Save Money and Energy with Net-Zero Carbon Buildings and Institutions

Ohio EPA Sustainability ConferenceApril 17, 2019

Kelly KissockDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Industrial Assessment Center Program

Goals

▪ Help industry be more resource-efficient and cost-competitive

▪ Train new energy engineers

▪ Advance practice and science of energy efficiency

Sponsored by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

▪ Began during 1970’s “energy crisis”

▪ 24 centers at universities throughout the U.S.

▪ 20 no-cost assessments per year for mid-sized manufacturers

Helping Industry Be More Energy Efficient

UD-IAC conducted 998 assessments since 1981

▪ Savings opportunities: 12

▪ Simple payback: 2 years

▪ Identified savings: 12%

▪ Implemented savings: 6%

Qualifying For A Free IAC Assessment

To qualify for a free assessment, you must:

▪ Be a water utility or a manufacturer with SIC code between 2000 –3999

▪ Have total annual energy costs between $100,000 - $2.5 million

Contact Us!

go.udayton.edu/iac

(937) 229-3343

udayton.iac@gmail.com

University Of DaytonIndustrial Assessment Center

A U.S. Department of Energy Sponsored Program

Why Carbon

Neutrality Matters

Why Carbon

NeutralityMatters

Why Carbon

Neutrality Matters

Climate:The Most Important

Story of Our Times

Kick the Can or

Responsible Leadership?

CO2 Emission Breakdown

Thermal Energy

Electricity

Fleet

Approach to Carbon Neutrality

1. Energy Efficiency

2. Carbon Neutral Fleet

3. Renewable Electricity

4. Thermal Energy Generation

Energy Efficiency

• LED Lighting Upgrades

• Air Handling Unit Fan Control

• Outdoor Air Control

• Chiller Plant Control

• Residential Thermostat Control

LED Lighting Upgrades:Classrooms and Offices

• T8 to LED 35% savings

• Occupancy sensors 30% savings

• Dimming control 7% savings

LED Lighting Upgrades:Visual Arts

Halogen to LED track lights

85% savings

UD Frericks Center

400 W HID to 217 W LED(45% savings)

Occupancy sensors24/7 to 6/7 (75% savings)

Lighting now meets NCAA standards for nationally televised matches

LED Lighting Upgrades:Sports Venues

AHU Control:Reduce Static Pressure Setpoint

Baseline: Pset = 1.5” Dampers 65% Open

Post Baseline: Pset = 1.0” Dampers 67% Open

26% Savings

AHU Control:Max Damper Control

51% Savings

Outdoor Air Control: Fix Economizers

10% Savings

Outdoor Air Control:Reduce Foa,min

3% Savings

Chiller Plant Control:Fix Cycling

5% Savings

Chiller Plant Control:Control VSD with DP AHU

Pump

VSD

Chiller

ΔP

ΔP

19% Savings

Increasing leaving water temperature at low loads from

(45 F and 0.92 kW/ton) to (60 F and 0.80 kW/ton) 13% Savings

kW/ton decreases as LWT increases Reset LWT with Toa

Chiller Plant Control:Reset Leaving Water Temperature

Decreasing cooling tower water set point from

(70 F and 0.58 kW/ton) to (60 F and 0.50 kW/ton) 14% savings

kW/ton decreases as CWT decreases

Chiller Plant Control:Decrease Cool Tower Setpoint Temp

Modify controls so variable-speed chiller is always trim.

5-10% Savings

Chiller Plant Control:Trim with VFD Chillers

House Thermostat Control

1) Random Forest models to predict behavior

2) Vary control to save energy

Energy Efficiency Summary

• Reduce energy use and carbon emissions by about 2% per year with 33% ROI and highest net present savings of all strategies.

• Savings pay for other measures.

• Improves resiliency by hedging against electricity price increases.

Carbon Neutral Fleet

Low-speed electric vehiclesGEM: $15-25K, depending on battery choice (range 10-60 miles), 1400 lb. payload capacity

Carbon Neutral Fleet

3000 lb payload, 80 mi range

Seats 16, 80 mi

Jaguar I-PACE 0-60 mph in 4.5 s 234 mi range

Chevy Bolt:0-60 mph in 6.3 s140-240 mi range

Renewable Electricity: On-site

4,026 solar panels 1.26 MW at Curran Place and Fitz Hall.

Long-term power purchase agreement. University has option to purchase arrays after eight years.

Additional solar on 8 student houses, at RecPlex, and apartment

Solar provides 2% of UD electricity.

Renewable Electricity: Virtual PPA

• “Contract for differences”

• Can contract with a different grid region

• Provides hedge to extent markets are correlated

Virtual PPA Example

Strike price $40

$60

$60

$20 = $60-$40

Thermal Energy Generation

Current thermal energy is from natural gas combustion• Humanities steam plant serves central campus

• Boilers in Fitz Hall & Curran Place

• Roof-top units in Stuart, Shroyer Park, Bombeck/Caldwell

• Furnaces and hot water heaters in student houses

Propose convert to campus wide hot water (130 °F)• Heat pumps with open-loop geothermal exchange

Open-loop Water Heat Pumps:More Efficient with Geothermal Exchange

T

S

T=90 F

T

S

T=52 F

T

S

T=30 F

T

S

T=52 FHeating:

Cooling

To/From 52 F River WaterTo/From Air

E E

EE

From House From House

From Air From Water

To AirTo Water

To House To House

Campus Distribution Piping

Main Campus Thermal Load Profile

Energy Savings: Main Campus and Curran Place

Main Campus Curran Place

Cost Savings: Main Campus and Curran Place

Main Campus Curran Place

Gas

Gas

Elec

tric

ity

Elec

tric

ity

Elec

t.

Elec

t.

Note: Based on current (low)

gas prices.

$212M

$218M(+3%)

~$2M~$10M

~$17M~$2M

Social Cost of Carbon

• “Climate change is…the greatest market failure the world has ever seen.” – Nicholas Stern, former chief economist of the World Bank

• One approach to internalizing the externalities of GHG emissions is to put a price on carbon

• Different groups have different numbers• Carbon Cycle Interagency Working Group

• Institute for Policy Integrity

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

• $10/tonne $35/tonne $200/tonne infinite/tonne

Educational Impacts

Emission Reduction StrategyEducational Value - Institutional Learning Goals Total

PointsGrade

1. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency 3 3 3 3 1 3 16 89%

FleetElectric Vehicles 2 1 3 3 3 3 15 83%

Biodiesel Vehicles 2 1 2 1 2 2 10 56%

Thermal Energy Generation

Biomass 3 3 3 1 2 1 13 72%

Geothermal 3 3 3 2 2 2 15 83%

On-Site Solar PV

Rooftop (Lrg Bldg) 2 2 2 1 2 3 12 67%

Parking Canopies 2 2 2 1 3 3 13 72%

Rooftop (Houses) 3 2 3 3 3 3 17 94%

Off-Site Renewables

Local PPA 2 2 3 2 3 2 14 78%

Distant PPA 1 2 1 2 3 2 11 61%

Questions/Discussion?