoent (n$ ti+e neee to en()e o+pi(ne 2it* t*e propo'e

in@&ntion 2*et*er (n t*e e0tent to 2*i* peope (re )ene3ite or inon1eniene

)$ t*e e3en(nt?' (t' 2*et*er t*e in@&ntion 2o& )e i'proportion(te to t*e

e3en(nt?' ie,(it$ 2*et*er t*e e3en(nt?' ie,(it$ i' +ere$ te*ni( 2*et*er

t*e in@&ntion (ppi(tion i' )ro&,*t 3or ( o(ter( or ( e,iti+(te p&rpo'e t*e

e3en(nt?' innoent rei(ne &pon t*e inorret (1ie o3 ( ,o1ern+ent ep(rt+ent

t*e e3en(nt?' per'on( ir&+'t(ne'F in&in, t*e e33et on *i' or *er *e(t* o3

*(1in, to o)e$ t*e propo'e in@&ntion t*e p(inti33?' e($ t*e &n3(irne'' o3

+(=in, on$ one o3 +(n$ (2)re(=er' o)e$ t*e (2F (n t*e orre(ti1e in@&'tie o3

ononin, ( )re(* o3 t*e (2 )$ one per'on 2*en e1er$one e'e *(' o+pie2*et*er ( @&ri'ition( error re'&te in (n$ re( in@&'tie or (33ete t*e o&to+e in

(n$ 2($ (n t*e e3en(nt?' (ne'tine or preipit(te on&t e'i,ne to +(=e it

+ore i33i&t to ,r(nt (n in@&ntion.!

2.2.8 The 'dministrative &ecisions ()udicial #eview* 'ct

Setion ># o3 t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 At on3er' on t*e eer(

Co&rt (n t*e eer( M(,i'tr(te' Co&rt po2er to +(=e orer' 'i+i(r in n(t&re (n e33et to

t*e o++on (2 re+eie'.

T*ere i' ( po2er to +(=e orer' %&('*in, or 'ettin, ('ie ( ei'ion ' >#>( t*i' po2er

i' +ore 3e0i)e t*(n t*e on'tit&tion( (n ot*er re+eie' )e(&'e it (n )e irete to p(rt

on$ o3 ( ei'ion (n )e(&'e t*e o&rt *(' ( i'retion (' to t*e (te 3ro+ 2*i* t*e orer i'

to *(1e e33et. T*ere i' ( po2er to re+it ( +(tter to ( ei'ion +(=er 3or 3&rt*er

on'ier(tion t*e orer +($ in&e '&* iretion' (' t*e o&rt t*in=' 3it ' >#>). T*ere

i' ( po2er to e(re t*e ri,*t' o3 t*e p(rtie' ' >#> (n ( po2er to iret (n$ o3 t*e

p(rtie' to o or re3r(in 3ro+ oin, (n$ (t or t*in, 2*ere t*e o&rt on'ier' nee''(r$ in

orer to o @&'tie )et2een t*e p(rtie' ' >#>. T*ere (re ('o po2er' to re'tr(in &n(23&

on&t ' >#! (n to o+pe t*e +(=in, o3 ( ei'ion ' >#.

!> >848 76 CLR 68.!! Re Refugee Review Tri'u!al3 42 parte Aala !""" !"4 CLR 6!F G(&ron (n G&++o2 BB (t >"6 5#.! Aron'onF MF D$erF Gro1e'F M !""4FJudicial Review of Adi!istrative Actio!F r enF T*o+'onF

S$ne$F pp. 6!#J7 3ootnote' o+itte.


19/62


T*e'e po2er' (re '&33iient$ 3e0i)e to o ( t*e 2or= one )$ t*e on'tit&tion( (n

,ener( (2 re+eie'F $et 2it* (e 3e0i)iit$. T*e po2er' (re ('o i'retion(r$. T*e At

oe' not e0pre''$ 't(te (n$ riteri( 3or t*e e0eri'e o3 t*i' i'retionF (n in pr(tie t*e

eer( Co&rt *(' (ppie prinipe' 'i+i(r to t*o'e t*(t (pp$ in t*e onte0t o3 non-'t(t&tor$

re+eie'.

An (ppi(tion &ner t*e At +($ )e +(e )$ ( per'on 2*o i' (,,rie1e )$? ( ei'ionF

on&t or 3(i&re to +(=e ( ei'ion '' 5J7. T*i' i' e3ine to in&e ( per'on 2*o'e

intere't' (re (1er'e$ (33ete? )$ t*e ei'ionF on&t or 3(i&re ' 4. W*ie t*i'

't(nin, r&e i33er' in 3or+ 3ro+ t*o'e (pp$in, in re'pet o3 t*e on'tit&tion( (n ot*er

re+eie'F it *(' )een '(i t*(t it i' no n(rro2er.!4

2.3 The grounds of review

Setion 5 o3 t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 At i't' t*e ,ro&n' o3 re1ie2

(1(i()e 3or t*e re1ie2 o3 ei'ion' +(e &ner t*e At e0(+pe' (re )re(* o3 n(t&r(@&'tieF error o3 (2F (tin, 3or (n &n(&t*ori'e p&rpo'eF 3(i&re to on'ier ( ree1(nt +(tterF

(n (tin, &ner iretion. Uner ' # o3 t*e At e''enti($ t*e '(+e ,ro&n' (re (1(i()e in

re'pet o3 on&t en,(,e in 3or t*e p&rpo'e o3 +(=in, ( ei'ion. Setion 7 pro1ie' t*(tF i3

t*ere *(' )een ( 3(i&re to +(=e ( ei'ionF re1ie2 i' (1(i()e eit*er 3or 3(i&re to +(=e (

ei'ion 2it*in ( pre'ri)e ti+e or 3or &nre('on()e e($ in +(=in, ( ei'ion 2*ere t*ere

i' no pre'ri)e ti+e.

or t*e +o't p(rtF t*e ,ro&n' eri1e 3ro+ t*e ,ro&n' 3or re1ie2 (1(i()e &ner o++on

(2 in re(tion to one or ot*er o3 t*e prero,(ti1e 2rit' or e%&it()e re+eie'. So+e o3 t*o'e

,ro&n' (re e3ine i33erent$ in t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 AtF

not()$ t*e ,ro&n' 3or no e1iene ' 5!5(n error o3 (2 ' 5>3. In (itionF )$ t*ein'ertion o3 ' 5>it*(t t*e ei'ion 2(' ot*er2i'e ontr(r$ to (2? or (n$ ot*er e0eri'e

o3 po2er in ( 2($ t*(t on'tit&te' ()&'e o3 t*e po2er ' 5!@t*e At per+it'

e1eop+ent' in t*e ,ro&n' o3 re1ie2 to )e (1(i()e &ner t*e At.

T*e ,ro&n' o3 @&ii( re1ie2F 2*et*er in t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2

At or in t*eir non-'t(t&tor$ ,&i'eF (n &'e3&$ )e i1ie into t2o (te,orie'/ ,ro&n'

re(tin, to proe&re (n ,ro&n' re(tin, to t*e '&)'t(nti1e e0eri'e o3 po2er. In t*e 3ir't

(te,or$ 3(' eni( o3 proe&r( 3(irne''F 2*i* in&e' ( re%&ire+ent t*(t t*e ei'ion

+(=er )eF (n (ppe(r to )eF 3ree 3ro+ )i(' (n;or t*(t t*e per'on i' entite to ( 3(ir *e(rin,.

T*e 3ir't (te,or$ i' ('o irete (t en'&rin, +(n(tor$ 't(t&tor$ proe&re' (re o)'er1e.

T*e 'eon (te,or$ i' e'i,ne to en'&re t*(t ei'ion +(=er' (t 2it*in t*eir '&)'t(nti1e

(&t*orit$ (n orret$ (pp$ t*e '&)'t(nti1e (2 t*(t ,o1ern' t*e e0eri'e o3 po2er. T*i'

in&e' on'tr&in, t*e (2 orret$F *(1in, re,(r to ( +(n(tor$ on'ier(tion' (n

i're,(rin, ( +(tter' t*(t (re irree1(nt on'ier(tion'F e0eri'in, t*e po2er on$ 3or (

't(t&tor$ p&rpo'e (n not (t t*e )e*e't o3 ot*er' or in (or(ne 2it* (n in3e0i)e poi$. It

!4 Australia! !stitute of (ari!e a!d +ower 4!gi!eers v Secretary, "eparte!t of Tra!sport >86# 7>ALR 7F G&++o2 B (t 6>.

!5 See t*e i'&''ion o3 Wio0 B inTelevisio! Capricor!ia +ty -td v Australia! .roadcasti!g Tri'u!al>86# > CR 5>> (t 5>8J!>(i!ister for igratio! a!d (ulticultural Affairs v Rajaa!i00a !""!

!>" CLR !!!F ir)$ B (t !5" 87 (nRe (i!ister for igratio! a!d (ulticultural a!d !dige!ousAffairs3 42 parte Applica!ts S17B !"" !>> CLR 44>F Gee'on CBF MH&,*F G&++o2F H($ne (nC(in(n BB (t 456 #.


20/62


('o in&e' t*e ,ro&n e'ri)e (' &ed!es'ury&nre('on()ene''?F!#2*i* (ppie' 2*ere

( p&rporte e0eri'e o3 ( i'retion(r$ po2er i' 'o &nre('on()e t*(t no re('on()e repo'itor$

o3 t*e po2er o& *(1e e0eri'e it in t*(t 2($.

T*ere i' on'ier()e o1er(p )et2een t*e 1(rio&' ,ro&n' o3 @&ii( re1ie2. T*e &ti+(te

p&rpo'e o3 e(* o3 t*e ,ro&n' i' to en'&re t*(t ( ei'ion +(=er oe' not e0ee t*e i+itepo2er' on3erre )$ 't(t&teF t*e Con'tit&tion or o++on (2. A' renn(n B 't(te in

Attor!ey/=e!eral #5S&$ v ui!/

T*e &t$ (n @&ri'ition o3 t*e o&rt to re1ie2 (+ini'tr(ti1e (tion o not ,o

)e$on t*e e(r(tion (n en3orin, o3 t*e (2 2*i* eter+ine' t*e i+it' (n

,o1ern' t*e e0eri'e o3 t*e repo'itor$?' po2er. I3F in 'o oin,F t*e o&rt (1oi'

(+ini'tr(ti1e in@&'tie or errorF 'o )e it )&t t*e o&rt *(' no @&ri'ition 'i+p$ to

&re (+ini'tr(ti1e in@&'tie or error. T*e +erit' o3 (+ini'tr(ti1e (tionF to t*e

e0tent t*(t t*e$ (n )e i'tin,&i'*e 3ro+ e,(it$F (re 3or t*e repo'itor$ o3 t*e

ree1(nt po2er (nF '&)@et to poiti( ontroF 3or t*e repo'itor$ (one.!7

T*e ,ro&n' o3 @&ii( re1ie2 i+po'e i+it' on ei'ion-+(=in, (&t*orit$ (n ('o 'tip&(te

&tie' in re(tion to *o2 ei'ion' '*o& )e +(e. In t*e enF *o2e1erF t*e ontent o3 t*o'e

i+it' (n &tie' (n )e 1(rie )$ P(ri(+ent 2it*in t*e i+it' o3 t*e Con'tit&tion. Pro1ie

( (2 eter+ine' t*e n(t&re (n ontent o3 '&* i+it' (n &tie' (n oe' not o+pete$

e0&e t*e ,ro&n' o3 re1ie2 or &n&$ i+it t*e 'ope o3 re1ie2F t*e i+it' (n &tie' (re

1(i. I3 t*e e,i'(t&re en(r,e' t*e (+)it o3 t*e ei'ion +(=er?' (&t*orit$F e,( error in t*e

e0eri'e o3 po2er 2i )e e'' i=e$ to o&rF (n t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 2it*in

on'tit&tion( i+it' i' o++en'&r(te$ re&e. T*e'e i+it' (re i'&''e in C*(pter .

!# T*e ter+ o+e' 3ro+Associated +rovi!cial +icture Douses -td v &ed!es'ury Corporatio! >846 > !!.

!7 >88" >7" CLR > (t 5J#.


21/62


3 The Parliament and the scope of

judicial review

T*i' *(pter i'&''e' t*e po2er' o3 P(ri(+ent to e3ine t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2. T*e

3ir't +(tter 3or i'&''ion i' P(ri(+ent?' (p(it$ to +(=e (2' e0p(nin, t*e (1(i()iit$ o3

@&ii( re1ie2 )e$on t*(t pro1ie 3or in t*e Con'tit&tion. T*e 'eon +(tter 3or i'&''ion

i' t*e 1(rio&' +e*(ni'+' (1(i()e to P(ri(+ent '*o& it 'ee= to re+o1e or i+it t*e 'ope

o3 @&ii( re1ie2.

3.1 +egislative power to e,pand the scope of judicial review

ro+ it' ineptionF t*e Con'tit&tion on3erre @&ri'ition on t*e Hi,* Co&rt in '' 75iii (n751 to &nert(=e @&ii( re1ie2 o3 ert(in Co++on2e(t* (tion (' i'&''e in C*(pter

!.

Uner ' 7# o3 t*e Con'tit&tion P(ri(+ent *(' po2er to on3er on t*e Hi,* Co&rt (ition(

ori,in( @&ri'ition in (n$ +(tter (ri'in, &ner t*e Con'tit&tion or in1o1in, it' interpret(tion

' 7#i (n (ri'in, &ner (n$ (2' +(e )$ P(ri(+ent ' 7#ii. T*e'e pro1i'ion' o not

entren* (n$ @&ri'ition to &nert(=e @&ii( re1ie2 )&t o e+po2er P(ri(+ent to on3er

@&ri'ition in t*e )ro(e't ter+' on t*e Hi,* Co&rt to &nert(=e @&ii( re1ie2 o3

Co++on2e(t* (tion.

Setion 77 o3 t*e Con'tit&tion ,i1e' P(ri(+ent po2er to +(=e (2' e3inin, t*e @&ri'itiono3 (n$ 3eer( o&rt ot*er t*(n t*e Hi,* Co&rt 2it* re'pet toF (+on, ot*er t*in,'F t*e +(tter'

+entione in '' 75iiiF 751F 7#i (n 7#ii. P(ri(+ent (n e3ine t*e e0tent to 2*i* t*e

@&ri'ition o3 (n$ 3eer( o&rt i' e0&'i1e o3 t*(t 2*i* )eon,' to or i' in1e'te in t*e 't(te

o&rt'. P(ri(+ent (n ('o in1e't t*i' @&ri'ition in t*e 't(te o&rt'.

e3ore t*e eer( Co&rt 2(' e't()i'*e t*e Hi,* Co&rt?' ori,in( @&ri'ition &ner ' 751

2(' e0&'i1e.!6In >877 t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 At on3erre on t*e

eer( Co&rt @&ri'ition to &nert(=e @&ii( re1ie2 in re(tion to +o't Co++on2e(t*

ei'ion' +(e &ner en(t+ent' 'ee C*(pter !. It 2(' t*o&,*t (t t*e ti+e t*(t (ppi(tion'

&ner t*e At 2o& (r,e$ rep(e reo&r'e to t*e on'tit&tion( 2rit' 'pei3ie in ' 751. In

3(t t*e 2rit' *(1e ret(ine t*eir i+port(neF e'pei($ in reent $e(r' in t*e +i,r(tion

@&ri'ition.

$ (+en+ent to t*e B&ii(r$ AtF in >86 t*e eer( Co&rt 2(' ,i1en t*e '(+e

@&ri'ition (' t*(t o3 t*e Hi,* Co&rt &ner ' 751F 2it* 'o+e i+ite e0eption'. A' note in

C*(pter !F t*e '(+e @&ri'ition *(' ('o )een )e'to2e on t*e eer( M(,i'tr(te' Co&rt. !8

In >887 t*e eer( Co&rt 2(' ,i1en @&ri'ition in ,ener( ter+' in re(tion to t*e +(tter'

e'ri)e in '' 7#i (n 7#ii o3 t*e Con'tit&tion (' noteF '(1e in re(tion to 'o+e

ri+in( +(tter'.

!6 Judiciary Act 197 Ct*F ' 6.!8 (igratio! -itigatio! Refor Act *Ct*


22/62


T*o'e e,i'(ti1e *(n,e' i&'tr(te t*(t t*e Co++on2e(t* P(ri(+ent *(' 'i,ni3i(nt

e,i'(ti1e po2er2*i* it *(' e0eri'eto e0ten @&ii( re1ie2 )e$on 2*(t i'

e0pre''e in t*e Con'tit&tion. P(ri(+ent *('F *o2e1erF +(e pro1i'ion 3or ert(in (re(' o3

Co++on2e(t* (ti1it$ to )e e0e+pt 3ro+ t*i' e0p(ne @&ri'ition not()$ in S*e&e >

o3 t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 At.

3.2 +egislative power to reduce the scope of judicial review

T*e Co++on2e(t* P(ri(+ent *(' po2er to i+it or re+o1e (n$ @&ii( re1ie2 @&ri'ition

t*(t *(' )een re(teF 'o on, (' (n$ i+it(tion oe' not in3rin,e C*(pter III o3 t*e

Con'tit&tion (n 'o on, (' t*e i+it(tion i' '&33iient$ e(r$ e0pre''e. "

It i' e%&($ t*e ('e t*(t ' 751 o3 t*e Con'tit&tion 1e't' in t*e Hi,* Co&rt ( @&ri'ition 3or

@&ii( re1ie2 t*(t pro1ie' (n irre&i)e +ini+&+ )('i' 3or *(en,in, &n(23&

Co++on2e(t* (ti1it$ t*(t i'F P(ri(+ent oe' not *(1e e,i'(ti1e po2er to re+o1e t*i'

@&ri'ition.

An i+port(nt '&)@et e(t 2it* in t*i' report onern' t*e e0tent to 2*i* it i' (ppropri(te 3or

P(ri(+ent eit*er to &t )(= on t*e 'ope o3 ( @&ii( re1ie2 @&ri'ition it *(' e(rier

re(te or to 'ee= to +ini+i'e t*e (+)it o3 @&ii( re1ie2 pr(ti($ (1(i()e &ner ' 751

o3 t*e Con'tit&tion. e3ore t&rnin, to t*e'e %&e'tion'F it i' on1enient to on'ier e,i'(ti1e

+e*(ni'+' t*(t *(1e )een (opte )$F or +i,*t )e (1(i()e toF P(ri(+ent to re&e t*e

'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 iret$ (n iniret$.

3.3 $rovisions see-ing to ma-e decisions final and conclusive

T*e +o't o+pre*en'i1e +e(n' )$ 2*i* P(ri(+ent *(' 'o&,*t to i+it t*e 'ope o3 @&ii(

re1ie2 *(' )een t*ro&,* t*e &'e o3 pri1(ti1e (&'e'. S&* (&'e' (re pri+(ri$ irete (t

t*e on'tit&tion( @&ri'ition o3 t*e Hi,* Co&rtF 'ine t*e @&ri'ition o3 t*e eer( Co&rtF

t*e eer( M(,i'tr(te' Co&rt (n ot*er o&rt' e0eri'in, 3eer( @&ri'ition &ner 't(t&te

(n re(i$ )e re+o1e. An e0(+pe o3 ( pri1(ti1e (&'e i' ' 474 o3 t*e (igratio! Act 19*8

Ct*F 2*i* pro1ie' t*(t 'o+e ei'ion' +(e &ner t*(t At (re pri1(ti1e (&'e ei'ion'

(n (re '&)@et to t*e 3oo2in, re'trition' on @&ii( re1ie2/

> A pri1(ti1e (&'e ei'ion/

( i' 3in( (n on&'i1e (n

) +&'t not )e *(en,eF (ppe(e (,(in'tF re1ie2eF %&('*e or (e in %&e'tion

in (n$ o&rt (n

i' not '&)@et to pro*i)itionF +(n(+&'F in@&ntionF e(r(tion or ertior(ri in

(n$ o&rt on (n$ (o&nt.>

InDic0a!>s ('e in >845!t*e Hi,* Co&rt &p*e t*e 1(iit$ o3 ( 'i+i(r (&'e )$

on'tr&in, it (' e3inin, t*e e0tent o3 ( ei'ion +(=er?' po2erF r(t*er t*(n (' 'ee=in, to

" Shergold v Ta!!er !""! !"8 CLR >!# (t >8 4!.> Note t*(t t*i' 3or+ o3 pri1(ti1e (&'e 2(' r(2n 3ro+ e(rier '&* (&'e' &'&($ (ppe(rin, in At'

onernin, in&'tri( re(tion'F '&* (' ' >5" o3 t*e&or0place Relatio!s Act 1996F ' 4> o3 t*e"efe!ce #Re/4sta'lishe!t$ Act 196*F ' 7 o3 t*e!depe!de!t Schools #-oa! =uara!tee$ Act 196%F (n ' 46 o3 t*eCoo!wealth 4lectoral Act 1918


23/62


re+o1e t*e Hi,* Co&rt?' @&ri'ition to ,r(nt reie3 o3 t*e =in pro1ie 3or in ' 751 o3 t*e

Con'tit&tion. Di0on B '(i ( ei'ion o3 t*e )o(r o1ere )$ t*e pri1(ti1e (&'e i' not

in1(iF pro1ie (2($' t*(t it' ei'ion i' ( )on( 3ie (tte+pt to e0eri'e it' po2erF t*(t it

re(te' to t*e '&)@et +(tter o3 t*e e,i'(tionF (n t*(t it i' re('on()$ (p()e o3 re3erene to

t*e po2er ,i1en to t*e )o$?t*eDic0a!pro1i'o'.L(ter ('e' (e in1io()e

i+it(tion?4(n )re(* o3 n(t&r( @&'tie.5

T*e Hi,* Co&rt re-e0(+ine t*e on'tr&tion o3 t*i' t$pe o3 (&'e in+lai!tiff S1*%B v

The Coo!wealth#F ( ('e in 2*i* t*e 1(iit$ o3 ' 474 o3 t*e Mi,r(tion At 2(' &ner

on'ier(tion. At*o&,* t*e 1(iit$ o3 t*e 'etion 2(' &p*eF t*(t 2(' one on t*e )('i' t*(t

t*e pri1(ti1e (&'e i not (pp$ to ei'ion' in3ete 2it* @&ri'ition( error(n t*&' i

not oper(te to pre&e t*e (1(i()iit$ o3 +(n(+&' (n pro*i)ition 2*ere t*e$ 2o&

nor+($ ie. T*ere 2(' ( e(r ini(tion )$ 'o+e +e+)er' o3 t*e o&rt t*(tF i3 t*e pro1i'ion

*( (ppie to ei'ion' in3ete )$ @&ri'ition( error or i3 it p&rporte to pre1ent t*e o&rt

3ro+ ,r(ntin, (n in@&ntion to pre1ent &n(23& on&t )$ (n o33ier o3 t*e Co++on2e(t*F

t*ere 2o& )e ( re( %&e'tion ()o&t t*e on'tit&tion( 1(iit$ o3 t*e 'etion.7

A' ( on'e%&ene o3 t*e ei'ion in+lai!tiff S1*%F t*e e33eti1ene'' o3 '&* pri1(ti1e (&'e'

*(' )een eroe. In p(rti&(rF+lai!tiff S1*%'t(n' (' (&t*orit$ (,(in't (n$ propo'ition t*(t (

pri1(ti1e (&'e o3 t*e =in &ner on'ier(tion 2i *(1e t*e e33et o3 i+itin, re1ie2 )$ t*e

Hi,* Co&rt 3or @&ri'ition( error. Nor i' t*e onept o3 @&ri'ition( error nee''(ri$ to )e

i+ite to t*e t*reeDic0a!pro1i'o'.6IneeF t*e o&rt' *(1e 3&rt*er (ri3ie 2*(t

on'tit&te' ( @&ri'ition( error 'ine+lai!tiff S1*%.8

It i' i33i&t to preit t*e e33et t*e ei'ion in +lai!tiff S1*%2i *(1e in ot*er (re('

&rrent$ '&)@et to pri1(ti1e (&'e'. or e0(+peF &'e o3 '&* (&'e' in t*e in&'tri(

re(tion' onte0t *(' )een re(ti1e$ &nontro1er'i( (n t*ere3ore e33eti1e. It +($ )e

'i,ni3i(nt t*(t t*i' i' ( onte0t in 2*i* t*ere *(1e o3ten )een e0ten'i1e (tern(ti1e re1ie2

(n (ppe( ri,*t' to 2*i* t*e o&rt' *(1e p(i re,(r 2*en on'ierin, t*e 'ope (n e33et

o3 pri1(ti1e (&'e' (pp$in, to in&'tri( i'p&te'.4"

! R v Dic0a!3 42 parte :o2 a!d Cli!to! >845 7" CLR 586. T*e ('e re(te to t*e 1(iit$ or ot*er2i'eo3 r >7 o3 t*eN(tion( Se&rit$ Co( Minin, In&'tr$ E+po$+ent Re,&(tion'F 2*i* pro1ie t*(t

ei'ion' ()o&t t*e 'ette+ent o3 in&'tri( i'p&te' )$ o( re3erene )o(r' o& not )e *(en,eF(ppe(e (,(in'tF %&('*e or (e into %&e'tionF or )e '&)@et to pro*i)itionF +(n(+&' or in@&ntion in (n$

o&rt 2*(te1er?. i)i. (t #>5.4 "eputy Coissio!er of Ta2atio! v Richard &alter +ty -td >885 >6 CLR >#6.5 (i!ister for igratio! a!d (ulticultural Affairs v Eusuf !"">!"# CLR !.# !"" !>> CLR 47#.7 See e'pei($ 6!.6 See(i!ister for igratio! a!d (ulticultural a!d !dige!ous Affairs v S=-. !""4 !"7 ALR >!

57.8 It i' no2 e(r$ (epte t*(t ( )re(* o3 n(t&r( @&'tie +($ )e ( @&ri'ition( error/ SAA+ v (i!ister

for igratio! a!d (ulticultural a!d !dige!ous Affairs !""5 HCA !4. See ('o Aron'onF D$er Gro1e'F

op. it.F p. >!.4" See@>Toole v Charles "avid +ty -td >88> >7> CLR !! (t !68J8! per De(neF G(&ron (n

MH&,* BB.


24/62


3. $rovisions limiting or amending grounds of review

3.4.1 The !ederal Court

InA'e'e v Coo!wealth4>t*e Hi,* Co&rt on3ir+e P(ri(+ent?' on'tit&tion( (p(it$ to

+(=e (2' e3inin, t*e @&ri'ition o3 t*e eer( Co&rt )$ i+itin, t*e ,ro&n' o3 @&ii(re1ie2 in t*(t o&rt >888 >87 CLR 5>".4! SeeF 3or e0(+peFTie! v (i!ister for igratio! a!d (ulticultural Affairs >886 68 CR 6"F

Go)er, B (t 8CJ8D.


25/62


ei'ion +(=er i' )o&n not to on'ier. I3F in (n$ ('eF t*ere i' (n e0piit or i+piit

't(t&tor$ &t$ &pon (n o33ier o3 t*e Co++on2e(t* to (or n(t&r( @&'tie or i're,(r

ert(in 3(tor'F t*en +(n(+&' 2i ie to o+pe t*e o33ier to per3or+ t*(t &t$ (n

pro*i)ition 2i ie to pre1ent t*e o33ier 3ro+ e0eein, *i' or *er @&ri'ition.

In ontr('tF it re+(in' open to P(ri(+ent to e,i'(te in ( p(rti&(r onte0t to ont(in t*ere%&ire+ent' o3 proe&r( 3(irne'' or to *(n,e 2*(t on'ier(tion' (re +(n(tor$ (n t*o'e

t*(t (re re%&ire to )e i're,(re. Strit$ 'pe(=in,F *o2e1erF (2' o3 t*i' =in o not (+en

t*e ,ro&n' o3 re1ie2/ t*e$ 'i+p$ i+it t*e potenti( (ppi()iit$ o3 t*e ,ro&n' o3 re1ie2 to

( p(rti&(r 3(t&( 'it&(tion. L(2' t*(t oper(te in t*i' 3('*ion (re i'&''e 3&rt*er in t*e ne0t

'etion.

3./ $rovisions empowering the issue of certificates thatconstitute conclusive evidence of a valid decision

An e0(+pe o3 ( pro1i'ion ,i1in, on&'i1e e33et to (n (+ini'tr(ti1e (tion i' ' >77> o3t*e!coe Ta2 Assesse!t Act 1976Ct*F 2*i* pro1ie'/

T*e pro&tion o3 ( notie o3 (''e''+entF or o3 ( o&+ent &ner t*e *(n o3 t*e

Co++i''ionerF ( Seon Co++i''ionerF or ( Dep&t$ Co++i''ionerF p&rportin, to )e

( op$ o3 ( notie o3 (''e''+entF '*( )e on&'i1e e1iene o3 t*e &e +(=in, o3

t*e (''e''+ent (nF e0ept in proeein,' &ner P(rt IVC o3 t*e Ta2atio!

Adi!istratio! Act 19*7, on ( re1ie2 or (ppe( re(tin, to t*e (''e''+entF t*(t t*e

(+o&nt (n ( t*e p(rti&(r' o3 t*e (''e''+ent (re orret.4

T*(t pro1i'ionF in on@&ntion 2it* ' >75 o3 t*e At i'&''e in t*e 3oo2in, 'etionF *('

t*e e33et o3 e0&in, *(en,e' to t*e 1(iit$ o3 ino+e t(0 (''e''+ent'in&in, (n$*(en,e' +(e &ner ' 751 o3 t*e Con'tit&tiono&t'ie t*e re1ie2 (n (ppe( re,i+e'

e't()i'*e )$ t*e At. T*(t t*o'e re,i+e' (re o+pre*en'i1e in n(t&re 2(' on'iere

i+port(nt 2*en t*e Hi,* Co&rt &p*e t*e 1(iit$ o3 t*e e,i'(tion in"eputy Coissio!er

for Ta2atio! v Richard &alter +ty -td >885 >6 CLR >#6.44

3.0 $rovisions indicating that noncompliance with aspects of astatutory reuirement does not affect the validity of actionta-en

P(ri(+ent (n re&e t*e (+)it o3 @&ii( re1ie2 )$ ini(tin, t*(t 3(i&re to o+p$ 2it*'pei3ie on'tr(int' oe' not re'&t in (tion t(=en )ein, in1(i.45T*i' 3oo2' 3ro+ t2o

on'ier(tion'/ 3ir'tF t*(t +(n(+&' (n pro*i)ition (re (1(i()e on$ 2*ere t*ere i'

@&ri'ition( error 'eonF t*(t (' ( ,ener( prinipe P(ri(+ent (n eter+ine 2*(t

on'tr(int' i+it t*e @&ri'ition o3 peope on 2*o+ 't(t&tor$ po2er' (n &tie' (re

on3erre.

4 In"eputy Coissio!er of Ta2atio! v Richard &alter +ty -td >885 >6 CLR >#6 t*i' (&'e 2(' *e

to )e ( pri1(ti1e (&'e '&)@et to t*e ,ro&n' 3or @&ii( re1ie2 ienti3ie in Dic0a!>s('e. Setion !! o3t*e+roduct =ra!ts a!d .e!efits Adi!istratio! Act Ct* i'(not*er e0(+pe o3 '&* ( pro1i'ion.

44 See ('o: J .loee! +ty -td v :CT >86> >47 CLR #"F 75 per M('on (n Wi'on BB.45 +roject .lue S0y !c v Australia! .roadcasti!g Tri'u!al >886 >84 CLR 55F 66J8 per MH&,*F

G&++o2F ir)$ (n H($ne BB.


26/62


A' ( ,ener( r&eF t*ere3oreF P(ri(+ent (n 'pei3$ t*(t ( 3(i&re to o+p$ 2it* ( 't(t&tor$

proe&r( pro1i'ion oe' not (33et 1(iit$. T*ere i' no re('on to o&)t t*e e33eti1ene'' o3

t*e pro1i'ion.

P(ri(+ent *(' ('o 'o&,*t to re$ on 'i+i(r ,ener( pro1i'ion' e'i,ne to i++&ni'e

(te,orie' o3 ei'ion 3ro+ non-o+pi(ne 2it* pro1i'ion' o3 (n At. or e0(+peF ' >75 o3t*e Ino+e T(0 A''e''+ent At pro1ie'F T*e 1(iit$ o3 (n$ (''e''+ent '*( not )e

(33ete )$ re('on t*(t (n$ o3 t*e pro1i'ion' o3 t*i' At *(1e not )een o+pie 2it*?. 4#T*i'

pro1i'ion 2(' *e to )e 1(i (n e33eti1e inRichard &alter.47

T*e Co&ni note'F *o2e1erF t*(t t*e Ino+e T(0 A''e''+ent At pro1ie' ( o+pre*en'i1e

'*e+e o3 re1ie2 (n (ppe( ri,*t' in 2*i* ( t(0p($er (n *(1e t*eir t(0 i()iit$ 3in($

eter+ine )$ ( o&rt. T*i' +(=e' it re(ti1e$ e('$ 3or ( o&rt to ,i1e 2ie-r(n,in, e33et to

' >75.

W*ereF *o2e1erF ( pro1i'ion o3 t*i' =in i' in&e in (n At 2it* no '*e+e o3 re1ie2 (n

(ppe( ri,*t'F t*e '(+e re'&t i' not (''&re. It +i,*t )eo+e nee''(r$ to tr$ to reonie (n(pp(rent$ ,ener( pro1i'ion o3 t*i' =in 2it* (n e0pre'' (n 'pei3i on'tr(int (pp(rent$

i+po'e )$ t*e At. T*i' 2o& )e one in (or(ne 2it* t*e nor+( r&e' o3 't(t&tor$

on'tr&tionin 2*i* 'pei3i pro1i'ion' &'&($ pre1(i o1er ,ener( one'.

It 3oo2' t*(t t*e +ore prei'e (re pro1i'ion' o3 t*i' =in t*e +ore i=e$ it i' t*(t t*e$ 2i

)e on'tr&e (' e33eti1e in protetin, ree1(nt ei'ion' 3ro+ in1(iit$.

T*e Co&ni note'F tooF t*(t pro1i'ion' o3 t*i' =in o not e0&e @&ri'ition in re'pet o3 (n

in@&ntionF 2*i* oe' not re%&ire @&ri'ition( errorF or ertior(ri 3or non-@&ri'ition( error

on t*e 3(e o3 t*e reor.

3. Time limits

T*ere i' no o&)t t*(t P(ri(+ent (n i+it t*e @&ri'ition o3 t*e eer( Co&rt (n t*e

eer( M(,i'tr(te' Co&rt )$ pro1iin, t*(t (n$ (ppi(tion to t*e o&rt +&'t )e o++ene

2it*in ( pre'ri)e perio.46I3F *o2e1erF '&* ( i+it(tion i' not e%&($ e33eti1e in re(tion

to t*e Hi,* Co&rtF it' i+po'ition on t*o'e t2o o&rt' i' i=e$ to e( to (ppi(nt'

o++enin, proeein,' in t*e Hi,* Co&rt 2*en t*e ti+e 3or +(=in, (ppi(tion' to (not*er

o&rt *(' e0pire. T*i' i' not ( e'ir()e poi$ o&to+e.

It i' not e(r 2*et*er ( (2 t*(t i+po'e (n ()'o&te ti+e i+it 3or in1o=in, t*e Hi,* Co&rt?'@&ri'ition &ner ' 751 o3 t*e Con'tit&tion 2o& )e 1(i. A pro1i'ion t*(t (pp(rent$

i+po'e '&* ( i+it in t*e Mi,r(tion AtF ' 46#AF 2(' on'tr&e in+lai!tiff S1*%(' *(1in,

no (ppi(tion in re(tion to ei'ion' in3ete )$ @&ri'ition( error. T*e o&rt note t*(t t*e

pro1i'ion 'ti *( +e(nin,3& oper(tion in'o3(r (' it p&rporte to i+po'e ( ti+e i+it on

(ppi(tion' 3or in@&ntion'F 2*i* (n )e +(e &ner ' 751 re,(re'' o3 2*et*er t*ere i'

@&ri'ition( error. &t t*e Co&rt e3t open t*e %&e'tion o3 2*et*er t*e pro1i'ion 2(' 1(i in

4# Ot*er e0(+pe' (n )e 3o&n in t*eReserve .a!0 Act 19*9 Ct*F ' 67F (n t*e42port :i!a!ce a!d

!sura!ce Corporatio! Act 1991 Ct*F ' 68!.47 "eputy Coissio!er of Ta2atio! v Richard &alter +ty -td>885 >6 CLR >#6.46 Raha! v (i!ister for igratio! a!d (ulticultural Affairs !""! >>6 CR 446. A' note in

E+erit&' Pro3e''or Eni C(+p)e?' '&)+i''ion to t*e Co&niF t*ere i' ( i'tintion )et2een ti+e i+it'2*i* ,i1e ( o&rt i'retion to e0ten ti+e (n ti+e i+it (&'e' 2*i* o not (or (n$ '&* i'retion?.


27/62


t*i' re,(r.48C(in(n BF 2*o'e re('onin, i re%&ire *i+ to e( 2it* t*i' %&e'tionF

on&e t*(t ( 5-($ ti+e i+it 2(' in1(i )e(&'e it on'tit&te (n e33eti1e re+o1( o3

@&ri'ition.5"Hi' Hono&r +i,*t *(1e re(*e ( i33erent on&'ion *( t*e perio )een

on,er.5>

A (2 i+po'in, ( ti+e i+it 3or initi(tin, proeein,' in t*e Hi,* Co&rt t*(t 2(' '&)@et to (i'retion to e0ten ti+e 2o& )e +ore i=e$ to )e 1(i t*(n ( (2 i+po'in, (n ()'o&te

ti+e i+it. T*e Hi,* Co&rt R&e' t*e+'e1e' i+po'e ( ti+e i+it 3or +(n(+&' (n

ertior(riF '&)@et to ( po2er to e0ten ti+e. T*e %&e'tion o3 1(iit$ o& )e (33ete )$

2*et*er t*e i'retion i' open-ene or ti,*t$ on'tr(ine.

A ti+e i+it i+po'e on *(en,in, t*e 1(iit$ o3 ( ei'ion +i,*t not pro1e e33eti1e 2*en

t*e ei'ion pro1ie' t*e )('i' 3or 3&t&re on&t. It +i,*t re+(in open to ( per'on (1er'e$

(33ete )$ t*e ei'ion to 'ee= pro*i)ition to re'tr(in t*e propo'e 3&t&re on&tF e1en

2*en t*e ti+e 3or iret$ *(en,in, t*e ei'ion *(' p(''e. A ei'ion t*(t i' in3ete )$

@&ri'ition( error5!(n *(1e no e,( 'i,ni3i(neF '&* t*(t t*e propo'e 3&t&re on&t

re+(in' &n(23& (n +($ )e re'tr(ine.

3.4 $rovisions conferring powers with no duty to e,ercise

T*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 (n )e ,re(t$ re&e )$ ( pro1i'ion 't(tin, t*(t t*e 't(t&tor$

ei'ion +(=er i' &ner no o)i,(tion to e0eri'e t*e 't(t&tor$ po2er. Setion 4>77 o3 t*e

Mi,r(tion At i' (n e0(+pe o3 '&* ( pro1i'ion/

T*e Mini'ter oe' not *(1e ( &t$ to on'ier 2*et*er to e0eri'e t*e po2er &ner

'&)'etion > in re'pet o3 (n$ ei'ion5F 2*et*er *e or '*e i' re%&e'te to o 'o )$

t*e (ppi(nt or )$ (n$ ot*er per'onF or in ot*er ir&+'t(ne'.54

T*e i+p(t o3 ( pro1i'ion o3 t*i' =in 2(' e0(+ine in Re (i!ister for igratio! a!d

(ulticultural a!d !dige!ous Affairs3 42 parte Applica!ts S17B


28/62


3.9.1 Satisfaction of the decision ma-er

One (ppro(* i' to r(3t e,i'(tion in '&* ( 2($ t*(t t*e onition 3or e0eri'in, o3 t*e

ei'ion-+(=in, po2er i' not (n o)@eti1e$ pro1()e 3(t )&t t*e '(ti'3(tion o3 ( ei'ion

+(=er (' to t*e 't(te o3 t*e 3(t'. In pr(tieF i3 t*e'e 3(t' (re o3 ( ,ener( n(t&re it o& )e

i33i&t to *(en,e t*e e0eri'e o3 po2er &ner +o't ,ro&n' o3 re1ie2.

An e0(+pe o3 t*i' (n )e 'een in ' >4> o3 t*e :i!a!cial Sector #Shareholdi!gs$ Act 1998

Ct*F 2*i* pro1ie'F I3 t*e (ppi(nt '(ti'3ie' t*e Tre('&rer t*(t it i' in t*e n(tion( intere't

to (ppro1e t*e (ppi(nt *oin, ( 't(=e in t*e o+p(n$ o3 +ore t*(n >5QF t*e Tre('&rer +($

,r(nt t*e (ppi(tion?. T*e po2er to ,r(nt (n (ppi(tion &ner ' >4> (ri'e' on$ i3 t*e

Tre('&rer i' '(ti'3ie t*(t t*e +(tter onerne i' in t*e n(tion( intere't?. At*o&,* (

ei'ion o3 t*i' n(t&re re+(in' '&)@et to *(en,eF one 2o& e0pet t*(t 1e'tin, i'retion

in ( Mini'ter in t*e n(tion( intere't 2o& +(=e it i33i&t to e't()i'* t*(t ( p(rti&(r

on'ier(tion eit*er '*o& not )e or +&'t )e on'iere.57

Con'i'tent 2it* A&'tr(i(n (&t*oritie' on t*e pointF t*e Co&ni on'ier' t*(t t*e pri+(r$p&rpo'e o3 ( pro1i'ion in t*(t 3or+ i' not to re&e t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 r(t*erF it i' to

en'&re t*(t riti( 3(t' ,oin, to @&ri'ition (re to )e eter+ine )$ (n (+ini'tr(ti1e

ei'ion +(=er (n not ( o&rt. T*i' 2i ,ener($ *(1e t*e e33et o3 re&in, t*e (+o&nt o3

@&ii( re1ie2 )e(&'e it 2i )e *(rer to re1e( @&ri'ition( error 2*en t*e @&ri'ition(

3(t i' t*e '(ti'3(tion o3 t*e ei'ion +(=er (' to t*e e0i'tene o3 ( 3(tF r(t*er t*(n t*e

e0i'tene o3 t*e 3(t it'e3F (n e'pei($ 2*ere t*e 3(t it'e3 '&* (' t*e n(tion( intere't?

i' ineter+in(te.

A pro1i'ion o3 t*i' =in oe' notF *o2e1erF pre&e @&ii( re1ie2. An (33ete p(rt$ (n

'ti 'ee= reie3 on t*e )('i' t*(t t*e ei'ion +(=er i not re'pon to t*e orret e,(

%&e'tion (n t*&' i not 3or+ t*e orret 't(te o3 '(ti'3(tion or re(*e on&'ion' t*(t2ere not re('on()$ open on t*e e1iene or enie t*e p(rt$ proe&r( 3(irne''.56e(&'e

@&ii( re1ie2 in t*(t 3or+ i' 'ti (1(i()eF t*ere i' ( nee 3or (&tion in r(3tin, ( pro1i'ion

o3 t*i' =in in t*e e0pet(tion t*(t it 2i pro1ie (n o)'t(e to @&ii( re1ie2.

Anot*er e0(+pe o3 t*i' 'ort o3 r(3tin, (n )e 'een in ' #5 o3 t*e Mi,r(tion AtF 2*i*

pro1ie' (' 3oo2'/

> A3ter on'ierin, ( 1(i (ppi(tion 3or ( 1i'(F t*e Mini'ter/

( i3 '(ti'3ie t*(t/

5# A' note in t*e '&)+i''ion to t*e Co&ni )$ t*e Vitori(n (rF W*ere it i' on'iere (ppropri(te to o

'oF (n '&)@et to on'tit&tion( i+it'F P(ri(+ent (n on3er )ro( (n &n'tr&t&re i'retion(r$ po2er'F or(n pro1ie t*(t t*ere i' no &t$ to e0eri'e or to on'ier t*e e0eri'e o3 '&* po2er'?.

57 A 't(te o3 +in? 3or+&( oe' not pre1ent @&ii( re1ie2 on t*e ,ro&nF 3or e0(+peF t*(t (n inorrette't 2(' (ppie or (n irree1(nt +(tter 2(' t(=en into on'ier(tion. See R v Co!!ell3 42 parte The Detto!

.ell'ird Collieries -td >844 #8 CLR 4"7F e'pei($ L(t*(+ CB (t 4" < At*o&,* it ert(in$ oe' noti++&ni'e t*e ei'ion 3ro+ '&e''3& *(en,e 'eeRe +atterso!3 42 parte Taylor !""> !"7 CLR 8>F

t*e o&rt' *(1e *e t*(t t*e '&)@eti1e n(t&re o3 t*e ei'ion i' nonet*ee'' ree1(nt to 2*et*er or not t*ere*(' )een (n error o3 (2 'ee(i!ister for igratio! a!d 4th!ic Affairs v &u Sha! -ia!g >88# >65 CLR

!58 (t !7# per renn(n CBF Too*e$F MH&,* (n G&++o2 BBF (ppro1in, (' (n (&r(te 't(te+ent o3prinipe o++ent' )$ Gi))' CB in.uc0 v .avo!e >87# >5 CLR >>".

56 See Mini'ter 3origratio! a!d (ulticultural Affairs v 4shetu #>888 >87 CLR #>>F i'&''ion )$G&++o2 B (t >>J>4# (n t*e ('e' t*erein +entione 'ee ('o The uee! v Australia! Stevedori!g

!dustry .oard3 42 parte (el'our!e Stevedori!g Co +ty -td >85 66 CLR >""F ite )$ MH&,* (nG&++o2 BB inRe (i!ister for igratio! a!d (ulticultural Affairs3 42 parte Applica!t SB !"">86 ALR 58 4Fruger v Coo!wealth >887 >8" CLR >F # per renn(n B.


29/62


i t*e *e(t* riteri( 3or it i3 (n$ *(1e )een '(ti'3ie (n

ii t*e ot*er riteri( 3or it pre'ri)e )$ t*i' At or t*e re,&(tion' *(1e )een

'(ti'3ie

i' to ,r(nt t*e 1i'( or

) i3 not 'o '(ti'3ieF i' to re3&'e to ,r(nt t*e 1i'(.

Hi'tor$ re1e(' t*(tF (t*o&,* t*i' r(3tin, te*ni%&e *(' not re&e t*e %&(ntit$ o3 @&ii(

re1ie2F it *(' ne1ert*ee'' re&e t*e 'ope o3 '&* re1ie2. It *(' one t*i' )$ i+itin, t*e

roe o3 t*e o&rt to one o3 eter+inin, in t*e +o't ,ener( 'en'e t*e Mini'ter?' or t*e Re3&,ee

Re1ie2 Tri)&n(?' '(ti'3(tion (' to 2*et*er 't(t&tor$ riteri( *(1e )een +et 2(' (23&. On

t*e'e (ppi(tion' t*e o&rt *(' no roe to eter+ine 3or it'e3 2*et*er t*e riteri( *(1e )een

+et. T*e po'ition 2o& )e i33erent i3 t*e At pro1ie 'i+p$ t*(t t*e Mini'ter *( ( &t$

to ,r(nt 1i'(' i3 t*e 't(t&tor$ riteri( 2ere +et.

3.9.2 The conferring of broad discretions

or +(n$ re('on' it i' e'ir()e to on3er on ( ei'ion +(=er ( )ro( i'retion (' to

2*et*er or not to e0eri'e ( po2er. Di'retion i' &'e3& 3or +iti,(tin, t*e in3e0i)iit$ o3 e,(

r&e' (n (o2' ei'ion +(=er' to +oi3$ t*eir re'pon'e' 'o (' to (o++o(te ini1i&(

or &n(ntiip(te ir&+'t(ne'.58

T*e e0(+pe note 3ro+ t*e in(ni( Setor S*(re*oin,' At '*o2' t*(t i'retion i'

1e'te in t*e Tre('&rer (3ter t*e @&ri'ition( 3(t t*e '(ti'3(tion i' e't()i'*e. T*i' (n )e

ontr('te 2it* t*e po'ition o3 t*e Mini'ter &ner ' #5 o3 t*e Mi,r(tion AtF 2*i* i+po'e' (

&t$ to ,r(nt or to re3&'e to ,r(nt ( 1i'( i3 t*e ree1(nt 't(te o3 '(ti'3(tion i' or i' not (tt(ine.

W*ere ( )ro( i'retion i' on3erreF i+it(tion' on t*e e0eri'e o3 t*(t po2er (n )e

i+pie 3ro+ t*e '&)@et +(tterF 'ope (n p&rpo'e o3 t*e e,i'(tion. T*i' oe' (o2 'o+e

'ope 3or @&ii( re1ie2F )&t it 2i o3ten )e i33i&t to e't()i'* ( @&ri'ition( or e,(

error in t*i' onte0t. T*e ,ro&n o3 &ed!es'ury&nre('on()ene'' ('o (ppie' to (n e0eri'e

o3 i'retionF (t*o&,* e0periene '&,,e't' t*(t t*i' ,ro&n 2i )e i33i&t to +(=e o&t in t*e

()'ene o3 ( e(r in't(ne o3 per1er'e (tion )$ t*e ei'ion +(=er.

3.9.3 The narrowing or removal of discretions

An (tern(ti1e (ppro(* i' to re+o1e or re&e t*e (+)it o3 ei'ion +(=in, )$ e(r$

pre'ri)in, t*e ir&+'t(ne' in 2*i* ( po2er +($ or +&'t )e e0eri'e. Dr(3tin, o3 t*i'

=in (n +(=e e,i'(tion e(rer (n +ore &ner't(n()e 3or )ot* t*e ei'ion +(=er (n

t*e per'on in re(tion to 2*o+ t*e ei'ion i' +(e (n ten' to inre('e t*e on'i'ten$ (n

preit()iit$ o3 ei'ion +(=in,. Aition($F peope (33ete )$ ei'ion' (re in ( )etter

po'ition to (''e'' (n +(n(,e ri'='.

On t*e ot*er *(nF t*i' (ppro(* o)1io&'$ i+it' ( ei'ion +(=er?' (p(it$ to pro1ie 3or

ini1i&( or &n(ntiip(te ir&+'t(ne'. T*i' =in o3 (ppro(* ('o +ini+i'e' t*e (+)it 3or

,ro&n' '&* (' &ed!es'ury&nre('on()ene''. T*e +ore pre'ripti1e t*e (2' (reF *o2e1erF

t*e +ore 'ope t*ere ten' to )e to (r,&e ()o&t t*eir orret +e(nin,.58 A&'tr(i(n L(2 Re3or+ Co++i''ion !""!F+ri!cipled Regulatio! civil a!d adi!istrative pe!alties i!

AustraliaF Report no. 85F ALRCF S$ne$F p. 56.


30/62


Wit* t*i' +oeF (rit$ in r(3tin, i' e''enti( in orer t*(t t*e %&(nt&+ o3 '&e''3& @&ii(

re1ie2 i' re&e.

3.9.4 Codification of procedures

A 3&rt*er e0(+pe o3 t*e n(rro2in, o3 i'retion (n )e 'een in pro1i'ion' t*(t 'ee= to

'pei3$ e0*(&'ti1e$ t*e proe&r( o)i,(tion' i+po'e on (+ini'tr(ti1e ei'ion +(=er'.

S&* (n (ppro(* i' e'i,ne to pro1ie ,re(ter ert(int$ 3or ei'ion +(=er' in re(tion to

2*(t proe&re' +&'t )e 3oo2e. T*e e33etF *o2e1erF i' to re&e or ei+in(te t*e (p(it$

o3 o&rt' to ienti3$ proe&r( o)i,(tion' t*ro&,* t*e prinipe' o3 proe&r( 3(irne''.

At*o&,* it i' e(r t*(t P(ri(+ent *(' t*e po2er to e0&e or e3ine t*e proe&r(

re%&ire+ent' i+po'e on ei'ion +(=er'F it i' i33i&t 3or (n$ oe to o1er ( t*e

ir&+'t(ne' t*(t +i,*t )e t*ro2n &p. or e0(+peF it i' one t*in, to e3ine t*e (+)it o3 (

ei'ion +(=er?' &t$ to i'o'e +(teri(. It i' +ore i33i&t to e( e0*(&'ti1e$ 2it*

ir&+'t(ne' in 2*i* ( ei'ion +(=er *(' +i'e ( per'on (33ete )$ ( ei'ion (n

epri1e t*e+ o3 (n opport&nit$ to pre'ent ( ('e 3(ir$. It i' e%&($ i33i&t to e( 2it* (

'it&(tion in 2*i* t*e ei'ion +(=er propo'e' to +(=e (1er'e 3inin,' ()o&t ( per'on

2it*o&t ,i1in, t*e+ (n opport&nit$ to re'pon. At*o&,* t*e e33et o3 '&* ( pro1i'ion +($

)e to re&e @&ii( re1ie2F it i' o&)t3&F in pr(tieF t*(t re1ie2 o& )e ei+in(te

entire$.#"

3.16 $rivatisation of decision ma-ing

Anot*er 2($ in 2*i* t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 +i,*t )e re&e *i,*i,*t' t*e

i+port(ne o3 t*e @&ri'ition( to&*'tone'#>3or @&ii( re1ie2 re3erre to in C*(pter !. T*e

+e*(ni'+ (+e to pro+inene in t*e ei'ion o3 t*e Hi,* Co&rt in5eat "oestic Tradi!g

+ty -td v A&. -td#!F 2*i* 2(' re3erre to in ( n&+)er o3 '&)+i''ion' pre'ente to t*e

Co&ni in re'pon'e to it' i'&''ion p(per.#

In t*(t ('eF t*e (ppe(ntF Ne(tF 2(' ( 2*e(t ,ro2er 2*o 'o&,*t per+i''ion to e0port 2*e(t.

Uner ' 57 o3 t*e &heat (ar0eti!g Act 1989Ct*F )&= e0port o3 2*e(t 2(' &n(23&

2it*o&t t*e on'ent o3 t*e W*e(t E0port A&t*orit$. In (itionF in =eepin, 2it* ' 57 o3

t*e AtF t*e W*e(t E0port A&t*orit$ o& not ,i1e it' on'ent 2it*o&t on'&tin, (

orpor(tion o2ne )$ 2*e(t ,ro2er'F AW Intern(tion( Lt AWIF (n 2it*o&t AWI?'

(ppro1(.

C*ie3 B&'tie Gee'on 3o&n t*(t t*e on&t o3 AWI i not e't()i'* t*e ,ro&n o3 re1ie2

reie on &ner t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 AtF (t*o&,* *e ('o

o)'er1eF in it(F t*(t *e on'iere AWI?' re3&'( to (ppro1e t*e e0port ( ei'ion o3 (n

(+ini'tr(ti1e *(r(ter +(e &ner (n en(t+ent.#4

#" A' note in t*e L(2 Co&ni o3 A&'tr(i(?' '&)+i''ion to t*i' Co&niF t*e e33eti1ene'' o3 '&* (n(ppro(* i' per*(p' +ore (t i''&e t*(n t*e (p(it$ o3 t*e e,i'(t&re to &'e it.

#> A' noteF @&ri'ition &ner t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 At i' i+ite to ei'ion'&ner (n en(t+ent? @&ri'ition on3erre on t*e Hi,* Co&rt &ner ' 751 o3 t*e Con'tit&tion (n ' 8>

o3 t*e B&ii(r$ At i' i+ite to o33ier' o3 t*e Co++on2e(t*? @&ri'ition &ner ' 75iii o3 t*eCon'tit&tion i' i+ite to (i+' (,(in't t*e Co++on2e(t* (n (n (tion &ner ' 8>A o3 t*e

B&ii(r$ At+&'t (ri'e &ner? ( (2 +(e )$ P(ri(+ent. T*e'e i+it(tion' pro1ie 'ope 3or ei'ion-+(=in, po2er' to )e p(e )e$on t*i' @&ri'ition( re(*.

#! !"" >86 ALR >78.# or e0(+peF t*e '&)+i''ion pre'ente )$ t*e Vitori(n (r.#4 At !7.


31/62


B&'tie' MH&,*F H($ne (n C(in(n 2ere ('o o3 t*e 1ie2 t*(t Ne(t *( not e't()i'*e (n$

,ro&n o3 re1ie2. T*e$ 2ent 3&rt*erF *o2e1erF (n 3o&n t*(t AWI?' ei'ion to ,i1e or

2it**o it' (ppro1( 2(' not ( ei'ion &ner (n en(t+ent )e(&'e AWI?' (p(it$ to

pro1ie (n (ppro1( in 2ritin, 2(' not on3erre )$ t*e At. T*e (ppro1( 2(' ( onition

preeent to t*e W*e(t E0port A&t*orit$ on'ierin, 2*et*er to ,i1e it' on'ent to e0port.#5

T*eir Hono&r' ('o eter+ine t*(t AWI *( no &t$ to on'ier (n (ppi(tion 3or on'ent

to e0port (n t*(tF (' ( on'e%&eneF +(n(+&' o& not ie (,(in't AW Intern(tion( Lt

3or (n$ 3(i&re to on'ier t*e (ppi(tion.##B&'tie ir)$ i''ente (n 2o& *(1e (o2e

t*e (ppe( )$ Ne(t.

T*e 'tr&t&re (opte in t*e W*e(t M(r=etin, AtF in 2*i* 'pei( e,( 'i,ni3i(ne i'

(tt(*e to ei'ion' +(e )$ pri1(te )oie'F i' not &ni%&e t*e %&e'tion' r(i'e t*ere3ore

*(1e )ro(er 'i,ni3i(ne. or e0(+peF ei'ion' ()o&t t*e re,i'tr(tion (n ere,i'tr(tion o3

+i,r(tion (,ent' &ner ' !75 o3 t*e Mi,r(tion At (re +(e )$ (n entit$ re3erre to (' t*e

Mi,r(tion A,ent' Re,i'tr(tion A&t*orit$?#7F 2*i* (n )e eit*er ( o+p(n$ re,i'tere &ner

t*e Corporatio!s Act 1Ct*t*e Mi,r(tion In'tit&te o3 A&'tr(i( Li+ite or t*e

Mini'ter.

In (itionF t*ere (re in't(ne' 2*ere t*e riteri( 3or t*e ,r(nt o3 ( 1i'( t&rn on 'o+e 3or+ o3

(''e''+ent )$ ( pri1(te )o$3or e0(+peF (''e''+ent o3 ( 1i'( (ppi(nt?' 2or= e0periene

or %&(i3i(tion'.#6It i' o++onF +oreo1erF ()eit (t t*e 't(te (n territor$ e1eF 3or pri1(te

)oie' e0eri'in, 't(t&tor$ po2er' '&* (' 't(te (n territor$ (2 'oietie' to re,&(te

pro3e''ion( (re('. T*e @&,+ent' in5eat'&,,e't t*(t t*e (2 in t*i' (re( i' not entire$

'ette. At t*e 1er$ e('tF (tte+pt' to e0&e @&ii( re1ie2 in t*i' 2($ 2o& pro)()$ )e

t*e '&)@et o3 @&ii( *(en,e.

In it' >885 report =over!e!t .usi!ess 4!terprises a!d Coo!wealth Adi!istrative -aw#8

t*e Co&ni reo++ene t*(t Co++on2e(t* (+ini'tr(ti1e (2 't(t&te' pri+( 3(ie (pp$

to )oie' t*(t (re ,o1ern+ent ontroe in&in, ,o1ern+ent )&'ine'' enterpri'e' )&t t*(t

,o1ern+ent )&'ine'' enterpri'e' )e e0e+pt 3ro+ t*e oper(tion o3 Co++on2e(t*

(+ini'tr(ti1e (2 't(t&te' in re(tion to o++eri( (ti1itie' (rrie o&t in ( +(r=et 2*ere

t*ere i' re( o+petition. In it' >886 report The Co!tracti!g @ut of =over!e!t Services7"t*e

Co&ni reo++ene t*(t t*e A+ini'tr(ti1e Dei'ion' B&ii( Re1ie2 At e0ten to

in&e ( ei'ion o3 (n (+ini'tr(ti1e *(r(ter +(e or propo'e to )e +(e )$ (n o33ier

&ner ( non-'t(t&tor$ '*e+e or pro,r(+ 2*o'e 3&n' (re (&t*ori'e )$ (n (ppropri(tion o3

P(ri(+ent.

Con'i'tent 2it* t*e 1ie2' e0pre''e in t*o'e t2o report'F t*e Co&ni on'ier' t*(t (

ei'ion t*(t i' +(e )$ ( pri1(te )o$ (n i' ,i1en 't(t&tor$ e33et o&,*t in prinipe to )e

'&)@et to @&ii( re1ie2. To rere'' t*e 'it&(tion (ri'in, in 5eatF(n ('o &ner t*e

Mi,r(tion Re,&(tion'F t*e Vitori(n (r '&,,e'te t*(t @&ii( re1ie2 in&e re1ie2 o3 (

ei'ion o3 (n (+ini'tr(ti1e *(r(ter +(e )$ ( per'on ot*er t*(n &ner (n en(t+ent

2*ere )ot* t*e 3oo2in, riteri( (pp$/

#5 See 54F 55.## At 58.#7 T*i' pro1i'ion 2(' re3erre to in t*e '&)+i''ion to t*e Co&ni )$ t*e Vitori(n (r.#6 At pre'entF t*e'e (''e''+ent' (re not '&)@et to @&ii( re1ie2 iret$F )&t t*e ei'ion o3 t*e Mini'ter

or tri)&n( +i,*t re1e( (n error o3 (2 i3 t*e ei'ion +(=er reie' on (n (''e''+ent t*(t ont(in' (n error o3

(2/.ellaiche v "eparte!t of igratio! a!d 4th!ic Affairs >886 5> ALD 5#.#8 Report no. 6F ARCF C(n)err(F p(r(. 4.!8.7" Report no. 4!F ARCF C(n)err(F p(r(. #.4.


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T*e ei'ion i'F )$ or &ner (n en(t+entF ,i1en (&t*orit(ti1e e33et 3or t*e p&rpo'e'

o3 ( ei'ion +(e or to )e +(e &ner (n en(t+ent.

Re1ie2 o3 t*e (tter ei'ion o& notF in t*e ()'ene o3 re1ie2 o3 t*e 3or+er

ei'ionF e( to t*e (tter ei'ion )ein, 'et ('ie )$ t*e o&rt. 7>

Anot*er '&)+i''ion '&,,e'te t*(t 'pei3i (ti1itie' o& )e e0&e 3ro+ re1ie2 on (

('e-)$-('e )('i' i3 it 2(' pro)()e t*(t t*e (1(i()iit$ o3 p&)i (2 re+eie' 2o& t*2(rt

t*e proper ei1er$ o3 'er1ie'.7!

T*e Co&ni (,ree' 2it* t*e'e '&,,e'tion'.

3.11 Concluding remar-s

T*e i'&''ion in t*i' *(pter '*o2' t*(t t*ere (re ( n&+)er o3 2($' in 2*i*F i3 it *oo'e' to

o 'oF P(ri(+ent (n e0p(n or i+it t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 in t*e onte0t o3 p(rti&(r

ei'ion-+(=in, po2er'. In 'it&(tion' 2*ere e,i'(tion (33et' t*e pr(ti( 'ope o3 @&ii(

re1ie2F t*e Co&ni on'ier' t*(t t2o ,&iin, prinipe' 3or e,i'(ti1e r(3tin, (re e''enti(.

ir'tF in orer 3or pro1i'ion' o3 t*i' =in to )e e33eti1eF t*e$ +&'t )e e(r (n &n(+)i,&o&'

in t*eir e33et (n oper(tion.7Pro1i'ion' t*(t i+it t*e 'ope o3 @&ii( re1ie2 2i )e

n(rro2$ on'tr&e/ o&rt' 2i (''&+e t*(t P(ri(+ent oe' not inten to i+po'e (n$

re'trition' )e$on 2*(t i' e(r$ (n &n(+)i,&o&'$ 't(te.

SeonF t*e pro1i'ion' '*o& )e (' 'pei3i (' po''i)e. T*(t i'F it i' in(1i'()e to &'e

,ener( pri1(ti1e (&'e' or pro1i'ion' t*(t in 'o+e ,ener( +(nner 'ee= to pro

scope of judicial review - overview

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