sastragathi nov 2011

hnemkw

FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-K-Xn, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 001. t^m¨ : 0471 2475668. C sa-bn¬ [email protected]\-PnMv FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KXn, tImgn-t°mSv 673 002t^m¨ : 2701919, C sa-bn¬ [email protected]

FUn-‰¿ : B¿.-hn.Pn.- tat\m≥, amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿ : sI. cm[≥

FIvkn-Iypóhv FUn-‰¿: B¿. cm[m-Ir-jvW-≥, Atkm-kn-tb‰v FUn-‰¿: ]n. kptc-jv

]{Xm-[n-]-k-anXn: s{]m^. sI.-B¿ P\m¿Z\≥, s{]m^. Sn.-]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥, s{]m^. sI. ]m∏qńSn. cm[m-a-Wn, kn.-hn. N{μ≥, tUm. B¿.-_n. cmP-e£van, tUm. sI. cmPvtam-l≥, tUm. sI. hnP-b-Ip-am¿

tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬, B¿. KncojvvIp-am¿, AUz. Sn. Ko\m-Ip-amcn, hn.-ss_-Pp, ]n. {]Im-i≥

Nn{Xo-I-cWw: sI. kXojv Ih¿ & teHu´v: ]n. {]Zo]v ssS∏v sk‰nMv: hn[p. ]n.-Fkv

teJ-\-ß-fnse A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ teJ-I-cp-tS-Xm-Wv; imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øn-t‚-Xm-I-W-sa-∂n-√.

H‰-{]Xn : 12 cq] ˛ hm¿jn-I-h-cn-kwJy : 125 cq]

2011 \hw-_¿ tIcf imkvv{Xkm-lnXy ]cn-jØvhmeyw 47 e°w 5

4 ap√-t\gn A\p-kva-cWwSn. KwKm-[-c≥

6 t\m_¬kΩm-\-ßƒ 2011kn.-hn. N{μ≥

29 9/11 ¬ \n∂v 9/17- te°vhmƒkv{So‰v Iø-S-°¬ kacwtUm. Fw. ]n. ]c-ta-iz-c≥

34 No¶-Æn-bpsS]co-£-W-Øn\v 100 hb vs{]m^. sI.-B¿. P\m¿±-\≥

41 \yq{Snt\mF∂ {]tl-fnIs{]m^. sI. ]m∏qń

kμ¿in°pI: www.kssp.in

tIc-f-Ønse Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e-\w

-C-∂-se, C∂v, \msftUm.- B¿. APbIpam¿ h¿a

45 bqtdm]y≥ kwkvIrXnbpsSthcpIƒtUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

49 ao\-®n¬ \Zo-X-S-]-≤XnH‰-t\m-´-Øn¬tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬

53 {]IrXn amXmbv˛hm¶mcnAUz. Sn. Ko\m-Ip-amcn

55 ^n≥em‚nse kvIqfp-IƒUbm≥ dmhn®v

57 Im¿´q¨ ]w‡n: lc-W-êwsI. kXojv

58 imkv{X-hm¿ØtUm.-Fw.-B¿. kpZ¿i-\-Ip-am¿

ho-´p-am-en-\y- kw-kv-IcWhpw-

πm-kv-‰n-Iv- \n-tcm-[\hpw-tXm-akv- s]m-°m-a‰w

Ih¿tÃmdn: 11

16

tIcfwamen-\y-ap-‡-am-Iptam?tIcfwamen-\y-ap-‡-am-Iptam?

tIc-f-Ønse \K-c-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚{]tXy-I-X-Iƒs{]m^. ]n.-sI. cho-{μ≥

26

4 \hw-_¿ 2011

""t\c-sam´pw sshIn-bn√,

Iq´p-Imsc t]mcq, Iq´p-Imsc t]mcq

t]sc-gpXmw, hmbn-°mw,temI-hn-hcw t\Smw, temI-hn-hcw t\Smw''

F¨]-Xp-I-fn¬ tIcfw apgp-h≥Ae-b-Sn® hcn-Iƒ, F{X-sb{X bph-P-\-ßfpw hr≤-P-\-ß-fp-sams°]mSn-∏mSn Xß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v {]tNm-Z\w t\Snb hcn-Iƒ!C¥y-bn¬ apgp -h≥ Ae-b-Sn®km£-cXm {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ hnP-b-am-Xr-I-bpsS Iml-f-Km-\w. km£-c-X-bpsS A¿Yhpw cmjv{So-b-hp-sams° sN∏n-sem-Xp-°nb efn-X-amb Cu hcn-Iƒ ap√≥ amjv°-√msX thsd-bm¿s°-gp-Xm≥ ]‰pw?AXmWv ap√-t\-gn-bpsS i‡nbpwkuμ-cy-hpw. cmjv{So-b-amb Dƒ°m-gvN-bn¬ DuXn-°m-®nb Adn-hns‚kØ apgp-h≥ efn-X-kp-μc ]Zm-h-en-I-fn¬ Na-bn-s®m-cp-°p∂ Bg-ta-dnb Ihn-X-Iƒ, IhnX t]mse

Bkz-Zn-°m-hp∂ \mS-I-ßƒ; ebn-®-`n-\-bn-°p∂ A`n-t\-Xm-hv.

imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn -j-Øns‚kPoh {]h¿Ø-I-\pw, kplrØpwhna¿i-I\pw klm-bn-bp-sam-s°-bmbnIgn™ \mev ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ, _‘w-hn-SmsX \nc-¥cw {]h¿Øn® a\p-jy≥.BZysØ Iem-Pm-Y-bnse ka-X-ew\mSIw XpSßn F{X-sb{X cN-\-Iƒ!G‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬, ]cn-j-Øns‚ Cuh¿jsØ Iem-Pm-Y-bv°p≈ kv{In]v‰vcN-\m-Iym-ºn¬ 22˛\v IÆq-cnse a -∂q-cn-se-Øm-\n-cp∂Xmbn-cp∂p ap√-t\gn.AhnsS Ipń-I-fp-ambn Hcp s]mXp-kw-hm-Zhpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ]I-c-sa-Øn-bXv Nc-a-hm¿Ø-bpw.

cmjv{So-b-t_m-[hpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-t_m-[hpw kmaq -ly -t_m-[ -hp -sams°AXns‚ icn-bmb Kcn-a-bn¬ Xs∂Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ap√-t\-gn-bpsS cN-\-IƒF∂pw imkv{X-I-em-Pm-Y-bpsS i‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

"kuc-{]-]-©amw Xma-c-∏q-hnse

kuc- y-a-√tbm a¿Øy≥

a¿Øy-cmbv aÆn¬ ]nd-∂-h-scm-s°bpw

a¿Øy-cm-Ip-∂n√ IjvSw''

Cu {]]-©-ho-£Ww ap√-t\-gn-bpsS krjvSn-I-fn¬ s]mXpsh ImWmw.]p√n-t\mSpw ]pgp-hn-t\m-Sp-sams°kaXzw ]pe¿Øp∂ Hcp \√ {]Ir-Xn-kvt\-ln. GXp {]Xn-k-‘n-bnepw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-tØmSv hn´p-hogvN sNømØKuc-h-°m-c≥. Ipń-I-tfmSpw apXn¿∂-h-tcmSpw Hcp-t]mse s]cp-am-dm-\-dn-bp∂\njvI-f-¶≥. ]eXpw I≠v kln-sI-Sp-tºmƒ CSbv°p Xr»q¿ ]cn-jZv h-\n-te-s°mcp hc-hp-≠v. H∂p NoØ-]-d-bm\pw D≈p-Xp-d∂v h¿Ø-am\w ]d-bm-\pw thsd-hnsSt∏mIpw Fs∂mcptNmZy-hpw.

]cn-N-b-s∏´ B¿°pw shdp-°m≥Ign-bm-Ø, B ip≤-a-\p-jy≥ hnS ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p; imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øns‚ Hcp \√ kplrØv \jvS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p; At±-l-Øns‚ Hm¿a-bv°p-ap-∂n¬ Hcm-bncw Hm¿a-∏q-°ƒ ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

A\p-kvacWwSn. KwKm-[-c≥

ap√-t\gn

4 \hw-_¿ 2011

imkv{X-KXn 5

amen-\y-ap‡ tIcfw\ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ kI-e-hn[ amen-\y-ß-fpw- -kmw-kvIm-cnI amen-\y-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-˛-h¿[n®p hcn-I-bm-sW-¶nepw Ct∏mƒ ]cm-a¿in-°m-\p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv \K-c-ß-fnse N∏p-N-h-dp-I-sf-∏-‰n-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ \m´n≥]p-d-ß-sf√mw \K-c-ß-fmbn amdn-s°m-≠p-an-cn-°p-∂p (]n.-sI. cho-{μs‚ teJ\w {i≤n-°p-I). ]≠-sØ-t∏mse ASp-°f amen-\y-ßƒ hf-ambn CSm≥ sXßn≥ XS-ßƒ C√m-Xm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]e-bn-SØpw N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ tdmUn-tebv°p XqØp-hm-cn-bn-Sp∂]Xnhp XpS-cp-∂p. Aev]-samcp ]cn-jvImcw h∂n-´p-≈Xv Ah πmÃnIv _mKn-em°n Bsfm-gn™ hgn-tbm-c-ß-fn¬ sIm≠nSpw F∂-Xn-em-Wv. an° \K-c-ßƒ°pwXr]vXn-I-c-amb amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-√. CXn-s‚-sbms° e-amWv\man-∂-\p- -hn-°p∂ Zpcn-X-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw: sXcp-hp-\m-bv°ƒ s]cp-Ip-∂p, sImXpIpwCu®bpw s]cp-Ip-∂p, Ch-aqew ]c-°p∂ tcmK-ßfpw s]cp-Ip-∂p. k¿thm-]-cn,\K-c-ßƒ Zp¿K-‘-]q-cn-X-am-Ip-∂p.

]e \K-cm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw Fs¥-¶nepw sNø-W-sa-∂p≠v; ]W-hp-ap-≠v. hne-Iq-Snb b{¥-km-a-{Kn-Ifpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Ifpw hn¬°m≥ GP≥kn FSp-Øn-´p-≈-h¿°v NmI-c-bmWv Hcp-ßp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu "AXy-¥m-[p-\nI' kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ an°Xpw Xbm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv hyh-km-b-h-XvIr-X, anX-io-tXm-jvW-ta-JemcmPy-ß-fmWv F∂Xv Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ah-cpsS \K-c-am-en-\y-ß-fpsS tNcph \Ωp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂p hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. AhnsS t]∏dpw πmÃn°pw ]m°nMv km[-\-ßfpw IqSpw. ChnsS IqSp-Xepw £ym-h-in-jvS-ßfpw ssPh-h-kvXp-°-fp-am-Wv.\Ωfpw Ah-cpsS amXr-I-bn-tebv°v ASp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv F∂Xp ad-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ c≠pw hfsc hyXykvXw Xs∂-bm-Wv. Xmc-X-tay\ C‘-\-aqeyw Ipd-™, \\hp IqSp-X-ep≈ \ΩpsS amen-\y-ßƒ°v Iwt]m-ÃnMv Xs∂-bmWv A\p-tbmPy kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy. ]t£ AXn\p "•ma¿' C√. am{X-hp-a-√,kq£va-amb ]cn-N-cWw Bh-iy-hp-am-Wv. F¶nepw AXp-t]mepw t\cmw-hÆwsNøm≥ Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h¿ Fß-s\-bmWv k¶o¿W kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn \S-∏m-°pI?

kz¥-ambn Ipgn Itºm-Ãnw-tKm, aÆnc ItºmÃnwtKm, _tbm-Kym-kvπmt‚mÿm]n®p \S-Øm≥ Ign-hp-≈-h¿ Xo¿®-bmbpw AXp sNø-Ww. Xosc \nhr-Øn-bn-√m-Ø-h-cp-sSbpw s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn-sebpw amen-\y-ßƒ am{Xta s]mXp kwkvI-c-W-Øn\p hnSm-hq.

Itºm-ÃnwKv \SØn-bmepw πmÃn-Iv, Sb¿ apX-em-bh {]iv\-ambn Ah-ti-jn-°pw. Ahbv°v ss]tdm-en-knkv t]mep≈ D∂X kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ A\p-tbm-Pyhpw BWv. ]t£ ssPh ]mgvhkvXp-°sf _tbm-Kymkv πm‚p-I-fntem Itºm-ÃnwKv aptJ-\tbm kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]I-c-am-hn√ Ah-sbm-∂pw. as‰mcp ImcywHm¿°m-\p≈Xv, XpS-°-Ønte Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬, Btcm-Ky-I-c-ambn ssIImcyw sNø¬,h≠n-I-fn¬ kwkvI-cWime-bn¬ FØn-°¬, kwkvI-cn-°¬, Ah-in-jvS-ßƒkpc-£n-X-ambn adhp sNø¬ F∂n-ßs\ hnhn-[-L- -ßƒ imkv{Xo-b-ambn GtIm-]n-∏n-®m¬ am{Xta \K-c-ßƒ amen-\y-ap-‡-am-Iq.

AXn\p Ipdp-°p-h-gn-Iƒ C√!

\hw_¿ 2011

apJ-°p-dn∏v

imkv{X-KXn

6 \hw-_¿ 2011

imkv{Xwkn.-hn. N{μ≥

B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-Øn\v \n¿Wm-b-I-amb hgn-Øn-cn-hp-≠m-°p∂ hnkva-b-I-c-amb Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ°mWvC°pdn t\m_¬ kΩm-\-ßƒ \¬I-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ùXn-I-˛-c-k-X{¥imkv{X-ß-fn¬ CXv Is≠-Ønbimkv{X-⁄¿Xs∂ Xßƒ Is≠-Øn-b-sX-¥m-sW∂v hni-Z-am-°m-\m-hm-Ø-hn[w A¤p-X-]-c-X-{¥-cm-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. h¿j-ß-tfmfw Ah-cnXv ]co-£-W-ß-fm-bn-Øs∂ sIm≠p-\-S-∂p.tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-tijn a\- n-em-°m\pwAXv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbna\p-jy≥ \S-Ønbn´p≈ {ia-ßƒ°vAXy¥w \n¿Wm-b-I-amb hgn-Øn-cn-hmWv sshZy-im-kv{X-t\m-_¬ tPXm-°-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ sIm≠p≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-tijncq]w-sIm-≈p-∂Xpw {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-Ip-∂Xpw Fß-s\-sb∂ ]pXp-]p-Ø≥Adn-hp-I-fmWv Ah¿ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sshZy-im-kv{X-cw-KØv CXv sNep-

Øm-\n-S-bp≈ kzm[o\w F{X-sb∂vIrXy-ambn {]h-Nn-°m≥ Ct∏m-gm-hn-√.

ùXnIw""Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p temIw IØn-Pz-

en®v Ah-km-\n-°p-sa-∂v. a‰p Nne-cm-Is´ CXv XWp-Øp-d™p a™p-I-´-t]mse HSp-ßp-sa∂v.''

{]]©-Øns‚ A¥y-sa-ßs\?Cu h¿jsØ t\m_¬ tPXm-°ƒ]d-bp-∂Xv icn-sb-¶n¬ c≠m-aXv ]d-™-Xp-t]mse {]]©w XWp-Øp-d™vAh-km-\n-°m≥ Xs∂-bmWv km[y-X.

Ct∏mƒ t\m_¬ kΩm\w t\Snbimkv{X-⁄¿ Ah¿°p-Xs∂ hniz-kn-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp Is≠-Ø-emWv\S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXv GXm-≠n-{]-Im-c-am-Wv. \nßƒ Hcp ]¥v apI-fn¬hmbp-hn-te-s°dnbpI. CXv Xmtg-°p-h-cm-sX, h¿[n-X-th-K-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-b¿∂v A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-∂p F∂p Icp-Xp-I. Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-W-i‡n ChnsS

\njv{]-`-am-hp-Ibpw AXn\v ]¥ns‚{]bm-WsØ qan-bn-tebv°v Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ Ign-bmsX hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh∂p Icp-tX-≠n-h-cpw.

CØ-c-Øn-set¥m H∂v {]]-©-

Øn¬ samØ-ambn kw`-hn-°p-∂p-sh-∂mWv t\m_¬ tPXm-°ƒ°v ]d-bm-\p-≈-Xv. tkmƒ t]ƒta-‰¿, {_bm≥

jvanUv‰v, BUw dokv F∂n-h-cmWvCu h¿jsØ uXnI t\m_¬ ]pc-kvImcw ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂-Xv. aqhcpw Ata-

cn-°≥ ]uc-∑m¿. Ct∏mƒ Bkvt{S-en-b-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {_bm≥jvanUv‰n\v Bkvt{S-en-b≥ ]uc-Xz-

ap≠v.

{]]-©-hn-Im-k-am-Wn-h-cpsS Kth-jW hnjbw. "kq∏¿ t\mh' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ \£{X kvt^mS-\-ß-fmWv

]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv.

"kq∏¿t\mh tImkvtam -fPnt{]mPIvSv' F∂ Kth-jW ÿm]-\-

t\m_¬kΩm-\-ßƒ 2011t\m_¬kΩm-\-ßƒ 2011

6 \hw-_¿ 2011

\ap-°-⁄m-X-amb Hcp {]]-©sØ \ap-°p-ap-ºn¬ A\m-h-cWw sNbvX ùXn-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ t\m_¬ tPXm-°fpw \ne-hn-ep≈ bp‡n°pw \nb-a-ßƒ°pw \nc-°mØ imkv{X-\n-b-a-ßƒ°v A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp ka-anXnbneqsS imkv{X-tem-I-Øn\v hyXn-cn-‡-amb \nK-a\w kΩm-\n® sjSvam\pwtcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\sØ∏‰n IqSp-X¬ Adn-hp-≠m°ntcmK-Nn-In-’bv°v ]pØ≥ km[y-X-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb tlm^vam\pw _SvedpwsÃbv≥am\psa√mw imkv{X-Øns‚ apt∂m- p≈ k©m-c-K-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-amb hgn-Øn-cn-hp-IfmWv krjvSn-®n- p-≈-Xv.

imkv{X-KXn 7

Øns‚ Xe-h-\mb tkmƒ t]ƒa-‰¿1988-emWv Cu Kth-j-W-ß-fm-cw- n-®-Xv.Cu cwKsØXs∂ as‰mcp Kth-jWkwL-amWv ssl˛-C-kUv kq∏¿t\mh sk¿®v Sow. CXns‚ Xe-h-\mb{_bm≥ jvanUv‰v Cu Kth-j-W-ß-fm-cw-`n-°p-∂Xv 1994-˛-epw. Cu kwL-Ønse Hcp kp{]-[m\ ]¶m-fn-bmWvBUw dokv.

Ccp kwL-ßfpw a’-c-_p-≤n-tbmsSXs∂-bmWv kq∏¿t\m-h-Isf]n¥p-S-cm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. G‰hpw hnZq-c-ÿ-amb kq∏¿t\m-hsb Is≠-Øm-\mbncp∂p XnSp-°w. kq∏¿t\m-h-bn-te-°p≈ Zqcw Xn´s∏SpØn Ah\Ωn¬ \n∂-I-ep∂ thKw KWn-®v,{]]-©-Øns‚ A¥n-a-hn-[n-sb-s¥∂vshfn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hptam F∂m-bn-cp∂pCh-cpsS Bi¶ Ie¿∂ At\z-j-W-ßƒ. {]]-©-Øns‚ hnImkw ]Xp-s°-]-Xps° Ipd-™p-h∂v A·n-tKm-f-Øn-\pw, XWp-Øp-d™ a™p-I-´bv°pw CS-bv°p≈ Hcp \ne-]mSv{]]©w ssIs°m≈pw F∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn -cp∂p Ah-cpsS {]Xo-£.Ct∂mfw hm\-im-kv{X-⁄¿ \sΩt_m[ys∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂XpwAØ-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂-t√m. F∂m¬Ch¿°v ImWm-\m-bXv C∏-d-™-Xn\vt\sc hn]-co-X-hpw- -{]-]© hnImkwXzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-te°v \oßp-I-bmWv!

amdp∂ {]]©w{]]-©-sØ-°p-dn®v \ΩpsS [mc-

W-Iƒ amdp-∂Xv CXm-Zy-a-√. Hcp \qdp-h¿jwapºv \ΩpsS {]]©w hfscim¥hpw kuay-hp-amb H∂m-bn-cp-∂p.\ΩpsS kz¥w Kme-I vkn -bmbBImi KwK-sb-°mƒ H´pw hen-∏-an-√m-Ø-Xv. Cu {]]©w Aßs\ kpμ-chpw ÿnchpw im¥-hp-sam-s°-bm-bn-°-gn-bp-tºm-gmWv Hcp hn⁄m-\-kvt^m-S-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw- -Øn-emWv Ata-cn-°≥ hm\-im-kv{X-⁄-bmb sl≥doØm kzm≥ eohn‰v hnZq-c-ÿ-amb \£-{X-ß-fn-te-°p≈ ZqcwAf-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp am¿Kw Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. A°m-eØv kv{XoIƒ°v sSe-kvtIm-∏n-eq-sS-bp≈ \nco-£Ww \njn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]s£ hm\-\n-co-£-W-Øns‚ Hcp t¢i-I-c-amb tPmen- -t^m-t´m-{Km-^nIv tπ‰p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®vhni-I-e\w sNøp∂ tPmen˛[mcm-f-ambn kv{XoIsf G¬∏n-®n-cp-∂p. CutPmen-bn¬ hfsc {i≤m-ep-hm-bn-cp∂sl≥doØm Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v kv]μ-ap≈ \£-{X-ßsf hni-I-e\wsNbvXp. Cepheids F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ Cu \£-{X-ß-fn¬ (pulsating

stars) {]Imiw Gdn-b-hbv°v Zo¿L-ambkv]μ-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-sa∂v Ah¿ I≠p.CXp-]-tbm-Kn®v Ah-bpsS {]Im-i-km-{μX Af-°m-\p≈ KWn-X-kq-{XhpwAh¿ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn. Hcp \£-{X-Øn-te-°p≈ Zqcw Af-°m-sa-¶n¬ a‰p\£-{X-ß-fpsS Zqchpw Af-°m-\m-hp-sa∂pw Ah¿ Is≠-Øn. C∂pw D]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈-h-bmWv sl≥do-Ø-bpsS kq{X-hm-Iy-ßƒ.

Ccp-]-Xp-I-fm-hp-tºm-sg°pw hm\-\n-co-£-I¿°v A∂sØ G‰hpw i‡-amb sSe-kvtIm∏v e`y-am-bn. Imen-t^m¿Wn-b-bnse au≠v hn¬k¨.BIm-i-KwK Ct∏mƒ {]]-©-Ønse\nc-h[n Kme-Ivkn-I-fn-sem-∂p-am-{X-am-bn. Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ \Ωn¬\n-∂-I-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xpw a\- n-em-°m-\m-bn.Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ \Ωn¬ \n∂pam-{X-a√Ah XΩnepw AI-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. AIew IqSp-t¥mdpw Ah-bpsSthKhpw IqSp-∂p. CXv l∫nƒ \nb-aw. {]]©w hnI-kn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

Cu ImgvN-Iƒ°p-ap -ºp-Xs∂CXns‚ ssk≤m-¥nI ASn-Ø-d-cq]wsIm≠p -I -gn -™n -cp -∂p. 1915 -˛¬B¬_¿ v sF≥ssÃ≥ Xs‚ s]mXpBt]-£n-IXm kn≤m¥w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-tXmsS H∂v Xo¿®-bm-bn. {]]©wH∂p-In¬ Npcp-ßWw As√-¶n¬ hnI-kn-°-Ww.

tImkvtam-f-Pn-°¬tIm¨Ã‚ v

{]]©w hnI-kn-°p-Itbm Npcp-ßp-Itbm sNøWw F∂p ]d-™-Xn-\v, AXm-bXv AXv ÿnc-a√ F∂pÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ffp-∏-a√ F∂Bi-¶-bn¬ sF≥ssÃ≥ Xs‚ kq{X-hm-Iy-Øn¬ Cosmological constantF∂ Hcp LSIw tN¿Øp. A\n-b-

imkv{X-KXn 7

{]]-©-Øns‚ hnImkw]Xp-s°-]-Xps° Ipd-™p-h∂v A·n-tKm-f-Øn-\pw, XWp-Øp-d™a™p-I- bv°pw CS-bv°p≈ Hcp \ne-]mSv{]]©w ssIs°m≈pwF∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂pAh-cpsS {]Xo-£.Ct∂mfw hm\-im-kv{X-⁄¿ \sΩ t_m[ys∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂XpwAØ-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂-t√m. F∂m¬ Ch¿°vImWm-\m-bXv C∏-d-™-Xn\v t\sc hn]-co-X-hpw- -{]-]© hnImkw Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-te°v \oßp-I-bmWv!

8 \hw-_¿ 2011

{¥n-X-amb {]]-©-hn-Im-k-Øn\v HcpXS-bn-S¬ Bbn-cp∂p e£yw. ]n∂oSvCu tIm¨Ã‚ v Xs‚ G‰hpw henb]ng-hmbpw sF≥ssÃ≥ I≠p.

C∂v 1997-˛98-˛¬ Cu h¿jsØt\m_¬ kΩm-\-Øn\v Imc-W-ambIs≠-Ø-ep -Iƒ \S -∂-t∏mƒsF≥ssÃ≥ sX‰mb Imc-W-ß-tfmsSapt∂m-´p-h® tImkvtam-f-Pn-°¬tIm¨Ã‚ v, bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Gsd Xnf-°-ap≈ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

kq∏¿t\m-h-I-fpsS {]Im-i-km-{μXKWn-®-Xn¬\n∂v c≠p Kth-jWkwL-ßfpw Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn-em-sW-Øn-b-Xv. {]]-©-hn-Im-k-Øn\v thK-X-tb-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p, adn-®-√.

Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-W-i-‡nsb \njv{]-`-am-°n-s°m≠v Cßs\ AI-em≥Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\.CXn-\mWv Ccp≠ Du¿Pw (dark energy)F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ùXn-I-im-kv{X-⁄¿°v apºn¬ henb sh√p-hnfnDb¿Øp∂ H∂mWv dark energy; kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Ht´sd kn≤m-¥-ßƒCXns\ Np‰n-∏‰n Dcp-Øn-cn-™n-´p-≠v.

Ccp≠ Du¿Pw, Fs¥m-s°-bm-bm-epw, Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-bn-Øo-cp-I-bmWv.Ct∏m-gsØ Hcp [mc-W-b-\p-k-cn®v{]]-©-Øns‚ ap°m¬]¶pw Ccp≠Du¿P-am-Wv. Ah-ti-jn-°p∂XmWv]Zm¿∞w (matter). F∂m¬ bYm¿∞-Øn-ep≈ ]Zm¿∞w, Kme-Ivkn-I-fpw,\£-{X-ß-fpw, a\p-jy-\pw, ]q°-fp-sams° \n¿an -®n -c n -°p∂ B]Zm¿∞w, {]]-©-Øns‚ A©p-i-X-am-\-tØm-fta hcq. _m°n-bp≈XvCcp≠ ]Zm¿∞-amWv (dark matter). CXv\ΩpsS ZrjvSn°v hnj-bo- -hn-°p-∂n-√.

Dark matter ùXnIimkv{X-Øn\vas‰mcp sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. Dark energybpw Dark matter Dw AZr-iy-am-Wv.At∏mƒ Ahsb \ap°v t\cn¬ImWm-\m-hn-√. Ah-bpsS {] -mh-Øn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-°mt\ Ign-bq.

At∏mƒ 2011- se t\m_¬ tPXm-°ƒ 95 iX-am-\hpw \ap-°-⁄m-X-amb Hcp {]]-©-sØ-bmWv \ap°vap∂n¬ FØn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬AXns\ Adn-bm≥ C\n-sbm-cn-°epwHSp-ßmØ A[zm\w \ap°v XpS-ßmw.

ck-X{¥w2011 - ˛se ck-X- {¥-Øn -\p≈

t\m_¬ kΩm\w e`n-°m≥ Imc-W-amb Is≠-Ø¬ \S-Øp-tºmƒ Xs‚t\m´v_p-°n¬ Um≥ sj´vam≥ AXn-\p-t\sc aq∂p tNmZy Nn”-ßƒ C´p:10 fold ??? Cß-s\. Xs‚ apºn-ep≈

{InÃ-ense AWp-°ƒ (atoms) ImWn-®Xv imkv{X-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp ka-anXn (symme-try) Bbn-cp-∂p. Bdp-aq-e-Iƒ D≈ Hcpt]mfnK¨ (polygon) sIm≠v Hcp^pSvt_m-fn\v cq]w sImSp°mw F∂p-]-d-bpw-t]mse Akm-[yw.

1982 G{]n¬ F´mw-Xo-bXn {]`m-X-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. "CØ-c-samcpP¥p D≠m-Im-\n-S-bn√' F∂mWvsj vam≥ lo{_p mj-bn¬ At∏mƒkzbw ]d-™Xv

F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-eØv Cu Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-Xbv°v B°w Iq´p∂ IqSp-X¬ Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fp-≠m-bn.

Aep-an -\n -bhpw amwK-\okpwtN¿∂ Hcp ]Zm¿∞-am -bn -cp∂psj´vams‚ ]T-\-hn-j-bw. CXns‚AWp-Xew ho£n-°m≥ At±lw Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ ssat{Im -kvtIm-∏ns‚klmbw tXSn. F∂m¬ ssat{Im-kvtIm∏v \¬Inb ImgvN At±lwkam-l-cn-®n-cp∂ apgp-h≥ bp‡n°pwhncp-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-°-≠Xv GItI{μ-I-amb (concentric) hrØ-ß-fmbncp∂p. Hmtcm∂pw ]Øv sXfn™_nμp-°-sf-s°m≠v cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-t]mse Cu ]Øp-_n-μp-°-fmWv sj v-ams‚ Dd°w sISp-Øn-b-Xv.

{InÃ¬ \nb-a-ßƒ°v hncp≤w{InÃ-tem-{K- n-bn¬ I≠ \nco-£-

W-ß-fn¬\n∂v sj vam≥ FØnb \nK-a\w imkv{X-tem-IØv XnI®pw hyXn-cn -‡-am -bn -cp -∂p. \ne-hn -ep≈bp‡n°pw \nb-a-ßƒ°pw \nc-°m-Ø-Xpw. {InÃ-ep-Iƒ CØ-c-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-I-bn√ F∂p Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂pimkv{X-⁄-a-Xw.

imkv{X-cw-KsØ a‰p Kth-j-IscCX-dn-bn® sj vam\v I\Ø FXn¿∏vt\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. H∏w ]cn-lm-k-hpw.Hcp Kth-jW em_ns‚ A[y-£≥At±-l-Øn\v {InÃ-tem-{K- n-bpsS HcpsSIvÃv _p°v \¬In. \∂mbnhmbn®p "]Tn-°m≥'. AXns‚ Bh-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. B ]pkvX-I-Øn¬]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-sX-s¥∂v sj vam-\-dn-bmw. F∂m¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-sØ-°mƒXs‚ \nco-£-W-ßƒ°mWv At±lwhne-I¬∏n-®-Xv.

Imcy-ßƒ AhnsS Xo¿∂n-√.CØcw _l-f-ßƒ°p Imc-W-°m-c-\mb Hcp "hnh-c-tZmjn' Xs‚ em_n¬{]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xn-s√∂v hIp-∏p-ta-[mhn Bh-iy-s∏- p. DSs\ Kth-j-W-kwLw hnSm≥ \n¿t±-i-hp-am-bn.

Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw Xt∂mSpkl-I-cn-°m≥ Xbm-dp≈ Hcp Kth-j-Is\ Inń. Cem≥ sªIv. Kth-jW{]_‘w Journal of Applied Physics-\v1984- ¬ Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. aS-°-Ø-]m-en¬Xs∂ AXv Xncn-s®-Øn. a‰m-scbpwImWn-°msXXs∂ AXnse "hnUvVn-Øw' FUn-‰¿°p a\- n-em-bn.

HSp-hn¬ Xs∂ hf-sc-tbsd kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≈, hn{ipX ùXn-I-im-kv{X-⁄-\mb tPm¨ Im\ns\ (John Cahn)At±lw kao-]n-®p. hf-sc-tbsd Xnc-°p≈ At±lw HSp-hn¬ hg-ßn.sj´vams‚ \nco -£-W-ßƒ a‰phnZKv≤ {InÃtem{Km^¿am-sc-°m-Wn®v]co-£-W-ß-fpsS hnizm-kyX ]cn-tim-[n-®p. 1984 \hw-_-dn¬ Im≥, sªIv,{Km‰n-bmkv F∂n-h¿s°m∏w sj vam≥Xs‚ {]_‘w Physical Review Let-ters F∂ tPW-en¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.

imkv{X-KXn 9

Cu {]_‘w {InÃ-tem-{K^n cwKØvHcp h≥ kvt^mS-\w-Xs∂ krjvSn-®p.ImcWw AXv B cwKsØ auen-I-amb Hcp XXz-sØ-X-s∂-bmWv tNmZywsNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {InÃ-ep-Iƒ amXr-I-I-fpsS Bh¿Ø-I-cq-]-am-sW∂XXzw. (Crystals consist of repeating pe-riodic patterns)

Npcp-f-gn-bp∂psj´vams‚ Is≠-Ø¬ Ct∏mƒ

imkv{X-cw-KØv hym]-I-ambn Adn-b-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ AtXm-sSm∏w hna¿i-\ -ßfpw cq£-am -bn . F∂m¬{InÃtem{Km^¿am¿ C°m-cy-Øn¬hyXy-kvX-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ ]ecpwCXv t\csØ Adn-hp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.Xß-fpsS ap≥ ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈h I≠n-cp-∂-Xmbn Ah-cn¬]ecpw Hm¿sØ-Sp -Øp. ]s£As∂ms° Ah-cXv a‰p Xc-Øn¬hymJym-\n®v Hgn-hm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.Ct∏mƒ Xß-fpsS ]gb Nn{X-ßƒAh-cn¬ ]ecpw ]p\x]cn-tim-[n-®p.sj vam≥ IqSp-X¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sm≥XpSßn. F∂m¬ CXn\v ssk≤m-¥nI

\ymbo-I-c-W-sa-ßs\? AXv e`n-®XvA{]-Xo-£n-X-amb Hcp taJ-e-bn¬\n∂m-bn-cp-∂p- -K-Wn-X-im-kv{Xw.

Adp-]-Xp-I-fn¬Xs∂ CØcwBh¿Ø-I-ß-f-√mØ amXr-I-Iƒ°v

KWn-X-im-kv{X-⁄¿ cq]w \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. G‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬ 1970- ¬ tdmP¿s]≥tdmkv CXn\v at\m-l-c-amb Hcp

hni-Zo -I-cWw \¬In, XSn -®Xpwt\cnbXpamb c≠p mK-ßƒsIm≠vAt±lw CXn-s\mcp amXrI krjvSn-

®p. CXv {InÃ-ep-I-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v 1984 Unkw-_-dn¬ Bh¿Ø-ß-f-√mØ {InÃ-ep -I-sf-°p-dn®v

sÃbn≥lm¿ v, sehn≥ F∂n-h¿ Hcp{]_‘w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. CXn¬BZy-ambn Ah¿ CXn\v Izmkn{In-Ã-ep-Iƒ F∂ t]cv \¬In. (aperiodicmosaics)

imkv{X-Øn\v Hcp kp{]-[m\]mTw

Um≥ sj´vams‚ IY A{Xbv°vA]q¿h-X-bp-≈-X-√. imkv{X-Øns‚Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Atßm-f-an-tßmfw bmYm-ÿnXnIXz-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ t]mcm- -ß-fpsS \o≠ IY-I-fp-≠v. \ne-hn-ep≈""kXy''ßsf kss[cyw t\cn-Sp-I-sb-∂Xv imkv{X-⁄sc kw_-‘n®vGsd t¢i-I-c-am-Wv. Cu ""kXy''ßƒ]eXpw ]n∂oSv t\m°p-tºmƒ Dul-ßƒ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°pw. sj vams‚Imcy-Øn¬ G‰hpw Icp-Ø-cmb FXn-cm-fn-I-fn-sem-cmƒ sse\kv t]mfnMv

Bbn-cp-∂p. c≠p-X-hW t\m_¬kΩm\w t\Snb Bƒ. D∂-X-im-kv{X-⁄¿t]mepw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-IXzwssIsh-Sn-bm-dn√ F∂m-Wt√m CXn-\¿∞w. \ne-hn-ep≈ hkvXp-X-Isf]cn-tim-[n®v tNmZyw sNøm\pw AXn-\mbn Hcp Xpd∂ a\ v \ne -\n¿Øm\pw Ign-bp-I-sb-∂Xv Hcpimkv{X -⁄\v Ahiyw th≠kz`mhw Xs∂-bm-Wv.

sshZy-imkv{XwtcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-hy-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v

AXy¥w hnπ-h-I-c-amb Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Ønb aq∂p imkv{X⁄¿-°mWv Cu h¿jsØ sshZy-im-kv{X-Øn-\p≈ t\m_¬ ]pc-kvImcw \¬I-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

{_qkv _Sve¿ (A-ta-cn-°) Pqƒkvtlm^vam≥ ({^m≥kv) dmƒ^vsÃbn≥am≥ (A-ta-cn-°) F∂n-h-cmWvt\m_¬ tPXm-°ƒ. ico-c-Øns‚tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-bpsS BZy-L´wtcmKm-Wp-°-sf-Xn-cn-®-dn™v {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn DW¿ØpI F∂-Xm-Wv. CXv\n¿h-ln-°p∂ dnk-]v‰¿ t{]m´o-\p-Isf Is≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p _Svedpwtlm^vam-\pw. kΩm-\-Øp-I-bpsS]IpXn Ch¿ ]¶p-h-bv°pw. "AUm-]v‰ohv CΩyq-Wn‰n' F∂ c≠mw-L-´sØ {]h¿Ø-\-£-a -am -°p∂sU≥ss{U‰v tImi-ßƒ Is≠-Øn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p sÃbn≥am≥ sNbvX-Xv.kΩm-\-Øp-I-bpsS ]IpXn Ct±-l-Øn-\p-≈-Xm-Wv.

sÃbn≥ams‚ acWwt\m_¬ kΩm-\-Øn\v sÃbn≥-

ams\ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ At±lwaq∂p-Zn -hkw apºv acn® hnhcw

sj´vams‚ Imcy-Øn¬G‰hpw Icp-Ø-cmbFXn-cm-fn-I-fn-sem-cmƒsse\kv t]mfnMv Bbn-cp-∂p. c≠p-X-hWt\m_¬ kΩm\wt\Snb Bƒ. D∂-X-im-kv{X-⁄¿t]mepwbmYm-ÿn-Xn-IXzwssIsh-Sn-bm-dn√ F∂m-Wt√m CXn-\¿∞w. \ne-hn-ep≈ hkvXp-X-Isf]cn-tim-[n®v tNmZywsNøm\pw AXn-\mbnHcp Xpd∂ a\ v \ne-\n¿Øm\pw Ign-bp-I-sb-∂Xv Hcp imkv{X-⁄\vAhiyw th≠kz`mhw Xs∂-bm-Wv.

10 \hw-_¿ 2011

t\m_¬ IΩn‰n Adn-™n-cp-∂n-√. ac-Wm-\¥c _lp-a-Xn-bmbn t\m_¬kΩm-\n-°m≥ kΩm-\-hy-h-ÿ-IƒA\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ sÃbn≥-ams‚ kΩm-\-sØ-°p-dn®v BZywAhy-‡X D≠m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬]n∂oSv kΩm\w At±-l-Øn\p Xs∂\¬Im≥ Xocp-am-\-am-bn. t\m_¬ût≠-js‚ \nb-a-ß-fnse Hcp D]-h-Ip-∏-\p-k-cn®v CØ-c-Øn¬ kΩm\w\¬Im-\m-hp-sa∂v t\m_¬ A[n-Ir-X¿ Adn-bn-®p. ""CXv AXy-]q¿h-ambHcp kw -h-am-Wv. Rß-fpsS Adn-hn¬t\m_¬ kΩm-\-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ CXn-\p-apºv Cßs\ D≠m-bn-ń√''ût≠-j≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏- p.

tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-Øns‚ c≠p-L-´-ßƒ

A]-ISw \nd™ Hcp temI-ØmWv \mw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ (_m-IvSo-cn-b, sshd-kv, wK-kp-Iƒ, ]cm-Z-ßƒ) \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂Hcn-Sw. Ch \nc-¥-c-ambn \sΩ òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. ]s£ \ap°vi‡-amb {]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠v.B¥-cn-I-amb Cu kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚BZy-L´w B{I-a-W-Im-cn-I-fmb tcmKm-Wp-°sf XSp-Øp-\n¿Øn \in-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu {]Xn-tcm-[sØ adn-I-S∂vtcmKm-Wp-°-sf-Øn-bm¬ AUm]v‰ohvCΩyq-Wn‰n F∂ c≠mw-L´w ap∂n-se-Øpw. T tImi-ßƒ, B-tImi-ßƒF∂n-ßs\ sIme-bmfn tImi-ßƒtcmKm-Wp-°sf hI-h-cp-Øp-∂p. CXphn-P-b-I-c-am-bm¬ Cu L´w C°m-cy-Øn¬ Hcp "Hm¿a' \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p.CtX tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ho≠pw h∂m¬s]s -∂p-Xs∂ {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-Im≥

{]Xn-tcm[ hyh-ÿ-bpsS Cu c≠p-L- -ßfpw tcmK-_m-[-bvs°-Xnsc i‡-amb kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-∂p-sh-¶nepwAXn¬ sNdn-sbmcp {]iv\-hp-ap-≠v.Cu c≠p-L- -ßƒ {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v Ime-Xm-akw h∂m¬ tcmK-_m[ D≠m-Imw.

tcmK-{]Xntcm[-Øns‚ hnhn-[-L--ßƒ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw`w

apX¬ imkv{X-⁄¿ NnI™p ]cn-tim-[n-®n- p-≈-Xm-Wv. Hcp Uk-t\mfwXhW Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ t\m_¬kΩm-\-ßfpw \¬I-s∏- n- p-≠v. B‚n-t_m-Un-Iƒ, T tImi-ßƒ F∂n-h-sbms° CØ-c-Øn¬ \n¿Wm-bIIs≠-Ø-ep-I-fmbncp∂p. F∂m¬ Cuh¿jsØ t\m_¬ tPXm-°ƒ Is≠-Øpw-hsc B¥-cn-I {]Xn-tcm[w (in-nate immunity) DW-cp-∂Xpw AUm-]v‰ohvCΩyqWn‰n F∂ c≠mw-L- -Øn-te°vAsX-ßs\ ktμ-i-sa-Øn-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xpw A⁄m-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.

tlm^vam≥1996˛emWv tlm^vam≥ \n¿Wm-b-

I-amb Is≠-Ø¬ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. ]g-bo-®-I-fpsS (fruit flies) {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Kth-jWw Ch-bnse "tSmƒ Po\p-Iƒ' (Tollgenes) XI-cm-dn-em-bm¬ {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn \in-°p∂psh∂p At±lwIs≠-Øn. tSmƒ Po\p-I-fmWv B¥-cnI {]Xn-tcm-[sØ DW¿Øp-∂-sX∂Bi-b-Øn-te°v Aß-s\-bmWvFØn-t®¿∂-Xv.

_Sve¿1998˛¬ Fen-I-fn¬ \S-Ønb ]co-

£-W-ß-fn-emWv _Sve¿ dnk-]v‰¿

t{]mó-\p-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xv. tSmƒPo\p-Iƒ°v kam-¥-c-amb Is≠-Ø-em-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]g-bo-®-I-fpw kkvX-\n-Ifpw kam-\-amb X∑m-{X-I-fmWvB¥-cnI {]Xn-tcm[w DW¿Øm≥ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX∂ Is≠-Ø-em-bn-cp∂p \n¿Wm-b-Iw.

sÃbn≥am≥1973˛¬ dmƒ^v sÃbn≥am≥

sU≥{Un-‰n¬ tImi-ßƒ F∂ ]pXnbXcw tImi-ßsf Is≠-Øn. Ch {]Xn-tcm-[-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ {][m-\-am-bn-cn°mwF∂ Dul-Øn¬ At±lw IqSp-X¬Kth-j-W-ß-fn-te°v IS-∂p. {]Xn-tcm[ hyh-ÿ-bnse {][m-\-I-Ym-]m-{X-amb T tImi-ßsf Ch {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-°ptam F∂v At±lw kwi-bn-®p. C°mcyw \o≠ ]co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS ÿnco-I-cn-®p. XpS¿∂p≈ ]co-£-W-ßƒ T- tImi-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw AXn¬ sU≥{Un-‰n¬tImi-ßƒ°p≈ ]¶n-s\-°p-dn®pwIqSp-X¬ Dƒ°mgvN \¬In.

Cu h¿jsØ kΩm-\m¿l-ambIs≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ IrXy-amb Adnhv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. tcmK-Nn-In-’bv°v ]pXnbcoXn-Iƒ krjvSn-°m≥ CXv klm-bn-°pw. sa®-s∏´ hmIvkn-\p-Iƒ \n¿an-°m\pw Im≥k¿ {]Xntcm-[-Øn-\mbntcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ hyh-ÿsb D±o-]n-∏n-°m\pw CXv ]pXnb am¿K-ßƒ Xpd-∂p-X-cpw. Nne L -ß-fn¬ {]Xn-tcm[hyhÿ \ΩpsS tImi-ßsfØs∂B{I-an-°p-∂Xpw Aßs\ \o¿s°- p-t]m-ep≈ Ah-ÿ-I-fp-≠m-Ip-∂XpwFß-s\-sb∂ ]pXnb Adn-hp-IfpwCXn¬\n∂v shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

10 \hw-_¿ 2011

imkv{X-KXn 11

\navt\m-∂-X-amb `q{]-tZ-iw, Xc-fn-X-amb Imem-h-ÿ, tXP- m¿∂ Pe-hn-\ym-kw, kPo-h-amb kky-Pm-e-ßƒXpS-ßn-b-h-bm¬ kºp-jvS-amb tIc-f-Øns‚ kzmwio-I-c-W-tijn hfscDb¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- Pe-k-ar-≤-ambXmgvhcIƒ, hr£-k-ar-≤-amb Ip∂n≥Ncn-hp-Iƒ, kky-k-ar-≤-amb Ip∂p-Iƒ Ch tN¿∂p cq]-s∏´ kq£va\o¿Ø-S-ß-fm¬ th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏´ssPh-k-aq-l-ÿnXn tIc-fsØ hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂p. ka-Nn-Ø-X-tbmsSssIImcyw sNbvXm¬ hfsc Db¿∂hnI-k\ hml-I-ti-jn-bp≈ tIc-f-Øn¬ D-Nn-X-a-√mØ ]e NqjW{]h¿Øn-I-tfm-Sp-sam∏w amen-\y-{]-hm-lhpw h¿≤n-®p-h-∂p. CXp-aqew ]cn-ÿnXn aen-\o-I-cWw h¿≤n-°p-∂-

Xn\pw XXv -e-ambn tcmKm-Xp-c-XbpwtcmK-`m-chpw (disease burden) IqSp-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Jc-am-en\yw imkv{Xo-b-ambn ssIImcywsNbvXv ]cn-ÿnXn A]-Nbw Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp Zim-_vZ-°m-e-ambntIcfw {ian-®p-h-cp-∂p. \mw kzoI-cn®kao-]-\hpw I¿a ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv `mhn{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v klm-b-I-c-am-Ipw.

tIc-f-Ønse Jc-am-en-\yw-˛-{]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ

GsXmcp {]tZ-i-sØbpw Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´kao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv B {]tZ-isØ amen\y DXv]m-Z-\w, t{kmX- v,cmk- - u-Xn-I-L-S\ XpS-ßnb {]tXy-

I-X-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv. 2006-˛se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v tIc-f-Ønse{]Xn-io¿j Jc-am-en\y DXv]m-Z\whenb \K-c-ß-fn¬ 465 {Kmapw, CS-Øcw \K-c-ß-fn¬ 268 {Kmapw sNdp\K-c-ß-fn¬ 187 {Kmap-am-sW∂p IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬tIc-f-Øn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ amen-\y-Øns‚ 49% hoSp-I-fnepw 31% ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw 9% s]mXp-k-c-Wn-bnepw 6%N¥-I-fnepw 6% \n¿amW taJ-e-bn-ep-am-Wp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. C{]-Im-c-ap-≠m-Ip∂amen-\y-Øns‚ 72- 84 iX-am\w ssPh-am-en-\y-ß-fpw, 11- 17 iX-am\w ]p\cp]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ AssPh amen-\y-ßfpw 4˛11 iX-am\w Xnc-kvIrXAssPh amen-\y-ßfpw 0.4- 1 iX-am\wA]-I-S-I-c-amb amen-\y-ß-fp-amWv (_m-

Ih¿tÃmdntUm.- B¿. APbIpam¿ h¿a

tIc-f-Ønse Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e-\w

-C-∂-se, C∂v, \msf

2006- se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v tIc-f-Ønse {]Xn-io¿j Jc-am-en\y DXv]m-Z\whenb \K-c-ß-fn¬ 465 {Kmapw, CS-Øcw \K-c-ß-fn¬ 268 {Kmapw sNdp \K-c-ß-fn¬ 187 {Kmap-am-sW∂p IW-°m-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ amen-\y-Øns‚ 49% hoSp-I-fnepw 31% ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw 9%s]mXp-k-c-Wn-bnepw 6% N¥-I-fnepw 6% \n¿amW taJ-e-bn-ep-am-Wp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.

12 \hw-_¿ 2011

‰-dn, _ƒ_v XpS-ßn-b-h) Hmtcm {]tZ-iØpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n°s∏Sp∂ amen-\y-Øns‚ 56 -˛70 iX-am\w hscCu¿∏hpw Hmtcm Intem{Kmw amen-\y-Øn\pw 1639- 1744 Intem-I-temdn hscXm]-ti-jn- (calorific value) bp-ap≠vF∂pw Im¿_¨-˛-ss\-{S-P≥ A\p-]mXw 23- 33 hsc-bm-sW∂pw IW-°m-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p.

tIc-f-Ønse ]pc-bnS coXn-bn-ep≈hmk-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ (Homestead type ofhabitation) ssPh-am-en-\y-ß-sf√mwXs∂ hr£-X-S-ß-fn-en´pw t]∏¿ XpS-ßn-bh ]p\-Nw-{I-aWw \S-ØntbmNmc-am°n Irjn-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-ItbmsNbvXp t]m∂p. \K-c-ß-fn¬ s]mXp-k-c-Wn-bn-se-Øp∂ amen-\y-ßƒGXm≠v 1990 -I -fpsS a[yw -hscIrjn°p hf-ambn I¿j-I¿ hne-°p-hm-ßp∂ coXn-bp-ap -≠m-bn-cp -∂p.A[nIw hcp∂ amen-\y-ßƒ P\-hmkw Ipd™ {]tZ-iØv Ip∂p-Iq-´p∂ coXnbpw Ah-ew-_n-®n-cp-∂p.F∂m¬ πmÃnIv hkvXp-°ƒ Ie¿∂amen\yw I¿j-I¿°v kzoIm-cy-a-√mØÿnXn-bp-≠m-bn. AtXm-sSm∏w P\-kw-Jym-h¿≤-\bpw Gdn-h∂ amen\yIqºm-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-b¿∂ Zp¿K-‘hpw aen-\-P-ehpw kao-]-hm-kn-Iƒ°v Ak-ly-amw-hn[w ]cn-ÿnXn{]iv\-ßƒ°pw Imc-W-am-bn. CuÿnXn henb \K-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pwsNdp-\-K-c-ß-fn-te°pw hym]n-°p-Ibpw2000˛m amt≠msS Hgn-hm-°m-\m-ImØ{]iv\-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

amen\y ]cn-]m-e-\w-˛-\n-b-a-ßfpw N´-ßfpw

1994-˛se tIcf ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n,]©m-bØv \nb-a-ß-fnepw N -ß-fnepwamen-\y-]-cn-]m-e-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ vkzoI-cn-t°≠ \S-]-Sn-I-fpw hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ewLn-°p-∂-h¿°p≈ in£m-hn-[n-Ifpw \n¿t±-in-®n- p-≠v. 1986- se ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W \nb-a-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 2000-˛mam≠n¬ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ ap\n-kn-∏¬ Jcamen\yw (]-cn-]m-e-\hpw ssIImcyw sNø-epw) N -ßƒ°v cq]w \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. CX-\p-k-cn®v Jc-am-en-\y-Øns‚ t{kmX- n-ep≈ kw -c-Ww, tiJ-c-Ww, {Sm≥kv-t]m¿t -j≥, kwkvI-c-Ww, \n¿am¿P\wF∂o {]h¿Øn-Iƒ F{]-Imcw sNø-W-sa∂pw CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ Bsc√mw \n¿h-ln-°-W-sa∂pw hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n- p-≠v.CX-\p-k-cn®v \K-c-ß-fn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ amen-\y-Øns‚ Ah-Imin\K-c-k- -bmbpw Ah tiJ-cn®v kwkvI-cn-t°≠ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw \K-c-k- -°m-sW∂pw hyhÿ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.F∂m¬ Cu DØ-c-hm-ZnØw Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kmt¶-Xn-I-ti-jn-tbm,kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-tbm, kmaq-ly-Xm-Xv]-cytam ]e \K-c-k- -Iƒ°p-an-s√-∂-XmWv {]iv\-Øn-\m°w Iq´p-∂-Xv.

amen\ykwkvI-cWπm‚p-Ifpw {]iv\-ßfpw

1990- I-fpsS Ah-km\w Jc-am-en\y{]iv\w Gdn-h∂ kml-N-cy-Øn-emWvXncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tImgn-t°mSv \K-c-k--Iƒ kzImcy ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS Jc-

am-en\y kwkvI-cW πm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n-®-Xv. tI{μ-k¿°m¿ \n¿t±-in®v am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ {]Imcw ssPh-km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZy D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bmWvCu πm‚p-I-fn¬ Ah-ew-_n-®-Xv.F∂m¬ \K-c-k-`-Iƒ°v A∂v e`y-amb imkv{Xob D]-tZ-i-ß-fnse t]mcm-bvatbm A]-cym-]vX-Xtbm πm‚p-I-fpsS{]hrØn ]cn-]m-e-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Icm¿ hyh-ÿ-I-fn¬ Ahy-‡-X°v Imc-W-am-bn. CXv πm‚p-I-fpsSkpK-a-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]e-t∏mgpw hnLm-X-am-bn. henb \K-c-ßƒs°m∏w CS-Øcw \K-c-ß-fnepwJc-am-en-\y-{]iv\w cq£-ambn h∂p.A]q¿hw Nne \K-c-k-`-Iƒ sNdp-πm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n®v {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v {ian-®p-sh-¶nepw A]-Iz-amb kmt¶-Xn-I-coXn ImcWw πm‚p-Iƒ {]h¿Ø-\-c-ln-X-am-Ip∂ ÿnXn-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. CXv kmt¶-Xn-I-X-e-Ønepw `c-W-X-e-Ønepw hnhn[N¿®-Iƒ°v hgn-h-bv°p-Ibpw \K-c-k-

s]mXp-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS{]h¿Ø-\-£-a-X-bnseIpd-hp-Im-cWw amen-\y-ß-fpsS Xcw-Xn-cn®vkwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xnsehnap-J-X, πm‚ns‚kwkvI-cWtijn-bn-e-[nIw amen\yw πm‚n¬FØn-°p∂ coXn,Nn´bpw ÿnc-X-bp-an-√mØ {]hrØn-]-cn-]m-e-\w, πm‚ns‚ A\p-_‘]cn-ÿnXn ]cn-]m-e\kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-√mbvaXpS-ßn-bh AS-ßn-bn-cnt° ssPh-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Isf AS-®m-t£-]n-°p-Ibpw Xm] -kw-kvI-cW coXnbneqsS am{XtatIc-f-Øn\p c£-bp≈qF∂p-ap≈ {]N-cWwhf¿∂p hcp∂Xv ImWm-Xn-cp-∂p-Iq-Sm.

imkv{X-KXn 13

`-Iƒ°v amen\y \n¿am¿P-\-hp-ambn_‘-s∏´ Imcy-Øn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-k-lmbw e`y-am-°-W-sa∂ \n¿t±iw cq]-s∏-Sp-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv 2003- ¬ "¢o≥ tIc-f'-an-j≥ cq]o-Ir-X-am-bXpw Jc-am-en-\y-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-ßfpsSbpw imkv{Xob hnh-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ I¿a-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-SpØnbXpw.

DXv]m-Zn -∏n°s∏Sp∂ amen-\y-Øns‚ Gdn-b- ]¶pw ssPh-am-en-\y-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS {][m-\-{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-Øn-emWv ¢o≥ tIcf anj≥Du∂¬ \¬In-b-Xv. AtXm-sSm∏w 1999-˛se πmÃnIv \n¿am-Ww, hn]-W-\w,D]-tbmKw, N´-ß-fnse hyh-ÿ-IƒD]-tbm-Kn®v ssPh-am-en\y kwkvI-c-W-Øn\v hnLmXw krjvSn-°p∂πmÃnIv amen-\y-ß-sf, {]tXy-In-®v,Imcn -_m-Kp -Isf, \nb-{¥n -°p∂-Xn\p≈ {ia-ßƒ°pw XpS-°-an-´p.cmk- - u-XnI kz`m-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse amen\y kwkvI-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂hnhn[ ssPh-kw-kvI-cW coXn-IfpwXm]-kw-kvI-cW coXn-Ifpw A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ssPh-km-t¶-XnIhnZy-I-fmWv tIc-f-Øn\v A\p-tbmPyw F∂ kao-]\wkzoI-cn-°p-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. AXns‚ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn≥Uvtdm Itºm-ÃnwKv, aÆnc Itºm-Ãnw-Kv, _tbm-Kymkv DXv]m-Z\w F∂o kmt¶-XnIcoXn-Iƒ {]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v anjs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ {ia-am-cw-`n-®p. CtXm-sSm∏w amen\yw t{kmX- n¬\n∂pw Xcw-Xn-cn®p tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kwkvI-c-W-Øn-\mbn e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw IpSpw-_{io kzbw-k-lm-b-kw-L-ßsf D]-tbm -K -s∏ -Sp -Øp∂coXn°pw XpS-°-an- p.

amen\y kwkvI-c-W-πm‚p-Iƒÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tkh-\-Zm-Xm-°sf Is≠Øn hnhn[ \K-c-k-`-I-fnepw amen-\y-ßƒ Ip∂p-Iq-Sp∂ N¥-I-fnepw ssPh-kw-kvI-cW πm‚p-Iƒÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v ¢o≥tI-cf anj≥t\XrXzw \¬In. F∂m¬ πm‚p-I-fpsS{]hrØn ]cn -]m -e\w th≠{XipjvIm-¥n-tbmsS \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw,amen-\y-ßƒ Xcw-Xn-cn®v πm‚p-I-fn-se-Øn®v kwkvI-cWtijn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw \K-c-k- -Iƒ°mbn-√. kzIm-cy-tk-h\ ZmXm-°sf D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn πm‚p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w kpK-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne \K-c-k- -Iƒ {iaw\S-Øn-sb-¶nepw IrXy-amb {]hrØn]cn-]m-e\ {Ia-Øn-s‚bpw kmt¶-XnIam¿K-\n¿t±-i-ß-fp-sSbpw hnZ-Kv[-cp-

sSbpw A`m-h-Øn¬ πm‚p-I-fpsS{]h¿Ø\w e-{]-Z-ambn \nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw icn-bmbn aptºm-´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn-√.

ipNnXz anj≥-˛-t\-´-ßƒ,tIm´-ßƒ

Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e\apƒs∏sSipNn-Xz-ta-J-e-bnse hnhn-[-L-S-I-ßƒ°v {]m[m\yw \¬In Ahkwtbm-Pn-X-ambn \S-∏n-em-t°-≠Xpwkwÿm-\Øv A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambnDb¿∂p-h∂ tcmK-`mcw Ipd-bvt°-≠Xpw s]mXp -]-cn-kcipNnXzw Dd-∏m-t°-≠-Xp-amb Hcp ASn-b-¥n-c -km-l-Ncyw 2007- -HmsS kwÿm-\Øv kwPm-X-am-bn. CXn-s‚-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnhn-[-X-e-Øn¬ N¿®-Iƒ hcn-Ibpw Jc-am-en\y \n¿am¿P-\-apƒs∏sS ipNn-Xz-ta-J-e-bn¬ kaq-e-amb 10 t\ -ßƒ 2012--HmsS km[y-am-°p∂Xn\mbn amen-\y-

ap‡tIcfw I¿a-]-≤-Xn°v 2007-˛¬cq]w \¬In. Cu I¿a-]-cn-]mSn \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn A∂v ipNnXz taJ-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn®p h∂n-cp∂ c≠panj-\p-Isf kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v ipNn-Xz-an-j≥ cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

I¿a-]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ Jc-am-en-\y-ta-J-e-bn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ t\ -ß-fmWve£y-an- -Xv.

1. amen\yw t{kmX- n¬ Xs∂Xcw-Xn-cn®p tiJ-cn-°p∂ coXn{]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°¬.

2. Km¿ln-I- -ÿm-]\ Jc-am-en\y-kwkvI-cW kwhn -[m\wÿm]n-°¬.

tIc-f-Ønse amen\yt{kmX- p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ 49% Km¿ln-Ihpw 31%ÿm]\tI{μo-Ir-X-hp-am-sW∂p ImWmw. ÿe-]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ am\-Z-WvU-am-°n-s°m≠v \n›nXhnkvXo¿W-Øn-e-[n-I-ap≈ ]pc-bn-S-hmkÿe-ßƒ°pw ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw Ah-cp-Xv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xpw s]s´∂vAgp-Ip-∂-Xp-amb amen-\y-ßƒ kwkvI-cn-°p∂Xn\p≈ kwhn-[m\w \n¿_-‘-am-°p-∂Xv s]mXp-k-c-Wn-bn-te-s°-Øp∂ amen-\ysØ\nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\pklm-bn-°pw.

14 \hw-_¿ 2011

3. hntI-{μo -IrX Jc-am -en\y-kwkvI-cW kwhn-[m-\-ßƒhym]-I-am-°¬.

4. Xnc-kvIrX amen-\y-ßƒ s]mXp-hmbn kwkvI-cn-°¬.

5. N∏p-N-h-dp-I-fn-√mØ s]mXp-ÿ-e-ßƒ.

Cu e£y-ßƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn-\mbnJc-am-en\y taJ-e-bn¬ hnhn-[-ß-fmb{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v anj≥ XpS-°-an- p.Ah-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏´ Nne {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

1. amen\yw Ipd-bv°p-I, ]p\-cp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I, ]p\xN{I-aWw sNbvXp-]-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-bp≈{]h¿Ø-\hpw {]N-c-Whpw hym]-I-am°n.

2. ssPh amen\y kwkvI-c-W-Øn\vssPh-km-t¶-Xn-I- co-Xn-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw hnhn-[-ti-jn-bp≈ πm‚p -Iƒ ÿm]n -°p -∂Xn\p≈ kmt¶-XnI ¢n]vX-X,sNe-hv, {]hrØn-]-cn-]m-e\ coXn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬ hni-Z-amb am¿K-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw \S-∏n -em -°p -IbpwsNbvXp.

3. Btcm-Ky, kmº-Øn-I, ]cn-ÿnXnkpc£ Dd-∏m°n IpSpw-_{iokzbw -k-lm -b -kw -L-ß-fpsStkh\w hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈am¿K-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ Xbm-dm°n \S-∏n-em-°n.

4. Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tkh-\-Zm-Xm-°-fpsS tkh\w sa®-s∏´coXn-bn¬ e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈kwhn-[m-\-sam-cp-°n.

5. amen\ykwkvI-cW kwhn-[m\wÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v tI{μ k¿°m-cns‚ kmº-Øn-I-k-lmbw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hni-Z- ]-≤XntcJXbm-dm°n \K-c-k-`-Isf klm-bn®p.

6. Km¿ln-I- -ÿm-]\ amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW πm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\pwXpS¿{]-h¿Ø\w kpK-am-°p∂-Xn\p≈ klmbw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw{]mtZ-inI kwhn-[m\w Hcp-°p-∂-Xn\pw kzbw klm-b-kw-L-ßƒcq]o-I-cn®v {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-°p∂amXr-Im-]-≤Xn \S-∏n-em-°n.

7. s]mXp kwkvI-c-W-πm‚p-I-fpsS{]h¿Ø\w kpK-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\vkmt¶-XnI D]-tZ-ihpw ]≤Xncq]o-I-c-W-k-lm-bhpw e`y-am-°n.

8. Jc-am-en\y kwkvIc-W-Øns‚

{]m[m\yw P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°p-∂-Xn\pw t{kmX- n¬ Xs∂amen\yw kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v P\-ßsf t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-X-Ip∂hnhn[ {]N-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒkzImcy GP≥kn-Iƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈hcpsS klmbw kzcq-]n®v\S-∏n-em-°n.

9. Xnc-kvIrX amen-\y-ß-fpsS ]cn-]m-e-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ imkv{Xob kao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw πmÃnIvhkvXp-°-fpsS ]p\xN{I-a-W-Øn-\p -X-Ip∂ amXr-Im-πm‚p -Iƒÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v kmt¶-Xn-I- -km-º-ØnI klmbw e`y-am-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.

CXp-Iq-SmsX ipNn-Xz-ta-J-e-bn¬anj≥ \S-∏n-em-°nb hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS ]tcm-£-amb {]tbm-P-\hpw Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e\ taJ-e-bn¬ e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn- p-≠v. CXns‚ e-ambnJc-am-en\yw Xcw-Xn-cn®p tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX C∂v IqSp-X-embnt_m[y-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Km¿ln-I-˛-am-en\y kwkvI-cWw thK-Øn¬ hym]-I-ambns°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p. am¿°-‰p-IƒAd-hp -im -e-Iƒ Bip-]-{Xn -Iƒ,kvIqfp-Iƒ, tlm´-ep-Iƒ XpS-ßnamen\yw A[n-I-am-bp-Xv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂n-S-ß-fn¬ hntI-{μo-IrX kwkvI-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ hym]-I-ambn hcp-∂p.F∂n-cp-∂mepw \K-c-ß-fnse tI{μo-IrX amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW πm‚p-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p≈ {]iv\-ßfpwkwL¿j-ßfpw Cu taJebnsetIm -ßsf FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-∂p.

Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e-\w-˛-\n-e-hnse ÿnXn

amen-\y-ap‡tIcfw I¿a-]-≤-Xn-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw {]N-c-W-ßfpwJc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e\ t{kmX- n-te°vFØn-°p-∂-Xn\v hen-b-tXm-Xn¬klm-bn-®n- p-≠v. IqSmsX Jc-am-en-\y-{]iv\w Hcp cmjv{Sob AP-≠-bmbncq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kwÿm-\Øv ]cn-l-cn-t°≠ Hcp {][m\ {]iv\-ambn `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w Dƒs°m-≈p-IbpwsNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. CXv Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e\ taJ-e-bn¬ {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-amb{]Xn-^-e\w D≠m-°pw. F∂m¬s]mXp Jc-am-en\y kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ß-fpsSImcWw \mw Ah-ew-_n-®p-h-cp∂kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS t]mcm-bva-bmWvF∂ Btcm-]-Whpw {i≤-tbmsS ]cn-K-Wn-®n√ F¶n¬ sX‰mb kao-]-\-Øn-te°v Imcy-ßƒ t]mtb-°pw. s]mXp-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-X-bnse Ipd-hp-Im-cWw amen-\y-ß-fpsSXcw-Xn-cn®v kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xnse hnap-J-X, πm‚ns‚ kwkvI-cWtijn-bn-e-[nIw amen\yw πm‚n¬ FØn-°p∂coXn, Nn´bpw ÿnc-X-bp-an-√mØ{]hrØn-]-cn-]m-e-\w, πm‚ns‚ A\p-_‘ ]cn-ÿnXn ]cn-]m-e\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-√mbva XpS-ßn-bh AS-ßn-bn-cnt° ssPh-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-IsfAS-®m-t£-]n-°p-Ibpw Xm] -kw-kvI-cW coXnbneqsS am{Xta tIc-f-Øn\pc£-bp≈q F∂p-ap≈ {]N-cWwhf¿∂p hcp∂Xv ImWm-Xn-cp-∂p-Iq-Sm.F∂n-cp-∂mepw Jc-am-en-\y-Øns‚ LS-

imkv{X-KXn 15

\m-am‰w ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v \nb-{¥n-X-ambpw hnth-I-tØm-sSbpw ]pXnbkmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ ]co-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬hnap-JX tXmt∂-≠-Xp-an-√. amen-\y-Øn¬\n∂pw Du¿Pw DXv]m-Zn -∏n-°p∂Xpambn _‘-s∏ v k¿°m-cns‚]cn-K-W-\-bn-ep≈ Nne ]≤Xn \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn® hnZ-Kv≤-k-an-Xn-bpsS\nco-£-W-ßƒ {]tXy-In®v CØcwπm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nco-£-W-ßƒCØ-cp-W-Øn¬ {]k-‡-am-Wv. Xm]-kw-kvI-cW coXn-bmb ""ss]tdm-en-knkv Kymkn- n-t°-j≥'' kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn tIc-f-Ønseamen-\y-Øn¬\n∂pw Du¿Pw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v amen-\y-{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-®p-k-a¿∏n® \n¿t±-i-ß-fn¬ kv]jvSo-I-c-W-ßƒ°p-ti-jhpw Ahy-‡-X-Iƒ Ds≠∂pw Bb-Xn-\m¬ AØcw πm‚p-Iƒ ]co-£Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am{Xta ÿm]n-°m-hq-sh∂pw AXpw \ne-hn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ πm‚p -Iƒ I≠v t_m[y -s∏´tijamh-W-sa∂pw kanXn \n¿t±-in-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. IqSmsX kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-°p≈ AwKo-Imcw hmß¬,]cn -ÿnXn kpc£ Dd-∏m -°¬,{]hrØn ]cn-]m-e-\-{Iaw Dd-∏m-°¬Du¿P-hn-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ AwKo-Imcw XpS-ßn-bh Dd-∏m-°p∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw Cu tkh\ ZmXm-°-fpsSDØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-am-°-W-sa∂pw AXp-]m-en-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-]£w in£m\S-]-Sn-IƒkzoI-cn-°p∂ am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww Icm¿ hyh-ÿ-IƒF∂pw kanXn A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

A`n-e-j-Wob kao-]\wtIc-f-Ønse amen\y t{kmX- p-

Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ 49% Km¿ln-Ihpw31% ÿm]\tI{μo-Ir-X-hp-am-sW∂pImWmw. ÿe-]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ am\-Z-WvU-am-°n-s°m≠v \n›nX hnkvXo¿W-Øn-e-[n -I-ap≈ ]pc-bn -S -hmk ÿe-ßƒ°pw ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw Ah-cp-Xv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xpw s]s´∂v Agp-Ip-∂-Xp-amb amen-\y-ßƒ kwkvI-cn-°p∂Xn\p≈ kwhn-[m\w \n¿_-‘-am-°p-∂Xv s]mXp-k-c-Wn-bn-te-s°-Øp∂ amen-\ysØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\p klm-bn-°pw. AtXm-sSm∏w N¥-Iƒ Adhp ime-Iƒ XpSßn ssPhamen-\y-ßƒ A[n-I-am-bp-Xv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂n-S-ß-fn¬ hntI-{μo-IrX ssPh-am-en\ykwkvI-cW πm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xpw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. bmsXm-cp-Im-c-W-h-imepw s]mXp-am-en-\y-kw-kvI-cW πm‚ns‚ tijn-bn¬ IqSp-X-embn

amen-\y-sa-Øp-∂n√ F∂pw Dd-∏m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. GsXmcp amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW πm‚ v ÿm]n-°p-tºmgpw Ah-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb]cn-ÿn-Xn-{]-iv\-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]cn-ÿnXn ]cn-]m-e\ kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw ÿm]n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm πm‚n-s‚bpw {]hrØn]cn-]m-e-\-{Iaw Nn -tbm-sSbpw ÿnc-ambpw \S-°p∂p F∂p-d-∏m-°p∂Xpw{]iv\-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn\v hfsc{]m[m-\amWv.

hnhn[ amen-\y-t{km-X- p-I-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ thK-Øn¬ ssPh-hn-L-S\wkw -hn-°mØ hkvXp-°fpw (D-Zm. Nnc-´, sXm≠v, ac-°-j-W-ßƒ, Hme XpS-ßn-b-h), 11˛17% hsc-bp≈ ]p\-cp-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ AssP-h-h-kvXp-°fpw(t]-∏¿, πmÃn-Iv, XpS-ßn-b-h) 4˛11%hsc-bp≈ Xnc-kvIrX amen-\y-ßfpw(a-Æv, Nmcw), 0.4-˛1% hsc-bp≈ A]-I-S-I-c-amb amen-\y-ßfpw (_m-‰-dn,_ƒ_v) Xcw-Xn-cn-®v tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw s]mXp-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ kw`-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Hmtcm hkvXp-hn\pwA\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ ]p\-cp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnt\m ]p\xN{I-aWw \S-Øp-∂-Xnt\m D≈ kwhn-[m\w Hmtcm{]mtZ-inI k¿°mcpw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambnÿm]n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CØcw kw -cWimebv°v A\p-_-‘-ambn Du¿tPm-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ Kymkn-^-tb-gvkv,πmÃnIv dossk-¢nwKv bqWn‰v XpS-ßn-b-hbpw Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. Xm]-tijn-tb-dnb AssPh amen-\y-ßƒ h¿≤n-

X-amb tXmXn¬ e`y-am-Ip∂ ]£wss]tdm-en-kn-kv-˛-Kym-kn-^n-t°-j≥kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw ]T-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn Hcp-X-c-Ønepw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\m-hmØ Xnc-kvIrX amen-\y-ßƒ\n¿am¿P\w sNøp-∂-Xn\pw A]-I-S-I-c-amb amen-\y-ßƒ kpc-£n-X-ambnad-hp-sN-øp-∂-Xn\pw taJ-em-X-e-Øn-ep≈ km\n-´dn em‚ v^n¬ kwhn-[m\w XmXvIm-en-I-amsb¶nepw ]cn-K-Wn-°pI F∂-XmWv {]mtbm-Kn-I-X.Ime{Ia-Øn¬ A]-I-S-I-c-amb amen-\y-ßƒ DXv]m-Z-Is‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØwDd-∏m-°n-s°m≠v Xncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ coXn-bn-te°pw t]mtI-≠-Xm-bp-≠v.

F∂m¬ Cu \n¿t±-i-ßƒ hnP-b-{]-Z-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ πm‚p-I-fpsS {]hrØn-]-cn-]m-e\w ÿnc-ambpw Nn -bmbpw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw km[n-°-Ww. C°m-cy-Øn¬ \mfn-Xp-hsc kzoI-cn-®n- p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v hf-sc-b-[nIw ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw {]mtbm-Kn-IX Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ hnhn[ kmt¶-Xn-I-coXn Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂Xpw kwkvI-c-W-ti-jn-bp-≈-Xp-amb πm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-tºmƒ Ah-°-\p-tbm-Py-amb ]cn-ÿnXn ]cn-]m-e\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]hrØn-]-cn-]m-e\w Nn -tbmsS \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈kwhn-[m-\hpw \S-∏n-em-°-Ww. AXn-\p≈ kmt¶-Xn-I-\n-co-£-W-ti-jnbpwkmº-Øn-I-i-‡nbpw \K-c-k- -Iƒ°ve`y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

16 \hw-_¿ 201116

C∂sØ D]t`m-Iv-Xr- kw-kv-Im-chpw-\KchXv-IcWhpw- hy-hkm-bhXv-IcWhpw- HØp-tN¿∂v- ]hn-{Xam-bn-cp-∂ `q-an-sb Hcp- am-en-\y-°ehdbm-bn-am-‰n-°gn-™p.- aÆpw,- hn-Æpw-,- sh≈hpw-hn-jabam-bn-Øo¿-∂ `q-an- Po-hPm-eßƒ-°v- Bhm-ktbm-Ky-a√m-Xm-bn-s°m≠n-cn -°p-∂p. A]q¿-ΔtcmK-ßfmepw P\nXI sshIey-ßfm-epw-tIgp-∂ a\p-jy≥- A\m-tcm-Ky-Øn-epw-Ak¥p-jv-Sn-bn-epw- Pohn-XsØ i]n-®v-\m-fp-Iƒ- FÆn-°gn-bp-∂ Im-gv-N AXo-h Zb\o-bhpw- lr-Zbt`ZIhp-am-Wv.- Cu-Ahÿ°p-≈ ]cn-lm-cw- q-an-sb ]hn-{Xam-bn- kq-£n-°p-I F∂Xpw- Rm≥-c£I\m-Im-sX F\n-°p- c£bn-√F∂ Xn-cn-®dn-hp-am-Wv.-

hn-hn-[ am-en-\y-ßƒ-

1999).- sI´n-Sßfp-sS Ahin-jv-Sßƒ-(construction & demolition),- sNfn, -]mdIƒ,- hr-£ßfp-sS Ahin-jv-Sßƒ-F∂n-hsb Ct\¿-´v- thkv-‰v- F∂p-]dbp-∂p.- ho- p-am-en-\y-ßsf s]mXpshap≥-kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thbv-kv-‰v- F∂v-]dbp-∂p.- ho- p-am-en-\y-ßsf s]m-Xp-sh3 Bbn- Xcw- Xncn-°mw.-

1.- ssPham-bn- am-dp-∂h (Biodegradable/Organic) DZm-: `£ym-hin-jv-Sßƒ,-]®°dn,- ]gßƒ,- a’y- amw-km-Zn-Ifp-sS Ahin-jv-Sßƒ-

2.- ]p\¿- \n¿-Ωm-WØn-\pXIp-∂h(Recyclable) DZm-: πm-kv-‰n-Iv- Dev-]∂ßƒ- (Thermo Plastics),- t]∏¿-Dev-]∂ßƒ,- •m-kv,- Aep-an-\n-bw,-kv-‰o¬, tIm-´¨,- sam-ss_¬-t^m -,- _m-‰dn-

Ih¿tÃmdntXm-akv- s]m-°m-a‰w

ho- p-am-en-\y- kw-kv-IcWhpw-

πm-kv-‰n-Iv- \n-tcm-[\hpw-

hy-hkm-b im-eIƒ,- Ir-jn- m-ap-Iƒ,- I®hSÿm-]\ßƒ,- Xm-ak-ÿeßƒ,-- hn-t\m-Z k©mc tI{μ-ßƒ,-- Xo¿-∞m-S\ tI{μßƒ,--- F∂n-hn-Sßfn¬- \n-∂pwhm-l\ß-fn¬- \n-∂pw-

\m\m-hn-[Øn-ep-≈ am-en-\y-ßƒ- ]p-d¥≈s∏Sp-∂p.- Ch-bn¬- ]eXpw- am-cIhpw- A]ISIm-cn-Ifp-am-Wv.- Io-S\m-

in\nIƒ,- cm-khkv-Xp-°ƒ,- kn.-F v.-F¬.,-- Syq-_v- sse‰v,- jq- t]m-fn-jv,- s]bn‚ v,-]gIn-b acp-∂p-Iƒ- F∂nh tSm-Iv-kn-Iv-

thkv-‰v- C\Øn¬- s]Sp-∂p.- Bip-]{Xn-Ifn¬- \n-∂pw- D≠m-Ip-∂ am-en-\y-ßsf_tbm-saUn-°¬- thkv-‰v- F∂v- ]dbp-

∂p.- _tbm- saUn-°¬- thkv-‰n¬- 85%\n-cp-]{ZhIm-cn-Ifpw- 10% tcm-Kw- ]cØp-∂hbpw- (Infective) 5% A]I-SIm-cn-Ifp-

am-Wv- (hazardous - ENVIRO NEWS 1SEB

ho- p-am-en-\y- kw-kv-IcWhpw-

πm-kv-‰n-Iv- \n-tcm-[\hpw-

C≥-Uy-bn-se ho- p-am-en-\y-ßfn¬- GItZiw- 70%˛80% _tbm- Un-s{Kbn-U_nƒ-BbXn-\m-epw Iw-tºm-kv-‰nw-Mv- Xm-cXtay-\ sNehp-Ip-d™ kw-kv-IcWco-Xn-bm-Ibm-epw- \ap-°v- G‰hpw- A\p-tbm-Py-am-b am-en-\y-kw-kv-IcW-co-Xn-bm-bn- CXn-s\ Icp-tX≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- C≥-Uy-≥- \Kcßfn¬-10 % am-{Xta Iw-tºm-kv-‰n-ßv- \S°p-∂p-≈p.-

imkv{X-KXn 17

3.- CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- thkv-‰v- (E-Waste)DZm-: CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- D]IcW-ßƒ,- Iºyq-´dp-Ifpw- A\p-_‘D]IcWßfpw-,- {^n-Uv-Pv,sSen-t^m¨,- ‰n.- hn.,- tdUntbm,- sam-ss_¬- t^m¨,- _m-‰dn,- kn.-Un.-,-Un.-hn.-Un.- CeIv-t{SmWn-Iv- thkv-‰n¬- ]eXpw- tSm-Iv-kn-Iv- thkv-‰n-epw- lm-k¿-Ukv- thkv-‰n-epw- s]Sp-∂hbm-Wv.-

kº∂ cm-jv-{Sßfpw- \Kcßfp-am-Wv-Iq-Sp-X¬- ho- p-am-en-\y-ßƒ- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.- temIØv- G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-am-en-\y-ßƒ Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ cm-Py-ßƒ- Atacn-°,- djy,- P∏m≥,- P¿-Ω\n,-{_n- ¨,- saIv-kn-tIm,- {^m≥-kv,- C‰en-F∂n-hbm-Wv.- {]Xn-h¿-jw- 46381 tUm-f¿- {]Xnio¿j hcp-am-\ap-≈ Atacn-° {]Xn-h¿-jw- 254 an-ey¨- S¨- am-en-\y-am-Wv- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.- Sm-‰m-dntk¿-®v- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v- U¬-ln-bn¬-\SØn-b k¿tΔbn¬- {]Xn-am-kw- 2000cq-] hcp-am-\ap-≈h¿- 200 {Kmw- am-{Xw-am-en-\yw- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- {]Xn-am-kw- 8000 cq-] hcp-am-\ap-≈h¿- 700 {Kmw-am-en -\yw- Dev -]m-Zn -∏n -°p-∂Xm-bn-Is≠Øn.- C≥-Uy-bn¬- G‰hp-a[n-Iw-am-en-\y-ßƒ- D≠m-°p-∂ \Kcßƒ-apw-ss_,- U¬-ln,- sIm¬-°Ø F∂n-hbm-Wv.- sFIy-cm-jv-{Skw-LS\bp-sS(UN Economical & Social Commission)IW°p-Iƒ- {]Im-cw- Db¿-∂ km-ºØn-I hf¿-®bp-≈ cm-Pyßƒ- {]Xn-Zn-\w- Btfm-lcn- 1.-5˛2.-5 Intem- am-en-\yw- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- CSØcw-(Medium) km-ºØnI hf¿-®bp-≈ cm-Py-ßƒ- 0.-7˛0.-9 In-tem- am-en-\y-hpw- Xm-gv-∂ hcp-am-\ap-≈ cmPy-ßƒ- 0.-4˛0.-6In-tem- am-en-\y-hp-am-Wv- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.-

Jcam-en-\y- kw-kv-IcW\n-baßƒ-

C≥-Uym- Kh -sa‚n-s‚ ]cn-ÿn-Xn˛h\w-hIp-∏v- a{¥m-ebw- am-en-\y- kw-kv-IcWhp-am-bn- _‘s∏´v- aq-∂v- \n-baßfm-Wv- ]p-ds∏Sp-hn-®n- p-≈Xv.-

1.- ap≥-kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thkv-‰v- (am-t\Pv-sa‚ v- B‚ v- lm≥-Uvenw-Kv)- dqƒ-kv- 2000.-

2.- l-km¿-Ukv- sa‰o-cn-b¬-kv- (am-t\Pv-sa‚ v- B‚ v- lm≥-Uv-en-Mv)- dqƒ-kv-2003.-

3.- {Um-^v-‰v- l-km¿-Ukv- sa‰o-cn-b¬-kv- (am-t\Pv-sa‚ v-,- lm-≥-Uv-en-Mv- {Sm≥-kv- s_u-≠dn- aq-hv-sa‚ v)- dqƒ-kv-2007.-

ap≥-kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thkv-‰n-s\kw-_‘n-® tiJcWw,- Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬,-

kw- cWw,- {Sm≥-kv-t]m¿-t´j≥,- kw-kv-IcWw,- \n¿-Ωm¿-÷\w F∂o- Im-cy-ßƒ-°v- DØchm-Zs∏´ kz-bw-`cWÿm-]\ßƒ-°v- _m-[Iam-bn- p-≈Xm-Wv- H-∂m-asØ \n-baw.- Cu- \n-baØn-se II mw- sjUyq-fn¬- em‚ v- n-√nw-Mn-\v- P\km-{μXbp-≈ {]tZißtfm-\\hp-≈ {]tZißtfm- sXcs™Sp-°cp-sX∂pw- Pet{km-X p-Isf aeo-akam-°m-sX t\m-°Wsa∂pw- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂p.- £p-{ZPo-hn-Iƒ,- Fen-Iƒ- F∂n-h s]‰p-s]cp-Ip-∂ co-Xn-bn-epw- BtKm-f Xm-]\w- Db¿-Øp-∂ hn-[Øn-ep-ap-≈ em‚ v- ^n-√nw-Mv- Cu- \n-baw- hgn- \n-tcm-[n-®n-´p-≈Xm-Ip-∂p.-em‚ v- ^n-√nw-Kn-\p- ap-ºv- ssk‰n\v- Np-‰pw- 50 ao‰¿- AIeØn-\p-≈n--ep-≈ {Ku-≠v- hm-´¿- Kp-Wta∑ ]cn-tim-[n-®n-cn-°Wsa∂v- Cu- \nbaw- hy-hÿ sNøp-∂p.- Pet{km-X p-Ifn-se B¿-k\n-Iv,- Im-Uv-an-bw,- t{Im-an-bw,- sskss\Uv,-sa¿-°pdn,- seUv- F∂n-hbp-sS A\p-hZ\o-bam-b Afhp-Ifpw- Cu- \n-baØn-ep-≠v.- em‚ v- n-√nwMn\v- s]m-eq-j≥- I¨-t{Smƒ- t_m¿-Un-s‚ A\p-aXn- e`n-®n-cn-°Wsa∂pw em‚ v- ^n-√nw-Mn¬- \n-∂p-ap≠m-Ip-∂ ao-ssY≥,--kƒ-^¿- ssU Hm-Iv-sskUv,- Im¨-_ - tam-tWm-Iv-sskUv-,- Atam-Wn-bF∂n-hbp-sS Afhp-Iƒ- Aw-Ko-Ir-Xkp-c£m-]cn-[n-bn-em-bn-cn-°Wsa∂pw-Cu- \n-baØn¬- hy-hÿbp-≠v.-

Bip-]{Xn-Ifn-se _tbm-saUn-°¬- thkv-‰v-,- 1998 se _tbm-saUn-

°¬- thbv-kv-‰v - \n-ba {]Imchpw-A]ISIm-cn -Ifm-b th-kv -‰p -Iƒ-, -lkm¿-Ukv- sa‰o-cn-b¬- (am-t\Pv-sa‚ v-B‚ v- lm≥-Uv-enwMv-)- \n-ba{]Im-chpw-am-{Xta ssIIm-cyw- sNøm-hq- F∂pw-hy-hÿ sNbvXn- p-≠v.-

{][m-\ am-en-\y-kw-kv-IcWco-Xn-Iƒ-1.- Uw-_nw-ßv-

am-en-\y-ßƒ Xcw-Xn-cn-°m-sXbpw- aq-Sm-sXbpw- Nn-et∏mƒ- m-Kn-Iam-bn- aÆn-´p-aq-Sn-bpw- kuIcy-s∏Sp-∂ ÿe-ßfn¬- Aim-kv-{Xo-bam-bn- \n-t£]n-°p-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wv- Uw-_nw-ßv-.- sk≥{S¬-s]mfqj≥- I¨-t{Smƒ- t_m¿-Uv- 1999¬- 23 C≥Uy≥- \Kcßfn¬- \SØn-bk¿-sΔbn¬- 89.-8% am-en-\y-ßfpw-C{]Im-cw- \nt£]n-°s∏Sp-∂Xm-bn-Is≠Øn-.- CXv- Ffp-∏hpw- sNehp-Ip-d™p-≈Xp-am-Ibm¬- Xt±ikz-bw-`cW ÿm-]\ßƒ- Cu- co-Xn-bm-Wv-kzo-Icn-®p- Im-Wp-∂Xv.- Uw-_nw-ßv-am-en-\y- kw-kv-°cW co-Xn-bs√∂pw-B]Xv-Icam-b kw-`cW co-Xn-bm-sW∂pw- \mw- Xn-cn-®dn-bWw £p{ZPo-hn-Iƒ,- Cu-®,- Fen,- sIm-Xp-Iv-,- hn-hn-[ tcm-Km-Wp-°ƒ- F∂n-h s]‰p-s]cp-Im≥- Uw-_nwßv- klm-bn-°p-∂p.- ]v-tfKv- t]m-ep-≈ am-cI kmw-{Ian-I tcm-Kßfp-tSbpw,- atedn-b,- U¶n-∏\n,-a™∏nØw,- Ae¿-Pn,- izm-ktIm-itcm-Kßƒ- F∂n-hbp -sSbpw - D¤h-tI{μßfm-bpw- Ch amdp∂p.- Cu-®Iƒ-°v- 10 In.-ao-‰¿- td©n¬- tcm-Kw- ]cØp-

18 \hw-_¿ 2011

hm≥- km-[n-°p-sa∂v- sk‚¿-t^m¿- Ft°m-fPn -°¬-kb≥-kn-se tUm-: ‰n.-hn.- cm-aN{μ A`n-{]m-bs∏Sp-∂p.-sI‚°n- A{Kn-Iƒ-®d¬- bq-Wn-thgv-kn-‰n-bp-sS ]T\-ßfn¬- Nne-bn\w- Cu-®Iƒ-°v- (home flies) 20 ssa¬td©n¬- k©cn-°p-hm≥-Ign-bp--sa∂v- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.-

Uw-_n-ßv- `m-hn-Xeap-dIƒ-°v- F{Xam-{Xw- hn-\m-iIcam-Ip-sa∂v- Atacn-°bn-se sh≈®m-´ \Kc-Øn-se (City of Niagra Falls)ehv-I\m¬- Zp-c¥w- \sΩHm¿-Ωs∏Sp-Øp-∂p.- 1942˛53Im-eL´Øn¬- lp-°¿- Ce-Iv-t{Sm- sIan-°¬- Iº\n,--D]tbm-Kiq-\y-am-b ehv-I\m-en¬- cm-kam-en -\y-ßƒ-20˛25` BgØn¬- \n-t£]n-®v- Ifn-aÆv- sIm-≠v- Bh-cWw- sNbv-Xp.- ]n¬-°m-eØv-AXn\p-ap-Ifn¬- kvIqfpw- ho-Sp-Ifpw- ]Wn-Xp.- 1976 ap-X¬-] c n -kch m -k n - I f n¬ -P\nXI sshIey-ßfpw,- A]kv-am-cw,-BkvXva Xp-Sßn-b tcm-Kßfpw- {]Xy-£s∏´p- Xp-Sßn.- Pe kmw-]n-fp-Ifn¬-UtbmIvkn≥-t]m-ep-≈hnjcm-khkv-Xp-°ƒ- Is≠Øn.- Chn-sS \n-∂pw-A¥co-£Øn-te°v- hn-jhm-XIßƒ-han-°p-∂Xv Bfp-Ifn¬- ]cn-{`m-¥n-]cØn.-- cWIq-Sw- Bfp-Isf am-‰n-∏m¿-∏n-°p-Ibpw- \KcØn¬- ASn-b¥n-cm-hÿ {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.-

Uw-_n-ßv- ssk‰p-Ifn¬- \n-∂pw-_ln¿-Kan-°p-∂ hn-jhm-XIßƒ-(Organic Compounds) ]e amcI tcm-Kßƒ-°pw- CSbm-°p-hm≥- km-[y-Xbp-≈Xm-bn- ]T\ßƒ hy-‡am-°p-∂p.-Uw-_n-ßv- s]m-Xp-P\m-tcm-Ky-Øn-\pw-]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw- tZm-jIcam-Ibm¬- \n-bahn-cp-≤am-°Wsa∂v- tem-Im-tcm-Ky-kw-LS\ (WHO) 1967 ¬- Aw-Kcm-jv-{Sßtfm-Sv- \n¿-t±in-®n- p-≈Xm-Wv.- C≥-Uy≥- ap≥-kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thbv-kv-‰v-v-(am-t\Pv-sa‚ v- B≥-‰v- lm≥-Uv-enw-ßv)-dqƒ-kv- 2000 {]Imcw- Uw-_nw-ßv- \ntcm-[n-®n- p-≈Xm-Wv.- am-en-\y-ßfn-eq-sS Hen-®n-dßq-∂ hn-jabam-b cmkhkvXp-°ƒ- Pet{km-X p-Isf Hcn-°epw-]cn-lcn-°m-\m-Im-Øhn-[w- aen-\am-°p-sa∂ hn-]Øv- \mw- ad°cpXv.- a\p-jy\pw- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw- Hcp-t]m-seB]Xv-Icam-Wv- Uw-_nw-ßv.-

2.- em‚ v- n-√nw-ßv-

Xmgv-∂ {]tZißƒ,- D]tbm-Kiq-\y-

am-b Izm-dnIƒ-- F∂n-h ap≥-kn-∏¬- am-en-\y-ßƒ- D]tbm-Kn-®v- \n-IØp-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.- ]e cm-Py-ßfn-epw- em‚ v-^n-√nßv- ssk‰p-Iƒ-,- am-en-\y-ßfp-sS_m-lp-ey-w- \n-an-Øw- _lp-\n-e sIń-SØn-s‚ DbcØn-em-bn-°gn-™p.-Atacn -°,- {_n´¨,- _¬-Pn -bw-, -ssN\,- P∏m≥- Xp-Sßn-b cm-Py-ßƒ-em‚ v- ^n-√n-ßn-\v- ÿew- Is≠Øm-

\m-Im-sX a‰p- am¿-§ßƒ- Bcm-™p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- hfsc sNehp-Ip-

d™Xpw- Aim-kv-{Xo-bhp-am-b Cu-

coXn- Uw-_nw-ßv- t]m-seXs∂ ]cn-ÿn-

Xn-°pw- a\p-jy-\pw- tZm-jIcam-Ibm¬-

\n-tcm-[n-®n- p-≈XmWv.- Aim-kv-{Xo-bam-

b em‚ v- ^n-√n-ßn¬- \m-\m-XcØn-ep-

≈ am-en-\y-ßƒ- \n-t£]n-°p-I hgn-

hnss\¬- t¢m-ssdUv,- s_≥-ko≥,- tSm-

fp-hn≥,- t¢m-tdm-t^mw,- Im¿-_ - sS{Sm-

t¢m-ssdUv- Xp-Sßn-b hn-jhm-XIßƒ-

]p-ds∏Sp-∂p.- C°m-cWØm¬- kao-]

hm -kn -Ifn¬- Db¿-∂ tXm -Xn¬-

izmktImiw, In -Uv -\n , - Icƒ, -s{_bn≥,- ªm-U¿- F∂n-hsb _m-[n-°p-∂ A¿-_p-Zhpw- ep-t°an-bbpw- hym-]Iam-bn- I≠p-hcp-∂Xm-bn- 1989 ¬-Atacn-°bn-se F≥-hb¨-sa‚¬-t{]m-Ív-j≥- GP≥-kn- 593 ssk-‰p-Ifn¬- \SØn-b ]T\-ßfn¬- hy-‡am-Ip-∂p.- Atacn-°≥- kv-t‰‰v- Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚ v - Hm-^v - sl¬-Øv- \SØn-b]T\ßfn-epw- em‚ v-^n-√n-ßv- ssk‰p-

Ifn-se Db¿-∂ Im≥-k¿-km-[y-X ÿn-co--Icn-°p-∂p.-- ap-w-s_bn-se Un-tbm-\¿,sIm¬-°-Øbn-se [m-]Xp-S-ßn-b ÿeßfn¬-h¿-jßfm-bn- Xp-Scp-∂ Uw-_n -ßv - /em‚ v -^n -√nßv -hfsc o-Xn-P\Iam-Wv.- 1927¬- P\hm-kw- C√m-Xn-cp-∂Un-tbm-\m¿ taJ-ebn¬-{_n-ó-jp-Im¿- Xp-Sßn-h®em‚ v- ^n-√nßv- C∂v- 110slIv-Sdn¬- hym-]n-®v- am-en-\y-ßƒ- 8 \n-e sIń-SØn-s‚ DbcØn-em-bn-°gn-™p.- Chn-sS \n-∂pw- han-°p-∂ hn-jhm-XIßƒ-25e£Øn-e[n-Iw -Bfp-Ifn¬- Btcm -Ky - {]iv -\ßƒ- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂p.- in-ip-acW \n-c°pw- £btcm-

Khpw- h¿-≤n-®p- hcp-∂-Xm-bn- kv-tam-°v- AÎv-SUv-dkn-U‚ vkv- t^m-dw- shfn-

s∏Sp-Øp-∂p,- Zp¿-K‘w-C√m-Xm-°m≥- 114,000- tUm-f¿- ap-S°n- 42000 en‰¿-

s]¿^yqw- Chn-sS kv-t{] sNbv-Xp-Ign-™p.- B]Xv-Icam-b am-en-\y-Iq-ºm-cßƒ im-kv-{Xo--bam-bn- kw-kv-Icn-°p-

hm≥- _m[y-ÿcm-bhcp-sS \n-cp-Øchm-Zn-Xz-hpw- APv-RXbp-am-Wv- Chn-sS shfn-hm-°s∏Sp-∂Xv.--

im-kv-{Xo-bam-b em‚ v- ^n-√nw-ßv-

(Sanitary Land Filling) A\p-hZ\o-bamsW¶n-epw- sNethdn-bXm-Wv-.-ssk‰n-\pw-,- Un-ssk\pw- s]m-eyq-j≥-

I -t{Smƒ- t_m¿-Un-s‚ Aw-Ko-Im-cw-e`n-®n-cn-°Ww.- am-en-\y-ßfn¬- \n∂pw-Hen-®n-dßq-∂ {Zm-hIßƒ- (Leachate)am-cIßfm-bXn-\m¬- Ah Pet{km-X p-Isf aen\s∏Sp-Øm-sX kw-c£n-°p-∂ hn-[Øn-em-hWw- im-kv-{Xo-bam-b em‚ v- n-√nw-ßv.- em‚ v- n-√nwßn\v-ap-ºpw- AXn-\p-tijhpw- 50 ao-‰¿- Zq-cØn-\p-≈n¬- seko-ao--‰¿- D]tbm-Kn-®v-Pew- tiJcn-®v- PeØn-s‚ Kp-Wta∑]cn-tim-[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°Ww.- cm-kam-en-\y-ßƒ,-- {Zm-hIcq-]Øn-ep-≈ am-en-\y-ßƒ,- Xo-]nSn-°p-∂h,- s]m- n-sØdn-°p-∂h,- AWp-{]kcap-≈h-,- CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- thkv‰v-,- Bip-]{Xn-Ifn-sethkv-‰v- F∂n-h em‚ v-^n-√nw-ßn-\v-D]tbm-Kn-°cp-Xv.- hn-jmw-ißƒ- hen-s®Sp-°m≥- DXIp-∂ hr-£ßfpw- sNSn-Ifpw- Np-‰pw-- h®p- ]n-Sn-∏n-°Ww (Phytoremediation).- Po-hPm-eßƒ- Cu- kky-ßƒ- Blcn-°m≥- CShcm-sXbpw- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°v- tZm-jw- hcm-sXbpw- Ch kw-

imkv{X-KXn 19

kv-Icn-°Ww.- Hcp-- sa{Sn-Iv- S¨- ap≥-kn-∏¬- Jcam-en-\y-Øn¬- \n-∂pw-200˛400 Iyp.- ao.- ao-ssY≥- Kymkv D≠m-Ip-sa∂Xn\mepw ao-ssY≥- Kym-kv Im¿-_¨- ssU Hm-Iv-sskUn-t\°mƒ-Dt±iw- 21 aSßv- BtKm-f Xm]\sØDb¿-Øm≥- Ign-bp-sa∂Xn\mepw -(EPA-USA) em‚ v- ^n-√nw-ßn-se ao-ssY≥- Kym-kn-s\ Du¿-÷am-°n- am-‰p-hm-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\ßƒ- G¿-s∏Sp-ØWw.- F√m- kw-kv-IcWco-Xn-Ifpw-Ahew-_n-®Xn-\p- tijw- Ahkm-\sØ (ultimate disposal) kw-kv-IcWam¿-§am-bn- am-{Xta em‚ v- ^n-√nßv-Ahew-_n-°p-hm≥- ]m-Sp-≈p- F∂v- ap-≥kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thkv‰v- (am-t\Pv-sa‚ v- B‚ v- lm-≥-Uv-en-ßv)- dqƒ-kv-c≠mw- sjUyqƒ- A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.-

3.- C≥-kn-\n-tdj≥-

am-en-\y-ßƒ- Db¿-∂ Du-jv-am-hn¬-(650o C-1300o C) {]tXy-I tNw-_dn¬-IØn-®p-Ifbp∂ co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv--.- CXp-hgn- am-en-\y-ßfp-sS hym-]v-Xw- Dt±iw-90% Ip-dbv-°p-hm≥- km-[n-°p-∂p.- C≥-kn-\n-td‰p-Ifn¬- \n-∂pw- e`n-°p-∂ Nq-Sv- AYhm- Du¿-÷w- sshZyp-Xn-bp-≠m-°p-hm-\pw- Kr-lm-hiy-ßƒ-°pw-,- D]tbm-K{]Zam-b co-Xnbn-¬- am-en-\y-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- Du¿÷w- D≠m-°p-I F∂ XXzw(Waste to Energy) C∂v- ]cs° Aw-Ko-Icn-°s∏´p- Ign-™p.- kzo-U\nepw-sU∑m¿-°n-epw- Cu- co-Xn- At\I h¿-jßfmbn- D]tbm-Kn-®p-hcp-∂p.- em‚ v-^n-√nw-ßn-\v- ÿe ]cn-an-Xn-bp-≈ P∏m-\m-Wv- tem-IØn¬- h®v- G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Iƒ- D≈Xv.- P∏m≥-{]Xn-h¿-jw- 400 an-ey¨- S¨- ap≥-kn-∏¬- thkv-‰v- hen-b C≥-kn-\td‰dp-Iƒ-D]tbm-Kn-®v- kwkvIcn-°p-∂p.- Utbm-Iv-kn≥- C≥-sh‚dn- {]Im-cw- G‰hpw-Iq-Sp-X¬- Utbm-Iv-kn≥- A¥co-£Øn-te°v- hnSp-∂Xv- P∏m-\m-Wv.- Iq-Sp-X¬-Item-dn- aq-ey-ap-≈ am-en-\y-ßƒ- [m-cm-fw- Ds≠¶n-te C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Iƒ-em- Icam-hp-Ibp-≈q F∂pw- ]T\ßƒ-kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.- C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Ifn¬-\n-∂pw- Dbcp-∂ ]p-Ibn¬- Iym≥-kdn-\p- Im-cWam-tb°m-hp-∂ Utbm-Iv-kn≥,- yqdm≥,- hn-ss\¬- t¢m-ssdUv,-s_≥-ko-≥- F∂o- hn-jhm-XIßƒ-D≠m-Ip-h\p-≈ km[yX hfsctbsd-bm-Wv.- am-en-\y-ßƒ- IØn-®Xn\p-tijw ASn-Øń¬- \n-∂pw- e`n-°p-∂Nm-cØn-epw- Cu- cm-khkv-Xp-°ƒ-ASßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xn-\m¬- Ah {]tXy-Iw- kw-kv-Icn-t°≠n- hcp-∂p.- F∂m¬-AXym-[p-\n-I C≥-kn-\td‰dp-Ifn¬--Utbm-Iv-kn≥- 1000o C- ¬- C√m-Xm-hp-sa∂v- im-kv-{X⁄∑m¿- A`n-{]m-bs∏Sp-

∂p.- (New Scientist 11 Nov. 82) C≥kn\n-td-‰-dp-I-fpsS Ãm¿ v A∏v ka-b-ß-fn¬km[m-cW Af-hns‚ Dt±iw- \qdn-cń(96.9 ng/m3) ssUtbm-Ivkn≥ ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw CXv kp-c£m-]cn-[n-bn¬- Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øm--dn-s√∂pw s_¬Pn-bw, P∏m≥, C‰en F∂n-h-n-Sß-fnseC≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Ifn¬- \S-Ønb ]T-\-ß-fn¬ Ae≥ hmSvk¨ (Global Alli-ance for Incinarator Alternatives,Europeon Union), ]m‰vtIm-Ã-\¿(Senior Scientist, Greenpeace) F∂n-h¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

ssN\bn-se hn-hn-[ XcØn-ep-≈C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Ifn-se sa¿-°p-dn-t]mep≈ cm-khkv-Xp-°ƒ- Atacn-°≥- XSm-Ißfn¬- hsc sNs∂Øp-∂Xm-bn- Is≠Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- C≥kn-\n-td‰dp-Iƒ- B[p-\n-I km-t¶Xn-I hn-Zy- D]tbm-Kn-®v- am-{Xta \n¿-Ωn-°m-hq-F∂v- tem-Im-tcm-Ky- kwLS\ \n¿-t±in-°p-∂p.- 1 S¨- am-en-\yw- kw-kv-Icn-

°m≥- B[p-\n-I C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Ifn¬-(Baoan Incinerator) km-[m-cW C≥-kn-\n-td‰dn-t\°mƒ- ]Øn-cń- sNehp-hcp-sa∂v-- IW°m-°p-∂p.-

4.- do-ssk°n-fnw-Kv-

ho- p-am-en-\y-ßfn-se ssPham-en-\y-ßƒ- Hgn-sIbp-≈ ISem-kv- Dev -]∂ßƒ,- ]v-fmkv‰n°v- Dev-]∂ßƒ,-(Thermo Plastics) Aep-an-\n-bw-,- kv-‰o¬,- •m- v,- _m-‰dn,- sSIv-kv-ss‰¬kv,-sam -ss_¬- t^m¨ F∂n-h do -ssk°nƒ- sNøp-hm≥- km-[n-°pw.-t]∏¿- Dev-]∂ßƒ- do-ssk°nƒ-sNøp-∂Xv- em-Ìcam-sW¶n-epw- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- do-ssk°n-fnw-Kv- k¶o¿-Whpw-sNethdn-bXp-am-Wv.- tem-IØv- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°s∏Sp-∂ ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- _m-Kp-IfpsS- tIhew-1% am-{Xta do-ssk°nƒ-sNøp-∂p-≈q.- am-{Xhp-a√,- πm-kv-‰n-Iv- Dev-]∂ßfn-se 20% hcp-∂ t_°v-sse‰v,-ss\tem - XpSßn-b sX¿-tam-sk‰v- πm-kv-‰n-°v- do-ssk°nƒ- sNøp-hm≥- km-

Hcp-- sa{Sn-Iv- S - ap≥-kn-∏¬- Jcam-en-\y-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- 200˛400 Iyp.- ao.- ao-ssY≥- Kymkv D≠m-Ip-sa∂Xn\mepw ao-ssY≥- Kym-kv Im¿-_ - ssUHm-Iv-sskUn-t\°mƒ- Dt±iw- 21 aSßv- BtKm-fXm]\sØ Db¿-Øm≥- Ign-bp-sa∂Xn\mepw em‚ v-^n-√nw-ßn-se ao-ssY≥- Kym-kn-s\ Du¿-÷am-°n-am-‰p-hm-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\ßƒ- G¿-s∏Sp-ØWw.-F√m- kw-kv-IcWco-Xn-Ifpw- Ahew-_n-®Xn-\p-tijw- Ahkm-\sØkw-kv-IcW am¿-§am-bn-am-{Xta em‚ v- ^n-√nßv- Ahew-_n-°p-hm≥- ]m-Sp-≈p-F∂v- ap-≥kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thkv‰v- dqƒ-kv- c≠mw-sjUyqƒ- A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.-

20 \hw-_¿ 2011

[n-°p-∂hb√.- \m-tem- At©m- {]m-hiyw- am-{Xta ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- do-ssk-°nƒ- sNøp-hm≥- km-[n-°p-Ibp-≈p-F∂pw- do-ssk°nƒ- sNbv-X ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°n¬- \n-∂pw- cm-kam-en-\y-ßƒ- Hen-®n-dßm-\p-≈ km-≤y-X hfsc Iq-Sp-Xem-sW∂pw- ]T\ßƒ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.-

do-ssk°nƒ-Uv- πm-kv-‰n-°pw- AXn-s‚ D]tbm-Khpw- kw-_‘n-® 1999se\n-bahpw-- 2003 se t`ZKXnbpw-- {]Im-cw- _yq-tdm- Hm- v- C≥-Uy≥- kv-‰m≥-tU¿-Uv-kv - kv -s]kn-^n-t°j\v- A\p-kr-Xam-bn- am-{Xw- do-ssk°n-fnßv-sNtø≠Xm-Wv.- C≥-Uy-bn¬- 2500 ¬-]cw- do-ssk°n-fnw-Kv- bq-Wn‰v- Ds≠¶n-epw- ]eXn-epw- _m-°v-bm¿-Uv do-ssk-°n-fnw-Kv- am-{Xam-Wv- \S°p-∂sX∂Bt£]ap≠v.- Aim-kv-{Xo-bam-b do-ssk°n-fnw-Kv- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw- a\p-jy¿-°pw- Gsd tZm-jw- sNøp-∂Xm-Wv.-

5.- Ky-m-kn- n-t°j≥-

am-en-\y-ßƒ- Db¿-∂ Du-jv-am-hn-epw-(10000C - 14000C) a¿-±Øn-epw- IØn-°p-tºmƒ- kn-¥‰n-Iv- Kym-kv- (Syngas)e`n-°p-∂p.- C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Ifn¬- \n-∂pw- D≠m-Ip-∂{X hn-jhm-XIßƒ-Kym-kn-^n-t°j\n¬- D≠m-Ip-∂n-√.-Im¿-_ - ssU Hm-Iv-sskUv- tiJcn-°p-hm-≥-- (Capture and Storage) kw-hn-[m-\ap-≈Xn-\m¬- A¥co-£ aen-\o-IcWw- Ip-dhm-bn-cn-°pw.- kn≥Kym-kvC‘\Øn-\pw- sshZyp-Xn- Dev-]m-

Z\Øn-\pw- hy-hkm-bßƒ-°m-hiy-am-b saYt\mƒ,- ssl{UP≥- F∂n-hbp-sS e`y-X°pw- DXIp-∂p.- do-ssk°nƒ-sNøp-hm≥- km-[n-°m-Ø Jcam-en-\y-ßƒ,- D]tbm-Kn-® Sbdp-Iƒ,-- {Sm-jv-F∂n-hsb√mw- kw-kv-Icn-°m-sa∂Xn-\m¬- em‚ v- n-√nw-Mv- Hcp- ]cn-[n-hscHgn-hm-°m≥- km-[n-°p-∂p.- πm-kv-‰n-Iv-am-en-\y-ßfp-w- CXp-hgn- kw-kv-Icn-°m-sa¶n-epw- Utbm-Ivkn≥, ^yq-dm≥ ap-Xem-b hn-jhm-XIßsf C√m-Xm-°p-hm≥- ]cym-]v-Xam-b s]m-ey-q-j≥- I -t{Smƒ- kwhn[m-\Øn-\v- πm‚n-s‚A{XXs∂ \n¿-Ωm-Ws®ehv- hcp-sa∂v-IW°m-°p-∂p-.

6.- ss]tdm-en-knkv

ss]tdm F∂ hm°n\v Zln-∏n-°pI/Pz-en-°pI F∂pw enknkvF∂m¬ th¿Xn-cn -°¬ F∂p-am-W¿∞w. Db¿∂ Dujvam-hn¬ ]Zm-¿-∞-ß-fpsS an{in-X-Ønt\m kwbp-‡-Ønt\m (compound) D≠m-Ip∂ hnL-S-\tam cq]m-¥-co-I-c-Wtam BWvss]tdm-en-knkv. an-°t∏m-gpw- Hm-Iv-kn-Ps‚ km-∂n-[y-an-√m-sX (External Oxy-gen) 500 Un-{Kn- sk¬-jy-kn-¬- aq-e[m-Xp-°sf th¿-s]Sp-Øp-∂p.- ss]tdm-en-knkv kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-bn-eqsS (Ad-vanced Thermal Technology) πmÃnIv,Sb-dp-Iƒ, ap≥kn-∏¬ thÃv t]∏¿F∂-nhsb√mw kwkvI-cn-°p-hm≥km[n -°p∂p. hpUvthÃv, Sb¿,πmÃnIv F∂n-h-Iƒ°v {]tX-yIw

πm‚p-Ifpw e`-y-am-Wv. 1000 In. Sb¿kv{Im∏n¬ \n∂pw- D-t±iw 425 en.ss]tdm-en-knkv Hmbn¬ (Industrial Die-sel), 90 In. sslt{Um Im¿_¨, 325Im¿_¨ ªm°v F∂nh e`n-°p-∂p.1000 In. πmÃn-°n¬ \n∂pw 750 en.ss]tdm-en-knkv Hmbn¬ (IndustrialDiesl), 75 In.sslt{Um Im¿_¨, 60In.Im¿_¨ ªm°v F∂nhbpw e`n-°p-∂p. kvs]f-bn-\Ivkv (SPLAINEX)Iº-\n-bpsS ss]tdm-en-knkv πm‚n¬500 S¨ ap≥kn-∏¬ thÃn¬ \n∂pw12Mwh sshZ-ypXn Dev∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm≥km[n-°p-sa∂v Iº\n Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. Utbm-Ivkn≥ t]mep≈ hnj-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS Afhv km[m-cW C≥kn-\n-td-‰p-I-tf-°mƒ Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂Xpw Cu sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bpsS ta∑-bmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p.

7. ]vfmkva Kym -kn -^n -t°-j≥t{]mkkv (P.G.P)

Ata-cn -°-bn¬ \mkbnseimkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ _ln-cm-Imi Kth-j-W-ßƒ°p th≠n kqcys‚ D]-cn-Xe Dujvam-hmb (Photosphere) 6000Un{Knsk¬j-ykv e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ kmt¶-XnIhnZ-y-bmWv ]vfmkva Kym-kn- n-t°-j≥.hnI-knX cmP-y-ß-fn¬ {]Nmcw Gdn-h-cp∂ ]vfmkva B¿°v/tSm¿®v kmt¶-XnI hnZy°v `oa-amb apX¬ap-S°vBh-i-y -am -bn -h -cp -∂p. loen -bw,B¿K¨, \ntbm¨ t]mep≈ hmX-I-ß-fn-eqsS (Inert gas) Db¿∂ thmƒt -Pnepw Id‚nepw D≈ sshZ-ypXn {]h-ln-°p-tºmƒ Atbm-ssWtkj≥- aq-ew- kwPm-X-am-Ip∂ πm-kv-a D≠m-°p-∂ Db¿∂ Dujvam-hn¬ F√m-hn[amen\-y-ßfpw hmX-I-ß-fmbn amdp-∂p.ap≥kn-∏¬ thÃv, lkm¿UkvthÃv, _tbm-sa-Un -°¬ thÃv,Bkv_tÃmkv, cmk-am-en-\-y-ßƒF∂n-h-sb√mw CXn-eqsS kwkvI-cn-°mw.

temI-Ønse G‰hpw henblkm¿Ukv thÃv πm‚ v (P.G.P) ]qs\-bn-em-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂p. shÃnwKv-lukv ]vfmkva tIm¿∏-td-js‚kmt¶-XnI hnZ-ybneqsS (PlasmaTorch), lkm¿Ukv thÃv, _tbm-sa-Un-°¬ thÃv, Hmt´msamss_¬thÃv F∂n-hbpw kao-] -{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse 30¬- ]cw- hy-h-kmb bqWn-‰pI-fnse thÃp-IfpaS°w- {]Xn-Zn\w 72S¨ thkv-‰p-Iƒ- Chn-sS kwkvI-cn-°p-∂p. CXn¬ \n∂pw e`n -°p∂kn≥Kymkv D]-tbm-Kn®v 1.6 MWsshZypXnbpw Dev∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. {]-Xn-Zn\w 20˛25 S¨ ame-\-y-ßƒ kwkvI-

imkv{X-KXn 21

cn-°m-hp∂ sNdn-bXpw- hn-hn-[ Bhiy-ßƒ-°p-XIp∂Xp-am-b ]n.-Pn.]n πm‚p-Ifpw e -y-am-Wv.

e£ßƒ- ap-S°n- ÿm-]n-® am-en-\y-kw-kv-IcW πm‚p-Iƒ- ]eXpw- am-en-\y-Iq-ºm-cßƒ-°p- ap-ºn¬- t\m-°p-Ip-Øn-Ifm-bn- \n-ev-°p-∂ Im-gv-N \Ωp-sS \n- lm-bX°pw- A⁄X°p-ap≈DØtam-Zm-lcWam-Wv.- B[p-\n-I kw-kv-IcW πm‚p-Iƒ- cw-K{]thiw- sNbv-Xn- v- A[n-I\m-fp-Iƒ- Bbn- n-√m-ØXn-\m¬- AXn-s‚ Im-cy-£aX \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fp-sS AhIm-ihm-Zßfn¬- am-{Xw-HXp-ßn-\n¬-°p-∂p.- Bip-]{Xn- thkv-‰p-Iƒ- kw-kv-Icn-°p-hm≥- th≠n- Gsd{]Xo-£tbm-sS hm-ßn-b Un-tam-≠v-t^m¿- v- C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Iƒ- H∂p-c≠p-h¿-jØn-\p-≈n¬- {]h¿-Ø\cln-Xam-bn- F∂Xv- Hcp- DZm-lcWw- am-{Xw.-Bip-]{Xn-Ifn¬- D]tbm-Kn-® kn-dn-©p-Iƒ- t]m-epw- kw-kv-Icn-°s∏Sm-sX ]p-dØp-h∂p.- hn-jhm-XIßƒ πm‚n-s‚]m¿-iz-ßfn¬- \n-∂pw- _ln¿-Kan-®p.-πm‚n-s‚ D]⁄m-Xm-hv- s{]m-: Un.- sP.-]o-°≥- (De Montforte University, U.K.)]dbp-∂Xv- {i≤n-°p-I.-

“The design has generally workedwell, but regular use in the field hasidentified weakness that were not evidentin the original design”. (De Montfortemedical Incinerator’s website)8.- Iw-tºm-kv-‰nw-Mv-

C≥-Uy-bn-se ho- p-am-en-\y-ßfn¬-GItZiw- 70%˛80% _tbm- Un-s{Kbn-U_nƒ- BbXn-\m-epw Iw-tºm-kv-‰nw-Mv- Xm-cXtay-\ sNehp-Ip-d™ kw-kv-IcW co-Xn-bm-Ibm-epw- \ap-°v-G‰hpw- A\p-tbm-Py-am-b am-en-\y-kw-kv-IcW- co-Xn-bm-bn- CXn-s\ Icp-tX≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- C≥-Uy-≥- \Kcßfn¬-10.2% am-{Xta Iw-tºm-kv-‰n-ßv- \S°p-∂p-≈p.- (solid waste generation, collection& disposal in metros CPCB 1999)

hn-hn-[ Iw-t_m-kv-‰nw-Mv-co-Xn-Iƒ-

(i) Fbtdm-_n-Iv- Itºm-kv-‰nw-Mv

ssPh am-en-\y-ßƒ- hm-bp-hn-s‚(Hm-Iv-kn-Ps‚)- klm-btØm-sS kq-£v-am-Wp-°fp-sS {]h¿-Ø\êam-bn- Iw-tºm-kv-‰v- hfam-bn- am-dp-∂ co-Xn-°v-Fbtdm-_n-Iv- Itºm-kv-‰nw-Mv- F∂p-]dbp-∂p.- ho-Sp-Ifn¬- D]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂ sNdn-b Iw-tºm-kv-‰v-- _n-∂p-Iƒ- ap-X¬- s]m-Xp-ÿeßfn¬- D]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂ hen-b _n-∂p-Iƒ- hsc C∂p-e`y-am-Wv.- hm-bp-k©m-cØn-\v- _n-∂p-Ifp-sS ]m¿-iz-ßfn-epw- ap-Ifn-epw- kp-jn-cßƒ- D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.- 4˛5 Bgv-NIƒ-

sIm-≠v- am-en-\y-ßƒ- ssPhhfam-bn- am-dp-∂p.- ho-´p-]dºn¬- Ip-gn- Ip-gn-®v-ssPhm-hin-jv-Sßƒ aq-Sn-bpw- Iw-tºm-kv-‰v- D≠m-°mw.-

_w-•m-tZin-se Um-°m- \KcØn¬-{]Xn-Zn-\w- 3500 S - ssPham-en-\y-ßƒ-kw-kv-Icn-°p∂ hfsc efn-Xam-b _m-c¬- Iw-tºm-kv-‰nw-Mv- co-Xn- tem-I{i≤bm-I¿-jn-®p- Ign-™p.- \Ωp-sS \m-ń¬- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ sNdn-b Itºm-kv-‰p- _n-∂p-Ifp-sS Hcp- hen-b ]Xn-∏v-F∂v- CXn-s\ ]dbmw.- temlw- (steel)sIm-≠p-≠m-°n-b _m-cen¬- hm-bp-k©m-cØn-\v- kp-jn-cßƒ D≠v.- 400]u--≠v- ho-´p-am-en-\y-ßƒ- Hm-tcm- _m-cen-epw- kw-kv-Icn-°mw.- _w-•m-tZin-se26 \Kcßfn¬- _m-c¬- Iwtºm-kv-‰nw-Mv- co-Xn- Ahew-_n-®phcp-∂p.- Um-°m-\KcØn-se am-en-\y-ßfn¬- 70˛80%_tbmUnt{KU_nƒ- BbXn-\m¬- Cu-kw-hn-[m-\w- hfsc Im-cy-£aam-bn-{]h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.- C≥-Uy-bn-se ho-´p-am-en-\y-ßfn¬- 70%˛80% ssPham-bXn-\m¬- C≥-Uy-bn-epw- Cu- co-Xn- {]m-tbm-Kn-Iam-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p- thWw- Icp-Xp-hm≥.-

(ii) As\tdm-_n-Iv- Itºm-kv-‰nw-Mv-

ssPham-en-\y-ßƒ- hm-bp-hn-s‚ (Hm-Iv-kn-Ps‚)- klm-ban-√m-sX kq-jv-am-Wp-°fp -sS {]h¿-Ø\êam-bn -Itºm-kv-‰m-bn- am-dp-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.- am-en-\y-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- Du¿-÷w- (wasteto energy) F∂ XXz-w- C∂v- s]m-Xp-sh Aw-Ko-Icn-°s∏ń- p-≈Xpw- Kh -sa‚p-Iƒ- ip-]m¿-i sNøp-∂Xp-am-Wv.-_tbm-Kym-kv- πm‚p-Ifn¬- As\tdm-_n-Iv- kw-kv-IcWam-Wv- \S°p-∂Xv.- CXp-hgn - D≠m-Ip-∂ ao-ssY≥-Kym-kv -(_tbm-Kym-kv)- ]m-NIØn-\v- D]tbm-Kn-°p-Itbm- Xm-]w- D]tbm-Kn-®v- sshZyp-

Xn- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-Itbm,-- Xm-]w- Kr-lm-hiy-Øn-\v- D]tbm-Kn-°p-Itbm- sNømw.-C¥-y≥ \K-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp∂ D—n-jvS-ß-fn¬ 80% Iwtºm-Ãnw-Kn\v DX-Ip-∂-hbpw \yq-{Sn-b≥kv(N.P.K), Cu¿∏w (50- 55%), Im¿_¨:ss\{S-P≥ tdtjym (25˛40:1) F∂nh_tbm-K-ymkv D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn\v G‰hpw-A\p-tbm-P-y-am-sW∂pw am-t\Pv-sa‚ v- Hm-

v- ap≥-kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thkv-‰v- F∂{KŸØn¬- tUm. ‰n.-hn. cma-N{μ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXn-s‚ t\´ßƒ- \n-ch[n-bm-Wv.-

1.- BtKm-f Xm-]\sØ Db¿-Øp-∂ao-ssY≥-Kym-kv - ê{]Zam-bn-D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn-\m¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw- a\p-jy¿-°pw- Im-cy-am-b tZm-jw- D≠m-Ip-∂n-√.-

2.- ]m-cºcy- Du¿-÷ t{km-X p-Iƒ-Ip-d™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ C°m-eØv- C‘\Øn-\m-bn- hn-dIv, -s]t{Smƒ,- F¬.-]n.-Pn.- F∂n-hbp-sS D]tbm-Kw- C√m-sXbm-°p-hmt\m-hfsc Ipdbv°phmt\m- CXv- klm-bn-°p∂p-.-

3.- _tbm-Kym-kv- πm‚n¬- \n-∂pw- e`n-°p-∂ …dn \√ hfam-Wv-.- sNSn-°v- Ffp-∏Øn¬- hens®Sp-°m≥-km-[n-°p-∂ ss\{SP≥-,- s]m-´m-kyw, t^m-kv-^dkv- F∂o- kky-t]m-jIßƒ CXn¬- ASßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {_n-ó-jv - Kh¨-sa‚ v-As\tdm-_n-Iv- Itºm-kv-‰nw-Mv-hfsctbsd t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-hcp-∂p.- ]e Kh -sa‚p-Ifpw- Cu- kw-kv-IcW coXn°v- k_v-kn-Un- G¿-s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xn-\pw- k∂≤cm-bn-´p-≠v.- tem-IØn-se G‰hpw- hen-b_tbm- Kym-kv- πm‚ v- P¿Ω\n-bn-sesh¬-sSIv- (Weltech) Iº\n- \n¿-

22 \hw-_¿ 2011

Ωn-®Xm-sW∂v-- Icp-Xp-∂p.- {]Xn-h¿-jw- Hcp- _ney¨Iyq: ASn- _tbm-Kym-kv- tZio-b Kym-kv- {Kn-Un-te°v-s]m-Xp- D]tbm-KØn-\m-bn- CXn¬-\n-∂v- \ev-Is∏Sp-∂p. bq-tdm-∏n¬-_tbm-Kym-kv- CeIv-{Sn-kn-‰n- DXv-]m-Z\w- {]Xn-h¿jw- 17272 Pn-Km- hm-´v-Ah¿- (GWh) Bbn- h¿-≤n-®p- Ign-™p- F∂Xv- \Ωp-sS cm-Py-Øpw-AXn-s‚ A\¥ km-[y-XIfn-te°m-Wv- hn-c¬- Nq-≠p-∂Xv.-

(iii) sh¿-an-Iw-tºm-kv-‰nw-Mv-

aÆn-cIsf D]tbm-Kn-®v- ssPham-en-\y-ßsf Iw-tºm-kv-‰m-°n- am-‰p-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. CXn-\p-]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ _n-∂p-Ifn-epw- Sm-¶p-Ifn-epw- ]m¿-iz- m-KØv-ASn- m-KØp-\n-∂p-w- Hen-®n-dßp-∂ {Zm-hIw- (Vermi Wash) tiJcn-°m-\p-≈kw-hn-[m-\hp-ap-≠v. - Itºm-kv-‰pw-sh¿ao- hm-jp-w- \√ ssPhhfam-bn-sNSn-Iƒ-°pw- hr-£ßƒ-°pw- D]tbm-Kn-°mw.- ho-Sp-Ifn¬- D]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂sNdn-b Pm-dp-Iƒ- e`y-am-Wv.- ho-´p-]dºn¬- hen-b Sm-¶p-Iƒ- \n¿-Ωn-®p-w-sh¿-an-Iw-tºm-kv-‰v- D≠m-°mw.-

{]Xn-Zn-\w- 50 sa{Sn-Iv-S¨- hscssPh am -en -\y -ßƒ e`y -am -bÿeßfn¬- sh¿-an- Iw-tºmkv‰nwMv-A\p-tbm-Pyam-bn- Icp-Xp-∂p.-

am-en-\y-kw-kv-IcW \nb-a-ßƒ]m-en-°s∏Sm-ØsX¥p-sIm-≠v?-

C≥-Uy≥- \Kcßfn¬- am-en-\y-kw-kv-IcW \n-baßƒ- ]m-en-°s∏Sm-ØXn-s‚ Im-cWßsf°p-dn-®v- P¿-Ω≥-]cn-ÿn-Xn-a{¥m-ebØn¬- 20 h¿-jw-tkh\a\p-jv-Tn-® tUm-:sdPo-\ Uyq-s_bp-sS (Senior Adviser, Indo GermanEnvironment Programme) t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬-\S∂ ]T\ßfn¬- 4 Im-cWßƒ- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.-

1. -Xt±i ÿm-]\ßfp-sS Ign-hn-√m-bv-a- ( Institutional Weakness) am-dn-hcp-∂ km-aq-ly- ]iv-Nm-Ø-eßfn¬- Bhn¿- hn-°p-∂ \q-X\{]hWXIsf Dƒ-s°m-≈p-hm-\pw-ssIIm-cyw- sNøp-hm-\p-ap-≈ co-Xn-bn-e√ C¥y≥- `cWkw-hn-[m-\w-F∂Xpw- kv-‰m-^n-s‚ tbm-Ky-Xbn-√m-bv-abpw- am-en-\y-kw-kv-IcW \n-baßƒ- ]m-en-°s∏Sm-ØXns‚Imc-W-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂p.

2.- km-ºØn-I ]cm-[o-\X (Lack ofFinancial Sustainability) aXn-bm-b^≠v- e`y-as√∂ hkvXpX am-en-\y - kw -kv -IcWsØ hen -bAfhn¬- kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p.-

3. kz-Im-cy-]¶m-fn-Xzw- kzo-Icn-°p-hm-\p-≈ ]cn-Nb°p-dhv (Lack of

experience in private sectorinvolvement) am-en-\y-kw-kvIc-W-Øn\v- (Infrastructure develop-ment) henb apX¬ apS°vBhi-y-amb-Xn- \m¬ kz-Im-cy-]¶m-fn-Øw- G‰hpw- A\p-tbm-Py-sa∂v-]T\ßƒ hy -‡am -°p -∂p. -F∂m¬- kz-Im-cy-]¶m-fn-Øw- kzo-Icn-°p-∂Xn¬- Xt±iÿm-]\ßƒssha\kyw- Im- p-∂p.-

4.- ]cn -ÿn-Xn - ]T\Øn-epw- kw-c£WØn-ep-ap-≈ ho-gv-N (Lack ofenvironmental awareness & weakenforcement) am-en-\y- kw-kv -IcWw- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-sb Fßs\_m-[n-°p-sa∂v- (EnvironmentalImpact Assessment) C≥-Uy≥- am-en-\y- kw-kv-IcW \n-ba {]Im-cw-Xt±iÿm-]\ßƒ- Adn-™n-cn-t°≠Xm-Wv.- \yp-X\ im-kv-{Xo-b am-en-\y- kw-kv-IcW co-Xn-Iƒ-a\ n-em-°p-hm-\p-≈ {iatam,- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°v- tZm-jw- hcm-Ø hn-[Øn¬- Ah {]m-h¿-Øn-Iam-°p-hm-\p-≈ A`n-\n-thitam-,- Xt±iÿm-]\ßfn¬-- Im -Wp -∂n -√F∂Xpw- \n-baßƒ- ]m-en-°s∏Sm-Xn-cn°p-hm-\p-≈ Im-cWam-bn- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.-

]v-fm-kv-‰n-Iv- \n-tcm-[\w-F¥n-\v?-

]v-fm-kv-‰n-°n-s‚ Dev-]m-Z\w- XSbp-hm-t\m- D]tbm-Kw- ]q¿-Æam-bn- \n-tcm-[n-°p-hm-t\m- km-[n-°p-sa∂v- hn-Nm-cn-t°≠Xn-√.- C≥-Uy-bn¬- 17% hf¿-®m-\n-c°p-≈ ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- hy-hkm-bw-k¨-ssdkv- C≥-Ukv-{So- F∂m-Wv-Adn-bs∏Sp-∂Xv.- skm-ssk‰n- Hm- v- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-Iv- F©n-\o-tbgv-kn-s‚ IW°p-{]Im-cw- {]Xn-h¿-jw- 200 an-ey - SÆn-e[n-Iw- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-Iv- Dev-]∂ßƒ- tem-IØv - \n¿ -Ωn -°p -∂p -≠v. - CXn¬-GItZiw- 35% ]m-t°Pnw-ßn-\m-Wv-D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-Iv- Im-cn-b¿-_m-Kp-Ifpw,- Ihdp-Ifpw,- ho- p-am-en-\y-ßƒ- \n-d®v- s]m-Xp-\n-cØp-Ifn¬- \n-t£]n-°p-tºmgm-Wv-- AXv- Kp-cp-Xcam-b Btcm-Ky-{]iv-\ßƒ- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂Xv.- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- a\p-jy-s‚- Btcm-Ky-Øn-\pw- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw- F{Xam-{Xw-tZm-jIcam-sW∂v- \mw- a\ n-em-t°≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-

1.- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- aÆn¬- ebn-®p- tNcp-∂n-√.- kq-cy-{]Im-iØm¬- hn-LSn-®v- (Photo degradation) sNdn-b IWn-IIfm-bn- th¿-]n-cn-™m-epw- cm-kam-en-\y-ßƒ- ASßn-b IWn-Iƒ-aÆn¬- ebn-°m-sX kl{km-_v-Zßƒ- hsc In-S°pw.- {]tbm-

ss]tdm F∂ hm°n\v Zln-∏n-°pI/Pz-en-°pIF∂pw enknkv F∂m¬ th¿Xn-cn-°¬ F∂p-am-W¿∞w. Db¿∂ Dujvam-hn¬ ]Zm-¿-∞-ß-fpsSan{in-X-Ønt\m kwbp-‡-Ønt\m D≠m-Ip∂ hnL-S-\tam cq]m-¥-co-I-c-Wtam BWv ss]tdm-en-knkv. an-°t∏m-gpw- Hm-Iv-kn-Ps‚ km-∂n-[y-an-√m-sX 500 Un-{Kn-sk¬-jy-kn-¬- aq-e[m-Xp-°sf th¿-s]Sp-Øp-∂p.-ss]tdm-en-knkv kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-bn-eqsS πmÃnIv,Sb-dp-Iƒ, ap≥kn-∏¬ thÃv t]∏¿ F∂-nhsb√mwkwkvI-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p∂p.

imkv{X-KXn 23

P\Icam-b _m-Iv-So-cn-bIsf \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw- aÆn-se hm-bp-k©m-chpw- Pekw-`cW tijn-bpw- Ip-d®v- q-an-sb Ir-jn-°v-- D]bp-‡a√m-Xm-°n- Xo¿-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.-

2.- Hcn-°epw- ip-≤o-Icn-°m≥- Ign-bm-Øhn-[w- Pet{km-X p-Isf aen-\am°p-Ibpw- Pee`y-X Ip-d°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.- thƒ-Uv- _m-¶n-s‚dn-t∏m¿-´v- {]Im-cw- 1947¬- {]Xn-h¿-jw- Btfmlcn- Pee`y-X 5000Iyp.- ao.- Bbn-cp-s∂¶n¬- 1997¬-AXv- 2000 Iyp.- ao.- Xm-sgbm-bn.-1951¬- shkv‰v- _w-Km-fn-se 2574 Iyp.-ao.- Btfm-lcn- ip-≤Pe e`y-X2011¬- 720 Iyp.- ao‰dmbn Np-cp-ßn-F∂ Im-cyw- hn-kv -acn -°cp-Xv -(Environmental awakening- BiswajithMukherjee & Rahul Ray)

3.- πm-kv-‰n-Iv- \n¿-Ωm-W thfbn¬,-D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Xm-sse‰p-Iƒ,-seUv,- _n-kv-^n-t\mƒ- F- ap-Xem-b cm-khkv-Xp-°ƒ- πm-kv-‰n-Iv-]Zm¿-∞ßfp-sS {]tXy-IXaq-ew-(lower surface energy and lowercohesive strength) πm-kv-‰n-Iv- X∑m-{XIfp-am-bn- kw-tbm-Pn-°p-Ibn-s√∂v lm≥-Uv-_p-°v- Hm-^v- πm-kv-‰n-Iv- t{]m-sk kv F∂-{KŸ-Øn¬- Nm-’v- F.- lm¿-∏¿- A`n-{]m-bs∏Sp-∂p.-hm-bp,- kq-cy-{]Im-iw,- Un-‰¿-P‚ v- F∂n-hbm¬- Cu-cm-khkv-Xp-°ƒ- thKØn¬- hn-LSn-∏n-°s∏Sp-sa∂pw- πm-kv-‰n-Iv-Ifn-∏m-´ßƒ,- hm-´¿-t_mń¬,-t__n- t_m-ń¬- F∂n-hbn¬-ASßn-b ss_kv- n-t\mƒ- (BPA),-Xm-sse‰p-Iƒ,- seUv- F∂n-h a\p-jy-\pw- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw- Gsd tZm-jIcam-sW∂pw-- ss_kv- n-t\mƒ-a\p-jy-cn¬- Iym≥-k¿- D≠m-°p-sa∂pw- seUv- Ip-ń-Ifn¬- im-co-cn-Ihpw- am-\ko-Ihp-am-b hf¿-®sbap-cSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- s\¿-hkv- kn-kv-‰sØ tZm-jIcam-bn- _m-[n-°p-sa∂pw- -sk‚¿- t^m¿- Un-kokv-I¨-t{Smƒ- B‚ v- {]nh≥-j≥-(Atlanta-USA) \SØn-b ]T\ßƒ-hy-‡am-°p-∂p.- Iym-\-U, bqtdm-∏-y≥ bqWn-b≥ XpS-ßnb cmP-y-ßƒ t__n-t_m-ń¬ \n¿ΩmW-Øn\v ss_kv n-t\mƒ D]-tbmKw\ntcm-[n-®p-I-gn-™p.

4.- πm-kv-‰n-Iv- k©n-Iƒ- aqew- Hm-SIƒ-AS™v- aen-\Pew- sIń-In-S°m≥-CSbm-Ip-∂p. _w-•m-tZin¬- 1988epw- 1998epw- D≠m-b sh≈s∏m-°Øn-\p- {][m-\ Im-cWw- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- Iym-cn-b_m-Kp-Ifp-sS _m-lp-

ey-Øm¬- Hm-SIƒ- AS™Xm-sW∂v- Icp-Xp-∂p.- (Green.Com)

5. ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°nse cm-kam-en-\y-ßƒhen -s®Sp -°p -∂ kk-y -ßsf-Blcn-°p-∂ a\p-jy-\pw Po-hPmeßƒ-°pw- AXv- tcm-KtlXp-hm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.-

6.- tem-IØv- DXv-]m-Zn-∏n-°s∏Sp-∂s]t{Smƒ-/{]Ir-Xn-hm-XIØn-s‚8˛10% hsc ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- \n¿-Ωm-WØn-\v- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.- 1 In-tem-]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- \n¿-Ωn-°p-hm-≥- 2 In-tem- Hm-bn¬ th≠n-hcp∂p.-

7.- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°n-s‚ D]tbm-Kw,- BtKm-fXm-]\n-e Db¿-Øp-∂p.- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°n¬- \n-∂pw- hn-LSn-∏n-°s∏Sp-∂t¢m-dn≥- B‰w- Hm-tkm - ]m-fn-Ifn-se Hm-Iv-kn-P≥- X∑m-{XIsf hn-LSn-∏n-®v-- Hm-tkm-Wn-s\ \in-∏n-°p-∂p.- t¢m-dn≥- B‰w- kv-{Sm-t‰m-kv- n-bdn¬- 20˛100 h¿-jw- hsc \n-e\n¬-°p-∂p.- Cu- Im-ebfhn¬-Hcp- t¢m-dn≥- B‰Øn-\v- Hcp- e£w-Hm-tkm - X∑m-{XIsf hn-LSn-∏n-°p-hm≥- Ign-bp-sa∂v- im-kv-{X⁄¿- A`n-{]m-bs∏Sp-∂p.-

8.- im-kv-{Xo-bam-b do-ssk°n-fn-ßv-hfsc sNethdn -bXm-Wv. - do -ssk°nƒ- sNbv-X ]v-fm-kv-‰n°n¬-\n-∂pw- cmk-hkv-Xp-°ƒ- Hen-®n-dßm-\p-≈ km-≤y-X hfsc-tbsd-bmWv.-

9.- ]vfm-kv-‰n-°v- IØn-°p-tºmƒ- Utbm-Iv-kn≥,- ^yq-dm≥,- hn-ss\¬- t¢m-ssdUv,- s_≥-ko≥ F∂o- hn-jhm-XIßƒ- A¥co-£Øn-te°v- Dbcp-∂p.- CXn¬- ]eXpw- Im≥-kdn-\v- km-≤y-Xbp-≈Xm-sW∂v- tem-Im-tcm-Ky-kw-LS\ km-£y-s∏Sp-Øp-∂p.-

10.- v-sfIv-kv- t_m¿-Up-Iƒ- hn-jIcam-b cm-khkv-Xp-°ƒ-sIm-≠v- D≠m-°n-bXpw a\p-jy-\pw- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw-Gsd tZm-jw- sNøp-∂Xp-am-Ibm¬-]cky-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-hm≥- D]tbm-Kn°cpsX∂v- s]m-fq-j≥- I -t{Smƒ-t_m¿-Uv- CeIv-j≥- IΩo-jt\m-Sv-Bhiy-s∏Sp-Ibp-≠mbn.-

11.- 1970 se \m-jW¬- assd≥- am-Ω¬et_m-d´dn-bn-se imkv-{X⁄∑m-cp-sS ]T\Øn¬- Hm-tcm- h¿-jhpw-\o¿-\m-b,- ISem-a Xp-Sßn- Hcp-e£Øn-e[n-Iw- kap-{ZPo-hn-Ifpw-200¬- ]cw- C\ßfn¬- s]´ Po-hP¥p-°fpw- πmkv-‰n-Iv- ap-tJ\C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.- bp.- F.- bn.- bn¬-acWs∏Sp-∂ HÍßfn¬- ]Ip-Xn-bn-e[n-Iw- πm-kv-‰n-Iv- Xn-∂p-∂Xp- aq-esa∂p - Is≠ØnbXn\m¬AhnsS πmÃn°v _mKp-Iƒ-°v-\ntcm-[\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-°-gn-™p.

12.- πm-kv-‰n-°n-se cm-kam-en-\y-ßƒ,--Io-S\m-in-\n-Iƒ,- cm-khfßƒ-F∂n-h t]m-seXs∂ F≥tUm-

24 \hw-_¿ 2011

ss{I≥- {KŸn-Ifp -sS {]h¿-Ø\sØ _m-[n-°p-∂p-.- Atacn-°bn-se s]m-s´m-am-Iv- \Zn-bn-se Nn-e B - a’y-ßƒ- (bass fish) ap-´bn-Sp-∂Xm-bn- \m-jW¬- Hm-jy-t\m-{Km- n-Iv- am-kn-I dn-t∏m¿- v- sNbv-Xp.-(Oct. 2010) Atacn-°bn-se Pn-tbm-fPn-°¬ k¿-tΔ \SØn-b ]T\Øn-epw- Cu- enw-Kam‰sØ ÿn--co-Icn°p-∂p.- πm-kv-‰n-°n-se am-cIam-b ]n.-kn.-_n. - (Poly ChlorinatedBisphenol) a’y-ßfn¬- I≠p-hcp-∂Xv- a\p-jy-s‚bpw kap-{ZPohn-Ifp-sSbpw- \n-e\n-ev-]n-\v- o-jWn-bm-Ip-∂p.- Hm¿-° Xn-aw-KeØn-se (orchawhale/killer whale) ]n-.-kn.-_n.,- Af-°m≥- D]tbm-Kn-® D]IcW-Øn-seA¶\tØ°mƒ- (Calibration) hfscIq-Sp-Xem-bn- I≠v- sajo≥- do-sk‰v-sNtø≠n-h∂Xm-bn- ss^‰nw-Mv- t_m-Un- s]m-fq-jy≥ F∂ ]pkvXI-Øn¬- t]m-ƒ- {Im-Kv- F∂ teJI≥-tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn- p≠v.-

13.- 1997 ¬- Iym-]v-‰≥- Nm-’v-aq¿- F∂kap- {ZKthjI≥- im-¥kap -{ZØn¬- lm-hm -bv - Zzo -]n -\pwtem-kv - G©¬-kn-\pw- at≤y-At\I ssa¬- hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bn¬- ]vfm-kv -‰n -Iv - Iq -Sn -°n -S°p-∂Xmbn-Is≠Øn.- CXv- Zn- t{K‰v- s]k^n-Iv- Km¿-t_Pv- ]m®v-- F∂ t]cn¬-Adn-bs∏Sp-∂p.- Nn-e¿ CXn-s\ ]v-fm-kv-‰n-Iv- kq-∏v- F∂pw- hn-fn-®p-hcp-

∂p.- Dt±iw- 10 ao-‰¿- BgØn-ep≈Cu- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-Iv- Iq-´w- XcWw-sNøm≥- Hcm -g v -Nbn -e[n -Iw -bm{XsNtø≠nh∂p-sh∂v- Nm-’v-aq¿- shfn-s∏Sp-Øp-∂p.- CXn-\v-GItZiw- 705000 S¨- m-cw- D≠m-Ip-sa∂v- tem-Im-tcm-Ky-kw-LS\IW°p-Iq-´p-∂p.- Chbn¬- 80%Icbn¬- \n-∂pw- \Zn-Iƒ- hgn-bpw-20% I∏ep-Ifn¬- \n-∂pw- \n-t£]n-°s∏´Xm-sW∂pw- kap-{ZPe{]hm-lßƒ- (Ocean Currents) ChsbH∂n-®p-Iq-ń-bXm-sW∂pw- im-kv-{X⁄¿- A\p-am-\n-°p-∂p.- a\p-jy¿-°pw- kap-{ZPo-hn-Iƒ-°pw- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw- CsXm-cp- h≥- hn-]Øm-bn - tem -Im -tcm -Ky - kw-LS\hn-ebn-cp-Øp-∂p.- DØc A‰v-em‚n-Iv- kap-{ZØn-epw- At\I NXp-c{issa¬- hn-kv-Xr-Xnbn¬- πm-kv-‰n-°n-s‚ km-∂n-≤yw- Is≠Øn-bn- p-≠v.-

14.- \ap-°m-hiy-am-b Hm-Iv-kn-Ps‚]Ip-Xn-bn-e[n-Ihpw- e`n-°p-∂Xv-kap - {ZØn -se kq -£v -akky-ßfm-b At\Iw- ]v-fmw-Iv-SWp-Ifn¬-\n-∂m-Wv.- ISen¬- FØn-t®cp-∂]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- kq-cy-{]Im-iØm¬- hn-LSn-®v-- sNdnb IWn-IIfm-bn-- Cu-kq-£v-akky-ßsf BhcWw-sNbv-Xv- \in-∏n-°p-∂p.- Ign-™20 h¿-jØn-\p-≈n¬- ]vfmw-Iv-SWn-s‚ Afhn¬- 9% Ip-dhp≠m-bXmbn-

\m-kbn-se _tbm-fPn-kv-‰v- hm-Sv-k¨- U_yq- t{KKv- im-¥kap-{ZØn¬ (North Pacific Ocean)\SØn-b ]co-£Wßƒ- shfn-s∏Sp-Øp-∂p.-

ho-´p-am-en-\y-kw-kv-IcWw- ˛Nn-e am-Xr-IIfpw- am¿-§\n¿-t±ißfpw-[cm-hn- kq-d‰v- am-Xr-IIƒ-

tem-IØn-se G‰hpw- hen-b tNcn-{]tZißfn¬- H∂m-Wv- ap-ss_bn-se[cm-hn.- 175 slIvSdn¬- 6 e£Øn-tesd P\ßƒ- Xn-ßn-]m¿-°p-∂ Cu-tNcn-{]tZisØ am-en-\y-\n¿-Ωm¿-÷\co-Xn-bpw- ip-Nn-Xz-hpw- Btcbpw- A¤p-Xs∏Sp-Øpw.- am-en-\y-ßƒ- kz-bw- th¿-Xn-cn-®p- do-ssk°v-fnw-Kv- bqWn‰n-te°pw-kw-kv-IcW bq-Wn-‰n-te°pw- Ab°p-∂p.- ]m-gv-hkv-Xp-°ƒ- D]tbm-Kn-®v- Iu-Xp-I hkv-Xp-°ƒ- ho-Sp-Ifn¬- D≠m-°n-h®n-cn-°p-∂p.- tIm-a -sh¬-Øv- sKbnw-kv- Im-Wm≥- C≥-Uy-bn-seØnb Nm-ƒ-kv- cm-PIp-am-c≥- [cm-hn-bp-sS ip-Nn-Xzw-t\cn¬- I≠dn-™p.- [cm-hn- {_n-ó-jv-\Kcßƒ-°v- am-Xr-Ibm-IWsa∂pw-Xm≥- Fgp-Xm≥- Dt±in-°p-∂ lm¿-aWn-F∂ ]p-kv-XIØn¬- [cm-hn- amXrIÿm-\w- ]n-Sn-°p-sa∂pw- Adn-bn-®n- m-Wv-Nmƒ-kv- cm-PIp-am-c≥- C≥-Uy-bn¬- \n-∂pw- aSßn-bXv-.- Kh¨-ta‚n-t‚tbm,-Xt±iÿm-]\ßfp-tSbm- klm-ban-√m-sXbm-Wv- [cm-hn- \n-hm-kn-Iƒ- am-en\y-\n¿-Ωm¿-÷\ {]hr--Øn-Iƒ- sNøp-∂sX∂ hkv-Xp-X hfsc {it≤bam-Wv.- ]cn-kchm-kn-Iƒ- hnNm-cn-®m¬-GXp- tNcn-bpw- at\m-lcam-°p-hm≥-Ign-bp-sa∂v- [cm-hn-bn-se Zcn-{Zcm-b Zfn-X¿- \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.- am-en-\y-ßƒ-Iqń-bn-´v- aq-°p-s]m-Øn- \m-Ww- sI´p-\S°p-∂ km-£cXbn¬- kº∂cm-b\ap-°v- [cm-hn- am-Xr-Ibm-tI≠Xm-Wv.-

1994 hsc C≥-Uy-bn-se G‰hpw- hr-Øn-lo-\am-b ]´Wßfn-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- kq-c‰v--.- hr-Øn-lo-\am-b Np-‰p-]m-Sp-Ifn¬- Po-hn-® kq-d‰p-Im-cn¬- atedn-b,- U¶n-∏\n,- Fen-∏\n,-izm-ktIm-itcm-Kßƒ,-a™∏n-Øw,- Xz-°v- tcm-Kßƒ- F∂n-h k¿-Δkm-[m-cWam-bn-cp-s∂¶n-epw- Hcp- ]cn-lm-cØn-\m-bn-P\w- Xm-ev-]cyw- Im-Wn-®n-√.- F∂m¬-1994 sk]v-‰w-_dn-¬- ]v-tfKv- acW-Xm-fiham-Sn-bt∏mƒ- P\w- \mSp-hn-t´m-Sn.-hy-hkm-bim-eIƒ- - AS®p-]q-ń. -sjb¿- am¿-°‰v-v- XI¿-∂p.- BtcmKy-{]h¿-ØIcpw- kp-c£m- {]h¿-ØIcpw-kq-d‰n¬- Im-ep-Ip-Øm≥- bs∏´p-.- Cu-{]Xn-k‘n-bn¬ -{io.- Fkv.-B¿.-dm-hp-kq-d‰n-se ap≥-kn-∏¬- IΩo-jWdm-bn-\n-ban-X\m-bn.- sIń-In-S∂ am-en-\yw- \o-

imkv{X-KXn 25

°w- sNbv-Xp.- Hm-SIƒ- hr-Øn-bm-°n.-hn-Zym-ebßfn-epw- s]m-Xp-P\ßfn-epw-t_m-[hXv -°cWw- \SØn.- c≠v-_°‰p-Iƒ- am-en-\y-tiJcWØn-\m-bn-ho-Sp-Ifn¬-- h®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.- c≠p- h¿-jw- sIm-≠v- kqd‰v- C≥-Uy-bn-se Xs∂ipNnXz \Kcßfn-sem-∂m-bn- FÆ-s∏´p.- tcm-Kßƒ- hfsc°p-d™p.- kq-d‰v - ap≥-kn -∏¬- tIm¿-∏tdjs‚IW°pIƒ-- {]Im-cw- 1995 tabv- ap-X¬-hn-hn-[ tcmKßfn¬- 65% Ip-dhp-≠m-bXm-bn- tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- {io.-dm-hp- Xp-Sßn-b 2 _n≥- Iƒ-®¿- kq-d‰p-Im¿- C∂pw- Xp-S¿-∂p-t]m-cp-∂p.-

2 _n≥- Iƒ-®¿

am-en-\y-_mlp-eyw- Hcp- BtKm-fhn-]Øpw- sh√p-hn-fn-bp-am-bn- am-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂ Cu-ImeL´Øn¬- ssPham-en-\y-ßƒ- ho-Sp-Ifn¬- D¤hÿm-\Øp-Xs∂ kw-kv-Icn-°p-Ibpw- a‰p≈h do-ssk°n-fnw-Kn-\mbn- Gev-]n-°p-Ibpw-sNøp-I F∂Xm-Wv- {]m-tbm-Kn-Iam-befn-Xam¿-§w.- amen\y-ßƒ- Ae£y-am-bn- hen-s®dn-bm-sX ho-Sp-Ifn¬- c≠v- _n-∂p-Iƒ- (A\p-tbm-Py-am-b _°‰p-Itfm-k©n-Itfm)- h®v- AXn¬- H∂n¬-ssPham-en-\y-ßfpw- c≠m-atØXn¬- do-ssk°n-fnw-Kn-\p-≈ am-en-\y-ßfpw- \n-t£]n-°p-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wv- 2 _n≥-Iƒ-®¿-F∂dn-bs∏Sp-∂Xv.- tem-IØn-se an-°cm-jv-{Sßfn-epw- C≥-Uy-bn-se ]e\Kcßfn-epw- 2 _n≥-Iƒ-®¿- \n-ehn-ep-≠v.- do-ssk°n-fn-w-Kv- thkv-‰p-Iƒ-{]tXy-Iw- im-kv-{Xo-bam-bn- th¿-Xn-cn-®p-kw-kv-Icn-°p-hm≥- hn-Ikn-X cm-jv-{Sßfn¬- kw-hn-[m-\ap-≠v.- B ku-Icy-ßƒ- C√m-Ø \Ωp-sS \m- n¬- 4 _n-∂p-Iƒ- Icp-Xp-Ibm-Wv- A\p-tbm-Pyw.-H∂n¬- ssPham-en-\y-ßƒ- \n-t£]n-°p-I.- Iw-t_m-kv-‰v-/_tbm-Kym-kv- ]v-fm‚ v-F∂n-h D≈h¿-°v- AXn¬- t\cn- p- \n-t£]n-°p-Ibpam-Imw.- As√¶n¬- hr-£ßƒ-°v- hfam-bn- C p-sIm-Sp-°p-Itbm-]dºn¬- Ip-gn-®p-aq-Sp-Itbm- BImw.-

c≠m-atØXn¬- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v-/t]∏¿-Dev-]∂ßƒ- am-{Xw- \n-t£]n-®v- do-ssk°n-fnw-Kn\v-- Gev-]n-°p-I.-

aq-∂m-atØXn¬- CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-°v-shbv-kv-‰v- \n-t£]n-°p-I.- kn.-F^v.-F¬,- Syq-_v-sse‰v- F∂nh s]m-´m-sXkq-£n-°Ww.- ]p-Xn-b _ƒ-_v- hm-ßp-∂ Ihdn¬- ]gb _ƒ-_v- kq-£n-®m¬-Ch s]m´m-sX kq-£n-°mw.- CeIv-{tSm-Wn-Iv- If£≥- sk‚dp-Ifn¬- Ch Gev-]n-°Ww.-

\m-em-atØXn¬- s]m- n-b Nn-√p-Iƒ-/•m- v- F∂n-h \n-t£]n-°p-I.- Chbpw-do-ssk°n-fnwKn\v- \¬-Ip-I.-

Hcp- _ v- Sn-°t‰m,- an-Tm-bn- Ih¿-

t]m-ep-tam- hen-s®dn-bm-sX _n-∂p-Ifn¬-\n-t£]n-°p∂ Hcp- kw-kv-°m-cw-hfcWw.- ISbn¬- km-[\ßƒ- hm-ßp-hm≥- t]m-Ip-tºmƒ- Hcp- k©n- (Xp-Wn-/NWw-/t]∏¿-)- FSp-°p-hm≥- ad°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.- £W km-[\ßfpw- a‰v- km-a{Kn-Ifpw- AXym-hiy-Øn-\p- am-{Xw- hm-ßp-I.- tem-IØv- C∂v-- GItZiw- Hcp-tIm-Sn- P\ßƒ- ] n-Wn- aq-ew- acWaSbp-∂p-s≠∂ hkv-Xp-X Adn-™v- \Ωp-sS[q¿-Øv- Ahkm-\n-∏n-®m¬-- q-an-bp-sS am-en-\y- m-cw- hfsc°p-dbp-sa∂Xv- \n-kv-X¿-°am-Wv.-

P\{]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I{]h¿-ØIcp-w- am-en-\y- kw-kv-°cWco-Xn-Iƒ- ]Tn-°p-Ibpw- P\ßfn¬-i‡am-b t_m-[hXv-IcWw- \SØp-Ibpw- thWw.- ssPham-en-\y-ßƒ- DXv-`h ÿm-\Øp- Xs∂ kw-kv-Icn-°p-hm-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\w- Hcp-°Ww-.-Xt±iÿm-]\ßƒ- do-ssk°nfnw-Kn-\p-≈hbpw-,- CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- thkv-‰p-Ifpw-{]tXy-Iw- tiJcn-®v- IfIv-j≥- sk‰p-Ifn¬- FØn-°Ww.- am¿-°‰p-Ifn-epw-Adhp-im-eIfn-epw- im-kv-{Xo-b \q-X\kw-kv-IcW πm‚p-Iƒ- ÿm-]n-°Ww.-

kw-kv-IcW πm‚p-Iƒ°v-- k_v-kn-Un-A\p-hZn-°Ww.- Ae£y-am-bn- am-en-\y-ßƒ- s]m-Xp-\n-cØp-Ifn¬- \n-t£]n-°p-∂hcn¬- \n-∂pw- h≥- Xp-I ]n-gbm-bn - Cu-Sm -°Ww. - BhiyØn\v -thkv-‰v-_n-∂p-Iƒ-- ÿm-]n-°Ww.-

aÆpw- hn-Æpw- sh≈hpw- ]cn-lcn-°m-\m-IØhn-[w- aen-\am-°p-∂ ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- Dev-]∂ßƒ- Ign-hXpw- Hgn-hm-°n-bpw- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- Ihdp-Ifpw- k©n-Ifpw- Xo¿-Øpw- Hgn-hm-°n-bpw- \ap-°v-kaq-lsØ c£n-°mw.- At\I tem-I cm-jv-{Sßƒ- Cu- hn-]Øp-Iƒ- a\ n-em-°n- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°n-\v- \n-tcm-[\w- G¿-s∏Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- F≥-tUm-kƒ- m≥,- Un.-Un.-‰n- F∂o- am-cI Io-S\m-in-\n-Iƒ- Hgn-hm-°m≥- AXn-\n-cbm-b At\Iw- Aw-KsshIey-ap-≈ Ip- n-Isf {]Z¿-in-∏n-t°≠n- h∂ AXn-Zm-cp-Wam-b ÿn-Xn-hn-tijw- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°n-s‚ Im-cy-Øn-epw- D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥-\ap-°v- Pm-{KX ]m-en-°mw.- \ap-°p-th≠n-, - \Ωp-sS Ip-™p-ßƒ-°p-th≠n- GIa\t m-sS H‰s°´m-bn- \m-Sn -s‚ am-en -\y-\n¿-Ωm-¿ -÷\bXv -\Øn¬- \ap-°pw- m-K`m-°m-Imw.-

26 \hw-_¿ 2011

2011-˛se sk≥k-kns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ {]mY-anI hnh-c-ßƒe`y-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. tIc-f-ØnseZi-h-’c P\-kw-Jym-h¿[\ 4.86 iX-am-\-am-Wv. (1991- 01 Ime-L- -Øn¬ CXv9.43 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p). h¿[-\hv IqSp-X¬ (13.39 iX-am-\w) ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn-em-Wv. ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√-bn¬ 3.12 iX-am\w Ipd-hmWv P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-≠m-bXv.

\Kc P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-≠mb h¿[\tIc-f-Øn¬ AJn-te¥ym icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. 2001-˛¬samØw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 26 iX-am\w

am{X-am-bn-cp∂ \mK-cnI P\-kwJy 2011Bb-t∏m-tg°v 47.72 iX-am-\-ambnh¿[n-®p. P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 74 iX-am-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ {KmaoW P\-kwJy 52.28iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.AXm-bXv {KmaoW P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 25.95

iX-am-\-Øns‚ Ipdhpw \mK-cnI P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 92.72 iX-am-\-Øns‚ h¿[-\hpw BWp-≠m-b-Xv. {KmaoW P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 6118494 Ipd-bp-Ibpw \mK-cnIP\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 7665171 s‚ h¿[-\-hp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (]- nI 1)

tIc-f-Ønse

\K-c-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚

{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

]´nI 1- --˛ {Kma, \Kc P\-kwJy 2001, 2011

2001 2011 h¿[-\hv h¿[\ iX-am\w

BsI P\-kwJy 31841000 33387677 1546677 4.86

{Kmao-W-P-\-kwJy 23574000 17455506 ˛6118494 ˛25.95

\mK-cnI P\-kwJy 8267000 15932171 7665171 92.72

Ih¿tÃmdns{]m^. ]n.-sI. cho-{μ≥

\Kc P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-≠mb h¿[\ tIc-f-Øn¬ AJn-te¥ym icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒhfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. 2001- ¬ samØw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 26 iX-am\w am{X-am-bn-cp∂ \mK-cnI P\-kwJy 2011 Bb-t∏m-tg°v 47.72 iX-am-\-ambn h¿[n-®p.

imkv{X-KXn 27

SsØ P\-ßƒ \mK-cnI P\-ß-fpsSKW-Øn¬ hcp-∂p.

3. \Kc k©bw (Urbanagglomeration)

Hcp henb \K-c-Øn\p Np‰p-am-bp≈ sNdnb \K-c-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-bv°n-S-bn-ep≈ {Kma-ß-fp-sSbpw Iq´-amWv \Kc k©-bw. CXnse P\-

CXmWv 10 h¿jwsIm≠v tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠mb \K-c-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚hen-∏w. CXv {]Y-a-ZrjvSym A¿Y-am-°p-∂-sX-¥m-Wv? tIc-f-Ønse {Kma-ß-fn¬\n∂v 61 e£-Øn-te-sd-t∏¿\K-c-ß-fn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-sb∂pw({Kma-ß-fn¬ P\-kwJy h¿[n-®n-s√∂pw IW-°m-°n-s°m≠v) Ch-c-S°w 76 e£-Øn-tesd P\-ßƒ \K-c-ß-fn¬ h¿[n-®p-sh-∂p-am-Wv. CXvAkm-[y-am-sW∂v H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬Xs∂ a\- n-em-Ipw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ tIc-f-Ønse \K-c-h-XvI-c-WsØ amaq¬ ]cn-K-W-\-I-fn¬\n∂vhyXy-kvX-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS \K-c-ß-fn-te°v {Kma-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ IpSn-tb‰w F{X-tØm-f-am-Wp-≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv? \K-c-ß-fnseP\-kw-Jy-bn¬ F{X-am{Xw h¿[-\-hp-≠m-bn-´p≠v F∂mWv CXn-\p-th≠nBZyw ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xv. {Kma-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ IpSn-tb‰ km[yXG‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D≈-Xmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp∂ tIm¿]td-j-\p-I-fpsS Imcy-sa-Sp-°mw. 2001-˛\pw 2011-˛-\pw CS-bv°p≈ ]Øp-h¿j-ß-fn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØpw sIm®n-bnepw \ma-am-{X-amb P\-kwJym h¿[-\-hp-≠m-b-t∏mƒsIm√w, Xriq¿, tImgn-t°mSv tIm¿]-td-j-\p-I-fn¬ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ Ipd-hp-h-∂-Xm-bmWv 2011-˛se {]mY-anIsk≥kkv hnh-c-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv.A©p tIm¿]-td-j-\p-I-fp-sa-Sp-Øm¬P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 0.0022 iX-am-\-Øns‚Ipd-hmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. (]- nI 2)

sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb a‰p \K-c-ß-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw P\-kwJymh¿[-\-h-√, Ipd-hm-Wp-≠m-bn- p-≈-Xv.

Fß-s\-bmWv sk≥kkv IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw tIc-f-Ønse \mK-cnI P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ C{X-tbsd h¿[-\-hp-≠m-bXv F∂-t\z-jn-t°-≠XvAXym-h-iyam-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \mep-Xcw\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-sf-bmWv sk≥kkvIW-°n-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.

1. \nb-ta-\-bp≈ \K-c-ßƒ:tIm¿]-td-j-\p-Iƒ, ap\n-kn-∏m-en-

‰n-Iƒ, It‚m¨sa‚p-Iƒ, SuWp-Iƒ,F∂n-ßs\ \nb-am-\p-krXw cq]o-Ir-X-amb \K-c-ßƒ. sk≥kkv hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn® 2009 Unkw-_¿ 31-˛\vtIc-f-Øn¬ CØcw 59 \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. 5 tIm¿]-td-j-\p-Iƒ,53 ap\nkn∏men -‰n -Iƒ, IÆq¿It‚m¨sa‚ v. (2001-˛se sk≥kkvIme-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ CSp°n Su¨-jn∏v C√m-Xm-bn). ]pXp-Xm-bp-≠mbap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ sk≥kkv IW-°n¬ h∂n-ń-√.

2. \K-c-ß-fpsS ]pdw hf¿®(Urban Outgrowth)

Hcp \K-c-Øns‚ kao-]-ÿ-amb{Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øv sshZyp-Xn, ss]∏p-sh-≈w, hnZym-`ymk BtcmKy ÿm]-\-ßƒ, \√ tdmUp-Iƒ, _m¶p-Iƒ,t]mÃv Hmôkv XpS-ßnb \mK-cnIkuI-cy-ßƒ e`y-am-Ip-tºmƒ Ahn-

]ńI 2˛tIm¿]-td-j-\p-I-fnse P\-kwJy 2001, 2011

tIm¿]-td-j≥ P\-kwJy h¿[-\hv h¿[\ iX-am\w

2001 2011

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 744983 752490 7507 1.008

sIm√w 361560 349033 ˛12527 ˛3.96

sIm®n 595575 601574 5999 1.007

Xriq¿ 317526 315596 ˛1930 ˛0.607

tImgn-t°mSv 436556 432097 ˛4459 ˛1.02

BsI 2456200 2450790 ˛5410 ˛0.0022

sk≥kkv IW-°p-Iƒ{]Im-c-ap≈ {Kma-ß-fpsSFÆw 2001- se 1364 ¬\n∂v 2011- ¬ 1018 Bbn Ipd-™p. CXmWv tIc-f-Ønse \K-c-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚{]tXy-I-X. tdmUv, sshZyp-Xn, IpSn-sh-≈w, hnZym-e-bw, Bip-]-{Xn, _m¶v, t]mÃv Hmôkv XpS-ßnbASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßƒ \mK-cn-I-sa∂p IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ CØcw kuI-cy-ß-fp≈ {Kma-ßƒ\K-c-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv.

28 \hw-_¿ 2011

ßfpw \K-c-P-\-X-bm-bmWv IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 2001 sk≥k-kn¬ sIm®n\K-c-Ønse P\-kwJy 595575 Bbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ sIm®n \Kc k©-b-Øn-t‚Xv 1355972 Bbn-cp-∂p. Cu \K-c-k-©bw Ct∏mƒ IqSp-X¬ hep-Xm-bn- p-≠m-Ipw.

]ńI 3 - sk≥kkv \K-c-ßƒ2001 Dw 2011 Dw XΩn-ep≈ Xmc-Xayw

Pn√ sk≥kkv \K-c-ßƒ 2001- 2011 h¿[-\hv2001 2011

Imk¿tKmUv 5 25 20

IÆq¿ 38 60 22

hb-\mSv C√ C√ C√

tImgn-t°mSv 10 48 38

ae-∏pdw C√ 39 39

]me-°mSv 1 17 16

Xriq¿ 21 128 107

Fd-Wm-Ipfw 16 47 31

CSp°n C√ C√ C√

tIm´bw 2 13 11

Be-∏pg 6 33 27

]Ø-\w-Xn´ C√ 1 1

sIm√w C√ 24 24

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw C√ 26 26

BsI 99 461 362

CXn-\-\p-k-cn®v sk≥kkv IW-°p-Iƒ{]Im-c-ap≈ {Kma-ß-fpsS FÆw2001- se 1364 ¬\n∂v 2011- ¬ 1018 BbnIpd-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXmWv tIc-f-Ønse \K-c-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X. tdmUv, sshZyp-Xn, IpSn-sh-≈w,hnZym-e-bw, Bip-]-{Xn, _m¶v, t]mÃvHmôkv XpS-ßnb ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßƒ \mK-cn-I-sa∂p IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ CØcw kuI-cy-ß-fp≈{Kma-ßƒ \K-c-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. {]iv\w \K-c-Øn\pw \K-c-ku-I-cy-ßƒ°pw \¬Ip∂ \n¿h-N-\-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv. Cu \n¿h-N\wXpS¿∂m¬ CSp-°n, hb-\m-Sv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√-I-fnse GXm\pw {Kma-ß-sfm-gn-sI-bp≈ tIcfw A∏msS \K-c-am-bm-bn-cn°pw 2021- se sk≥kkv IW-°m-°p-I. \nb-ta-\-bp≈ \K-c-ßƒ,\K-c-ß-fpsS ]pdw hf¿® (outgrowth)sk≥kkv \K-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-bnseP\-ßsf \K-c-P-\-kw-Jy-bm-°n-b-t∏m-gmWv tIc-f-Ønse \mK-cnI P\-kwJy2001- se 26 iX-am-\-Øn¬\n∂v 2011- ¬47.72 iX-am-\-ambn Db¿∂-Xv. CuhyXymkw tIc-f-Ønse hnhn[ Pn√-I-fn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv F∂v ]ńI 4˛¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-°mw.

2001-˛se sk≥k-kv{]-Imcw \K-c-P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS A\p-]mXw G‰hpwIqSp-X¬ (50.35 iX-am-\w) IÆq¿ Pn√-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 2011-˛se sk≥kkv{]Imcw Fd-Wm-Ipfw (68.07) Xriq¿(67.19) tImgn-t°mSv (67.10) Pn√-Iƒ°v]nd-In-emWv IÆq-cns‚ (65.05) ÿm\w.ae-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, Xriq¿, sIm√wPn√-I-fn¬ \K-c-P-\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-≠mbIpXn-®p-Nm´w {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CSp-°n-bn¬ h∂ Ipdhv 2001-˛¬ Su¨jn-∏mbn IW-°m-°nbCSp°n Su¨jn∏v C√m-Xm-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. hb-\m-Sv, CSp-°n, ]Ø-\w-Xn´Pn√-I-fn¬ sk≥kkv hne-bn-cp -Ø¬{]Imcw \K-c-P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬henb hyXymkw D≠m-bn-√. CXv {][m-\-ambpw Pn√-I-fnse {Kma-ßsf P\-km-{μX Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ sk≥kkv\K-c-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°m≥ Ign-bmsXh∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv; \mK-cnI kuI-cy-ßƒ Xosc C√msX h∂-Xp-sIm-≠-√.

\K-c-ßfnte°p≈ IpSn-tb‰wtIc-f-Øn-en√ F∂Xp icn-X-s∂.F∂m¬ \ΩpsS \K-c-ß-fn¬ Xmh-f-a-Sn-°p∂ A\y-kw-ÿm\ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ Cu IW-°p-I-fn-sem-∂pw-s]-Sp-∂n√ F∂Xp {]tXyIw Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ \K-c-ß-fn¬Znh-tk\ h∂p-t]m-Ip∂ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ ""P\-km-{μX''bpw]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

]ńI 4 \K-c-P-\-kw-Jy-bnse am‰w 2001-˛2011Pn√m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

\K-c-P-\-kwJy (%) hyXymkw hf¿® (%)Pn√ 2001 2011

Imk¿tKmUv 19.41 38.78 19.37 99.79

IÆq¿ 50.35 65.05 14.70 29.20

hb-\mSv 3.79 3.87 0.08 2.11

tImgn-t°mSv 38.25 67.10 28.85 75.42

ae-∏pdw 9.82 44.19 34.37 350

]me-°mSv 13.62 24.09 10.47 76.87

Xriq¿ 28.22 67.19 38.97 138.09

Fd-Wm-Ipfw 47.56 68.07 20.51 43.12

CSp°n 5.10 4.70 13.22 86.07

tIm´bw 15.36 28.58 (˛) 0.4 (˛) 7.84

Be-∏pg 29.46 54.06 24.6 83.50

]Ø-\w-Xn´ 10.03 11.00 0.93 9.27

sIm√w 18.02 46.11 28.09 155.88

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 33.76 53.80 20.04 59.36

4. sk≥kkv \K-c-ßƒ:sk≥kkv IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw Xmsg]d-bp∂ kz`m-h-ß-fp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-sfbpw \K-c-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°pw.

a. Npcp-ßnb P\-kwJy 5000.

b. P\-km-{μX N.-In.-ao-‰-dn\v 400- ¬

tIc-f-Øn¬ 99 sk≥kkv \K-c-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. 2011 sk≥k-kn¬CXv 461 Bbn h¿[n-®p. ae-∏p-dw,tImgn-t°m-Sv, Xriq¿ Pn√-I-fn¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep-≠mb h¿[\ hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. C°mcyw ]ńI 3˛¬ \n∂p-Im-Wmw.

IqSp-X¬.

c. ]pcpj sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS 75iX-am -\ -Øn -e -[nIw Im¿jn -tI-XchrØn-bn¬ G¿s∏- n-cn-°p-I.

CØcw {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬tIc-f-Øn¬ KWy-amb h¿[-\-hm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. 2001-˛se sk≥kkv{]Imcw

imkv{X-KXn 29

cmjv{SX{¥wtUm. Fw. ]n. ]c-ta-iz-c≥

Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Bcw- n® Hcp sImSp-¶m-‰v, Hcp Npg-en-°m‰v bqtdm-∏n-te°pwtemI-Øns‚ a‰p kmº-ØnI tI{μ-ß-fn -te°pw hym]n -®n -cn -°p -∂p.CXns\ Hcp kmaqly ˛ kmº-ØnINpg-en-°m-‰v F∂p hnfn°mw a socio-economic twister. I{Xo-\-t]m-ep≈Npg-en-Iƒ A¥-cn-£-Øn-emWv cq]wsIm≈p-∂-Xv. Cu Npgen cq]w-sIm-≠Xv P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn-em-Wv.NqXm´ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm-≠Hcp Npg-en. F≥tdmWpw selvam≥{_tZgvkpw Ah-t]mse \nc-h[nhepXpw sNdp-Xp-amb kmº-ØnI Ip‰-hm-fn-Ifpw IqSn BtKmf \ntbm-en-_-d¬ kºZv hyh-ÿsbXs∂ IS-]p-g-°n-tb-°m-hp∂ Hcp Npgen°p≈

kml-Ncyw krjvSn-®n-cn-°-bm-Wv. 1920Ifn¬ D≠mb amμyw t]mse A{XXo{h-am-bn-Øo¿∂n- n√ C∂sØ Ah-ÿ. F∂m¬ \msf AXnepw IqSp-X¬ `oI-c-amImw ÿnXn. A∂v AXvapX-em-fnØ temI-sØ-bmWv Imcy-ambn _m[n-®-Xv. C∂v temIw apgp-h≥Hscm‰ apX-em-fnØ kXz-am-Wv. BXy-¥n-I-ambn BtKmf kºZv hyh-ÿ-bn¬, hninjy hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fpsSkºZv hyh-ÿ-bn¬, hcp∂ Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ F√m cmPy-ß-fnsebpw F√mP\-ßsfbpw _m[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

\h-en-_-d¬ kºZv hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw Ata-cn-°≥ B¿Øn-bp-sSbpwCc-I-fmb Ad_v cmPy-ß-fpsS KXn-tISv krjvSn® {]Xn-I-c-W-®p-g-en-bm-bn-

cp∂p 2001 k]vXw-_¿- 11. A∂v i{Xp-hns‚ {]Xo-I-ambn Ah¿ I≠XvtemI-hym-]m-c-Øns‚ kncm-tI-{μ-ambthƒUv t{SUv sk‚¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. Hcp-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Ata-cn-°≥ cmPy-kvt\-l-sa∂ {`m¥v Bfn-°-Øn-°m≥ A∂vAta-cn-°≥ c-W-Iq-S-Øn\p Ign-™p.A vKm-\n-kvYm-s\bpw ]n∂oSv Cdm-°n-s\bpw B{I-an-°m\pw e£-°-W-°n\v \nc-]-cm-[n-Isf sIms∂m-Sp-°m\pw Ata-cn-°≥ P\X Iq´p-\n-∂p.AsX, Ah¿ {`m¥p-]nSn® A{I-an-I-fmbn amdn. P\-ß-f-√, c-W-Iq-S-amWvDØ-c-hmZn F∂p ]d™v Ahsc Ip‰-hn-ap-‡-cm-°m≥ ]‰n-√. Ign™ 200sIm√-ambn temI-amsI A{IawhnX®p \S-°p∂ c≠p cmjv{So-b-∏m¿´n-

9/11 ¬ \n∂v 9/17- te°v

hmƒkv{So‰v

Iø-S-°¬ kacw

30 \hw-_¿ 2011

I-sfbpw dn∏-ªn-°-∑m-scbpw sUtam-{Im-‰p-I-sfbpw ˛ tXmev]n-°m\pwdm¬ v \mU-dpsS {Ko≥ ]m¿ńsb Pbn-∏n-°m\pw Ah¿°v aq∂v Ah-k-c-ßƒe`n-®p. shdpw 6 iX-am\w t]cmWv{Ko≥ ]m¿ń°p thm´p sNbvX-Xv. Ata-cn-°-bnse km[m-cW P\-ßfpw Ah-cpsS Kh-s◊‚p -sNbvX FÆ-a‰ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fpsS ]m]- mcw t]dm≥ _m[y-ÿ-cm-Wv.

F∂m¬ ]Xp-s°∏Xps° Ata-cn-°≥ c-W-h¿K-sa∂ \c-t`mPn kz¥wP\-ß-fpsS amwkw-IqSn `£n-°m≥XpS-ßn. temI-Øn¬ h®v G‰hpwA[nIw kmº-ØnI Ak-aXzw D≈cmPy-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv Ata-cn-°≥sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ. \h-en-_-d-en-khpwDZm-c-h-XvI-c-Whpw hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-ß-sf-sb-∂-t]mse kº-∂-cm-Py-amb Ata-cn-°-bnse km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS Pohn-X-sØbpw _m[n-®p. Zcn-{Z-hn- m-K-Øns‚Ijvv-S-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°v sXs√-¶nepw im¥n\¬In-bn-cp∂ kmaq-ly-kp-c-£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ Hmtcm-t∂m-tcm-∂mbn ]n≥h-en-°p-Itbm Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-ItbmsNbvXphcnIbmbn-cp-∂p. sIbv\o-jy≥ t£a-{]-h¿Ø-\-kn-≤m-¥-tØmSvAh¿ Ft∂ hnS-]-d -™n-cp -∂p.“hmjn-MvS¨ ka-hmbw” F∂ t]cn¬Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂, kvanYn-b≥ en_-d-en-k-Øns‚ ]pXnb ]Xn∏v ˛ \h-en-_-d-enkw kmaq-ly-kp-c-£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒam¿°-‰ns\ Ae-t¶m-e-s∏-Sp -Øp-sa∂pw AXn-\m¬ ]Sn-∏-Sn-bmbn C√m-Xm-°-W-sa∂pw iTn-®p. Aßs\Btcm-Kyw, hnZym`ymkw, ]m¿-∏n-Sw,hm¿[-Iyw, sXmgn-en-√mbva apX-emb

cwK-ß-fn¬ \¬In-bn-cp∂ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ KWy-ambn sh- n-®p-cp-°n. AtXkabw Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn-®p-≠m-Ip∂ kmº-Øn-I-am-μy-ßfpw h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ kvImap-Ifpw h¿[n-®p-h-cp∂]W-s∏-cp-∏hpw F√mw IqSn `qcn-]£wt]cp-sSbpw bYm¿Y hcp-am\wKWy-ambn Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-am-bn.F≥tdm¨ s]mfn-™mepw selva≥{_tZgvkv s]mfn-™mepw Bcp ]m∏-c-Sn-®m-epw, \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ah¿°m¿-°p-a-√. Ahsc c£n-°m≥ Kh¨-sa‚p-≠v. Zcn-{Z-cp-sSbpw CS-Ø-c-°m-cp-sSbpw sIm®p-sIm®p \nt£-]-ßfmWvXń-sb-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C√m-Ø-h-\n¬\n∂v D≈-h-\n-te-°p≈ kº-Øns‚ {]hmlw A\p -kyqXwXpS¿∂p; Ak-aXzw XpS¿®--bmbnh¿[n-®p-h-∂p. Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ Xo{hXXpS¿®-bmbn i‡n-s∏- p; kl-\-ko-a-bpsS s\√n-∏Sn ImWm-dm-bn. Ah¿s]mń-sØ-dn-®p. bphm-°fpw hr≤-∑mcpw hnb‰v\mw tbm≤m-°fpw ka-Xz-hm-Zn-Ifpw F√mw s]mń-sØ-dn-®p.GXm\pw BgvN-I-fmbn Ah¿ ]pI-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-km\w Ah¿kº-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\w˛ \yqtbm¿-°nse hmƒ kv{So‰v Itø-dn.

k]vXw-_¿ 17 \v BWv Cu s]mń-sØ-dn-bpsS Bcw`w Ipdn-®Xv . 9/11s‚ kμ¿ -Øn-se-∂-t]m-se, 9 /17 \pw{]Xn-tj-[-Øns‚ e£yw temI-ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚, aqe-[-\-Øns‚, Xe-ÿm-\-am-W.v CØ-hW hmƒkv{So‰v.Af apń-bm¬ tNcbpw ISn°pw F∂vae-bm-f-Øn¬ Hcp ]g-s©m-√p-≠v.Ata-cn-°≥ P\X kmam-t\y\ tNcI-fm-bn-cp-∂n-√. hnj-ap≈ ]mºp-IƒXs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p. \ntbm-en-_-d¬ apX-em-fnØw Ah-cpsS hnj-k©n-IƒIcn-®p-I-f-™p. Ah¿ shdpw tNc-I-fmbn amdn. KXn-sI´ t{]X-ß-fm-bn.Ah-km\w Xncn -™m-{I-an -°m≥XpSßn. 9/17 AXns‚ XpS-°-am-Wv.]Xn-\m--bn-c-°W°n\v Bfp-Iƒ hmƒkv{So‰v Itødn. Ahsc ]ncn-®p-hn-Sm≥]´m-f-°m¿ Ipcp-ap-f-Ip-s]mSn Nmºn.F∂m¬ Ah¿ ]n∑m-dn-bn-√. \yqtbm¿-°n¬ am{X-a√ \q‰p-°-W-°n\p ] -W-ß-fnepw {]Xn-tj[w apt∂-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. bqtdm∏nepw {]Xn-tj-[-Øns‚ Ae ASn-°m≥ XpS-ßnbncn-°p∂p. Zn\w-{]Xn hf¿∂p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv.bphm-°ƒ°v hnZym- ymk-Øn\v I-gn-bp-∂n-√; sXmgn-en-√m-bva h¿[n-°p-∂p;hr≤¿°v Blm-chpw tcmK-Nn-In-’bpw h¿[n-®-tXm-Xn¬ A{]m-]y-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p; hmWw-t]mseIpXn-®p-b-cp∂p NnIn-’m-®n-ehv; Poh-X--Imew apgp-h≥ ]m¿∏n-S-Øns‚ EW-

Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn-®p-≠m-Ip∂ kmº-Øn-I-am-μy-ßfpw h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ kvImap-Ifpwh¿[n-®p-h-cp∂ ]W-s∏-cp-∏hpw F√mw IqSn `qcn-]£wt]cp-sSbpwbYm¿Y hcp-am\w KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\pImc-W-am-bn. F≥tdm¨s]mfn-™mepw selva≥{_tZgvkv s]mfn-™mepwBcp ]m∏-c-Sn-®m-epw,\jvS-s∏-Sp-∂XvAh¿°m¿-°p-a-√.Ahsc c£n-°m≥Kh¨-sa‚p-≠v. Zcn-{Z-cp-sSbpw CS-Ø-c-°m-cp-sSbpw sIm®p-sIm®p\nt£-]-ßfmWv Xń-sb-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

imkv{X-KXn 31

`m-c-Øn¬ sRcn-™-a-cp∂ Ahÿ Adn-bm-sX-Xs∂ Ah¿ B¿Øp-hn-fn®p: Cu hyhÿ amdWw; [\n-I-cmb Hcp iX-am-\-Øn-\p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p∂ hyh-ÿbpw k¿°mcpwamd-Ww. 2000-Øn¬ Bcw- n® thƒUvtkmjy¬ t^md-Øns‚ ap{Zm-hm-Iyw,“as‰mcp temIw km[y-amWv” F∂ap{Zm-hmIyw G‰p-hn-fn-°m≥ Ipd-®p-t]tc D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p. Ct∏mƒ e£-°-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ Xßƒ Adn-bm-sX-X-s∂ hnfn®p ]d™p: Cu hyhÿamd-Ww, as‰m∂p thWw.

F∂m¬ Cu “as‰m∂v” F¥mWv?IrXy-ambn \n¿h-Nn-°m≥ Ah¿°vC\nbpw Ign-™n-ń-√. ]n≥h-en®GXm\pw B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®m¬ ˛ apX-em-fn-h¿K-Øn\v AXvIgn-bpw ˛ Ct∏m-gsØ ka-c-Øns‚tk vSn hm¬hv Xpd-°pw. ka-c-hocywBhn-bm-bn-t∏m-Ipw. Cu km[y-X-bp-≠v.kmaq-ly- -km-º-Øn-I-hy-hÿ amdnbm-e-√msX bYm¿Y tamN\w km[y-a-s√∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw Ipd-hm-Wv. ]s£ h¿[n -®p -h -cp -∂p -≠v.\yqtbm¿°v amK-kn≥ \S-Ønb HcpsNdnb A`n-{]mb k¿th-bn¬ 37 iX-am\w t]¿ ]d™p: “apX-em-fnØwASn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ A[m¿an-I-am-Wv, AXns\ c£-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-In-√.” icn-bm-Wv. 46 iX-am\w t]¿, “apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn XI-cm-sdm-∂p-an-s√∂pw ]s£ \nb-{¥WwthWw” F∂pw A`n-{]m-b-s∏- n- p-≠v.apX-em-fnØw am\-h-hn-Im-k-Øns‚ ]c-tam-∂-X-cq-]w BsW-∂pw, ‘Ncn{Xw’ChnsS Ah-km-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pwC\n-b-tßm´v h¿Ø-am-\-sa-bp≈pF∂pw ]d-™v, \h-en-_-d-en-k-Øn-s‚bpw DZm-c-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚bpwsImSn-°q-d-Iƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®v Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øn-s‚-Xmb ssP{X-bm{X Bcw- n-®Xv c≠p ]Xn-‰m≠p apºp am{X-am-Wv. Cu ssP{X-bm-{X-bnse ]S-\m-b-I-∑m¿, F≥tdmÏmcpw selvam≥{_tZgvkpw a‰p tIm¿]-td‰v oa-∑mcpw_m¶nMv òa -∑mcpw ]c -am -h[nsIm≈apX¬ ssI°-em°n ssIa-e¿Øn: kzbw ]m-∏-cmbn {]Jym-]n-®p.Ata-cn° 1920-Iƒ°v tij-ap≈G‰hpw ISpØ kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-te°v hgp-Xn-ho-Wp. e£-°-W-°n\v Ata-cn-°-°m¿°v Xß-fpsSPohn-X-Ime kºm-Zy-ßƒ apgp-h≥\jvS-s∏´p; Zi-e-£-°-W-°n\v t]¿°vsXm-gn¬ \jvS-s∏´p; hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ]Tn∏p apgp-an-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmsX ]pd-Øm-°-s∏´p; Xncn-®ShpIƒ apS-°n-b-

Xn-\m¬ e£-°-W-°n\v Bfp-IƒhoSp-I-fn¬\n∂v IpSn-bn-d-°-s∏-´p.F∂m¬ h≥]-W-°msc c£n-°m≥Kh¨sa‚p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿°vhºn® \nIp-Xn-bn-f-hp-Iƒ \¬-I-s∏-´p. km[m-c-W-°m¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂kmaq-ly-kp-c-£m-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒXI¿°-s∏´p; hr≤-cpsS NnIn-’m-ku-I-cy-ßƒ shń-°p-d-®p, s]≥j≥shń-°p-d-®p. Aßs\ kaq-l-Ønse`qcn-]£w t]sc (“hmƒkv{So‰v Iø-S-°¬” ka-c-°m¿ Chsc ‘99 iX-am\w’F∂pw kº-∂sc ‘Hcp iX-am\w’F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p) ‘99 iX-am-\’-°mscZcn-{Z-cm-°n-s°m≠v Hcp iX-am-\-Øns‚kºØv h¿[n-°p-∂p. Ign™ H∂pc≠p ]Xn-‰m-≠n-\p-≈n¬ Zcn-{Zcpw [\n-Icpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥-cw Fs¥-∂n-√msX h¿[n-®p. Ata-cn°bv°I-Øp-am-{X-a√ BtKm-f-X-e-Ønepw kº-∂-cm-Py-ßfpw Zcn-{Z-cm-Py-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈A¥cw h¿[n-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ auen-I-kz-`m-h-amWvXpS¿®-bmb Ak-a-Xz-h¿[-\. aqe-[-\-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v Bt]-£n-I-hpw,]e-t∏mgpw tIh-ehpw Bb Cu Ak-a-Xz-h¿[\ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Xß-fpsS\mSv P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-a-s√∂pw ]Wm-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-sW∂pw Ata-cn-°≥ ]uc-∑m¿°v tXm∂m≥ XpS-ßn-bn- p-≠v.

kz¬]w Ncn{XwCu Xncn-®-dn-hn¬\n∂pw KXn-sI-

´, Af-ap-ńb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂mWvC∂v, Ata-cn-°-bn-emsI AXn-thKwhym]n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ “hmƒkv{So-‰vv

Cu kacw Ata-cn-°-bnse tIm¿]-td‰v B[n-]-Xy-Øn\v sNdn-sbmcpBLmXw G¬]n-t®-°mw. F∂m¬ AXns\XI¿°m≥ ]cym-]vX-am-Ip-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°m-≥hø. Imc-Ww, AXns‚ÿm\Øv cq]w-sIm-t≈≠ hyh-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v Imcy-amb hnNn-¥-\-ß-sfm∂pw \S-∂n-ń√.em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°≥cmPy-ß-fpsS A\p-`-h-Øn¬\n-∂v ]Tn-°m≥{ian-®-h¿ C°q- -Øn¬A[n-I-sam-∂p-an-√. KXy-¥-c-an-√mØ Ahÿh∂-t∏mƒ D≠m-Ip∂{]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fmWn-h.Chbv°v k¿Km-fl-I-ambHcp Zni \¬I-W-sa-¶n¬{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-ambC≥]p´v \¬tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

32 \hw-_¿ 2011

Iø-S-°pI” F∂ {]t£m`w cq]w-sIm-≠-Xv. ‘AUv_Ã¿’ F∂ Iym\-U-bnse Hcp BIv‰nhnÃv {Kq∏v BWvCXn\p hnØp-]m-In-b-Xv. Ah-cm-Wv,apJy-ambpw C‚¿s\‰v hgn, BZy-ImekwLm-S\w \n¿h-ln-®Xpw “hmƒ-kv{So‰v Iø-S-°pI” F∂ ap{Zm-hmIywcq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xpw. hmƒkv{So-‰ns‚ _m¶¿amcpw sjb¿t{_m-°¿amcpwtIm¿]-td‰v {]am-Wn-am-cp-amb Hcp iX-am\w t]cpsS˛ A[n-Im-c-Ip-ØI XI¿-°pI F∂-XmWv AXns‚ A¿Yw.AXns‚ {]Xo-I-ambn hmƒ kv{So‰pwNp‰p-ap≈ {]-tZ-i-ßfpw A[n-\n-th-in-°pI F∂ {]mtbm-Kn-I-{]-h¿Ø\-amWv kam-[m-\-]-c-amb {]Xn-tj-[w,\nb-a-\n-tj-[w, A[n-\n-th-iw, ]n°-‰n-ßv, {]I-S-\-ßƒ, C‚¿s\‰v {]Nm-c-Ww apX-em-b-h-bmWv Ah¿ Bkq-{XWw sNbvX-Xv. Ata-cn-°≥ `cW-L-S-\-bpsS P∑-Zn-\-amb k]vXw-_¿17 CXn-\mbn Xncs™-Sp-ØXv F{XbpwA¿Y-K¿`-am-Wv. AXyp-∂Xw F∂v{]Io¿Øn-°-s∏- Xpw G‰hpw A[nIwZpcp-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏- Xpw Bb H∂mWvAta-cn-°≥ `c-W-L-S-\. “Ad_vhk¥w” F∂ t]cn¬ hnJym-X-am-b,CuPn -] vX v , SpWo -jy,en_n-b, F∂o cmPy-ß-fnse P\-Io-b-ap-t∂-‰-ß-fn¬\n-∂v, Ah-bpsS hnP-b-ß-fn¬\n-∂v, BthiwDƒs°m-≠p-sIm-≠mWv“hmƒkv{So‰v Iø-S-°pI”F∂ {]-t£m-`-]-cn-]mSncq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. CXns‚ImX-emb Unam‚ v hfsceLp-hmWv “A-ta-cn-°≥

cmjv{So-b-sØbpw P\-{]-Xn -\n -[n -I-sfbpw ]W-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn¬\n-∂vv

tamNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn{]kn-U‚ns‚ Hcp IΩo-j≥ \n›-bn-°-Ww.” {]-

t£m`w apt∂-dn-b-t∏mƒe£y-ßfpw hnI-kn-®p-h-∂p. F∂m¬ a¿aw, Ata-

cn -°≥ cmjv{So -bsØi‡-cmb B Hcp iX-am\w AXn-k-º-∂-∑m-

cn¬\n∂v tamNn-∏n-°pIF∂-Xp-Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p.

ka-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h-cn¬ `qcn-]-£-hpw

bphm-°-fm-Wv, 20 hb- n\pw 30 hb- n-\pw CS-bv°p≈-h¿. {]mbw Iq-Sn-b-h-cp-ap-≠v. ]ecpw Acm-P-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ BWv. hyXy-

kvX-cm-jv{So-b-ho-£-W-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv,hnhn-[-a-X-°m-cm-Wv. \yqtbm¿°nsekpt°mØn ]m¿°v BWv ka-c-°m-cpsS tI{μw. AXv kzIm-cy- q-an-bm-Wv.AXn-\m¬ ]cmXn In´n-bm¬ am{Xtas]meo-kp-Im¿°v Fs¥-¶nepw \S-]SnFSp-°m≥ Ign-bq.

ka-c-KXnkacw Bcw- n-®n´v Hcp amkw Ign-

™p. AXn-\n-Sbv°v kam-\-k-a-c-ßƒAta-cn-°-bn¬ Fºm-Spw, BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Xs∂ ]S¿∂n -cn -°p -∂p.hnbXv\mw bp≤-Øn-s∂-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tj-[-k-a-c-Øn\p tijw Atacn°I≠ G‰hpw henb P\-Iob ka-c-ambn hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bm-W-Xv.C‚¿s\‰mWv apJy-kw-Lm-S-t\m-]-I-cWw F∂p ]d-bmw. AXp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-scms°Øs∂ kwLm-S-I-cmWv,t\Xm-°-fm-Wv. Hcp tI{μo-Ir-X-t\-Xr-Xztam kwL-S-\tbm C√. ]ecpwCXns\ Hcp ta∑-bm-bn-°m-Wp∂p. Nn -bmb ta¬Iogv k{º-Zm-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-SnbkwL-Sn-X-{]-ÿm-\-ßsf ]ecpw b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah-cpsS bw ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-a-√. ]s£ Hcp Imcyw Ah¿

a\- n-em-°p-∂n-√. C{Xbpw i‡-ambHcp `c-W-IqSw D≈ Hcp cmPyØvIogvta¬ {Ia-ßsf \ntj-[n-®v, A®-S-°sØ \ntj-[n®v Hcp ]cn-h¿Ø\wFßs\ km[y-amIpw? AXn-\m-h-iy-amb AShpw X{¥-hp-sam∂pw Acm-P-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ°n√. AtX kabw P\-i-{Xp-°ƒ°v, Hcp iX-am-\-°m¿°v IrXy-amb X{¥-ßfpw AS-hp-Ifpw D≠v.Ahsc tXm¬]n-°m≥ Bh-iy-ambi‡n kw -cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ {]Xn-tj-[-k-a-c-ßƒ°v Hcps]mXp-Zni D≠m-bn-hc-Ww. F¶nteAh-bpsS BI-Øp-I, Awi-ß-sf-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-Iq. Cu s]mXp-Zni\¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ D]m-[n-bmWv {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xw. B ]Zw tIƒ°p-tºmƒ-Xs∂ ]e¿°pw t]Sn-bm-Wv. tkmjy-en-khpw Iayq-Wn-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠p am{Xta Bfp-Iƒ°v B]Zw a\- n-em-Iq. Ia-yq-Wn-ksØ,AsX-¥mWv F∂v Adn-bm-sX, Ata-cn-°-bnse apX-em-fn-Ø-K-h¨sa‚ v\nc-¥-c-ambn \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp∂A{I-a-Wm-fl-I-amb Zpjv{]-N-c-W-ßƒam{Xw tI´v hf¿∂n-´p≈ Hcp Xe-ap-dbv°v, B ]Zw bw D≠m-°n-sb-¶n¬

AXn¬ A¤p-X-∏-Sm-\n-√.AtX-t]mse Iogvta¬kwhn-[m-\-sØ, A®-S-°sØ, Atß-b‰w Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNbvX 20-˛mw\q‰m-≠nse tkmjy-enÃv]co-£-W-ß-fpsS A\p-`-

hhpw C∂sØ D¬]-Xnjvv-Wp-°sf Bth-iw-sIm-≈n-°p-∂-h-b-√. IqS-p-X¬ ka-

{K-amb Hcp ho£-W-Øn-s‚ Bhiyw ]ecpwNq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.

H‰bv°pw sX‰bv°pw“h¿K-c -ln -X -k-aqlw”F∂ Bibw tIƒ-°mw.

F∂m¬ AØ-c-Øn-ep≈Hcp hnπhw C∂v ka-c-°m-cn¬ `qcn-]-£-Øn-s‚bpw

AP-≠-bn-en-√. Hcp iX-am-\-Øns‚, Ah-cpsS ]W-

Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-i‡n

XI¿°-W-sa-¶n¬, 99 iX-

am-\-Øn\v Xß-fpsS Pohn-

X-Øn-\p-ta¬ A[n-Imcw

D≠mI-W-sa-¶n¬, apX-em-

fn-Ø-tØmSv Fs∂-t∂-°p-

ambn hnS-]-dt™ H°q.AtX kabw 20-˛mw \q‰m-

≠nse tkmjy-enÃv ]co-£-W-ßƒ°v ]‰nb sX‰p-Iƒ hcp-ØmsX t\m°p-

imkv{X-KXn 33

Ibpw thWw. Aß-s\-bp≈ Hcp Xe-Øn-te°p Db-cm≥ th≠ A\p-`-hßƒ G‰hpw A[nIw D≈ \mSmWvAta-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ. Xt±-io-b-am-bn, ]pXnb Xc-Øn-ep≈ kaq-l-ßƒ sI´n-∏-Sp-°m-\mbn Ht´sd ]co-£-W-ßƒ AhnsS \S-°p-∂p-≠v.XnI®pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb Xt±-iobÿm]-\-ßƒ°v kmaq-ly-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-am-bp-ap≈ ]cn-]¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p-th≠n K-Wy-amb kΩ¿Zw sNep-Øm≥ Ign -bp -∂-XmWv. F∂m¬“hmƒkv{So‰v Iø-S-°¬” ka-c-Øn¬]¶m-fn-I-fmb `qcn-]£w sNdp-∏-°m¿°pw Iayq-Wn-kw, tkmjy-en-kw,apX-emb Bi-b-ßƒ Atcm-N-I-am-Wv; Ah¿ Xt±-i-k-º-Zvhy-hÿ F∂Bi-b-hp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-cm-Wv.

Cu kacw Ata-cn-°-bnse tIm¿]-td‰v B[n-]-Xy-Øn\v sNdn-sbmcpBLmXw G¬]n-t®-°mw. F∂m¬AXns\ XI¿°m≥ ]cym-]vX-am-Ip-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°m-≥ hø. Imc-Ww,AXns‚ ÿm\Øv cq]w-sIm-t≈≠hyh-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v Imcy-amb hnNn-¥-\-ß-sfm∂pw \S-∂n- n√. em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°≥ cmPy-ß-fpsS A\p- -h-Øn¬\n-∂v ]Tn-°m≥ {ian-®-h¿ C°q-´-Øn¬A[n-I-sam-∂p-an-√. KXy-¥-c-an-√mØAhÿ h∂-t∏mƒ D≠m-Ip∂ {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fmWn-h. Chbv°v k¿Km-fl-I-amb Hcp Zni \¬I-W-sa-¶n¬ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-amb C≥]p v \¬tI-≠n-bn-cn -°p-∂p. ssat°¬ jpam-s\-t∏mse Xt±-i-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn\p th≠ni‡-ambn hmZn-°p-∂-h¿t]mepw (tKm-bnßv tem°¬) apX-em-fn-Ø-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS N -°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬\n-∂p-sIm-≠p-am-{X-amWv ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ tXSp-∂-Xv.

Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ hyhÿapX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ Imew Ign-

™n-cn -°p -∂p. Gdn -°-hn -™m¬GXm\pw ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ IqSn. AXn-\p -≈n¬ AXv amdn ]pXn-sbmcphyhÿ sIm≠p-h-c-Ww. As√-¶n¬AXv Xms\ as‰m-∂mbn amdpw ˛_m¿_-dnkw AYhm ImS-Øw. 1972,1992, 2002 B≠p-I-fn¬ ¢_v Hm v tdmw\S-Ønb ]T-\-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂XvAXm-Wv. am\-h-PmXn AXns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb bm{Xm-]-Y-Øn¬\n∂v t_m[-]q¿hw amdn--bn-s√-¶n¬ Hcp ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I- -km-º-ØnI Zpc¥w \n›-b-amWvF∂-s{X Ah-cpsS \nK-a\w. AXm-Is´ AXn-hn-Zq-c-a-√-Xm-\pw. hn -h-timj-Ww, amen-\y-h¿[-\, `£y-£mawF∂n-h-bp-sS-sb√mw e-ambn temI-P-\-kwJy IpØs\ Ipd-bp-sa-∂mWv]T-\-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. Aß-s\-

bp≈ Hcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kv]ojo-kns‚ kzm`m-hn-I-Kp-W-ß-sf√mw \jvS-s∏-Sp∂p; arK-k-l-P-hm-k-\-Iƒ aq¿—n-°p-∂p, a’cw aq¿—n-°p-∂p, kwL¿-j-ßfpw bp≤-ßfpw aq¿—n-°p-∂p. qan-bmsI ]e-X-hW Np´p-I-cn -°m≥th≠{X AWp-B-bp-[-ti-J-c-ßƒD≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ CXv ]q¿W-\m-i-Øn-te-°mWv \bn-°p-I. a\p-jy-PmXn\mam-h-ti-j-am-bn-s√-¶n¬t]mepw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂-h¿ arK-k-am-\-cm-bn-am-dpw.ImS-∑m-cmbn amdpw.

Xf-cm≥ ]mSn√Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Hcp kmaq-ly-hn-

πhw \S-°p-I-sb-∂Xv temI-Øns‚BsI Bh-iy-am-Wv. ImcWw hnπhw\S∂n-s√-¶n¬ Ata-cn-° temIsØ\in-∏n°pw ˛ hn`-h-tim-j-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw amen-\y-h¿[-\-hn-eq-sSbpwbp≤-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw. AXn-\m¬ sk]vXw-_¿ 17 \v Bcw-`n® “hmƒ kv{So‰vIø-S-°¬” {]ÿm\w hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-tc≠Xv \ΩpsS IqSn Bh-iy-amWv. AXv Xf-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv.AXn\v ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw {]mtbm-Kn-Ihpw Bb F√m klm-b-ßfpw\¬IWw.

• Ata-cn° AXns‚ ssk\n-I-s®-ehv KWy-ambn Ipd-bv°-Ww,Aßs\ an®w hcp∂ ]Ww 99

iX-am-\-Øns‚ D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbnsNe-hm-°-Ww.

• A[zm-\-k-abw BgvN-bn¬ 40 aWn-°q-dn¬\n∂v 30 aWn-°q-dmbnIpd®v C∂v sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h¿°papgp-h≥ sXmgn¬ \¬Imw.

• {]Xn-h¿jw Hcp e£w tUmf-dn-e-[nIw hcp-am-\-ap-≈-h-cpsSta¬FIvkv{Sm \nIpXn G¿s∏Sp-Ømw.Aßs\ In´p∂ ]Ww sIm≠vvhr≤¿°v, tcmKn-Iƒ-°v, sXmgn-se-Sp-°m≥ ]‰m-Ø-h¿°v Hs° IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂-tXm-Xn¬ klmbw\¬Imw.

CsXms° \S-°-W-sa-¶n¬ AhnsStkmjy-enÃv kz`m-h-ap≈ Hcp `c-W-IqSw thWw. Npcp-ßn-b-]£w Zcn-{Z-tcmSp Iqdp≈ Hcp Kh¨sa‚ v. P\-ßƒ sUtam-{Im-‰p-I-sfbpw dn∏ªn-°-∑m-scbpw ssIhn-Sm≥ Xøm-dm-I-Ww.CXn-t\m-sS√mw C¥y≥ P\X sFIy-Zm¿Vyw {]I-Sn-∏n-°-Ww.

\ΩpsS kz¥w Xt±-i-k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-Iƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw Ata-cn-°≥ D¬]-∂-ßƒ _ln-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xpw Ata-cn-°-°m-cpsS hnI-k-\-k-¶¬]-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂Xpw Hs° Cu ka-c-Øns‚ mK-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS kacw \ΩpsS kacwIqSn-bm-Wv.

34 \hw-_¿ 2011

ckX{¥ws{]m^. sI.-B¿. P\m¿±-\≥

]co-£-W-Øns‚ i‡nbpw kuμ-cyhpw {]m[m-\y-hp-amWv imkv{X-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X. F{X DPz-e-ambkn≤m-¥-am-bmepw Bi-b-am-bm-epw, D]-⁄m-Xmhv F{X {]kn-≤-\m-bmepw]co-£-W-ßƒ hgn sXfn-bn-°p-tºmƒam{X-amWv AXv imkv{X-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. imkv{Xob kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS hnizm-ky-Xbpw B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbpw imkv{X hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pwimkv{X-X-Xv]-c-cmb hy‡n-Iƒ°pwt_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]co-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. tP¿W-ep-I-fnepw sSIvÃp-_p-

°p-I-fnepw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂]co-£-W-ßƒ, temI-Øns‚ hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn-ep≈ ]co-£-W-im-e-I-fn¬]p\-cm-hnjv°cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw icn-t\m-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. imkv{X Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fmbnØo¿∂]e kn≤m-¥-ßƒ°pw hgn sXfn-®XvNne eLp ]co-£-W-ß-fm-Wv. imkv{X-Øn¬ kph¿W en]n-I-fn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ Hcp ]co-£-W-amWv dpY¿-t^m¿Uns‚ kz¿W-]{X ]co-£-Ww(Gold leaf experiment). B‰(-A-Wp)-Øns‚ LS-\-sb-∏‰n BZy icn-bmb

Nn{Xw \ap°v e`n-®Xv Cu ]co-£-W-Øn-eq -sS -bm -W-t√m. \yq¢n -bm¿kb≥kv (B-Wh imkv{Xw) F∂imkv{X-im-Jbv°v lcn{io Ipdn® Cu]co-£-W-Øns‚ 100- mw hm¿jnIw 2011-˛¬ temI-sam- msI sIm≠m-S-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. A¥m-cmjv{S ck-X-{¥-h¿jw-˛2011 s‚ BtLmj ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°vam‰p-Iq- m≥ DX-Ip-∂-XmWo 100- mw ]nd-∂mƒ. kz¿W-]{X ]co-£-W-Øns‚Ncn-{X-]-chpw ssk≤m-¥n-I-]-c-hp-amb{]m[m-\y-Øn-te°v IS-°p-∂-Xn\papºv GWÃv dpY¿t^m¿Uv F∂

No¶-Æn-bpsS

]co-£-W-Øn\v 100 hb v

No¶-Æn-bpsS

]co-£-W-Øn\v 100 hb v

an°-hmdpw F√m imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿°pw Ah-cpsS G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-Øn-\mWv t\m_¬ kΩm\w \¬Im-dv. F∂m¬ AXn-i-b-sa∂v ]d-b-s´,dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw al-Ømb I≠p]nSp-Ø-ß-fmb B‰-Øns‚ \yq¢n-b¿ amXr-I-bvt°m, aqe-I-ß-fpsS Ir{Xna cq]m-¥-co-I-c-W-Ønt\m A√ t\m_¬ kΩm\w e`n-®-Xv. Ah-sbms° t\m_¬kΩm\w \¬I-s∏-´-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

imkv{X-KXn 35

alm-\mb imkv{X-⁄s\ \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

No¶-Æntbm hymfntbmkp{]-kn≤ djy≥ uXn-I-⁄≥

t]yXvdv Im-]n‰vk tIw{_n-Pv Im-h≥Unjv em_-d -´ -dn -bn¬ Xs‚Kpcphpw am¿K-Z¿inbpw Bbn-cp∂dpY¿t^m¿Uns\ No¶-Æn-sb-∂mWvhnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. imkv{X-Ønse hymfn(Dragon of Science) F∂ ]´hpwIm]n‰vk Xs‚ Kpcp-hn\v Nm¿Øn-sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. Ch-sbm∂pw dpY¿-t^m¿Uns\ Bt£-]n-°p-hm-t\m,A]-am-\n-°p-hmt\m \¬Inb ]cn-lmk \ma-ßƒ Bbn-cp-∂n-√. dpY¿-t^m¿Uv F∂ Akm-[m-cW hy‡n-XzsØ Adn-bm≥ {ian-®m¬ AXpt_m[y-s∏-Spw.

P\-\w, _meyw, hnZym-`ymkw1871-˛¬ \yqkn-e≥Un¬ sX°≥

Zzo]n¬ s\¬k¨ F∂ ]´-W-Øn-emWv GsWÃv dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ P\-\w. amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS ]{¥≠v a°-fn¬ \mem-a-\m-bn- mWv dpY¿t^m¿UvP\n-®-Xv. 1842- ¬ GsW-Ãns‚ ]nXmhvkvtIm´ve≥Un¬ \n∂pw sa®-s∏´PohnXw tXSn \yqkn-e≥Unte°v IpSn-tb-dn. 1855-˛-emWv At±-l-Øns‚IpSpw_w \yqkn-e≥Un¬ FØn-b-Xv.]n∂oSv Ah¿ AhnsS ÿnc Xma-k-°m-cm-bn, \yqkn-e≥Uv ]uc-∑m-cm-bn.A∂v Cw•o-jp-Imsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw \yqkn-e≥Uv ""temI-Øns‚at‰ A‰w'' Bbn-cp-∂p. 2011 BKÃv30- mw XobXn dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ 140- mwP∑-Zn -\ -am -bn -cp -∂p. _me-\mbdpY¿t^m¿Uv ]Tn-°m≥ _lp-an-Sp-°-\m-bn-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_-{]m-cm_v[w Gsd-bp-≠m-bn´pw ka¿∞-\mb GW-Ãn\v\√ hnZym- ymkw \¬Ip∂ Imcy-Øn¬Abm-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ {]tXyIw{i≤n-®p. kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw hnP-b-I-c-ambn ]q¿Øo-I-cn® dpY¿t^m¿Uv,s\¬k¨ ]´-W-Øn¬ Xs∂-bp≈-s\¬k¨ tImtf-Pn¬\n∂v 1889-˛¬Un{Kn Ic-ÿ-am-°n. ss{IÃv N¿®nseIm≥‰¿s_dn tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂mWvGWÃv _ncp-Zm-\-¥-c-_n-cpZw t\Sn-b-Xv. ùXn-I-Øn¬ AXo-h-Xm-Xv]cywD≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v B hnj-b-Øn¬ Xs∂ Kth-jWw Bcw-`n-®p.Hgnhp ka-b-ß-fn¬ tImtf-Pn¬ ]m¿SvssSw A[ym -] -I -\mbn tPmensNbvXmWv D∂-X-hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn\pwKth-j-W-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb kmº-ØnIw kam-l-cn-®-Xv. tdUntbm Xcw-K-ßƒ°v ams·-‰nIv Un‰-IvS¿ (Mag-netic detector) hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥bphm-hmb dpY-¿t^m¿Un\v Ign-™p.

slbn-\vdn®v sl¿Svkv tdUn-tbm-X-cw-K-ßƒ I≠p]n-Sn-®n´v A[nI Ime-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. tdUntbm Xcw-K-ß-fpsSKpW-[¿a-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p dpY¿t^m¿-Uns‚ Kth-jW hnj-bw. CXp-kw-_-‘n®v At±lw Xbm-dm-°nb c≠v{]_-‘-ßƒ D∂-X-\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-bpsS ]n≥_-e-Øn¬ FIvkn-_n-j≥ kvtImf¿-jn∏ve`n-®p. b-Ym¿∞-Øn¬ kvtImf¿jn-∏n\v At]-£n-®-h-cn¬ dpY¿t^m¿-Un\v c≠mw ÿm\-am-bn-cp-∂p. H∂mw-ÿm-\-°m-c≥ \yqkn-e≥Uv hnSm≥XmXv]-cy-an-√m-sb∂v Adn-bn-®-t∏mƒdpY¿t^m¿Uv H∂mw-ÿm-\Øv FØn.A-sXmcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn. Cw•-≠nse{]i-kvX-amb tIw{_nUvPv k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse Imsh≥Unjv em_-d-´-dn-bn¬ D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn\pw Kth-j-W-Øn\pw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-IbpwsNbvXp. GsW-Ãns‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬am{X-a-√m, imkv{X-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Ønepw AsXmcp kp{]-[m\ kw`-h-ambnØo¿∂p. \yqkn-e≥Un¬ \n∂pwGXm≠v hS°p ]Sn-™mdv `mKØvÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-tØmfwIntem-ao-‰¿ AI-se-bp≈ Cw•-≠n¬FØn-t®¿∂p dpY¿t^m¿Uv.

sP.-sP. tXmwks‚ Iogn¬Kth-j-Ww

Imsh≥Unjv em_-d-´-dn -bn¬.hn{ip-X-\mb sP.-sP. tXmwks‚(J.J.Thomson) ta¬ t\m´-Øn-emWvGWÃv dpY¿t^m¿Uv Kth-jWwBcw-`n-®-Xv. 1895-˛¬ tIw{_n-UvPn¬Ime-Sn-h-®-tXmsS Xs‚ tdUntbmXcwK Kth-j-W-tØmSv dpY¿t^m¿Uv

hnS ]d-™p. sP.-sP. tXmwk¨\n¿t±-in-®-X-\p-k-cn®v FIvkv civan-IƒhmX-I-ß-fn-eqsS ]mbn-°p-tºmƒ kw -hn-°p∂ Ab-Wo-I-c-WsØ kw_-‘n® ]T-\-ß-fn-te°v {i≤ Xncn-®p.tXmwk-Wp-ambn tN¿∂p \S-Ønb Cut{]mPIvSv hgn hmX-Iob Ab-Wo-I-cWw kw_-‘n® Hcp kn≤m¥w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p. ssk≤m-¥nI ]T-\-ß-tf-°mƒ {]mtbm-KnIimkv{X-Øn¬ XXv]-c-\m-bn-cp∂pdpY¿t^m¿Uv. F∂m¬ sP. -sP.tXmwkWpambp≈ _‘w AXn-semcp sNdnb am‰w D≠m-°n.F¶nepw ]co-£-W-ß-fm-bn-cp∂pdpY¿t^m¿Un\v IqSp-X¬ XmXv]-cyw.Imsh≥Unjv em_-d-´-dn-bnse Pohn-Xw, Ce-Ivt{Sm-ao-‰-dp-Iƒ, FIvkvtd-Syq-_p-Iƒ, ]mc-e¬ IÜ≥k-dp-Iƒ,hmbp-{]-hmlw krjvSn-°m-\p-X-Ip∂b{¥-ßƒ XpS-ßnb D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-ßƒ e`y-am-bn.ùXnIw Xs∂-bmWv Xs‚ XÍwF∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm\pw CtXmsSdpY¿t^m¿Un\p Ign-™p. FIvkvcivan-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw Ab-Wo-I-c-W-sØ-∏-‰nbpw dpY¿t^m¿Uv \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-ßƒ, hnh-c-Wm-flI (Descriptive)DZyaw F∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂v Af∂pXn -s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ imkv{Xob{]h¿Ø\w F∂ \ne-bn -te°vDb¿Øm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn F∂v sP.-sP.-tXmw-k¨ Xs∂ AwKo-I-cn-®XvdpY¿t^m¿Un\v IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn-ep≈ Kth-jW ]T-\-ß-fn-te°v IS-°p-hm≥ ss[cyw \¬In. auenI ]cn-am-W-ßƒ (Fundamental quantities)

36 \hw-_¿ 2011

IrXy-ambn Af∂p Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]‰p∂ D]m-b-ßƒdpY¿t^m¿Uv Bhn-jvI-cn-®p.

FIvkv civan Kth-j-W-Øn¬ Ah-ew-_n® sa{Sn-°¬kao-]\w (Metrical approach)D]-tbm-Kn®v tdUntbm BIvSo-h -X -sb-∏‰n ]Tn -°p -hm≥dpY¿t^m¿Uv apt∂m-ń-d-ßn.1896- ¬ sl‚n-s_-Iz-d¬ hfscA{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn tdUntbmBIvSo -hX I≠p-]n -Sn -®p.hmXI X∑m-{X-Isf Ab-Wo-I-cn°p∂Xn-\p≈ Hcp _Z¬am¿K-sa∂ \ne-°mWvdpY¿t^m¿Uv bptd-\nbw hnIn-c-W-ßsf ]cn-K-Wn-®-Xv. hmX-Iob Ab-Wo-I-cWw kw_-‘n® kn≤m¥w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ Sqƒ (Tool) Bbnam{X-amWv 1897-˛¬ tdUntbmBIvSo-h-Xsb At±lw I≠-Xv. F∂m¬ bptd-\nbw hnIn-c-W-sØ-∏‰n Xs∂-bmWv ]Tn-t°-≠Xv F∂v 1898-˛¬ dpY¿-t^m¿Uv a\- n-em-°n. aqeIB‰-ß-fpsS AWp-tI-{μ-Øn\vkzX-£bw kw -hn-°p∂ {]Xn-`m-k-amWv tdUntbm BIvSo-h-X-sb∂v AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´Xv dpY¿-t^m¿Un-s‚bpw Iyqdn Zº-Xn-am-cp-sSbpw Kth-j-W-ß-sf XpS¿∂mWv.tdUntbm hnIn-c-W-ßsf Xo¿Øpwteme-amb teml-]m-{X-ß-fn-te°v]mbn®v \S-Ønb ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬\n∂v c≠v hyXy-kvX-Xcw hnIn-c-W-ßsf Xncn-®-dn -bp-hm≥ Ign-™p.Chbv°v B¬^civanI-sf∂pw _o‰civan-I-sf∂pw dpY¿t^m¿Uv t]cn´p.Hcp Im¥n-I-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ G‰hpwA[nIw hyXn-N-e\w kw`-hn-°p∂civan-I-sf-bmWv _o‰ civan-Iƒ F∂vkqNn-∏n-®-Xv. B¬ -I-W-ßƒ°v _o‰

civan-I-fp-sS-b{X hyXn-N-e\w D≠m-hp-∂n-√. Ah-bpsS hyXn-N-e\w _o‰civan-I-fpsS FXn¿h-i-tØ°pw Bbn-

cn-°pw. i‡-amb Ab-Wo-I-cW kz`m-h -ap -≈-XmWv B¬^civan -Iƒ.F∂m¬ _o‰civan-Iƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬

Zp¿_-e-am-Wv. B¬^civan-Iƒ°v [\-Nm¿Ppw _o‰civan-Iƒ°v EWNm¿Pp-am-sW∂pw Is≠-Øn. Im¥n-I-a-WvU-

e-Øn¬ hyXn-N-e\w kw`-hn-°mØaq∂m-a-sXmcp Xcw civan-Iƒ IqSn]n∂oSv Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏- p. Ch-bmWv Kma

civan-Iƒ. Kma-c-ivan-Iƒ, FIvkv civan-I-sf-t∏mse hkvXp-°-fn-eqsS Xpf®pIb-dp-∂-Xm-sW∂v ]co-£-W-ßƒsXfn-bn-®p. Kth-jW ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬

D≠mb am‰amWv Xs‚ Pohn-X-Ønse\n¿Wm-b -I -amb \nan -j -sa∂vdpY¿t^m¿Uv {]kvXm-hn-®n- p-≠v.

aIvKn¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬tam¨{Sn-tb¬ \Kc (Im-\-U)-

Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ aIvKn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse ùXnI hn`mKws{]m -k¿ ÿm\w dpY¿t^m¿Uns\tXSn-sb-Øn. aIvKn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse ùXnI hn`m-Kw A°m-esØG‰hpw sa®-s∏´ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. ÿe-ku-I-cy-ap≈ sIń-S-ßƒ, B[p-\nID]-I-c-W-ßƒ, ITn-\m-[zm\w sNøm≥Xøm-dp≈ A[ym-]-Icpw hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw CsXms° aXn-bt√m Hcp ÿm]-\sØ {]i-kvX-am-°m≥. Xmc-X-tay\BI¿j-I-amb iº-f-amWv dpY¿t^m-¿Un\v hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏- -Xv. A°m-eØv ]pI-bne hym]m-c-Øn-eqsStImSo-iz-c-\mbn amdnb k¿ hneywamIvtUm-\mƒUv, aIvKn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-ebv°v ssIb-b®v kw`m-h\ \¬In-b-Xn-\m¬ AhnsS H∂n\pw Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ùXn-I-hn-`mKw ko\n-b¿s{]m -kdpw nkn-°¬ em_-d- -dn-I-fpsS Ub-d-IvS-dp-am-bn-cp∂ tPm¨tImIvkv (John Cox) `c-W-Im-cy-ß-ƒ°pw A[ym-]-\-Øn\pw ap≥K-W\\¬In-b-tXmsS Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]q¿W-Np-a-Xe dpY¿-t^m-

¿Un\v \¬I-s∏-´p. Aßs\tIhew 27 hb v am{X-ap≈dpY¿t^m¿Uv Hcp bqWn-th-gvkn‰n hIp∏p ta[m-hnbmbnØo¿∂p. sP.-sP.-tXmw-ks‚ip]m¿ibpw A\p-{K-lhpwdpY¿t^m¿Un\v Cu henbNpa -Xe Gs‰-Sp -°p -hm≥ss[cyw \¬In. Xs‚ kwL-S-\m -]m -S -hhpw {]Xn -`bpwBflm¿∞Xbpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ kph¿Wm-h-k-c-ambndpY¿t^m¿Uv Cu \nb-a -\sØ I≠p. aIvKn¬ bqWn-th -g vkn‰n em_-d -´ -d nsbtemtIm-Øc \ne-hm-c-Øn-te°v Db¿Øm-\p≈ {ia-ß-fn-emWv bphm-hmb dpY¿t^m-¿Uv {i≤-tI-{μo-I-cn-®-Xv. s{ -U-dnI v tkmUn (FederickSoddy), s_¿{Smw t_mƒSvhpUv(Bertram Boltwood), Hmt´m-lm≥(OttoHahn) XpS-ßnb A°m-esØ {]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fmbimkv{X-⁄-∑m-cp-ambn kl-I-cn® v {]h¿Øn-°p -hm\pwdpY¿t^m¿Un\v Ign-™p.

\o≠-Ime {]W-bhpwhnhm-lhpw

kmº-ØnI kpc-£n-X-XzhpwDtZym-K-ÿn-c-Xbpw t\Sn-b-t∏mƒ hnhm-ln-X-\m-Im≥ dpY¿t^m¿Uv Xocpam\n-®p. 1900 th\¬°m-eØv Xs‚ Imap-In-bmb tacn \yq´s\ hnhmlw Ign-°m≥ th≠n At±lw \yqkn-em≥Un-te°v aS -ßn. ss{IÃv N¿®n¬hnZym¿∞n Bbn -cp∂ ImeØvdpY¿t^m¿Uv Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ hoSns‚DS-a-bpsS ]p{Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p tacn. Cw•-≠n-te°v bm{X Xncn -°p-∂-Xn\vapºpXs∂ Ah-cpsS hnhm-l-\n-›bwIgn-™n-cp-∂p. tIw{_n-Pn¬ FØn-b-tijw XpS¿®-bmbn Xs‚ Imap-In°vIsØ-gp-Xp-∂-Xn¬ dpY¿t^m¿UvbmsXmcp hogvNbpw hcp-Øn-bn-√.aIvKn¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ tPmen-Øn-c-°n-\n-S-bnepw {]W-b-te-J-\-ß-fpsScN-\-bn¬ Ipdhv h∂n-√. tIw{_n-Pn¬\n∂v tacn°v Fgp-Xnb BZysØIØn¬ ""Fs‚ hnP-bw an°-hmdpwRm≥ X\nsb Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ Kth-jW]cn-]m-Sn-Isf B{i-bn-®n-cn°pw'' F∂vkqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp tImf-\n-bn¬\n∂v FØnb dpY¿t^m¿Un-t\m-Sv,XpS -°-Øn¬ tIw{_n -PnsesUtam¨kvt{S-‰-¿am¿ kl-I-cWat\m- mhw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√. as‰mcpbqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ \ns∂Øn sP.sPtXmwks‚ {]oXn kºm-Zn-® t]mÃv

imkv{X-KXn 37

{KmtPz‰v hnZym¿∞n-tbm-Sv a‰p bph-K-th-j-I¿°v Akq-b-tXm-∂n-b-Xn¬A¤p-X-s∏-Sm-\n-√-t√m. aIvKn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚iºfw 500 ]u≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-esØ {]ikvX `uXnI⁄\mb]ntbdnIyq-dn°v (Pierre Curie) e`n-®n-cp∂ iº-f-Øns‚ c≠v aSßv. (]p-I-bn-e-I-®-h-S-°m-cs‚ HuZm-cyw!). 1895apX¬ 1900 hsc dpY¿t^m¿Uv Imap-In-bmb tacn°v Ab® {]W-b-te-J-\-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ BI¿j-I-ambhy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ as‰mcp hiw Xpd∂pIm´p-∂h Bbn-cp-∂p. Imsh≥Unjvem_-d- -dn-bn¬ e`n-®-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ]Z-hnbpw A¥ pw aIvKn¬k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ e`y-am-b-t∏mƒ,hnhm-ln-X-\m-Im≥ ]‰nb kabw AXm-sW∂v dpY¿t^m¿Un\v tXm∂n.Aßs\ \o≠ {]W-b-Øn-\p-tijwtacnsb Xs‚ ]Xv\n-bmbn kzoI-cn-®p.GXm≠v Bdv amkw Kth-j-W-Øn-t\mSv hnS ]d-tb≠ ÿnXn hntijwCXn-\m¬ kwPm-X-am-bn.

\yq¢n-bm¿ kb≥knse\yq´¨

""dpY¿t^m¿Uv, ]c -tam -∂Ximkv{X-⁄≥'' (Rutherford, ScientistSupreme) F∂ Xs‚ {KŸ-Øn¬tPm¨ Imw]vs_¬ (John Campbell)AWp uXn-I-Øn¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ÿm\w, ]cn-Wm-a-Øn¬ Um¿hn≥,_e-X-{¥-Øn¬ \yq´¨, Bt]-£n-I-X-bn¬ sF≥ssÃ≥ F∂o alm-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w BsW∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.\yqkn-e≥Un¬ \n∂p XpS-ßn-b, Cu{KmaoW I¿j-I-_m-es‚ A\-iz-c-X-bn -te-°p≈ {]bmWw AXy¥whnkva-b-I-c-am-sW∂pw Imw]vs_¬XpS¿∂v Fgp-Xp-∂p.

aIvKn¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n¬ c≠vA°m-Z-anI h¿jw tkh-\-ap-jvTn-®-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv dpY¿t^m¿Uv hnhm-l-Øn-\mbn \yqkn-e≥Un-te°v t]mb-X v . Cu Ime-L-´ -Øn¬, Xs‚BZysØ eIvN¿ t\m´p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°n; {]mtZ-inI {Smwth Iº-\n-bpsS]h¿lu-kn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ A]-I-S-I-c-amb Iº-\-ßƒ kw_-‘n®tI n¬ Hcp I¨kƒ´‚ v F∂ \ne-bn¬ tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cmbn; Xs‚CjvS hnj-b-amb tdUntbm BIvSo-h-X-bn¬ Kth-j-W-ßƒ XpS-cp-IbpwsNbvXp.

bptd-\n-bw, tXmdnbw XpS-ßnbtdUntbm BIvSo-h-aq-e-I-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpwAh D’¿Pn-°p∂ hnIn-c-W-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-ß-fn¬\n∂mWv dpY¿t^m¿Uv "A¿[m-bp v'

(Half life) F∂ k¶-ev]\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. Hcp \n›nX Afhv tdUntbmBIvSohv ]Zm¿∞w timj-Ww-aqew]Ip-Xn-bmbn Ipd-bm≥ FSp-°p∂ ka-b-am-Wv. A¿[m-bp v. Hcp aqe-IsØkw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXns‚ A¿[m-bpkv ÿnc-am-sW∂pw At±lw Is≠-Øn.

aIvKn¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ c≠m-asØ A°m-Z-anI h¿j-Øns‚ Ah-km\ ]mZ-Øn¬ as‰mcp Kth-jW]≤Xn IqSn dpY¿t^m¿Uv hnP-b-I-c-ambn ]q¿Øn-bm -°n. tdUntbmBIvSoh {]{In-b-bpsS Afhv \n¿W-bn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ]cn-am-Wm-flIem_-d-´dn {]h¿Ø\ k{º-ZmbwG¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv. Xs‚ injy-\mbamIv¢ßns‚ klm-b-tØm-sS, HcphmXIØn¬ Hcp tPmSn Atbm¨DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm≥ sNe-h-gn-°-s∏-Sp∂Du¿P-Øns‚ Afhv F{X-sb∂v \n›-bn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p. Cu Af-hn¬\n-∂v, bptd-\n-bw, tXmdnbw XpS-ßnbtdUntbm BIvSoh teml-ßƒD’¿Pn-°p∂ Du¿Pw F{X-sb∂vdpY¿t^m¿Uv I≠p-]n-Sn-®p. tdUntbmBIvSoh Du¿Pw Hcp km[m-cW cmk-{]-{Inb As√∂v At±lw {]kvXm-hn-®p. Cu {]kvXm-h\ hgn-bmWv s{^U-dnIv tkmUnbpw dpY¿t^m¿UpwtN¿∂v BWh Du¿Pw (Atomic en-ergy) Fs∂m-∂ns‚ AkvXnXzw BZy-ambn kqNn-∏n-®-Xv.

\qX\ B¬s°anss\{S-P≥ B‰sØ thK-ta-dnb

B¬^m-I-W-ßƒ sIm≠v shSn-sh®v(bombard) AXns\ HmIvkn-P≥ B‰-

FIvkv civan-I-sf-∏-‰nbpwAb-Wo-I-c-W-sØ-∏-‰nbpw dpY¿t^m¿Uv \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-ßƒ,hnh-c-Wm-flI DZyawF∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂vAf∂p Xn -s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂imkv{Xob {]h¿Ø\wF∂ \ne-bn-te°vDb¿Øm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn F∂v sP.-sP.-tXmw-k¨ Xs∂ AwKo-I-cn-®Xv dpY¿t^m¿Un\vIqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn-ep≈Kth-jW ]T-\-ß-fn-te°v IS-°p-hm≥ss[cyw \¬In. auenI]cn-am-W-ßƒ IrXy-ambnAf∂p Xn -s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]‰p∂ D]m-b-ßƒdpY¿t^m¿Uv Bhn-jvI-cn-®p.

38 \hw-_¿ 2011

ambn am‰n dpY¿t^m¿Uv Ncn{XwkrjvSn-®p. CXns\ aqe-I-ß-fpsS cq]m-¥-co-I-cWw (Transmutation of elements)F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. dpY¿t^m¿UpwtkmUnbpw tN¿∂v tdUntbm BIvSohhnL-S\w F∂ {]Xn- mkw ka-{K-ambn]Tn-°p-Ibpw hymJym-\n-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. CXv as‰mcp al-Ømb Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. ss\{S-P≥B‰sØ thK-ta-dnb B¬^-I-W-ßƒ sIm≠v shSn-sh®v HmIvkn-P≥B‰w B°nb ]co -£-W-Øn¬dpY¿t^m¿Uns\ klm-bn-®Xv \yqkn-e≥Un¬ \n∂p Xs∂ h∂ GsWÃvam¿kvsU≥ (Ernest Marsden) F∂bph kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp -∂p.Bh¿Ø\ ]ń-I-bnse enYnbwapX¬ Im¬knbw hsc-bp≈ 18 aqe-I-ß-fpsS AWp-tI-{μ-Øn-te°v D∂XDu¿P-\n-e-bn-ep≈ B¬ -mI-W-ßsfsXmSp-Øp-hn- -t∏mƒ Hmtcm aqe-IhpwBh¿Ø-\-∏-ń-I-bn¬ Hcp I≈napt∂-dp-Ibpw t{]mt´m¨ D’¿Pn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Iƒt]mse t{]mt´m-Wp-Ifpw {Zhy-Øns‚auenI IW-am-sW-∂p-≈-Xn\v {]Xy-£-amb sXfn-hm-bn-cp∂p Cu ]co-£-W-ßƒ. t{]mt´m¨, \yqt{Sm¨,B¬^-mI-W-ßƒ apX-emb IWn-I-Iƒ Hcp aqe-I-Øns‚ AWp tI{μ-Øn-te°v sXmSp-Øp-hn´v Hcp aqe-IsØ thsdm-∂m°n am‰pI hgndpY¿t^m¿Uv \qX\ B¬s°-an°vXpS-°-an- p.

B‰-Øns‚ πw]p-UnßvamXrI

alm-\mb sP.-sP. tXmwk¨ Ah-X-cn-∏n® B‰w LS-\sb kw_-‘n®amXr-I-bm-bn-cp∂p πw]p-Unßv amXr-I. ]Zm¿∞ {]]-©-Øns‚ CjvSn-I-bmWv Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ F∂v sP.-sP.tXmk¨ I≠p-]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂p. Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ°v EWNm¿Pm-Wp-≈-sX∂pw sXfn-bn-°-s∏- p. B‰w samØ-Øn¬ \yq{S¬ (neutral) BI-W-sa-¶n¬AXn¬ [\-Nm¿Ppw D≠m-I-Ww. Cu[\-Nm¿Pv B‰-Øn-emsI ]pUnßvt]mse hym]n®p InS-°p-sa-∂pw,CØcw ]pUn-ßn¬ ]Xn-®p-h-®n-cn-°p∂ "πw' ]g-°-j-W-ßƒ BWv Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ F∂pw At±lw k¶-ev]n-®p. XpS°w apX¬ Xs∂ Xs‚Kpcp Ah-X-cn-∏n® B‰-Øns‚ πw]pUnMv amXrI dpY¿t^m¿Un\v A{XkzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

kz¿W-]{X ]co-£Ww1907-˛¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uv tam¨{Sn-

tb¬ hn´v am©-Ã¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-

bn¬ FØn. ka-Im-enI imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cp-ambn ASpØ _‘w ]pe¿-Øm≥ IqSp-X¬ Ah-k-c-ßƒ Cw•-≠n¬ e`n-°p-sa∂v tXm∂n-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv At±lw tam¨{Sn-tb¬ hn -Xv.am©-Ã¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ h®vdpY¿t^m¿Uv \S-Ønb Hcp eLp-]-co-£Ww ]n∂oSv imkv{X-Øns‚hf¿®-bnse Hcp \n¿Wm-bI hgn-Øn-cn-hmbn amdn. B‰-Øn-s\-∏‰n apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ k¶-ev]-ßsf \ncm-I-cn®vAXns‚ LS-\sb kw_-‘n®auenI {]m[m-\y-ap≈ Adn-hp-I-fmWvdpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ ]co-£-W-Øn-eqsSshfn®w I≠-Xv. sP.-sP. tXmwkÄh-X-cn-∏n® B‰-Øns‚ LS-\sbkw_-‘n® πw]p-UnMv amXr-I-bmWvCXn-\m¬ Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏- -Xv.

am©-Ã¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬dntk¿®v Akn-Ã‚mbn ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp∂ lm≥kv ssKK¿, (Hans Geiger)dpY¿t^m¿Uv am©-Ã-dn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ kwL-Øn¬tN¿∂p. B¬^m-I-W-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v dpY¿t^m¿Uv \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬ ssKKdn\pw XmXv]cywD≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ c≠p-t]cpwtN¿∂v B¬ -mI-W-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw FÆp-∂-Xn\pw ]‰nb efn-X-am-b, F∂m¬ Imcy-£-a-amb HcpIu≠¿ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp.

dpY¿t^m¿Upw ssKKdpw tN¿∂vas‰mcp ]co-£-W-Øn\v Xbm-dm-bn.B¬^m-I-W-ß-fpsS {]Io¿W-\-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsSDt± -iyw. bphm -hmb GWÃvam¿kvsU≥ (Ernest Marsden) ]co-£-W-Øns‚ \S-Øn∏v Gs‰-Sp-Øp. hfsc

1911- ¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uv""\yq¢n-bm¿ B‰-Øns‚amXrI'' F∂ Xs‚Ncn{X {]kn-≤-amb{]_‘w ^ntem-tkm- n-°¬ amK-kn-\n¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. sk°‚n¬20000 Intem-ao-‰¿ thK-Øn¬ k©-cn-°p∂B¬^-I-W-ßƒkmam\yw `mcn-®XpwHmtcm∂pw c≠v bqWn‰v[\-Nm¿Pv hln-°p-∂-Xp-amWv. AØcw Hcp shSn-bp≠ kz¿W-]-{X-Øn¬Xń t\sc ]nt∂m°w]m-™m¬ AXn-s‚-b¿∞w, AXn-i-‡-ambHcp XS w AXp t\cn- p-sh-∂mWv. B XS wc≠v [\-Nm¿Pp-IƒXΩn¬ ASpØp h∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈ hnI¿j-W-am-Imw.

imkv{X-KXn 39

t\cnb, Hcp sk‚n-ao-‰-dns‚ 2000-˛¬Hcwiw am{Xw I\-ap≈, kz¿W-]-{X-Øn-te°v B¬ -I-W-ßƒ sXmSpØphn´m¬ Ahbv°v F¥v kw`-hn-°p-sa∂v \nco-£n-°m≥ dpY¿t^m¿Uv,ssKK-dn-t\mSpw am¿kvsU-∂n-t\mSpwBh-iy-s∏- p. C{Xbpw t\¿Ø teml-]m-fn°v 2000-Øn¬ ]cw B‰-ß-fpsSI\-amWv D≠m-hp-I. Cu temekz¿W-]-{X-Øn-eqsS F√m B¬ -I-W-ß-fpw IS∂p t]mIp-sa-∂mWv {]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]t£ Hcp AXn-ibwAhsc ImØn-cn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.an°-hmdpw F√m B¬^m-I-W-ßfpwXS- -sat\y teml-]{XØn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-bn. F∂m¬ Nne B¬^-mI-W-ßƒ ]e tImWp-I-fn¬ hyXn-N-en®vIS∂p t]mIp-∂-Xmbn I≠p. NneB¬^-mI-W-ß-fm-Is´ GXm≠v 900

bn¬ hyXn-N-en®v t\sc IpØs\t]mIp-∂-Xmbpw hfsc Ipd®v IW-ßƒ- 8000 IW-ß-fn¬ H∂v F∂ \nc-°n¬˛1800 Xncn™v B¬ -mI-W-ß-fpsS t{kmX- n\v ]n∂n¬ h®n-cp∂kn¶v kƒssÛv kv{Io\n¬ ]Xn-°pIbpw sNbvXp. kn¶v kƒssÛvkv{Io\n¬ I≠ aßnb an∂¬ BZy-ambn Z¿in-®Xv am¿kvsU≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. Ccp´p apdn-bn¬ \·-t\-{X-ßƒsIm≠v Z¿in -°m -\m -hmØ CuZp¿_e an∂¬ (Scientillation) ]nW-dp-Isf Hcp ssat{Im-kvtIm∏v D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv I≠-Xv. \nco-£Ww am¿kvsU-∂ns\ A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. Xm≥ \nco-£n® Imcy-ßƒ am¿kvsU≥ ssKK-dn-t\mSv dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXp. ssKK¿kzbw AXpImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp.F∂p Xs∂-b-√, kv{Io\n¬ sXfn™Hmtcm an∂-en-s‚bpw FÆ-sa-Sp-Øp.ssKK¿ £a-tbm-sS, hf-sc-tbsdkabw kv{Io\n¬ sXfn-bp∂ an∂-ep-I-tfbpw t\m°n Ccp∂p Ah¿. ssKK-dmWv dpY¿t^m¿Un-t\mSv hnhcw ]d-™-Xv. Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ kw`-hn®G‰hpw Ahn-izm-k-\o-b-amb kw`hwF∂mWv dpY¿t^m¿Uv B \nco-£-WsØ hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. 15 C©v shSn-bp≠ Hcp Snjyq t]∏-dn-te°v ]mbn-®-t∏mƒ AXv t]∏-dn¬ Xń t\scXncn®p h∂m¬ Fß-s\-bn-cn°pw?AØ-c-samcp A\p-`-h-am-bn-cp∂pkz¿W-]{X ]co-£-W-Øn¬ \n∂pwD≠m-b-sX∂v dpY¿t^m¿Uv {]kvXm-hn-®p. Cu AXn-ib kw`-h-Øn\vF¥mWv Imc-Ww, am¿kv sUt\m,ssKKdnt\m B ]co-£W e-ßsfhni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm-\m-bn-√. Ah¿ B]co-£Ww ]e XhW Bh¿Øn-®p.]co-£Ww \S-Øn-b-Xn-tem \nco-£-W-ß-fn-tem, bmsXmcp sX‰pw kw -hn-

®n-ń-√m-sb-∂-h¿ Dd∏p hcp-Øn. 1909-˛¬, Xß-fpsS al-Ømb ]co-£WwAh¿ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cu \nco-£-W-ßƒ°v hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬tI≠DØ-c-hm-ZnØw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpwdpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ Npa-X-e-bn¬ h∂p.1911-˛¬ Hcp Znhkw dpY¿t^m¿UvAXym-Àm-Z-tØmsS ssKK-dns‚ apdn-bn¬ sN∂v B‰w Fß-s\-bn-cn°pwF∂v Xm≥ I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xmbn {]kvXm-hn-®p. 1911-˛¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uv ""\yq¢n-bm¿ B‰-Øns‚ amXrI'' F∂ Xs‚Ncn{X {]kn-≤-amb {]_‘w ntem-tkm-^n-°¬ amK-kn-\n¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. sk°‚n¬ 20000 Intem-ao-‰¿thK-Øn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ B¬ -I-W-ßƒ kmam\yw mcn-®Xpw Hmtcm∂pwc≠v bqWn‰v [\-Nm¿Pv hln-°p-∂-Xp-amWv. AØcw Hcp shSn-bp≠ kz¿W-]-{X-Øn¬ Xń t\sc ]nt∂m°w ]m-™m¬ AXn-s‚-b¿∞w, AXn-i-‡-amb Hcp XS w AXp t\cn-´p-sh-∂mWv. B XS w c≠v [\-Nm¿Pp-Iƒ XΩn¬ ASpØp h∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈ hnI¿j-W-am-Imw.

B‰-Øn-\p-≈n¬ [mcmfw iq\y-ÿ-e-ap-≈-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ AXn¬ [\-ssh-ZypX Nm¿Pp-≈Xpw AXoh]nWvU-ap-≈-Xp-amb Hcp tI{μ-`mKwD≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw dpY¿t^m¿UvA\p-am-\n-®p. AXn-\m-emWv 900bpwAXn¬ IqSp-X-embpw D≈ tImWp-I-fn¬ Nne B¬^-I-W-ßƒ hyXn-N-en-®Xpw hfsc hfsc Ipd-sh-¶nepwNne IW-ßƒ 1800-bn¬ t\scXncn™v ]m™-Xpw, C°m-cy-ßƒ

B‰-Øn-\p-≈n¬ [mcmfwiq\y-ÿ-e-ap-≈-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ AXn¬[\-ssh-ZypX Nm¿Pp-≈Xpw AXoh ]nWvU-ap-≈-Xp-amb Hcp tI{μ-`mKw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw dpY¿t^m¿UvA\p-am-\n-®p. AXn-\m-emWv 900bpw AXn¬IqSp-X-embpw D≈tImWp-I-fn¬ NneB¬^-I-W-ßƒ hyXn-N-en-®Xpw hfsc hfscIpd-sh-¶nepw Nne IW-ßƒ 1800-bn¬ t\scXncn™v ]m™-Xpw,C°m-cy-ßƒ ssk≤m-¥n-I-ambn Xs∂ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ {]Xn- m-im-en-bmb dpY¿-t^m¿Un\vIgn-™p. CtXmsS B‰-Øns‚ LS-\sb kw_-‘n®v Hcp GI-tZi cq]-am-bn.

40 \hw-_¿ 2011

ssk≤m-¥n-I-ambn Xs∂ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ {]Xn-`m-im-en-bmb dpY¿-t^m¿Un\v Ign-™p. CtXmsS B‰-Øns‚ LS-\sb kw_-‘n®v Hcp GI-tZi cq]-am-bn. Ncn{Xw krjvSn®kz¿W-]{X ]co-£-W-Ønse \nco-£-W-ßƒ°v imkv{Xo-b-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒ \¬In-sIm≠v B‰-Øns‚ LS-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ BZysØ kn≤m¥wdpY¿t^m¿Uv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. AXn≥{]-Imcw Hmtcm B‰-Øn-s‚bpw {Zhy-am-\-Øns‚ knwl- m-Khpw AXns‚ tI{μ-_n-μp-hn¬ tI{μo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. CutI{μ _nμp-hmWv B‰-Øns‚ \yq¢n-b-kv. \yq¢n-b-kn\v [\-ssh-ZypXNm¿Pm-Wp-≈-Xv. \yq¢n-b-kn\v Np‰p-ambnhrØm-Im-c-Øn¬ EW-Nm¿Pp-≈Xpw{Zhy-am\w \s∂ Ipd-™-Xp-amb Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ F∂ IW-ßƒ hrØm-Im-c-]-Y-Øn¬ Np‰n-s°m-≠p-an-cn-°p-∂p.CXmWv \yq¢n-b¿ B‰w tamU¬AYhm dpY¿t^m-¿Uv B‰w tamU-¬.

t\m_¬ ]pc-kvImcwHcp ]q¿W-k-ab Kth-j-I-\mbn

{]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n®v A[n-I-ImewIgn-bp-∂-Xn\v apºp-Xs∂ 1908-˛¬dpY¿t^m¿Un\v ""aqe-I-ß-fpsS hnL-S-\hpw tdUntbm BIvSoh ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS ck-X-{¥hpw kw_-‘n®kq£va ]cn-tim-[-\-ßƒ°v'' t\m_¬kΩm\w \¬I-s∏- p. an°-hmdpw F√mimkv{X-⁄-∑m¿°pw Ah-cpsSG‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-Øn-\mWv t\m_¬ kΩm\w \¬Im-dv.F∂m¬ AXn-i-b-sa∂v ]d-b-s´,dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw al-Ømb I≠p]nSp-

Ø-ß-fmb B‰-Øns‚ \yq¢n-b¿ amXr-I-bvt°m, aqe-I-ß-fpsS Ir{Xna cq]m-¥-co-I-c-W-Ønt\m (artificial transmuta-tion of elements) A√ t\m_¬ kΩm\we`n -®-Xv. Ah-sbms° t\m_¬kΩm\w \¬I-s∏-´-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap≈I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. as‰mcp{]tXy-IX IqSn Cu ]pc-kvIm-c-Øn\vD≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp \√ `uXn-I-⁄-\mbn am{Xw Adn-bm≥ CjvS-s∏- n-cp∂dpY¿t^m¿Uv ck-X-{¥-Øn-emWvt\m_¬ kΩm-\-Øn\v A¿l-\m-b-Xv.ck-X{¥w tIhew Ãmºv tiJ-c-W-am-sW∂v ]cn-l-kn® dpY¿t^m¿Un\vck-X-{¥-Øn¬ Xs∂ imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿Ghcpw AXy-[nIw B{K-ln-°p∂t\m_¬ kΩm\w \¬I-s∏- Xv A°m-eØv Hcp N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-bn-cp-∂p.]n∂oSv At\Iw ]pc-kvIm-c-ßfpw_lp-a-Xn-Ifpw ÿm\-am-\-ßfpwdpY¿t^m¿Uns\ tXSn-sb-Øn.

injy-k-ºØv1900 apX¬ 1930 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L-

´ -Øn¬ \yq¢n -b¿ kb≥kn¬{]mhoWyw t\Snb imkv{X-⁄¿˛A-h-cn¬ ]ecpw t\m_¬ kΩm\w t\Sn-b-h¿-˛-ssKK¿ (Geiger), am¿kvsU≥(Marsden), tamkven (Mosely), NmUv-hn°v (Chadwick), ªm°-‰v (Blackett),lm¨ (Hahn), tkmUn (Soddy), t_m¿(Bohr), sP.-]n. tXmwk¨ (sP.-sP.tXmw-ks‚ ]p{X≥ sP.-]n. tXmwk¨)B∏nƒ´¨ (Appleton), ]Δ¬ (powell),BÃ¨ (Aston), Hm∏≥ssl-a¿(Oppenheimer), XpS-ßn-b-h¿ dpY¿t^m-¿-Uns‚ injytcm kl-{]-h¿Ø-Itcmklm-bn-Itfm Bbn-cp-∂p.

]mfn-t∏mb {]h-N\w\yq¢n-b¿ imkv{X-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-

bn´ dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ BWh Du¿Pw

kw_-‘n® {]h-N\w CXm-bn-cp-∂p.

""AWp-t -Z\w hgn e`y-am-Im≥ km[y-

X-bp≈ Du¿Pw Xo¿Øpw Ai-‡-amb

Xc-Øn¬s∏- -Xm-Wv. Cu B‰-ß-fpsS

cq]m-¥-co-I-cWw Hcp Du¿P-t{km-X- m-

Ip-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-h¿ anYym-`m-

jWw \S-Øp-I-bm-Wv.'' AWp-t`-Z\

irwJem{]Xn-{]-h¿Ø\w I≠p-]n-Sn-

°p-∂-Xn\v c≠p-h¿jw apºv 1937-˛¬

dpY¿t^m¿Uv Nc-a-a-S-™-Xn-\m¬

BW-thm¿P-Øns‚ {]mtbm-KnI D]-

tbmKw ImWm≥ Ign-™n-√. Akm-[y-

sa∂v dpY¿t^m¿Uv hn[n Fgp-Xnb

Imcyw km[n-®Xv C‰m-en-b≥ imkv{X-

⁄-\mb F≥dnt°m s^¿an BWv.

\yqt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ irwJem

{]Xn-{]-h¿Ø\w I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI hgn-

bmWv s^¿an CXp km[y-am-°n-b-Xv.

{]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fpsS Zo¿L-ho-£Ww

Nne-t∏mƒ sX‰n-t∏m-Imw. sF.-_n.-

Fw.s‚ ÿm]-I-\mb tXmakv hm vk-

Æn-s\-∏‰n Hcp {]kn-≤-amb IY-bp-

≠v. Hcn-°¬ At±lw ]d-™p. ""temI

hn]-Wn-bn¬ A©v Iºyq- -dp-Iƒt°

km[y-X-bp-≈q.'' ]ns∂ kw`-hn-®-

sX√mw Ncn{Xw!

Ncaw1914- ¬ dpY¿t^m¿Un\p {]`p-]-Zw

\¬Is∏´p. s\¬k-Wn -sebpw

tIw{_n-Pn-sebpw H∂mw {]`p F∂m-

bn-cp∂p HutZym-KnI ]Z-hn. AXn¬

]ns∂ At±lw dpY¿t^m¿Uv {]`p

F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. 1919-˛¬ Imsh≥Unjv

em_-d-´-dn-bpsS Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn. Xs‚

Kpcp-hmb sP.-sP. tXmwk¨ hln-®n-

cp∂ ÿm\-Øn\v "\yqkn-e-≠n¬

\n∂p h∂ No¶Æn' A¿l-\m-bn.

AWp-im-kv{X-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmb

GWÃv dpY¿t^m-¿Uv {]`p 1937-˛-¬

\ncym-X-\m-bn. F√mhn[ HutZym-KnI

_lp-a-Xn -I-tfmsS shÃvan≥Ã¿

Bs_-bn¬ sFkIv \yq´s‚ ih-Ip-

So-c-Øn\v ]Sn-™mdv hiØv sI¬hn≥

{]`p-hns‚ ih-Ip-So -c-Øn-\-S-pØv

dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ uXn-I-i-cocw adhv

sNø-s∏- p.

imkv{X Ncn-{X-Ønse BI¿j-I-

amb Hcp hy‡nXzw Bbn-cp∂p

dpY¿t^m¿Uv. At±-l-Øns‚ {]kn-

≤-amb kz¿W-]{X ]co-£-W-Øns‚

100- mw hm¿jnIw BtLm-jn-°-s∏-Sp∂

Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \ap°v At±-l-

Øns‚ ]mh-\-kva-c-Wbv°v apºn¬

BZ-cm-⁄-en-Iƒ A¿∏n-°mw.

imkv{X-KXn 41

imkv{Xws{]m^. sI ]m∏qń

\yq{Snt\m Hcp hnNn{X IW-am-Wv.imkv{X-cw-K-tØ-°p≈ AXns‚ hc-hp-Xs∂ kmam-\y-_p-≤nsb tNmZywsNbvXp-sIm-≠m-Wv. Ct∏m-fXv uXn-I-im-kv{X-Ønse kpÿm-]n -Xhpwk¿hm-Z-c-Wo-b-hp-amb Nne \nb-a-ß-sf-Øs∂ tNmZyw sNøp-I-bm-Wv.imkv{X-Øns‚ hf¿® F√m-°m-eØpw Cßs\ tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm-≠m-b-Xn-\m¬ imkv{X-⁄¿°nXn¬H´pw thh-em-Xn-bn√; Ah¿ icn°pwhenb Bth-i-Øn-em-Wv. (im-kv{X-hn-cp-≤cpw AsX)

hpƒ^vKmMv ]ufn (1900˛58) F∂kzn v ùXn -I -im -kv {X -⁄≥,1930IfpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ "\yq{Snt\mFs∂mcp IW-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww' F∂p]d-™Xv tIhew \nhr-Øn-tI-Sp-sIm-≠mWv; Hcp Iodm-apń Iodm≥ ]ufnsNbvX ISpw-ssI. kwKXn CXmWv:tdUntbm BIv‰ohv ]Zm¿Y-ßƒB¬^m, _o‰m, Kmam F∂n-ßs\aq∂p-Xcw hnIn-c-W-ßƒ DXn¿°p-∂p-≠v. Ahbv°v AXn- o-a-am-b{X Du¿Pw˛GXm\pw aney¨ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ thmƒ vD≠v. F∂m¬, ChnsS Kpcp-X-c-amb

Hcp {]iv\w. Hcp C\w tdUntbmBIv‰ohv ]Zm¿Yw ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp∂B¬^m IW-ßƒ°pw Kmam-I-W-ßƒ°pw Hcp \n›nX Du¿Pw BWp-≠m-hp-I. F∂m¬ _o‰m IW-ßƒ°vAß-s\-b√; ]qPyw apX¬ Hcp\n›nX amIvknaw hsc F¥v Du¿Php-am-Imw.

CXv imkv{X-⁄¿°v AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ {]bm-k-ap≈ Hcp Imcy-am-Wv.Imc-Ww, _o‰m-IWw F∂Xv Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ Xs∂-bm-sW∂v Ah¿ sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv Fß-

\yq{Snt\m

F∂ {]tl-fnI

\yq{Snt\m

F∂ {]tl-fnI

]co-£-W-e-£y-Øn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p Is≠-Ø¬. \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ{]Im-i-tØ-°mƒ IqSnb thK-Øn¬ k©-cn-®v, {]Xo-£n-®-Xnepw ap≥t] Ht]-cm-bn¬ FØp-∂p. 16111 XhW Cßs\ FØn-t®-cp∂ \yq{Sn-t\m-Isf Xncn-®-dn-™p. F√mw kqNn-∏n-®Xv Htc êw Xs∂. imkv{X-kwLw Ipg-ßn. H∂p-In¬,Xß-fpsS ]co-£W k÷oI-c-W-Ønepw Af-hp-I-fnepw Ft¥m sX‰p≠v;As√-¶n¬, C∂p-h-sc-bp≈ as‰√m ]co-£-W-ß-fnepw icn-sb∂p sXfn-™n- p-≈, Bt]-£n-IXm kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bmb XØzw˛ {]Im-i-{]-th-K-Øns‚ Aew-L-\o-b-X˛ Dt]-£n-°-Ww.

42 \hw-_¿ 2011

s\-bm-sW∂pw Ah¿ Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AWp-tI-{μ-Øn-ep≈ Hcp\yqt{Sm¨ Hcp Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wns\D’¿Pn-®p-sIm≠v kzbw Hcp t{]mt´m-Wmbn amdp-I-bm-Wv.

AXm-b-Xv, n0 → P++ e- --------I]s£, ChnsS Hcp Ipg∏w:

\yqt{Sm-Wn-t‚bpw t{]mt´m-Wn-s‚bpw{Zhy-am\w (am-kv) \ap-°-dn-bmw. ChXΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-Øn\p Xpey-am-bn-cn-°Ww Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wns‚ am pwAXns‚ KXn-tIm¿Phpw tN¿∂m¬.AXm-b-Xv, F√m _o‰m-I-W-ßƒ°pwHtc Du¿P-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]t£, Aß-s\-b√ ImWp-∂-Xv.

CXp-sIm≠pw Xocp-∂n√ {]iv\w.n, p, e Ch-sb√mw s^¿an-tbm-Wp-IƒF∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ auenIIW-ß-fm-Wv. Ah-bvs°√mw kv]n≥1/2 BWv. kv]n≥ Hcp kZn-i-am-Wv.Htc Zni-bn-em-bm¬ 1/2 + 1/2 = 1,FXn¿Zn-i-bn-em-bm¬ ]qPyw. GsXmcp{]Xn-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønepw kv]n≥ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw thWw. AXm-b-Xv,{]Xn-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p apºpw ]nºp-ap≈ BsI kv]n≥ H∂p-X-s∂-bm-I-Ww. ka-hmIyw I¬ CXv Akm-[y-am-Wv. CS-Xp-h-iØv kv]n≥ 1/2 Dw he-Xp-h-iØv 1 As√-¶n¬ 0Dw BWv.

Cu k∂n-Kv[m-h-ÿ-bn-emWv ]ufn-bn¬ {]Xn- -bpsS an∂-em´w D≠m-b-Xv.At±lw ]d-™p, \yqt{Sm¨ hnL-Sn-°p-tºmƒ t{]mt´m-Wn\pw Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn\pw ]pdta \yq{Snt\m Fs∂mcpIWw IqSn ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂p-≠v. At∏mƒka-hmIyw: n0 → p+ + e- +ν0 ----II

\yq{Sn-t\mbv°v Nm¿Pn√; am pwD≠m-I-W-sa-∂n√; kv]n≥ 1/2 BWv.

X∑qew kv]n≥ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Spw. Hcp\n›nX Afhv Du¿Pw aq∂p-I-W-ßƒ]¶p-sh-bv°p-tºmƒ AXp ]e Af-hn¬ BImw. Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn\p In´p∂Du¿Pw ]qPyw apX¬ Hcp \n›nXamIvknaw hsc F{X-bp-am-Imw.

F√mw `{Zw. ]t£, Hcp tNmZyw_m°n-bm-bn. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \yq{Sn-t\m-I-fpsS km∂n[yw Af-hp-]-I-c-W-ßƒ (kw-kq-N-I-ßƒ ˛detectors)H∂pw CXp-hsc ImWn-°m-ØXv?\yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ ]Zm¿Y-hp-ambn Imcy-ambn {]Xn-{]-h¿Øn-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠m-sW∂ hni-Zo-I-c-W-amWv ]ufn \¬In-b-Xv.

h¿j--ß-tfmfw ]n∂oSv \yq{Sn-t\mbv°p th≠n-bp≈ At\z-j-W-ambncp∂p. HSp-hn¬, 1955¬, Ata-cn-°≥ uXn-I-im-kv{X-⁄-cmb ss¢Uv-tIm-h\pw s{Û-dnIv sdbv≥kpwtN¿∂v AXns\ Is≠-Øn, AXy-]q¿h-ambn \S-°p∂ Hcp {]Xn-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬.

\yqt{Sm-t\m-bpsS "\n w-KX' A¤p-Xm-h-l-am-Wv. kqcys‚ Imºn¬^yqj≥ \S -°p -tºmƒ, Hmtcmloenbw AWp-tI{μw krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmgpw c≠p \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ hoXwD’¿Pn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Ah X¬£-Ww, ]Zm¿Yw \nd™ kqcy-i-co-c-Øn-eqsS 7 e£w Intem-ao-‰¿ Zqcw \n w-K-\mbn k©-cn-®v, ]pd-Øp-hcpw (H∏wkrjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ t^mt´m-Wp-Iƒ]Zm¿Y-hp-ambn Iqń-bn-Sn®pw NnX-dn-sØ-dn®pw icm-icn Hcp e£w sIm√wsIm≠m-Ws{X ]pd-sØ-Øp-I). Hcpsk°‚n¬ 60 tImSn S¨ loenbwkrjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ GI-tZiw 1038

Hmtcm sk°‚nepw\ΩpsS ico-c-Øn-eqsSIS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ \yq{Sn-t\m-I-fpsS FÆw e£--ßtfm tImSn-Itfmhcpw. kqcy≥ am{X-a-√,F√m \£-{X-ßfpw\yq{Snt\m t{kmX- p-I-fm-Wv. kq∏¿t\mhkvt^mS-\-Øn¬ ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂Xv At\-I-tImSnkqcy-∑m¿ H∂n®p ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-∂{X FÆ-am-Wv.{]]-©m-Zn-bn¬, alm-kvt^m-S-\-sØ-ØpS¿∂p\S∂ {]{In-b-I-fn-se√mwCh A\-¥-am-b{XkrjvSn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. Hcn-°¬ krjvSn-°-s∏-´m¬∏ns∂, hkvXp-°-sfm∂pw Chsb BKn-cWw sNøm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v{]]-©-Ønse samØwIW-ß-fn¬ alm-`q-cn-]-£hpw \yq{Sn-t\m-I-fm-bn-cn-°p-a-s{X.

imkv{X-KXn 43

(1\p tijw 38 ]qPyw) \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒkqcy-\n¬ \n∂p ]pd-Øp-h-cpw. Ah`qan-sbbpw a‰p {Kl-ß-sfbpw F√mwXpf®p IS -∂p -t]m -Ipw. Hmtcmsk°‚nepw \ΩpsS ico-c-Øn-eqsSIS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ \yq{Sn-t\m-I-fpsSFÆw e£--ßtfm tImSn-Itfm hcpw.kqcy≥ am{X-a-√, F√m \£-{X-ßfpw\yq{Snt\m t{kmX- p -I -fm -Wv .kq∏¿t\mh kvt^mS-\-Øn¬ ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂Xv At\-I-tImSn kqcy-∑m¿H∂n®p ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-∂{X FÆ-am-Wv.{]]-©m-Zn-bn¬, alm-kvt^m-S-\-sØ-ØpS¿∂p \S∂ {]{In-b-I-fn-se√mwCh A\-¥-am-b{X krjvSn-°-s∏- n- p-≠v. Hcn-°¬ krjvSn-°-s∏- m¬∏ns∂,hkvXp-°-sfm∂pw Chsb BKn-cWwsNøm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v {]]-©-ØnsesamØw IW-ß-fn¬ alm- q-cn-]-£hpw\yq{Sn-t\m-I-fm-bn-cn-°p-a-s{X.

aq∂p-Xcw \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ Ds≠∂vssk≤m-¥nI ]T-\-ßfpw ]co-£-W-ßfpw ImWn-°p-∂p. Ce-Ivt{Sm¨\yq{Snt\m (νe), ayqHm¨ \yq{Snt\m(νμ), Su \yq{Snt\m (ντ) F∂n-h-bm-W-h. IqSmsX Ch-bpsS {]Xn-I-W-ßfpw(antineutrinos) D≠v. Hcn\w \yq{Snt\mNne-t∏mƒ, k©-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬,kzbw as‰m-cn-\-ambn amdp∂ ambm-Pm-ehpw Is≠-Øn-bn- p-≠v, DZm, νμ→νe.\yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ°v \s∂ sNdnb Hcpam v (C-e-Ivt{Sm-Wns‚ e£-Øn-sem-cw-i-Ønepw Xmsg) D≠m-bn-cn-°m-sa-∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bmbn `uXnIimkv{X-⁄¿ CXns\ IW-°m-°p -∂p.F¶n¬, sF≥ssÃ-s‚ kn≤m¥wA\p-k-cn-®v, \yq{Sn-t\m-I-fpsS thKX{]Im-i-th-K-sØ-°mƒ A¬]w Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°mt\ \n¿hm-l-ap-≈q.

\yq{Sn-t\m-Isf "ImWm≥' ]‰nbHcp kwhn-[m-\w˛ AXns\ \yq{Snt\msSen-kvtIm∏v F∂p Nne¿ hnfn-°p-∂p˛ \n¿an-°m≥ Ign-™m¬ ]ns∂H∂pw a\p-jy-\n¬ \n∂p aqSn-sh-°m≥{]Ir-Xn°p Ign-bmsX hcpw. DZm:Ct∏mƒ kqcys‚ Imºn¬ F¥mWp\S-°p-∂-sX∂v \ap°v Duln-°mt\Ign-bp-∂p-≈q. \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ AhnsS\n∂p \n¿_m[w ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Cu ]pXnb kwhn-[m\w\ap°v Zriy-am-°n-Ø-cpw. F√m \£-{X-ßƒ°pw kq∏¿t\m-h-Iƒ°pw\£-{X-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-°p∂ s\_p-e-Iƒ°pw D≈n-te°v Npgn-™p-t\m-°m≥ AXp klm-bn-°pw. AXp-sIm≠v temIw apgp-h≥ AØcwkwhn-[m-\-ß-sfm-cp-°m-\p≈ {ia-Øn-em-Wv. C¥y-bn¬Ø-s∂, ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-sem-cn-SØv ]md Xpc∂v AØ-c-

sam∂v Hcp-°m≥ t]mhp-I-bm-Ws{X\ΩpsS imkv{X-⁄¿.

1955¬ tImh\pw kwLhpwBWh \ne-b-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ \yq{Sn-t\m-I-sf-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. BWh\ne-b-ßfpw IWn-Im-Xz-cn-{X-ßfpw \√\yq{Snt\m t{kmX- p-I-fm-Wv. _ln-cm-Imi \yq{Sn-t\m-Isf Is≠-Øm-\p≈F√m kwkq-NI-Ifpw ÿm]n-°p-∂XvBg-Øn¬ `qan-°p-≈n-em-Wv˛ J\n-I-fntem kap-{Zm-¥¿`m-K-ß-fn-tem. as‰m-cp-Xcw IW-ßfpw ieyw sNøm-Xn-cn-°m-\m-W-Xv. \yq{Sn-t\m-I-sfm-gnsIas‰m∂pw AhnsS FØn-√. 1968¬Ata-cn -°≥ ck-X- {¥-⁄-\mbsdbva≠v tUhnkpw kwL-hp-amWvBZy-ambn _ln-cm-Imi \yq{Sn-t\m-IsfIpSp -°n -b -X v . sUt°m-´ -bnsetlmwtÃIv J\n-bn¬, 1.5 In. ao. Bg-Øn¬ ÿm]n® Hcp Sm¶nse 600 S¨sS{Sm t¢mtdm CtX-bv\n-eqsS (Tetrachloro ethene) IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ tImSm-\p-tImSn \yq{Sn-t\m-I-fn¬ NneXvt¢mdn≥ AWp-tI-{μ-hp-ambn (Cl17

37){]Xn-{]-h¿Øn®v AXns\ tdUntbmBIv‰ohv B¿K¨ (Ar18

37) B°nam‰p-∂p. (C-hnsS AWp-tI-{μ-ØnseHcp \yqt{Sm¨ t{]mt´m¨ Bhp-I-bmWv: n 0 +ν0 → P++e-) Cu B¿Ks‚timjWw \nco-£n-°m-\p≈ At\Iwkwkq-N-I-ßƒ Sm¶n-\p-≈n¬ ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p. tIm° v ]¿h-X-\n-c-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ ÿm]n® SAGE, C‰-en-bn¬ÿm]n® GALLEX F∂o kwkq-N-I-ßfpw kam\ am¿K-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v \yq{Sn-t\m-Isf Xncn-®-dn -™p. Kmenbw

(Ga3171) AWp-tI-{μsØ tdUntbm

BIv‰ohv sP¿ta-\nbw (Ge3271) B°n

am‰p-I-bmWv ChnsS \yq{Snt\m sNbvX-Xv.

as‰mcp Xcw {]{In-bbpw km[y-am-Wv. Hcp t{]mt´m¨ Hcp \yq{Sn-t\msbkzoI-cn®v kzbw Hcp \yqt{Sm¨ Bbnamdmw. At∏mƒ Hcp t]mkn-t{Sm¨(t]m-kn-‰ohv Nm¿Pp-≈, Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wns‚ {]Xn-I-Ww) ]pd-¥-≈-s∏Spw:p++ν0 → n0+e+.

Nne kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ Hcp \yq{Snt\mHcp Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-ambn Iq´n-bn-Sn®vAXns‚ KXn-tIm¿Pw Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn\pssIam-dmw. Pe-Øn-eqsS \yq{Snt\mIƒ{]h-ln-°p-tºmƒ Cu c≠n-te-sX-¶nepw {]{Inb \S-°m-\p≈ kw`m-hy-X-bp-≠v. Cß-s\-bp-≠m-Ip∂ t]mkn-t{SmWpw Ce-Ivt{SmWpw Pe-Øn-eq-sS,B am[y-a-Ønse {]Im-i-Øns‚ thK-sØ-°mƒ IqSnb thK-Øn-em-bn-cn°pwk©-cn-°p-I. (P-e-Ønse {]Im-i-{]-thKw iq\y-X-bn-te-Xns‚ 76 iX-am-\ta hcq) At∏mƒ Ah sNd-t¶mhvhnIn-cWw (Cerenkov radiation) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ \oe {]Imiw D’¿Pn-°p-∂p. At\-Im-bncw S¨ PehpwAXnse√mbn-SØpw kwkq-N-I-ßfpwh®n-cp-∂m¬ CXp Is≠-Ømw. P∏m-\nse "kq∏¿ Ian-tbm-Ims≠', I\-U-bnse "kUv_dn \yq{Snt\mH_vk¿th-‰dn' (SNO) F∂nh CuKW-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. DUMAND (Deepundersea Muon And Neutrino Detector)]kn- nIv kap-{Z-Ønepw NESTOR a[y-[-c-Wym-gn-bnepw Bg-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-

44 \hw-_¿ 2011

øp∂ \yq{Snt\m \nco-£-Wm-e-b-ß-fm-Wv. (k-ap-{Z-sØ-Øs∂ \nco-£-W-tI-{μ-am -°n -bn -cn -°p∂p F∂¿Yw).AMANDA (Antartic Muon And NeutrinoDetector Array) ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.A‚m¿ń-°-bnse lna-ti-J-c-Øn¬,hfsc Bg-Øn -em -Wv . AhnsSGXm\pw Iyp_nIv Intem-ao-‰¿ lnaw\nco-£-W-im-e-bm-°n, AXn¬ kqN-I-ßƒ \nc-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

C\n, \ap°v kao-]-Im-eØv h∂,Ct∏mƒ sImSp-¶m-‰p-b¿Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]co-£W êsØ ]cn-tim-[n -°mw. ]co -£-W-an -XmWv:kzn‰vk¿e-≠nse Pt\m-h-bn-ep≈IWn-Im -Xz -c n - {X -Øn¬ (Particleaccelarator) IW-ßƒ Iqńap´p-tºmƒ[mcmfw ayqt{hm-Wp-Iƒ (μ)-kr-jvSn-°-s∏-Spw. Ch AXn-thKw hnL-Sn®v\yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ (νμ) ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-∂p.730 In. ao. AI-se-bp≈ {Km≥kmtkmet_m-d-´-dn-bn¬ ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂kwkq-N-I-\n-c-bn¬ (OPGRA detectors)

Ah FØn-t®-cp-∂p. (`q-an-°p-≈n-eq-sS,aÆpw ]mdbpw Iqkm-sX). bqtdm-]y≥AWp-tI-{μ-]-T-\-ÿm-]-\-amb CERNse imkv{X-⁄-cmb Zmcntbm Hmótdm(Dario Autiero)bpw kwLhpw Ign™aq∂p-h¿j-ambn Cu \nco-£-W-^-e-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ {ia-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]co-£Ww Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS Dt±iyw ayqHm¨\yq{Sn-t\m-I-fn¬ F{X iX-am\w bm{X-°n-S-bn¬ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ \yq{Sn-t\m-IfpwSu \yq{Sn-t\m-Ifpw Bbn amdn F∂p]cn-tim-[n-°-em-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬,-]-co-£-W-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ Is≠-ØnbXvas‰mcp hnNn-{X-amb Imcy-am-Wv. \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ {]Im-i-tØ-°mƒ IqSnb thK-Øn¬ (0.0025 iX-am\w AYhm GI-tZiw 7.5 In. ao/sk. IqSp-X¬ thK-Øn¬) k©-cn-®v, {]Xo-£n-®-Xnepwap≥t] Ht]-cm-bn¬ FØp-∂p. 16111XhW Cßs\ FØn-t®-cp∂ \yq{Sn-t\m-Isf Xncn-®-dn-™p. F√mw kqNn-∏n-®Xv Htc êw Xs∂. imkv{X-

kwLw Ipg-ßn. H∂p-In¬, Xß-fpsS]co-£W k÷oI-c-W-Ønepw Af-hp-I-fnepw Ft¥m sX‰p≠v; As√-¶n¬, C∂p-h-sc-bp≈ as‰√m ]co-£-W-ß-fnepw icn-sb∂p sXfn-™n- p-≈,Bt]-£n-IXm kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bmb XØzw˛ {]Im-i-{]-th-K-Øns‚ Aew-L-\o-b-X˛ Dt]-£n-°-Ww. c≠n¬ GXp hgn kzoI-cn-°WwF∂-dn-bm-™v, imkv{X-cw-KØv F°m-eØpw \ne-\n-∂n-´p≈ kXy-k-‘-X-bpsS am¿Kw kzoI-cn -®p -sIm≠v,Zmcntbm Hmó-tdmbpw kwLhpw Xß-fpsS \nco-£-W-ßƒ imkv{X-tem-I-Øn\p ap∂n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠p]d-™n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv, "F¥msWmcp]cn-lmcw F∂p Is≠-Øq.'

c≠p km[y-X-I-fmWv imkv{X-temIw ImWp-∂Xv: 1. Hmó-tdmbv°pwkwL-Øn\pw sX‰p-]-‰n-bn-cn-°mw˛ ZqcwAf-°p-∂-Xn¬, kabw Af-°p-∂-Xn¬,As√-¶n¬ at‰-sX-¶nepw IW-°p-Iq- -en¬. 2. sF≥ssÃs‚ Bt]-£n-IXmkn≤m¥w, IqSp-X¬ ]q¿W-X-bp≈as‰mcp uXnI kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ GI-tZi cq]w am{Xw B°mw. ]q¿W-X-bp≈ B kn≤m-¥sØ C\n Is≠-Ø-Ww. _´m-hnb (C-√n-t\m-bn)-bnses^¿an -\m-j-W¬ BIvkn-te-‰¿et_m-d -´ -dn -bnse ssk≤m-¥nIùXnI hn`m -K -Øns‚ Xe-h≥Ão^≥ ]m¿Iv (Stephen Parke) ]d-bp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: Cu Is≠-Ø¬Izm≠w {Kmhn‰n kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-ambn(DZm: (ÃnwKv Xnb-dn) tbmPn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p. {]]-©-Øn\v \men-tesd am\-ßƒ (dimensions) D≠m-Imw. th≠{XDu¿P-ap-s≠-¶n¬ IW-ßƒ°v, \ap°vAZr-iy-amb Hcp am\-Øn¬ IqSn k©-cn-°m≥ Ign-t™-°mw. A bn¬ \n∂vBbnte°v Ah-bn-ßs\ Hcp Ipdp-°p-hgn kzoI-cn-®v, {]Im-i-th-KsØ AXn-ew-Ln-°msX Xs∂ FØn-t®-cp-tºmƒ,\mep -am-\-ßƒ am{Xw (3 ÿeo-b-am-\-ßfpw Hcp ka-b-am-\-hpw) ImWm≥Ign-bp∂ \ap-°v, IWw t\ctØFØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p, {]Im-i-th-KsØAXn-ew-Ln-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v tXm∂mw.

F¥m-bm-epw, F√mw ImØn-cp∂vImWmw F∂p Icp-Xp-Itb \nhr-Øn-bp-≈q. P∏m-\nse Ian-tbm-Imt≠\yq{Snt\m \nco-£W \ne-bsØkp\man Xmdp-am-dm-°n-bn-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, AhnsS \nco -£-W-ßƒBh¿Øn®pt\m°m-am -bn -cp -∂p.AhnsS \S∂ ap≥\n-co-£-W-ß-fpsSdn°m¿Up-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ h√"¢q'hpw In ptam F∂mWv Nne imkv{X-⁄¿ Ct∏mƒ At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xv.

Cu Is≠-Ø¬ Izm≠w{Kmhn‰n kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-ambn (DZm: (ÃnwKv Xnb-dn) tbmPn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p.{]]-©-Øn\v \men-tesdam\-ßƒ D≠m-Imw.th≠{X Du¿P-ap-s≠-¶n¬ IW-ßƒ°v,\ap°v AZr-iy-amb Hcpam\-Øn¬ IqSn k©-cn-°m≥ Ign-t™-°mw. Abn¬ \n∂v Bbnte°vAh-bn-ßs\ Hcp Ipdp-°p-hgn kzoI-cn-®v, {]Im-i-th-KsØ AXn-ew-Ln-°msX Xs∂ FØn-t®-cp-tºmƒ, \mep -am-\-ßƒ am{Xw (3 ÿeo-b-am-\-ßfpw Hcp ka-b-am-\-hpw) ImWm≥ Ign-bp∂ \ap-°v, IWwt\ctØ FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p, {]Im-i-th-KsØAXn-ew-Ln-®n-cn-°p∂pF∂v tXm∂mw.

imkv{X-KXn 45

bqtdm]y≥

kwkvIrXnbpsS thcpIƒ

6.1 bh\]q¿h kwkvIrXn-Iƒ

ant\mh∑m¿

C∂v \mw {Io‰v F∂v- hnfn°p∂Zzo]n¬ BWv- {InkvXphn\p 2700h¿jw ap≥]v bqtdm∏nse BZysØsh¶ebpKkwkvIrXn cq]w sIm≠Xv-F∂v- IcpXs∏Sp∂p. Ah¿ kzbwhntijn∏n®ncp∂Xv GXp t]cn¬BWv- F∂v- \ap°dnbn√. AhnSsØsFXnlmknI cmPmhmbncp∂ ant\m-kns‚ _lpam\m¿Yw B cmPy-Øn\p ant\mh F∂pw P\ßƒ°vant\mh∑m¿ F∂pw D≈ t]cpIƒB[p\nI Ncn{XImc∑m¿ \¬IpI-bmWv D≠mbXv. ant\mh≥am¿ kmt¶-

XnIambpw kmwkvImcnIambpw hfscDb¿∂h¿ Bbncp∂p F∂v- IcptX-≠nbncn°p∂p. bh\ ]pcmWßƒA\pkcn®v ant\mkv BWv- Ncn{X-Øn¬ BZysØ \mhnI tk\ D≠m-°n-bXt{X. IcIuie hnZybnepwI®hSØnepw Ah¿ D∂Xn {]m]n-®p . teml∏Wnbnepw Ifna¨Iebnepw D≈ AhcpsS t\´ßƒCuPn]v‰pImcptSXnt\mSv InS ]nSn-°p-∂hbt{X. AhcpsS ]e DXv]∂-ßfpw {Kokn¬ \n∂pw CuPn]vXn¬\n∂pw Is≠SpØn´p≈XpsIm≠vAh¿°v hn]peamb I®hS_‘-ßƒ D≠mbncp∂p F∂v- a\ n-em°mw. AhnSsØ Ahin„ßfn¬

hfsc hepXpw at\mlchpw BbsIm´mcßƒ [mcmfambn ImWs∏Sp-∂XpsIm≠v i‡cmb cmPm°∑m¿D≠mbncp∂Xmbn IW°m°mw. t\m-t mknse (Knossos) sIm´mcw hfsc{]kn≤amWv. AhnSsØ Hcp khn-ti-jX sIm´mcØn\pw Np‰pap≈80000 tØmfw hcp∂ P\XXnbv°pwth≠ sh≈w FØn°p∂Xn\v{]mtZinIamb InWdpIƒ°v ]pdtaAh¿ AIzUŒpIsfbpw B{ibn-®ncp∂p F∂p≈XmWv. t\mt m-kn\p ]pdta Smbnent mkv (Tylissos),amenb (Malia) apXemb \KcßfnepwAIzUŒpIƒ D≠mbncp∂p. tdmam-°m¿°v Hcp kl{km–w ap≥]v

imkv{XwtUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

bqtdm]y≥

kwkvIrXnbpsS thcpIƒtUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\ms‚ "imkv{X-km-t¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS Ncn{Xw'F∂ ]pkvXIØnse Bdmw A[ym-bw

46 \hw-_¿ 2011

Xs∂ ant\mh∑m¿ AIzUŒpIƒhnIkn∏n®ncp∂p F∂Xv ASpØImeØv- am{XamWv shfnhmbXv.ant\mh∑m¿°v tijw ssako\n-b°m¿ Cu hnZy {Ko°v h≥Icbn¬{]tbmKn°pIbpw {ItaW tdmam°m¿AXv ]q¿WXbn¬ FØn°pIbpwBWv- D≠mbXv.

{In. ap. 1700 t\mSSpØv Hcp henb`qIºtam kp\mantbm AKv\n]¿hX-kvt^mS\tam at‰m {Io‰n¬ h≥tXmXn-ep≈ \miw hnX®Xns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ D≠v. F¶nepw AXn\v tij-hpw ]pXnb sIm´mcßƒ ]WnXXmbnImWp∂XpsIm≠v Ah¿ AXn¬\n∂pw Dbn¿sØgpt∂‰Xmbn A\p-am\n°mw. {In. ap, 1450 -¬ as‰mcp{]IrXn Zpc¥hpw {Io‰nse ]e{]apJ \Kcßsfbpw \new]cn -im°n. XpS¿∂v ssako\nb∑m¿ F∂h¿Kw {Io‰v IogS°pIbpw ant\mh-∑m¿ Ncn{XØns‚ GSpIfntebv°vadbpIbpw sNbvXp. GXm≠v C°m-eØmWv {Io‰n¬ \n∂v- \qdp Intem-ao‰¿ hS°mbn ÿnXn sNøp∂kms‚mcn\n F∂ Zzo]nep≈ tXcm(Thera) F∂ AKv\n]¿hXw Ncn{X-Ønse G‰hpw henb hnkvt^mS-\Øn\p hnt[bambXv. AXn¬ \n∂v-sXdn® Nmcw Np‰pap≈ Zzo]pIfn¬30 ao‰dntesd I\Øn¬ BWv-

BhcWw kr„n®Xv. AKv\n]¿hXwÿnXn sNbvXncp∂ Zzo]ns‚ ap°m¬]¶pw XI¿∂p. AXn‚ a[yØn¬ 40In.ao. Np‰fhp≈ Hcp XSmIw cq]-s∏´p. Np‰p]mSpw \SØnb DZvJ\\-

ßƒ ImWn°p∂Xv AhnSw Hcp h≥\Kcw Bbncp∂p F∂mWv. Hcp]-s£ ant\mh∑mcpsS G‰hpw henb

\Kcw Bbncp∂ncn°mw AhnsSD≠mbncp∂Xv. bh\ ]pcmWßfn¬]dbp∂ A‰vem‚nkv (Atlantis) F∂

\„ kz¿Kw CXmbncp∂p F∂ Hcphnizmkw ]m›mXytemIØv ]c∂n-´p≠v. Hcp ]t£ sXcmbpsS kvt^m-

S\w BImw ant\mh∑mcpsS Xntcm[m-\Øn\p ImcWamb A¥na kw`hw.

ssako\nb∑m¿{In. ap. 1600 apX¬ 1100 hscbp≈

ImeL´w ssako\nb°mcpsSXmWv.{Ko°v h≥Icbn¬ FX≥kn¬ \n∂v-90 Intemao‰¿ sX°v]Sn™mdvBbmWv ssakot\ (Mycenae) \Kcw.C∂v AsXmcp ]pcmhkvXp J\\-tI{μw BWv-; SqdnÃv BI¿jWhpw.{In. ap. 2000 ASpØv AhnsS XmakwDd∏n® Hcp C≥tUm-bqtdm]y≥tKm{X-Øn¬ \n∂mWv ssako\nb≥kwkvImcw DcpØncn™p h∂XvF∂mWv IcpXs∏Sp∂Xv. sh¶ebp-K-Øns‚ A¥yw Bbt∏mtg°pw

tIm´ sI´n _es∏SpØnb Ip∂p-Ifpw Np‰pw Irjnÿeßfpw Bbp-≈ Hcp Bhmk hyhÿ Ah¿ hf-¿Øn FSpØncp∂p. hfsc hn]p-ehpwAewIrXhpamb ihIpSocßƒssako\nb°mcpsS khntijX-bmWv. AhbpsS \n¿anXnbn¬ 20StÆmfw `mcap≈ henb I√pIƒ(Nneh 100 SÆpw hcpw) D]tbmKn-®n´p≠v. Ahbn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂Ieminev]ßƒ ssako\nb°mcpsSkmt¶XnI anIhp hnfw_cw sNøp-∂p. I√v-, IfnaÆv, temlw F∂nhbn-se√map≈ inev]ßƒ Ahbn¬\n∂v- Is≠SpØn´p≠v.

cm{„obambpw Ah¿ hfsc i‡n{]m]n®p. \√ ImeØv- Ah¿ ssk-\nI tijn sIm≠v a[y[cWym-gn-bpsS Ingt° `mKØp apgph≥ ta¬-ss° t\Sn. ]t£ {In. ap. ]{¥≠mw\q‰m≠v- Bbt∏mtg°pw AhcpsSi‡n £bn°p∂Xmbpw hntZiB{IaWßƒ°v Iogvs∏Sp∂XmbpwImWmw. B{IaImcnIƒ hS°p\n∂ph∂ tUmdnb∑m¿ Bbncps∂∂pwAX√ CuPn]vjy≥ hnhcWßfn¬kqNn∏n°p∂ IS¬sIm≈°m¿Bbncps∂∂pw c≠p]£ap≠v.CsXm∂pa√ XpS¿®bmb qIºßƒBWv- Ahsc XI¿ØsX∂pw Hc`n-{]m-bap≠v. GXmbmepw sh¶ebpKkwkvImcßsf AtbmbpK kwkvIm-cßƒ XpS®p am‰p∂Xns‚ as‰mcpDZmlcWw Bbn CXns\bpw IW-°m°mw.

ant\mh∑m¿°pw ssako\nb-∑m¿°pw FgpØv hiambncp∂p.BZytØXn\v eo\nb¿ F F∂pwc≠matØXn\v eo\nb¿ _n F∂pw]d™phcp∂p. 1951 -¬ BWv- eo\nb¿_nbv°v Xpºp≠m°m≥ Ign™Xv.AXv B[p\nI Pm∏\okv `mjt]mse Htc kzcap≈ hyRvP\°q´-ßƒ°v HcSbmfw F∂ IW°nep≈(syllabic) en]n k{ºZmbw Bbncp∂p.ssako\nb∑mcpsS ]X\ tijw Cu`mj apcSn°pIbpw {ItaW ad°-s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp.

lnss‰‰pIƒC∂sØ S¿°nbpsS ]Sn™mtd

`mKØn\v ]≠v B\s‰mfnb F∂pwGjym ssa\¿ F∂pw BWv- ]d™n-cp∂Xv. AhnsS lm´pk F∂ \KcwtI{μam°n {In. ap. ]Xns\´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ lnss‰‰pIƒ F∂ h¿K°m¿Hcp km{amPyw sI´n∏SpØp. ]Xn-∂memw \q‰mt≠mSpIqSn Ah¿ B\-tSmfnb GXm≠v apgph\pw, C∂sØkndnbbpw se_\Wpw IogS°n.

imkv{X-KXn 47

]t£ Ccp∂qdp sIm√ßƒ°Iwkm{amPyw On∂`n∂ambn, At\Iw\Kc cm{„ßfmbn ]ncn™p. Nneh{In.]n. F´mw \q‰m≠v hsc \ne-\n∂p.AhcpsS `mj C≥tUm-bqtdm]y≥IpS p w_Øn¬s]´Xmbnc p∂p ;FgpØv satkmt∏msánbsct∏mseIyq\nt^mw coXnbnepw. Ahsc∏-‰nbp≈ ]cma¿ißƒ ss__nfn¬am{Xa√, A ocnbbn¬ \n∂v- Inń-bn´p≈ ]pcmX\ Ifna¨ êIß-fnepw D≠v. AhcpsS IcIuieinev]-ßfpw D]IcWßfpw CuPn-]vSp-ImcptSXp t]mse Xs∂ tIawBbncp∂p.

sh¶e bpKØns‚ Ahkm\wBWv- Ah¿ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂XvF¶nepw AtbmbpKØns‚ A{KKm-anIƒ Bbn´mWv kmt¶XnI hnZy-bpsS Ncn{XØn¬ AhcpsS ÿm\w.{In. ap. ]Xn\©mw \q‰mt≠msSAh¿ Ccpºv D≠m°nXpSßpIbpwA ocnb∑m¿°pw a‰pw AXv ssIam-dpIbpw sNbvXXmbn tcJIƒ D≠v.A\tSmfnbbpsS kma¥ cmPyambn-cp∂ InkphmSv\ (Kizzuvatna) BWv-Ccpºv D≠m°epambn _‘s∏´vBZyw Adnbs∏Sp∂ tI{μw.

ô\ojy∑m¿satkms∏mt´manb≥ N{μ°e-

bpsS ]Sn™mdv amdn, ss__nfn¬Im\m≥ F∂v- hnfn°s∏Sp∂ {]tZiwBbncp∂p n\ojy. Hcp km{amPywF∂Xnt\°mƒ ]e \Kc cm{„-ßfpw tN¿∂ Hcp kwLmXw Bbncp-∂p CXv. Ssb¿ (Tyre) Bbncp∂p{][m\ \Kcw. {In. ap. 1550 apX¬300 hsc saUn‰td\nbs‚ Ings°Xocßfn¬ apgph≥ B[n]Xyw ]pe-¿-Ønb Hcp \mhnI i‡n Bbn-cp∂p Ah¿. I∏¬ \n¿amWØn¬Ah¿ hnπhIcamb ]e ]cnjvIm-cßfpw hcpØn. Cu {]tZisØIS¬-am¿Kap≈ I®hSw Cu Ime-a{Xbpw GXm≠v AhcpsS IpØIBbncp∂p. i–ßƒ°v- en]nIƒIpdn°p∂ B¬^s_‰nIv FgpØvBWv- AhcpsS as‰mcp ImXembkw`mh\. an° ]Sn™md≥ `mj-Ifpw ]n∂oSv Cu coXn ]n¥pS¿∂p.FgpØns\ P\Iobh-XvIcn°p-∂Xn¬ Cu ]cnjvImcw hln® ]¶vsNdpX√.

^n\ojy°mcpsS Iebpw inev]-ßfpw Db¿∂ \nehmcw ]pe¿Øn,F¶nepw ]e cmPyßfpambp≈ kº-¿°w ImcWw kz¥amb Hcp ssienhf¿Øn FSp°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign-™n√. CuPn]vjy≥, A odnb≥,

{Ko°v coXnIfpsS k¶cw Bbncp∂pAhcptSXv.

Im¿sØPva[y[cWymgnbpsS a[y `mKØv-

knknen°p sX°mbn B{^n°h≥Icbn¬ C∂sØ Syq\nkn\pkao]w n\ojy∑m¿ ÿm]n® Im¿-sØPv ]pcmX\ImesØ G‰hpwhenb \mhnI i‡nbmbn hf¿∂p.BZyImeØv Ah¿ o\ojy≥ F∂-Xns‚ XZv`hw Bb "]yq\nNv' F∂t]cnemWv Adnbs∏ńcp∂Xv. saUn‰-td\nb≥ i‡n F∂ \nebn¬ knkn-enbpsS \nb{¥WØn\mbn Ah¿IqsS°qsS {Ko°pImcpambn kwL¿-jØn¬ G¿s∏ńcp∂p. saUn-‰td-\nbs‚ ]Sn™mdv `mKw AhcpsS]q¿Wamb \nb{¥WØn¬ Bbn-cp∂p. {In. ap. aq∂mw \q‰m≠ns‚a≤yw Bbt∏mtg°pw Db¿∂p h∂]pXp i‡nbmb tdmw Ah¿°v i‡-amb sh√phnfn Db¿Øn. Hcp \q‰m-≠ntesd \o≠p\n∂ ]yq\nIv bp≤-ßfpsS Ahkm\w tdmw Im¿sX-Pns\ XI¿Øv saUn‰td\nb≥ temI-Øv apgph≥ B[n]Xyw Dd∏n®p. {In.ap. 264˛146 ImeL´Øn¬ aq∂v]yq\nIv bp≤ßƒ D≠mbn. 264 apX¬241 hsc \o≠p\n∂ H∂mw ]yq\nIv

bp≤Øns‚ Ahkm\w Im¿sXPn\pknknen \„ambn. 218 apX¬ 201 hsc\S∂ c≠mw ]yq\nIv bp≤w Hm¿an-°s∏Sp∂Xv Im¿sXPns‚ hoc\m-bI≥ Bb lm\n_mƒ B\IƒDƒs∏sSbp≈ hº≥ ssk\yhp-

ambn kvs]bn≥ hgn B¬]vkv IS∂pC‰en B{Ian® kw`hØns‚t]cn¬ BWv-. ]t£ Ahkm\w

tdmam°m¿ Xs∂ hnPb{ioem -fnXcmbn; Im¿sXPn\p A]am\hpw[\\„hpw ew. 146 -¬ Ahkm\n®

aq∂mw ]yq\nIv bp≤tØmsS Im¿-sXPp ]q¿Wambpw XI¿∂p. tdmam-°m¿ B \Kcw CSn®v \ncØn

Xobn´p.

{In. ap Ggmw \q‰m≠n¬ aq∂ve£-tØmfw P\kwJybp≈, A∂-sØ temIØnse G‰hpw henbXpw

kº∂hpw Bb \Kcw Bbncp∂pIm¿sØPv. \Kcmkq{XWØnepwsIńS \n¿amWØnepw Ah¿ A\ym-

Zri t\´ßƒ ssIhcn®p. NpÆmºv]md Bbncp∂p {][m\ \n¿amWhkvXp. A©pw Bdpw \neIfp≈

henb sIńSßfn¬ BWv- BfpIƒXmakn®ncp∂Xv. Ah¿°v ss]∏-neq-sSbp≈ IpSnsh≈ hnXcWhpwaen\ Pe \n¿am¿P\ kwhn[m\hpw

48 \hw-_¿ 2011

D≠mbncp∂p. \qdp I∏epIƒ°vHtc kabw \¶qcw CSmhp∂ Hcphenb XpdapJw Bbncp∂p Im¿sX-Pn\v D≠mbncp∂Xv. anen´dn F≥Pn-\obdnßnepw Ah¿ {]mK¤yw t\Sn.A°mesØ G‰hpw anI® tIm´sImØfßfm¬ kwc£nXamb\Kcw Bbncp∂p Im¿sØPv; Ah-cpsS \mhnI tk\ temtImØchpw.lm\n_mƒ \m¬]Xn\mbncw hcp∂Imemƒ ]Ssbbpw ]¥ocmbncwIpXnc∏´mfsØbpw 37 B\IsfbpwsIm≠v i{Xpssk\yØns‚ B{I-aWw {]Xntcm[n®p sIm≠v tdm¨\Zn IS∂Xpw B¬]vkv ]¿hXwXcWw sNbvXXpw AXpeyambF≥Pn\obdnwKv sshZKv[yØns‚klmbtØmsS am{Xta km[ywBIpambncp∂p≈q. knhn¬ F≥Pn-\o-bdnßnepw anen´dn F≥Pn\ob-dnßnepw am{Xa√ bp≤ X{¥ßfnepwtdman\v Im¿sXPn¬ \n∂v- ]eXpw]Tn°m≥ D≠mbncp∂p.

F{SkvI∑m¿]pcmX\ C‰enbn¬ hf¿∂v

]¥en® Hcp kwkvImcw Bbncp∂pF{SkvI∑mcptSXv. C∂v SkvI\n F∂v-hnfn°s∏Sp∂ {]tZiw Bbncp∂p

AhcpsS Bÿm\w. (SkvI\n F∂t]cpXs∂ Ahcn¬\n∂v- In´nb-Xt{X.) {In. ap. F´mw \q‰mt≠msShnIkn® Cu kwkvImcw {In. ap.H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ tdmam kwkvImc-Øn¬ hnebw {]m]n®v A\yw\n∂pt]mbn. Ch¿°v kz¥amb mjD≠mbncp∂p; AXns‚ enJnXßƒ

{In.ap. Ggmw \q‰m≠v- apX¬ ImW-s∏Sp∂p. sNºpw Ccpºpw J\\wsNbvXp kwkvIcn°m≥ ]Tn® Ah¿

C‰menb≥ D]Zzo]v apgph≥ hym]n-°pIbpw Aßs\ {Ko°pImcpambnkwL¿jØn¬ FØpIbpw sNbvXp.

{Ko°pImcpambn G‰papt´≠n h∂as‰mcp Iq´¿ Im¿sXPpIm¿ Bbncp-∂t√m. Aßs\ Ah¿ Im¿sXPp-

ImcpsS ]£°m¿ Bbn. ]t£ {In.ap. 474˛¬ kndmIyqkns‚ t\XrXz-Øn¬ {Ko°pIm¿ F{SkvI∑msc

tXm¬∏n®tXmsS AhcpsS £bwBcw`n®p. {ItaW AhcpsS \Kc-ßƒ tdmam°m¿ ssIbS°n.

F{SkvI≥ B¿°ns´IvN¿ {Ko°p-ImcptSXns‚ henb kzm[o\wDƒs°m≈p∂p. ]t£ AXns\ Ah-cp-sSXmb coXnbn¬ Ah¿ cq]s∏-SpØn. ({Ko°v kzm[o\w tdmante°v

h∂Xv F{SkvI∑mcneqsS BWv- F∂v-IcpXs∏Sp∂p.) {Ko°pImcn¬ \n∂v-hyXykvXambn Ah¿ ihIpSoc-ßfpsS \n¿anXn°v henb {]m[m\ywsImSpØp. sSdmt°m´bnepw sh¶e-Ønepw D≈ hm¿∏v ]WnIfn¬ Ah¿hnZKv≤∑m¿ Bbncp∂p. AhcpsSIeminev]ßƒ an°Xpw aX]cam-bh Bbncp∂p. kz¿WØnepw B\-s°mºnepw D≈ at\mlc inev]-ßƒ ]eXpw Ahtijn®n´p≠v.

AhcpsS F≥Pn\obdnwKv ]≤Xn-Ifn¬ ]eXpw IrjnbpambpwPetkN\hpambpw NXp∏pIƒ Xq¿-°p-∂Xpambpw _‘s∏´h Bbn-cp∂p. AXneqsS Ah¿ Pehn`h]cn]me\Ønepw AXpambn _‘-s∏´ `q{]IrXn ]T\Ønepw sshZ-Kv≤yw t\Sn. πn\nbpw kv{´mt_mbpw]cma¿in®n´p≈ kv]n\ F∂ ]pcm-X\ F{SkvI≥ \KcØns‚ Ahin-„ßƒ sh\okn\SpØp≈ NXp∏pI-fn¬ \n∂v- Is≠Ønbn´p≠v. hfschnIknXhpw kº∂hpw Bb HcpkwkvImcw BWv- AXneqsS A\m-hrXw BIp∂Xv-.

(Ah-km-\n-°p-∂n-√)

imkv{X-KXn 49

tIm´bw Pn√-bpsS Poh-\m-Un-bmWvao\-®n-em¿ F∂p-]-d-bmw. ]q™mdpwIf-Øp-I-Shv Bdpw kwtbm-Pn®v ao\-®n -em¿ P\n -°p -∂p. ]›n-a -L-´ -Øn¬\n∂p-Z v`hn -°p∂ hnhn[t]mjI Acp-hn-Iƒ IqSn-t®¿∂mWvao\-®n¬ \Zn ]q¿W-ambn cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. 78 Intem-ao-‰¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Cu]pg ]Sn-™mdv thº-\m- p-Im-b-en¬]Xn-°p-∂p. CSp-°n, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw,tIm´bw Pn√-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm¿ IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. sXmSp-]p-g,

]cn-kcwtPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬

ao\-®n¬ \Zo-X-S-]-≤Xn

H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬

aqhm-‰p-]pg F∂o \K-c-ßƒ CXns‚Xoc-Øm-Wv. tIm´-b-sØ-Øp-tºmƒsh≈q¿ \yqkv{]n‚ v mIvSdn aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-dns‚ Xoc-Øm-Wv. c≠p-\-Zn-IfpwKpcp-X-c-amb ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. c≠pw AhIS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ {]tZ-isØ P\-ßƒ°vPe-tk-N-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw IpSn-sh≈hnX-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw henb tkh\wsNbvXp-sIm-≠pancn-°p-∂p. e`y-ambhnZKv≤ IW-°p-Iƒ{]Imcw tabv amk-Øn¬ 173.74 Zi-e£w Iyp_n°v ao‰¿

sh≈-am-Wv aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-dn-eqsS Hgp-Ip-∂Xv. sk]vXw-_-dn¬ CXv 141.49 Zi-e£w Iyp_n°v ao‰-dmbn Npcp-ßpw.CXn-\n-S-bn-emWv B≠n¬ a‰v ka-b-ß-fnse Chn-SsØ Pe-e- y-X. ao\-®n¬\Zn-bpsS Imcy-Øn-emsW¶n¬ CuIW°v bYm-{Iaw PqWnse 29.92 Zi-e£w Iyp_nIv ao‰dpw P\p-h-cn-bnse0.73 Zi-e£w Iyp_n°v ao‰-dp-am-Wv.aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰nse Pe-e- yX ao\-®n-em-dns\ At]-£n®v hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-Wv. ImcWw aqe-a-‰Øv \n∂p≈ AW-

aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬\n∂p≈ A[nI Pew ao\-®n¬ \Zn-bn-tebv°v Xncn-®p-hn´vAhnsS \oscm-gp°v h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv ao\-®n¬ \Zo-XS ]≤-Xn-bpsS e£yw.ao\-®n-em-dns‚ DZv -h-sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ ASp-°Øv Hcp AW-s°´nsh≈w XS-™p-\n¿Øn Pe-tk-N\ kuIcyw sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂pBZy-Im-eØv \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ ]cn-]m-Sn. kmº-Øn-I-ambpw kmt¶-Xn-I-ambpw]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-ambpw \ne-\n¬]n-√mØ Hcp \n¿t±-i-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂v I≠-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v AXv Dt]-£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw ]e-hn[ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ°pw N¿®-Iƒ°pw-ti-j-amWv C∂sØ \n¿t±iw cq]-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv.

ao\-®n¬ \Zo-X-S-]-≤Xn

50 \hw-_¿ 201150

s°- nse sh≈w sshZypXn DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-tijw Xpd∂phn-Sp-∂Xv Cu \Zn-bn-te-bv°m-Wv.

aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬\n∂p≈ A[nIPew ao\-®n¬ \Zn-bn-tebv°v Xncn-®p-hn v AhnsS \oscm-gp°v h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv ao\-®n¬ \Zo-XS ]≤-Xn-bpsSe£yw. CsXmcp ]pXnb ]≤-Xn-sbm-∂p-a-√: 1960-I-fpsS BZy-]-IpXn apX¬N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv. ao\-®n-em-dns‚DZv -h-sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ ASp-°Øv Hcp AW-s° n sh≈w XS-™p-\n¿Øn Pe-tk-N\ kuIcyw sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p BZy-Im-eØv\n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ ]cn-]m-Sn. kmº-Øn-I-ambpw kmt¶-Xn-I-ambpw ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-ambpw \ne-\n¬]n-√mØ Hcp \n¿t±-i-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂v I≠-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂vAXv Dt]-£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw ]e-hn[ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ°pw N¿®-Iƒ°pw-ti-j-amWv C∂sØ \n¿t±iwcq]-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. CX-\p-k-cn®v Ad-°-f-Øn-\-SpØv aq∂w-K-h-b-en¬\n∂v aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bnse sh≈w ao\-®n-em-‰n-tebv°vXncn-®-hn-Spw. CXn-\mbn aq∂w-K-h-b-en¬Hcp AW-s°- p-≠mhpw. AW-bn¬\n∂v450 ao‰¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Hcp Nm\en-eq-sS-bmWv BZy-L- -Øn¬ sh≈w Hgp-Ip-∂-Xv. Chn-sS-\n∂v sh≈w Hcp`qK¿` SW-en-tebv°v {]th-in-°pw. 6500ao‰¿ Zqcw qK¿` SW-en-eqsS k©-cn-°p∂ sh≈w XpS¿∂v Hcp FIvkn‰vNm\-en -tebv°v {]th-in -°p -∂p.FIvkn‰v Nm\-en\v 150 ao‰¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap-≠v. Cu Nm\¬ ao\-®n-em-dns‚ c≠v

{][m\ ssIh-gn-Iƒ kwtbm-Pn-°p∂\Zn-h-°Øv FØp-∂p. ChnsS \n∂v\Zn Ipd®p Xmsg-bp≈ c≠m-Sp-ap-∂n-tebv°v Hgp-In-sb-Øp-∂p. C{X-bp-amWv]≤-Xn-bpsS H∂mw-L´ {]h¿Ø-\w.c≠mwL´-Øn¬ c≠m-Sp-ap-∂n-bn¬as‰mcp AW-sI n sh≈-Øns‚ Hgp°v\nb-{¥n-°p-∂p. Chn-sS-\n∂v I\m-ep-I-fn-eqsS sh≈w Xncn®phn v Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. 13 sN°vUmap-Ifpw th≠n-h-cpw. CXv \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS BsI 9489 slIvS¿{]tZ-iØv ]pXp-Xmbn Pe-tk-N\w \S-Øm-sa∂pw \ne-hn¬ Pe-tk-N\wkm[y-am-°p∂ 552 slIvS¿ ÿeØvPe-tk-N\w IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-am-°p-Ibpw sNøm-sa∂pw Icp-Xp-∂p.

]≤-Xn-bpsS \n¿amW {]h¿Ø\w]d-™p-h-∂-Xn¬ hn´p -t]m-bXpwF∂m¬ FSpØv ]d-tb-≠-Xp-amb HcpkwK-Xn-bp-≠v. FIvkn‰v Nm\¬ \cn-a-IØv FØp-tºmƒ AXv ao\-®n-em-‰n-te-bv°p≈ \oscm-gp-°ns‚ ASn-Ø-´n¬\n∂v hfsc Xmgv∂mWv hcn-I.AXp-sIm≠v Cu sh≈sØ kzoI-cn-°m≥ \Zn-bpsS ASn-Ø v 6.81 ao‰¿XmgvtØ-≠n-h-cpw. Bgw Iqt -≠n-hcpwF∂¿∞w. 380 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hymk-ap≈SW-en\v Hmtcm sk°‚nepw 18m3

sh≈w Hgp°n hnSm≥ tijn-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

t\ctØ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse ]≤-Xn-bm-Ym¿∞y-am-bm¬ AXv ao\-®n-em-dns‚BtcmKyw hos≠-Sp-°m≥ klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-sam-∂p-an-√. c-W-Øm-\w, sIm√-∏-≈n, ]me, cma-]p-cw,ac-Øm- p-]n-≈n, ]mdp-h, sNºn-fm-hv, InS-ßq¿, Ab¿°p-∂w, ]pXp-∏-≈n, hmI-Øm\w XpSßn hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-tebv°v Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\v sh≈-sa-Øn-°m≥ ]≤Xn klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂vHutZym-KnI kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. tIm -b-Øns‚ ]Sn-™m-d≥taJe A\p- -hn-°p∂ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI{]iv\-ßƒ°pw ]cn-lm-c-am-bmWv]≤Xn Ah-X-cn -∏n -®n -cn -°p-∂-Xv.th\¬°m-e-am-bm¬ Cu taJ-e-bnse\Zn hc≠v DW-ßp-Ibpw Pe-£mawA\p- -h-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. thº-\m-´p-Im-b-en¬ XÆo¿ap-°Øv _≠v sI nD∏p-sh≈w AS-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬Cu taJ-e-bnse Pew IqSp-X-embn aen-\-s∏-Sm≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. ao\-®n-em-‰n-eqsS IqSp-X¬ ip≤-Pew Hgp-In-h-cp-∂Xv Chn-sS-bp≈ Pem-i-b-ß-fpsSBtcmKyw hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw CutaJ-e-bn¬ th\¬°m-eØv hym]-I-am-Ip∂ ]I¿®hym[n-Iƒ XS-bm≥ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

H∂m-asØ {]iv\w aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬ A[n-I-Pew F{X-am{Xw D≠vF∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n hyXykvXA`n-{]m-b-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p∂p F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. ae-¶c AW-s°-´n¬\n∂v Xpd∂phn-Sp∂Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbmKkm[y-X-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv aqhm-‰p-]pgXoc-P-e-tk-N\ ]≤Xn]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv.Ct∏mƒ Ccp-]-Øn-sb´vip≤-Pe hnX-cW ]≤-Xn-Iƒ sh≈-Øn-\mbnB{i-bn-°p-∂Xv aqhm-‰p-]pg \Zo-X-S-sØ-bm-Wv.CXn¬ sXmSp-]p-g, aqhm-‰p-]pg F∂o \KcIpSnsh≈ ]≤-Xn-IfpwtN¿Ø-e-bn-te-bv°p≈P∏m≥ IpSn-sh≈ ]≤-Xnbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

imkv{X-KXn 51imkv{X-KXn 51

C∏-d-™-sXms° Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ am{X-am-Wv. Ah-sb-{X-am{XwbmYm¿∞y-am-Ip-sa∂v I≠-dn-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. H∂m-asØ {]iv\w aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬ A[n-I-Pew F{X-am{Xw D≠v F∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n hyXykvX A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ\ne-\n¬°p∂p F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. ae-¶cAW-s°- n¬\n∂v Xpd∂phn-Sp∂ Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbmK km[y-X-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv aqhm-‰p-]pg Xoc-P-e-tk-N\]≤Xn (MVIP)]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn- p-≈-Xv.Ct∏mƒ Ccp-]-Øn-sb v ip≤-Pe hnX-cW ]≤-Xn-Iƒ sh≈-Øn-\mbn B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv aqhm-‰p-]pg \Zo-X-S-sØ-bm-Wv. CXn¬ sXmSp-]p-g, aqhm-‰p-]pgF∂o \Kc IpSnsh≈ ]≤-Xn-IfpwtN¿Ø-e-bn-te-bv°p≈ P∏m≥ IpSn-sh≈ ]≤-Xnbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. tIm´bwPn√-bnse ssh°w taJ-e-bn-tebv°vc≠v IpSn-sh≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ aqhm-‰p-]p-g -bm-‰n¬ \n∂p-≠v. Ph-l¿em¬s\lvdp \K-c-hn-I-k\ ]≤-Xn-bpsS mK-ambn hcp∂ sIm®n \K-c-Øn-tebv°pw{]m¥ {]tZ-i-Øn-te-bv°p-ap≈ IpSn-sh≈ ]≤-Xn-bv°m-h-iy-amb sh≈wI≠p-h-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬\n∂p Xs∂-bm-Wv. hnime sIm®nhnI-k\ AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS IpSn-sh≈]≤-Xn-Ifpw aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-dn-s\-bmWvB{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-bvs°-√m-ambn 19.87Zi-e£w Iyp_nIv ao‰¿ sh≈-amWvHmtcm amkhpw th≠-Xv. AXm-bXv{]Xn-Zn\w 662.23 Zi-e£w en‰¿sh≈w. CXp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-

tºmƒ ao\-®n-em-dns\ B{i-bn®v{]h¿Øn-°p∂ IpSn-sh≈ ]≤-Xn-IƒXptemw sNdp-Xm-Wv. 19 IpSn-sh≈t{]mP-IvSp-I-fmWv Ct∏mƒ ao\-®n-em-‰n¬\n∂v sh≈-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. 231.5 Zi-e£w en‰¿ sh≈-amWv {]Xn-Zn\wth≠-Xv. 18.5 Zi-e£w en‰¿ sh≈w`mhn-bn¬ ta¬∏-d™ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ]q¿ØnbmIp-tºmƒ th≠n-h-cp-sa∂vIW-°m-°p-∂p. Aßs\ h∂m¬ {]Xn-Zn\w 250 aney≥ en‰¿ sh≈w th≠n-h-cpw. AXm-bXv {]Xn-amkw 7.5 aney≥Iyp_nIv ao‰¿.

29 en v‰v Cdn-tK-j≥ t{]mP-IvSp-I-fp-≠v. aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-dns\ B{i-bn-®v.Chbpw CSp-°n, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, tIm´bwPn√-I-fn-embn hym]n®v InS-°p-∂p. 2.605Iyp_nIv ao‰¿ sh≈-amWv Ch-sb√mwtN¿∂v Hmtcm sk°‚nepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. {]Xn-amk icm-icn IW-°n-se-Sp-Øm¬ 6.76 Zi-e£w Iyp_nIv

ao\-®n¬ \Zo-XSw Nne hnh-c-ßƒ

BsI \ofw 78 In.-ao.BsI \o¿ØS hnkvXrXn 1208.11 N.-In.-ao.BsI Pe e`yX (hm¿jn-Iw) 2349 Zi-e£w Iyp_nIv ao‰¿hm¿jnI Pe D]-tbmKw 1110 Zi-e£w Iyp_nIv ao‰¿

ao\-®n¬ ]≤Xn c≠v L -ßƒ

H∂mw L´w: aq∂w-K-h-b-ense AW, C≥se‰v Nm\¬ qK¿` SW¬ Hu vse‰vNm\¬. c≠v h¿jw)c≠mw L´w: c≠m- p-ap-\n-bnse AW, sN°v Umap-Iƒ, Pe-tk-N\ I\m-ep-Iƒ (A©v h¿jw)BsI {]Xo-£nXv sNehv : 198.74 tImSn cq]. (2005˛se IW-°v)

aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bnse A[nI Pe-e- y-Xbpw ao\-®n-em-‰nse Pem-h-iyhpw

amkw aqhm‰p]pg- ao\-®n¬ XS-Øn-tebm-dnse an®w/IΩn bv°v th≠Xv

P\p-hcn ˛47.36 18.81

s^{_p-hcn ˛51.55 19.66

am¿®v ˛44.26 21.78

G{]n¬ ˛4.35 6.86

sabv 21.96 1.77

Pq 27.124 0.25

Pqsse 23.71 ˛

BKÃv 17.23 0.43

sk]vXw-_¿ ˛4.6 1.50

HIvtSm-_¿ 21.73 2.16

\hw-_¿ 2.4 3.93

Unkw-_¿ ˛24.3 15.43

s\K-‰ohv kwJy-Iƒ IΩn ImWn-°p-∂p.

52 \hw-_¿ 201152

ao‰¿ sh≈w CXn-\mbn thWw. CuIW-°p-I-sf√mw ao\-®n¬ dnh¿ hment{]mPIvSv kw_-‘n®v ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\v18.04.07-˛se DØ-c-hp-{]-Imcw tIcfk¿°m¿ \ntbm-Kn® hnZKv≤ kanXnt{ImUo-I-cn -®n -´p≈XmWv. Cudnt∏m¿´ns‚ A\p-_-‘-ambn sImSp-Øn- p≈ aqhm-‰p-]p-g, ao\-®n¬ \Zo-X-S-ß-fnse hm´¿ _me≥kv ÃUn A\p-k-cn®v tabv, Pq¨, Pqsse, BKÃv,HIvtSm-_¿, \hw-_¿ F∂o Bdv amk-ß-fn¬ am{X-amWv aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬an® Pe-ap-≈-Xv. CXn¬ G‰hpw IqSnbAfhv Pqsse-bnse 23.71 Zi-e£wIyp_nIv ao‰dpw G‰hpw Ipd™Afhv \hw-_-dnse 2.4 Zi-e£wIyp_nIv ao‰-dp-am-Wv. _m°n-bp≈ Bdvamkhpw aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬ sh≈wIΩn-bm-Wv. IΩn G‰hpw A[n-I-am-Ip-∂Xv s {_p-h-cn-bn-emWv 51.55 Zi-e£wIyp_nIv ao‰¿. IΩn G‰hpw Ipd-bp-∂Xv G{]n-en-epw. 4.35 Zi-e£wIyp_nIv ao‰¿. AXm-bXv Ct∏mƒ e`y-amb IW-°p-Iƒ{]-Imcw aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬\n∂v ao\-®n-em-‰n-tebv°v Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ A[n-I-Pew h¿j-Øn¬ Bdvamkhpw D≠m-hn-√. ao\-®n¬ \Zo-XS]≤-Xn-sb-s®m√n tIm´bw Pn√-bnseNne cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°fpw Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bnse t\Xm-°fpw XΩn¬Ct∏mƒ Bcw- n-®n- p≈ hmIvt]m-cm- -Øns‚ ]n∂n-ep-≈Xv Cu IW-°p-I-fm-Wv. Hcp ]t£ kao-]- m-hn-bn¬ Cuc≠v Pn√-I-fn-tebpw Xt±-i- -cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ Hcp G‰p-ap- -embnCXv hf¿t∂-°mw.

CXp-Iq-SmsX apJy-ambpw D≠m-Im-\n-S-bp-≈Xv ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-ß-fm-Wv.AXn¬ H∂m-a-tØXv ao\-®n¬ \Zn-bpsSASn-Ø v 6.81 ao‰¿ XmgvØp∂-Xp-aqewD≠m-Im-hp∂ {]iv\-ß-fm-Wv. 23.08.2007-˛¬ kn.-U-_vfn-bp.-B¿.-Un.-Fw.Dw10.07.2007-˛¬ sk‚¿ t^m¿ F¿Øvkb≥kv ÃUokpw CXp-kw-_-‘n®Xß-fpsS A`n-{]mbw hnZKv≤ kan-Xnsb Adn-bn-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. c≠vA`n-{]m-b-Ønepw Cßs\ ASn-Ø vXmgvØp-∂Xv Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ qK¿` Pe-\n-c∏v Xmgm-\n-S-bm-°p-sa∂pw X∑qewNp‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ InW-dp-I-fnse Pe-\n-c-∏p-IqSn Xmgp-sa∂pw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp-]t£ ao\-®n¬ taJ-esbc-£n-°m≥ \S-Øp∂ Cu ]≤XnXs∂CtX taJ-e-bn¬ Km¿lnI IpSn-sh≈£maØntebv°v \bn-t®-°mw. \Zo-Xo-c-Øns‚ Ncn-hn-t\bpw qhn-\n-tbm-K-tØ-bpw-IqSn CXv _m[n-t®-°mw.

`qK¿` Xpc-¶-Øns‚ \n¿amWw CutaJ-e-bn¬ D≠m-°n-tb-°m-hp∂

BLm-X-ß-fmWv c≠m-a-Xmbn IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv. Db¿∂ Ip∂n≥ {]tZ-i-amWvXpc¶w D≠m-°m≥ Ct∏mƒ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. t{]mPIvSv \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v 2005- 06- ¬ CXns‚ \n¿amWwXpS-tß-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. 2011-˛12-˛¬]q¿Øn-bm -t°-≠-Xp -am -bn -cp -∂p.A∂sØ IW-°-\p-k-cn®v 27247 S¨kna‚pw 3907 S¨ Ccpºpw SW-ens‚\n¿am-W-Øn\v thWw. 73680 Iyp_nIvao‰-dmWv samØw SWens‚ hym]vXw.CXn¬ IqSp-X¬ aÆv Chn-sS-\n∂v\o°w sNtø-≠-Xm-bn-h-cpw. C{Xbpw\n¿an-Xn-bv°p≈ a‰v {]IrXn hn`-h-ßfpw thWw. CØ-c-samcp \n¿anXnNcn-hp≈ Ip∂n≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ BLm-X-ßƒ hcp-Øptam F∂v ]Tn-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√.AØcw ]T-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am{Xta CXp-kw-_-‘n®v Xocp-am-\-ßƒ FSp-°m-\m-hq.

]Sn-™m-d≥ taJ-ebv°v F¥pIn´p-sa∂ tNmZy-ßfpw {][m-\-am-Wv.ao\-®n-em-‰n-eqsS ip≤-Pew IqSp-X-embnHgpIn h∂m¬ thº-\m v Imb-ens‚]cn-ÿn-Xn°v AXv KpW-I-c-am-Ip-sa∂v

Icp-Xp-∂-h¿ [mcm-f-ap≠v: F√m {]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw ]cn-l-cn®v ]≤Xn \S-∏n-em-bm¬ Xs∂ ao\-®n-em-‰n-eqsS ]Sn-™m-d≥ taJ-e-bn-tebv°v Imcy-ambsh≈w HgpIn hcm-\n-S-bn-√. ImcWwaqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬\n∂v Xncn-®p-hn-Sp∂sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn®v ]pXp-Xmbn Hº-Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw slIvS¿ {]tZ-i-tØ-bv°p≈ ]pXnb Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXn- p-≠v. B\nebv°v A[nI -Pew ]Sn-™m-d≥taJ-e-bn-tebv°v Hgp-In-sbØn HmcpIb-‰sØ XS-bp-Ibpw, I\m-ep-I-fn¬IqSp-X¬ ip≤-Pew kw -cn-°p-IbpwsNøp-sa∂v Icp-Xm-\m-hn-√. F∂p-am-{X-a√ thº-\m- ns‚ Ct∏m-gsØ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-ßƒ°v ImcWw Imb-en-tebv°v D∏p-sh≈w {]th-in-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSp-X¬ ip≤-Pew Hgp°n CXv]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-hn-√t√m?

BsI-°qSn t\m°n-bm¬ A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-amb Hcp ]≤Xn \n¿t±-i-amWv ao\-®n¬ \Zo-XS ]≤Xn F∂ t]cn¬Ct∏mƒ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ apt∂m´p h®n- p-≈-sX∂v ImWmw. AXv t\´ßtf°m-tfsd tIm -ßƒ°v hgn-h-bv°m-\m-Wn-S.


2004 - ˛se kam-[m-\-Øn-\p≈t\m_¬ kΩm-\-tP-Xmhpw {]ikvX]cn-ÿnXn {]h¿Ø-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂hm¶mcn apØm amXmbv sk]vXw-_¿27 -˛\ v A¥-cn -®p . temI-Ønsekv{XoIƒ°pw s]Ïp- n-Iƒ°p-ambnX\n°p e`n® ]pc-kvImcw ka¿∏n®hm¶mcn Im≥k¿ tcmK-_m-[-sb-Øp-S¿∂mWv Xs‚ 71-˛mw hb-kn¬ ac-W-s∏- -Xv. ]cn-ÿnXn {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\pwP\m-[n-]Xy ]p\-ÿm-]-\-Øn\pwk¿thm-]cn a\p-jym-h-Imi {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw IqSn-bmWv Ah¿°v e`n®AwKo-Im-cw. t\m_¬ kΩm\whmßp∂ BZy B{^n-°-°m-cnbpwhm¶mcn Xs∂-bm-Wv.

1940 G{]n¬ 1˛\v B{^n-°≥ cmPy-

amb sI\n-b-bnse "ClntX' {Kma-Øn-emWv hm¶mcn P\n-®-Xv. "In°pbp'F∂ tKm{X hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ I¿jIZº-Xn-I-fpsS Bdp-a-°-fn¬ G‰hpwaqØ-bm-fm-bn-cp∂p hm¶m-cn. BcpwkvIqfn¬ t]mIm-Xn-cp∂ kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂v BZy-ambn kvIqfnseØn.XpS¿∂v kvtImf¿jn-t∏msS 1964-˛¬Poh-im-kv{X-Øn¬ _ncp-Zhpw 1965- ¬]n‰vkv_¿Kv k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬\n∂v_ncp-Zm-\-¥-c-_n-cp-Zhpw t\Sn. ]T-\-tijw s\bvtdm_n bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ sh‰n-\dn saUn-kn≥ hn`m-K-Øn¬ Kth-j-I-bmbn \nb-a\w e`n-®p. kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m-sc-°mƒ Ipd™ thX-\-Øn\v tPmen-bn¬ {]th-in® hm¶mcn ]n.-F-®v.-Un.

_ncpZw e`n® BZy B{^n-°-°mcnIqSn-bm-Wv.

`¿Ømhv ]m¿e-sa‚n-te°v a’-cn® 1970-˛¬ sXc-s™-Sp∏v {]h¿Ø-\-th-f-bn-emWv hm¶mcn s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ BIr-jvS-bm-b-Xv. sI\n-b-bnse tNcn-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ t\cn´pImWm\pw Zpc¥w t]dp∂ a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ thZ-\m-P-\-I-amb Ahÿa\-kn-em-°m\pw sXc-s™-Sp∏p{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Imc-W-am-bn. hfsc]mh-s∏- -h¿°v D∂-X-cm-b-h-cpsS hoSp-I-fn¬ tPmen Xc-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm-Sp-°p∂tPm_v GP≥kn-bm-bmWv Ah¿{]h¿Ø-\-am-cw- n-®-Xv. ASn-®-a¿ØepwASn-a-Øhpw h¿W-hn-th-N-\hpwssIap-X-em-bp≈ B{^n-°-bnse ]mh-

A\p-kva-cWwAUz. Sn. Ko\m-Ip-amcn

{]IrXn amXmbv˛

hm¶mcn]ń-Wn, Zmcn-{Zyw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-Lm-Xw, kv{Xo]-Zhn XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Xncn-®-dn™ hm¶mcn F√m {]iv\-ßƒ°p-ap≈ ]cn-lmcw kaq-l-Øn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ Db¿∂p-h-cp-sa∂ hnizm-k-°m-cn-bm-Wv. hr£-ßƒ \in-°p-∂Xv Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿsb XI¿°p-sa∂v Ipń-°mew apXte Ah¿ a\-kn-em-°p-Ibpw AXn-s\-Xnsc t]mcm-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1977- ¬ sI\n-b-bnse \mj-W¬ Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ hna≥ F∂ kwL-S-\-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS "{Ko≥s_¬‰v aqhvsa‚n'\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p.

54 \hw-_¿ 201154

s∏´ P\-Xsb Hcp-X-c-Ønepw D∂Xt{iWn-bn-ep-≈-h¿ ASp-∏n-°m≥ Xbm-dm-Im-Xn-cp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ a[y-h¿Øn-bmbn hnZym-k-º-∂-bmb bph-Xn-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w sXmgn-e-t\z-j-I¿°v klm-b-I-am-bn.

]ń-Wn, Zmcn-{Zyw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-Lm-Xw, kv{Xo]-Zhn XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS]c-kv]-c-_‘w Xncn-®-dn™ hm¶mcnF√m {]iv\-ßƒ°p-ap≈ ]cn-lmcwkaq-l-Øn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ Db¿∂p-h-cp-sa∂ hnizm-k-°m-cn-bm-Wv. hr£-ßƒ\in-°p-∂Xv Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿsbXI¿°p-sa∂v Ipń-°mew apXteAh¿ a\-kn-em-°p-Ibpw AXn-s\-Xnsc t]mcm-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1977- ¬sI\n-b-bnse \mj-W¬ Iu¨kn¬t^m¿ hna≥ F∂ kwL-S-\-bpsSklm-b-tØmsS "{Ko≥ s_¬‰vaqhvsa‚n'\v (GBM) XpS°w Ipdn-®p.B h¿jsØ ]cn-ÿnXn Zn\-Øn\vs\bvtdm -_n -bnse Hcp sNdnb]m¿°n¬ 7 hr£-ssØ-Iƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v XpS°w Ipdn® kwcw`wC∂p temI-{]-ikvX ]cn-ÿnXnkwL-S-\-bm-bn. BZyw kuP\yhnØp-hn-X-cWw sNbvXp-sIm≠v aq∂pamk-Øn-tesd {]mbw hcp∂ sNSn-Isf ]cn-]m-en-°p∂ kv{XoIƒ°mbnsNdnb thX-\-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øn. sNSn-I-fpsS FÆw IqSp-t¥mdpw thX-\-Øns‚tXmXpw IqSp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ kv{XoIƒa’-cn®v hr£-ssØ-Iƒ \´p-h-f¿Øm≥ XpS-ßn. IqSp-X¬ hr£whf¿Øp-∂-Xns‚ mK-ambn hnd-In-\pw,A[nIw hcp-∂h hn¬°m\pw AXp-hgn A[nI hcp-am\w Is≠-Øm-\p-ambn. kºq¿W h\-h-XvI-c-W-Øn-te°vam{X-a√ kmº-ØnI kzm{i-b-Xz-Øn-te°pw sI\n-b≥ kv{XoIsf sIms≠-Øn-°m≥ "{Ko≥ s_¬‰v aqhvsa‚n'\pIgn-™p. bp.-F≥. klm-b-tØmsSBbn-c-°-W-°n\v \gvk-dn-Iƒ cmPy-sØºmSp-ap-≠m-°n. 1990- I-tfmsS klm-

d-bpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Hcp Uk-t\mfwB{^n-°≥ cmPy-ß-fn-te°v h\-hXvI-cWw hym]n-∏n-°m-\m-bn.

Hcp t\csØ Blm-c-Øn\p hI-bn-√m-sX, IpSn-°m≥ ip≤-P-e-an-√m-sX,tIdn-°n-S-°m≥ Iqcbn-√msX _p≤n-ap-ń-bn-cp∂ \nc-£-c-cmb sI\n-b≥kv{XoIfn¬ Xß-fpsS {]iv\-ß-fpsSDd-hnSw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bm-sW∂ t_m[wkrjvSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ hm¶mcn \nXm¥]cn-{iaw \S-Øn. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Bh-iy-IX a\-kn-em-°n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂phm¶m-cn-bpsS BZy e£yw. XpS¿∂vkzbw ]cym-]vX-X-bn-te°pw km£-c-X-bpsS hgn-bn-te-bv°pw FØn-°m≥Ign-™p. kam-[m-\-an-√msX Fhn-sSbpwhnI-k-\tam hnP-btam D≠m-Ip-∂n-s√∂pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[hpw hnI-k-\-hp-ap-≈n-SØv ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-®n-s√-¶n¬ Ah-sbm∂pw \ne-\n¬°n-s√∂pw hm¶mcn hniz-kn-®p. F√mbp≤-ßfpw kº-Øn\pw {]IrXn hn -h-ßƒ°pw th≠n-bm-sW∂pw {]IrXnhn`-h-ßfpsS icn-bmb ]cn-]m-e\wAXn-t∑-ep≈ B{I-aWhpw Nqj-Whpw Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn\pw temI-k-am-[m\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Ign-bpsa∂pw kam-[m-\w, hnI-k-\w, P\m-[n-]-Xyw, ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww XpS-ßnbh ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-am-sW∂pwH∂n-√msX as‰m-∂n\v \ne-\n¬]n-s√∂pw hm¶mcn t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

sI\n-b-bn¬ P\m-[n-]Xy ]p\x-ÿm-]-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ t]mcm-´-Øn¬ hm¶m-cn°v sImSnb a¿±-\hpwA[n-t£-]hpw kln-t°≠n h∂n´p-≠v. sI\n-b-bnse tkOm-[n-]-Xnbpw]n∂oSv {]kn-U‚p-amb Um\n-tb¬Adm^v tambn-s°-Xnsc \S-Ønbt]mcm-´-Øn\v "shdn ]nSn® kv{Xo'(crazy woman) F∂-hsc ]cn-l-kn-®p.hnZym-k-º-∂bpw Dd® \ne-]m-Sp-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ `¿Øm-hn\v \nb-{¥n-°m-\m-hmØ kv{Xosb-∂mWv hnhm-l- tam-

N\t°kn¬ tImSXn hm¶m-cnsbhnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. Cu tImSXn ]cm-a¿isØ hna¿in-®-Xn\v tImS-Xn-b-e£y Ip‰w NpaØn 6 amkwin£bpw \¬In.

kz¥w ssIsIm≠v Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v ac-ßƒ \´p-]n-Sn-∏n® hm¶mcn]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sd]pkvX-I-ßƒ cNn-®p. FbvUvkn-s\-Xnsc t_m[-h-XvI-cWw \S-Øn. sI\n-b≥ sdUvt{Imkv ta[m-hn-bmbpw 2003-apX¬ 2005 hsc sI\n-b-bn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn kl-a-{¥n-bmbpw {]h¿Øn-®p.t\m_¬ kΩm-\-Øn-\p-]p-dta ssd‰vssehven-lpUv Ahm¿Uv, tKmƒUvam≥F≥h-b¨sa‚¬ ss{]kv, FUn≥-_tdm ]pc-kvIm-cw, thƒUv kn‰n-k -jn∏v Ahm¿Uv, Cμn-cm-Km‘n ]pc-kvImcw XpSßn Ht´sd ]pc-kvIm-c-ßfpw hm¶m-cnsb tXSn-sb-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

temI-sa-ºmSpw ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m[w hf¿Øm≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw P\-ß-fn∂pw {]Ir-Xnsb \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬Ah¿ hymIp-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p. B Nn¥t\m_¬ kΩm\w ssI∏-‰n-s°m≠v\S-Ønb {]kw-K-Øn¬ Ah¿ temI-P-\-X-tbmSv ]¶p-h-®p. ""\ΩfpsS{]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw ImgvN-∏m-Snepw Hcp]p\¿ Nn¥ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp∂p'' F∂vhm¶mcn {]Jym-]n-®p. Xs‚ Ipń-°mewkvacn-®p-sIm≠v A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂AgIpw A¤p-Xhpw \nd™ `qanCt∏mƒ \jvS-s∏-´-Xn-s\-°p-dn®pwhm¶mcn A\p-kva-cn-®p. ""Ipń-°m-eØvAcp-hn-bn¬ sh≈-sa-Sp-°m≥ t]mIp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]®bpw ]S¿∏p-ap≈ Xoc-ßfpw sXfn-\ocpw F\n°v aXn-h-cmØImgvN-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Acp-hn-bnse sh≈wRm≥ Gsd IpSn-°pw, ac-ß-fpsS thcp-Iƒ Bgv∂n-d-ßnb Acp-hn-bn-eqsS HmSn-°-fn-°pw. Acp-hn-bn¬ \ndsb apØp-Iƒ t]mse hgp-h-gp-∏p≈ Xh-f-ap- -I-fp-≠m-hpw, Ah tImcn-sb-Sp-°p-tºmƒ]eXpw s]mń-t∏m-Ipw. sXfn-sh-≈-Øn¬ Hcp-]mSp hm¬am-{In-Iƒ XØn-°-fn-°pw. Cßs\ AgIpw A¤p-Xhpw \nd™ Acp-hn-Iƒ Ign™ 50h¿jw-sIm≠v C√m-Xm-bn h‰n-h-c-≠p.Hcp-Xp≈n sh≈-Øn-\mbn kv{XoIƒIntem-ao-‰-dp-Iƒ Xm≠p-∂p. Xh-f-Ifpwhm¬am-{In-Ifpw A{]-Xy-£-cm-bn''.

hcpw Xe-ap-d-bv°mbn ]®-∏m¿∂ ]mS-ßfpw sXfn \ocp-d-h-I-fpw, Acp-hn-Iƒ°vXh-f-°p-™p-ß-sfbpw XncnsI sImSp-°-Ww. AXmWv C∂ns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-sb∂pw hm¶mcn {]Jym-]n-®p. P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\pw ]cn-ÿn-Xn°pw BXy-¥n-I-ambn a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xn-°pw-th≠nhm¶mcn Gs‰-SpØ sh√p-hnfn P\m-[n-]Xyhnizm-kn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°-Ww.


hnZym- ymkwUbm≥ dmhn®v

{]nb Unt_m-dm,

bqtdm-]y≥ ]cy-S\w Ign™vCubn-sS-bmWv Rm≥ aS-ßn-sb-Øn-b-Xv._¿en-\n¬ Hcp A¥m-cmjv{S hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂p. bqtdm-∏v, Gjy,em‰n≥ Ata-cn° F∂n-hn -S -ß-fn¬\n∂pw h∂ Kth-j-I¿ bp.-F- n¬\S-°p∂ C∂sØ ]cn-jvI-cW \o°-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hf-sc-b-[nIw Bi¶ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AwKo-IrX ]co-£bv°p \¬Ip∂ AanX {]m[m-\yw,kzImcyhXvI-c-W-Øn\pw hmWn-Py-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\pw D≈ t{]c-W, A[ym-]I sXmgn-en¬ {]th-in-°p-∂-Xn\v \ne-hmcw XmgvØp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈kΩ¿±w F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ ImWn-°p∂ AtX {]h-WX Ah-cpsS cmPy-ß-fn -tebv°pw IS∂p sN√ptamF∂p≈ b-amWv Ahsc Ae- p-∂-Xv.

Fs‚ bm{X-bnse G‰hpw khn-ti-j-amb Imcyw n≥em‚nse kvIqfp-I-fn¬ \S-Ønb kμ¿i-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.A¥m-cmjv{S hnZym¿∞n hne-bn-cp-Ø¬]cn-]m-Sn- (Programme for InternationalStudent Assessment - PISA) bp-ambn_‘-s∏´ ]co-£-I-fnse hnP-b-Øn-eqsS ^n≥em‚ v Cub-SpØ Ime-ß-fn¬ F√mw hm¿Ø-bn¬ \nd™p\n¬°p-I-bm-W-s√m.

Ign™ Hcp Zim-_vZ-°m-e-ambn 15hb- p-Im-cmb n≥em‚ v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hmb-\, IW-°v, imkv{Xw F∂n-h-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ ]co-£-I-fn¬G‰hpw D∂Xÿm\-ßƒs°m-∏tamhfsc ASptØm hsc FØn-\n¬°p∂ ImgvN-bmWv XpS¿®-bmbnImWp-∂-Xv. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ^n≥-em‚nse kvIqfq-Iƒ XΩn¬ KpW-]-c-X-bn-ep≈ hyXymkw G‰hpw Ipd-hp-≈-Xmbpw ImWp-∂p. AXm-bXv^n≥em‚nse hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v cmPy-Øp≈ GXp-kvIq-fn¬\n∂pw {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb \√ hnZym- ymkw e`n-°m≥Ign-bp-sa-∂¿∞w. KpW-ta-∑-bp≈hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ e`y-X-bn¬ D≈Ah-kc Xpey-X-bm-Wn-Xv. F√m {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw \√ s]mXp hnZym-e-b-ßƒe`y-am-Wv.

^n≥em‚nse kvIqƒ hnZym- ymkk{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw AXn-i-b-I-c-ambn tXm∂p∂ Hcp Imcyw CXm-Wv- -A-hn-SsØ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ sslkvIqƒhnZym- ym-k-Ønse Ah-km\ h¿j-Øn¬ am{Xta Hcp AwKo-IrX ]co-£bv°p hnt[-b-cm-Ip-∂p-≈q. At∏m-gmWv Ah¿ tImtfPv hnZym- ymk {]th-i-\-Øn-\p≈ sa{Sn-°p-te-j≥ ]co-£sb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Ah-cpsS ]co-£-Isf cq]-I-ev]\

sNøp-∂Xv Ah-cpsS A[ym-]-I¿X-s∂-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ah-cpsSA[ym-]-I¿°v Ip´n-Iƒ F¥p-sN-øp∂p F∂pw Ah¿s°-¥mWv Bh-iy-ap-≈-sX∂pw Adn-bmw. Hcp tZiob]mTy-]-≤Xn D≠v. F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw]q¿W-amb hnZym-`ymkw e`n-°p∂pF∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\p≈ hnim-e-amb\n¿t±-i-ß-fmWv AXn-ep-≈-Xv. ]t£Ah I¿°-i-ambn ASn -t®¬∏n -°p∂hb-√. Hmtcm kvIqfn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw t_m[\imkv{Xhpw cq]-I-ev]\ sNøm≥AXmXp kvIqfnse A[ym-]-I¿°vXnI™ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ap-≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ hen-sbm-c-f-hp-hsc Ah¿°vkzmX-{¥y-hp-ap-≠v. Ah-sc√mw sXmgn-en¬ sshZ-Kv≤y-ap≈hcm-Wv.

sslkvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ A[ym-]I hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v{]th-i\w t\Sp-hm≥ ISpØ a’-c-ap-≠v. A[ym-]I Xbm-sd-Sp∏p ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-tebv°v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿]Øn¬ Ht∂m Nne-t∏mƒ AXnepwIpdthm Bbn-cn-°pw. F√m A[ym-]-Icpw ]T-\w, Kth-j-Ww, {]tbmKwF∂n-h-bn-se√mw A©p-h¿jw ITn\{]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-b-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw.A©p-h¿j-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ Ah¿°vamÃ¿ _ncpZw e`n-°p-∂p. GXp Xc-

^n≥em‚nse kvIqfp-Iƒ\yqtbm¿°v k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse Kth-jW s{]m -kdpw Ata-cn-°-bnseB[p-\nI kvIqƒ ]cn-jvI-cW ]≤-Xnsb A[n-I-cn®v Fgp-X-s∏´“The Death and Life of the Great American School System” F∂ {KŸ-Øns‚cN-bn-Xmhpw Bb Ubm≥ dmhn®v as‰mcp hnZym- ymk hnN-£-W-bmbUnt_mdm tab-dn\v Fgp-Xnb IØm-Wn-Xv.)

56 \hw-_¿ 2011

Øn-ep≈ hnZym¿∞n-I-sfbpw bp‡-amb Xc-Øn¬ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂hcm-bn-cn°pw A[ym-]-I-sc-√mw-X-s∂. AwK-ssh-I-ey-ap-≈-h-cm-bm-epw`mj-bn¬ sshj-ay-ap-≈-h-cm-bmepw a‰phnZym- ymk {]iv\-ß-tf-sX-¶nepw D≈-h-cm-bmepw Ah-sc-sb√mw th≠-co-Xn-bn¬ A[ym-]-I¿ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂p.

Rm≥ kμ¿in® F√m kvIqfp-Ifpw\ΩpsS \mńse G‰hpw sa®-s∏- Xpw]ptcm-K-a-\m-fl-I-hp-amb kzImcykvIqfp-Iƒs°m-∏-am-Wv. Ie-I-fn-epwIfn-I-fnepw a‰p {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepwhfsc [\y-ambhbmWv Ah-sb-√mw-X-s∂. at\m-l-chpw {]Im-i-]q-cn-X-hp-ambNne cay-l¿Ωy-ßƒ \n¬°p∂ Iymº- p-Iƒ Z¿in-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AhnsSsNdnb sNdnb ¢mkp-Iƒ Rm≥I≠p. Fen-sa‚dn kvIqfn¬ Hcp¢mknse Ipń-I-fpsS FÆw \nP-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv 24 BsW-¶nepw 19Ipń-I-fn¬ IqSp-X-ep≈ ¢mkp-IƒRm≥ ImWp-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. {]tXyIBh-iy-ßƒ A¿ln-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ]Tn-°p∂ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Ah-cpsS klm-b-Øn-\mbn c≠v kl A[ym-]-I¿IqSn D≠v.

^n≥em‚nse hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚hnP-b-c-lkyw ""]c-kv]c hnizmkw''(Trust) BsW∂v A[ym -] -Icpw{]n≥kn-∏¬amcpw Ft∂mSv Bh¿-Øn®p ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A[ym-]-I¿\√ sshZ-Kv[y-ap-≈-h-cm-b-Xp-sIm≠vc£n-Xm-°ƒ°v A[ym-]-I-cn¬ \√hnizmkw D≠v. Ah¿ hnZ-Kv[-cm-b-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ A[ym-]-I¿ ]c-kv]cwhniz-kn-°p-Ibpw {]iv\-ßƒ Fs¥-¶nepw D≠m-bm¬ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-°p-Ibpw klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp -∂p. A[ym -] -Icpw{]n≥kn-∏¬amcpw ]c-kv]cw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. ImcWw F√m {]n≥kn-∏¬amcpw Hcn-°¬ A[ym-]-I-cm-bn-cp-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ah¿ hfsc AKm-[-ambA\p- h kº-Øp-≈-h-cp-am-Wv. A[ym-]-\-Øn¬\n∂pw sImgn™p t]mIp-∂-h-cpsS FÆ-sØ-°p-dn®v Rm\m-cm-™n-cp-∂p. hfsc A]q¿h-ambn am{XtaA[ym-]-\-Øn¬\n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ hn´p-t]mIq F∂m-W-h¿ ]d-™-Xv. ImcWwAXv hfsc al-Xz-]q¿W-amb tPmen-bm-Wv. A[ym-]-Isc kaqlw hfsc_lp-am-\n-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.

^n≥em‚n¬ Rm≥ I≠ A[ym-]-I¿˛{]-tXy-In®pw [mcm-f-ambn ]pc-kvIm-c-ßƒ t\Sn-bn-´p≈ {]K¤cm-b-h¿Dƒs∏sS˛bp.-F- nse kvIqfp-I-fn¬ImWp∂ A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-cmbn tXm∂p-Itbm hyXy-kvX-amb

Fs¥-¶nepw {]hrØn sNøp-∂tXmBbn Rm≥ I≠n-√.

bp.-F- ns\ At]-£n®v ^n≥em-‚n\v Hcp \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ta∑ D≠v.

n≥em‚n¬ inip- -Zm-cn-{Zy-\n-c°v 4 iX-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ bp.-F- n¬ 22 iX-am-\-am-Wv. AXv Db¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. IpSpw-_-h-cp-am\w A°m-Z-aob {]h¿Ø\ {]mK-¤y-Øns‚ B{i-bn-°m-\m-hp∂ HcpNq≠p-]-e-I-bm-sW∂ Imcyw kphn-Zn-X-am-W-s√m. n≥em‚n¬ Hcp i‡-ambkmaq-ly-t£a ]cn-]m-Sn-bp-≠v. \ap-°n-hnsS Aßs\sbm∂n-√-s√m. ^n≥-em‚ v Hcp tkmjy-enÃp cmjv{S-a-√.AXv Hcp apX-em-fnØ cmjv{S-am-Wv.

bp.-F- nse h¿Ø-am\Ime hnZym-`ymk {]h-W-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v Ft∂mSptNmZn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ipń-Iƒ°p e`n-°p∂ ]co-£-bnse kvtImdns‚bSn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A[ym-]-Isc hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ \ΩpsS k¿°m¿ Dt±-in-°p∂Imcyw Ahn-SsØ A[ym-]-IscA¤p-X-s∏-SpØn; AXn¬ Ah¿ Hcpbp‡nbpw ImWp-∂n-√. Ipd-®m-gvN-Iƒam{Xw ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n® amÃ¿_ncp-Z-an-√mØ A[ym-]-I-cpsS ASp-°-tebv°v \ΩpsS Ipń-Isf ]d-™-b-bv°p∂p F∂Xpw Ahsc hnkva-b- -cn -X -cm -°n. ""sacn‰ v t]'' F∂Bibwt]mepw Ah¿°p a\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√. AhnsS Ah¿ kaq-l-Øn-\p-th≠n IqSp -X¬ A[zm -\n -®m¬Ah¿°p IqSp-X¬ thX\w e`n-°pw.]co-£-bnse kvtIm¿ h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ a’-c-Øn¬ A[ym-]-I¿°p t_mW p \¬IpI F∂XvAh¿°p a\- n-em-Ip-∂n√. Ah-cpsShnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v CØ-c-Øn¬ sSÃvkvtImdp-Iƒ \¬Im-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v\ΩpsS k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ bp‡nAh¿°p a\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√. AXp-am-{X-hp -a√ ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn®p{]h¿Øn-t°≠ A[ym-]-I-cpsSbnS-bn¬ a’-c-Øn\v B\p-Iqeyw {]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xns‚ Imcyhpw Ah¿°phniz-kn-°m-\m-Ip-∂n-√.

^n≥em‚p amXr-I-bpsS ]cm-a¿iwt]mepw Ct∏m-gp≈ GXp tIm¿∏-td‰v ]cn-jvI-cWhmZn-sbbpw AkvX-{]-⁄-cm-°pw. D∂-X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-ep≈]co-£-Isf B{i-bn-°msX Hcp cmPy-Øn\v al-Ømb kvIqfp-Iƒ \S-Øm≥Ignbpw F∂ Imcyw Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p. n≥em‚n\vHcn-°epw Hcp amXr-I-bm-Im≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v Ah¿ Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp-∂p.ImcWw AhnsS h¿K-ssh-hn-[y-an-√s{X! F∂m¬ kzoU≥, kzn‰vk-¿e‚ v, sU∑m¿°v, t\m¿sh XpS-ßnb

cmPy-ß-fnset∏mse-Xs∂ P\-kw-Jym-L-S-\-bp≈ ^n≥em‚n¬ IqSp-X¬Db¿∂ e-kn≤n D≠m-Ip-∂p-≠s√mF∂p Nq≠n-°m- p-tºmƒ C°q- ¿ \o≠au\-Øn¬ apgp-Ip-∂p. Cu ""h¿K-ssh-hn-[y-an-√mbva'' F∂ hmZ-ap-J-Øn¬F\nbv°v Atem-kcw tXm∂p-∂p.Fs¥-∂m¬ AX¿∞-am-°p-∂XvB{^n-°-bn-se-bpw, Ata-cn-°-bn-se-bpw, lnkv]m-\-bn-sebpw Ipń-Iƒ°vA\p-`h kº-Øp≈ A[ym-]-I¿,sNdnb ¢mkp-Iƒ, Ie-bnepw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw [\y-amb ]mTy-]-≤XnF∂n-h-sbm∂pw Hcn-°epw KpW-I-c-am-In√ F∂m-W-s√m.

hfsc ck-I-c-amb Hcp sshcp≤ywBWn-hn-sS-bp-≈-Xv. BtKm-f-a-’-c-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv \mw \ΩpsS Ipń-IsfXbm-dm-°p-∂-sX∂pw AXn-\p-th≠nAh-cpsS ASn-ÿm\]c-amb ss\]p-Wn-Isf sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-sW∂pwBWs√m \mw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.F¥mWv AXn-\p-th≠n \sΩ \bn-°p∂ XXz-ßƒ- -a-’-cw, IW-°p-]-d -b¬, _m[y-X, sXc-s™-Sp -∏v.F∂m¬ ^n≥em‚n-em-Is´ Htc Hcpe£yw- ˛ -Hmtcm Ipń-bn-ep-ap≈ am\-ho-bX hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°¬. AsXmcpsR -ep-f-hm-°p∂ e£yas√! AhscAXn-tebv°p \bn-°p∂ XXz-ßƒFs¥m-s°-bm-Wv Xpey-X, {Inbm-fl-I-X, kar-≤n.

Ipń-Isf cmPy-Øns‚ Aaqeyhn`h t{kmX- mbn ]cn -K-Wn®vssIImcyw sNøp-I-bpw, hnZym-`ym-ksØ Hcp hnIm-c-ambpw PohnXam¿K-ambpw I≠p-sIm≠p {]h¿Øn-°p∂apXn¿∂hsc BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂Hcp cmjv{S-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ n≥em‚ v{]tXyIw {i≤ A¿ln-°p-∂p.

`mhn-bn¬ Hcp-Zn\w C∂p \ΩpsS\mń¬ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ tNjvSm-hm-Z-]-c-amb kao-]\w ]cm-P-b-am-sW∂vAwKo-I-cn-°p-sa∂p Rm≥ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ \mw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ""]cn-jvI-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ''Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse {]mcw- -Ønsehymh-km-bnI Ime-L- -Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂pw Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ°v klm-b-I-a-s√∂pw Hcp Znhkw \mw a\- n-em-°pw. B Zn\w hs∂-Øp-tºmƒ, Ipń-I-tfmSp kvt\lw ]pe¿Øp-∂, A[ym-]I t{ijvTsc _lp-am-\n-°p∂^n≥em‚ns‚ Bg-Øn-ep≈ hnthIw\mw a\- n-em-°pw. \ΩpsS ]cm-P-b-s∏´ amXr-Ibv°v hnP-b-I-c-amb Cu_Z-en-t\mSv \mw \μn-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøpw.

hnh¿Ø\w: B¿. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥

imkv{X-KXn 57

lc-W-^ew sI. kXojv

Printed & Published by T.P. Sreesankar on behalf of Kerala Sasthrasahithya Parishad & Printed at A-One Offset Printers, Ramanattukara, Calicut-1and published at Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673 002. Editor-R.V.G. Menon. Approved by CSIR for financial support

Volume 47 No.5, Sasthragathy 2011 November, 60 Pages

imkv{Xhm¿Ø- Xøm-dm-°n-bXv : tUm. Fw. B¿. kpZ¿i\ Ipam¿

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw alm-flm-Km‘n tImtf-Pnse ck-X-{¥-hn-`mKw A≤ym-]-I-\mWv teJ-I≥

aq°n¬\n∂v sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-∏n°mw _ -W-a¿Øp-tºmƒ Xs∂ Kymkv Ãu IØm≥ \sΩ klm-bn-°p-∂Xv ]otkm Ce-Iv{SnIvC^-IvSm-Wv. CtX ]otkm Ce-Iv{SnIv CÎvSv D]-tbm-Kn®v aq°n¬\n-∂p≈ izk\ hmbpD]-tbm-Kn®v sk≥k-dp-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°m-\m-Ipw.- Energy and Environment Science s‚ sk]vXw-_¿ e°-Øn-emWv Prof. Xudong Wang Dw kwLhpw CXp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. sNdnb Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]-I-c-W-ßƒ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-amb sshZypX Nm¿Pv Ah¿°vkrjvSn-°p-hm-\m-bn. \mt\m kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bp-]-tbm-Kn®v hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p∂ sNdp D]-I-c-W-ßsf {]h¿Øn-∏n-°m-\m-h-iy-amb sshZyp-tXm¿Pw izk\ hmbp-hn¬\n∂v krjvSn-°m-\m-hp-sa∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xp-∂p.

(www.sciencedaily.com)

{]tal tcmK NnIn-’bv°v{]Ir-Xn-ZØ kwbp‡wicocw {]IrXym DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp kwbp-‡-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v {]tal tcmK _m[n-X-bmb Fen-bpsS c‡-Ønse]©-km-c-bpsS Afhv km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-sb∂v St. Louisbnep≈ Washington University bnse School of Medicinese imkv{X-⁄¿ Is≠-Øn. Nicotinamide mononycleotide

VESTA bnse Db¿∂ sImSp-apSnvesta kuc-bq-Y-Ønse Hcp £p{Z-{K-l-am-Wv. ]t£ kuc-bq-Y-Ønse G‰hpw Db-c-ap≈ sImSp-ap-Sn-I-fn-sem-∂n-hn-sS-bm-Wv. Cu £p{Z-{K-l-Øns‚ Z£n-W-{[p-h-Øn¬\n∂pw20.-In.-ao. Db-c-ap-≠v. HawaiiZzo]nse Mauna keatb°mƒ Dbcw IqSp-X-em-Wn-Xv. Cu A·n-]¿hXwIqSp-Xepw kap-{Z-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-Wv. Mauna kea bpsSkap-{Z-\n -c-∏n¬\n∂p≈Dbcw 4205 ao‰-dm-Wv. kap-{Z-Øns‚ ASn-Ø- n¬\n∂vIW-°m-°p-bm-sW-¶n¬Dbcw 10,000 ao‰-dn-e-[nIwhcpw. Fh-dÃv sImSp-ap-Sn-bpsS Dbcw 8848 ao‰-dm-Wv.sNmΔ-bnse Olympian Mons \v 22 In.-ao. Db-c-ap-≠v. kuc-bq-Y-Ønse G‰hpw Db-cw-Iq-Snb sImSp-apSn CXm-Wv. vestabn¬ Is≠-Ønb inJn-c-Øn\v t]cp \¬In-bn-s√-¶nepwAKv\n ]¿hX-ap-J-Øn\v Rhea sylvia F∂mWv imkv{X-⁄¿ t]cp \¬In-b-Xv. NASA bpsS Dawn Mission Is≠-Ønb hnh-c-ßƒ HIvtSm-_¿ 3˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse EuropeanPlanetary Congress emWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.

(www.sciencenews.com)

{Kô\p kam-\-amb ]pXnb ]Zm¿∞w{Kôs‚ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-\mWv imkv{X-⁄¿°v 2010- se uXn-I-Øn-\p≈ t\m_¬kΩm\w e`n-®-Xv. Z£nW sImdn-b-bnse Jun Sung Kim Dw Dresden se Dr. FrederickWolff-Fabris Dw hnI-kn-∏n® ]Zm¿∞-Øn\p {Kô\p kam-\-amb kz`mh hnti-j-ß-fp-≠v. AXn Nme-IX {]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ Cu ]Zm¿∞-Øn\v tim -\-amb mhn-bp-s≠∂vimkv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. ‘Sr Mn Biz’ F∂ ]Zm¿∞-amWv imkv{X-⁄¿ ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. kvt{Sm≥jn-bw, am≥K-\o-kv, _nkvaØv F∂o aqe-I-ßƒ tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ ]Zm¿∞w {Kô\p kam-\-am-Wv. a‰v B‰-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu ]Zm¿∞sØtUm∏p sNøm-\m-hpw. Cu kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bp-]-tbm-Kn®v ]pXnb AXn-Nm-eI ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw Im¥-ß-fp-ap-≠m-°m-\m-Ip-sa∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. Physical Review Let-ters emWv Kth-j-I-cnXp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.

(www.escience.com)

F∂ kwbp-‡-amWv Fen-Iƒ°v \¬In-b-Xv. CXp \¬In-b-t∏mƒ kv{Xo Fen-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]©-km-c-bpsSAfhv km[m-cW \ne-bn-embn. ]pcpj Fen-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \ne sa®-s∏- p. Cell Metabolism F∂ tP¿Wens‚HIvtSm-_¿ \memw Xob-Xn-bnse e°-Øn-emWv imkv{X-⁄-cnXp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv.

(www.sciencenews.org)

sastragathi nov 2011

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