sandeep transformer

7/24/2019 Sandeep transformer

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Physics Project

Topic - Transformer


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2015 2016 CBSE BOARD

CLASS 12 INVESTIGATO!

P"!SICS PO#ECT

Name $ San%eep ta&

C'ass (-12 pcm


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AIMSTEP-)P AN* STEP-

*O+N,,

TANS.O/E


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Certi0cate

*EPAT/ENT O. P"!SICS

SAN*EEP ta&

T"IS ACNO+LE*GES T"AT

/ PC VE/A"O*3 *ATE-

OF CLASS XII . ROLL NO- HAS DONE THE PROJECT OF WORK ON

TRANSFORMER UNDER MY SUPERVISION AND GUIDENCE WITH MY

FULL SATISFACTION IN THE STIPULATED TIME PERIOD . ALL THROUGH

THE PERIOD I FOUND HIM VERY SINCERE.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomp'ishment of this project s5ccessf5''y6 many peop'eha7e 8est o9ne% 5pon me their 8'essin:s an% the heart p'e%:e%s5pport6 this time I am 5ti'i;in: to than& a'' the peop'e 9ho ha7e8een concerne% 9ith project

Primari'y I 9o5'% than& :o% for 8ein: a8'e to comp'ete this project9ith s5ccess Then I 9o5'% 'i&e to than& my principa' /r ajee7nayar an% physics teacher /r P C VE/A6 9hose 7a'5a8'e:5i%ance has 8een the ones that he'pe% me patch this projectan% ma&e it f5'' proof s5ccess his s5::estions an% his instr5ctions

has ser7e% as the major contri85tor to9ar%s the comp'etion of theproject

Then I 9o5'% 'i&e to than& my parents an% frien%s 9ho ha7ehe'pe% me 9ith their 7a'5a8'e s5::estions an% :5i%ance has 8eenhe'pf5' in 7ario5s phases of the comp'etion of the project Last 85t

not the 'east I 9o5'% 'i&e to than& my c'assmates 9ho ha7e


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INDEX

1CETI.ICATE O. E INTO*)CTION

? T"EO!@ APPAAT)S E)IE*

B POCE*)E .OLLO+E* ODSEVATION

CONCL)SION1F PECA)TION11 DIDLIOGAP"!


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INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a %e7ice 5se% for con7ertin: a 'o9 a'ternatin: 7o'ta:e to a

hi:h a'ternatin: 7o'ta:e or 7ice-7ersa

A Transformer 8ase% on the Princip'e of m5t5a' in%5ction accor%in: to this

princip'e6 the amo5nt of ma:netic 5H 'in&e% 9ith a coi' chan:in:6 an emf is

in%5ce% in the nei:h8orin: coi'

A transformer is an e'ectrica' %e7ice 9hich is 5se% for chan:in: the AC

7o'ta:es A transformer is most 9i%e'y 5se% %e7ice in 8oth 'o9 an% hi:h c5rrent

circ5it As s5ch transformers are 85i't in an ama;in: stren:th of si;es In

e'ectronic6 meas5rement an% contro' circ5its6 transformer si;e may 8e so sma''

that it 9ei:ht on'y a fe9 tens of :rams 9here as in hi:h 7o'ta:e po9er circ5its6

it may 9ei:ht h5n%re% of tones

In a transformer6 the e'ectrica' ener:y transfer from one circ5it to another

circ5it ta&es p'ace 9itho5t the 5se of mo7in: parts

A transformer 9hich increases the 7o'ta:es is ca''e% a step- 5p transformer A

transformer 9hich %ecreases the AC 7o'ta:es is ca''e% a step-%o9n

transformer

Transformer is6 therefore6 an essentia' piece of apparat5s 8oth for hi:h an% 'o9

c5rrent circ5its


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OBJECTIVES

To in!"#i$%#! #&! '!(%#ion )!#*!!n #&! '%#io o+ ,. In/# %n0 o/#/# o(#%$!.

1N/2)!' o+ #/'nin$" in #&! "!3on0%'4 3oi( %n0 'i2%'4

3oi( o+ % "!(+ 2%0! #'%n"+o'2!'.


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Theory+hen an a'terin: emf is s5pp'ie% to the primary coi' p1p26 an

a'ternatin: c5rrent starts fa''in: in it The a'terin: c5rrent in theprimary pro%5ces a chan:in: ma:netic 5H6 9hich in%5ces a'terin:

7o'ta:e in the primary as 9e'' as in the secon%ary In a :oo%-transformer6 9ho'e of the ma:netic 5H 'in&e% 9ith primary is a'so'in&e% 9ith the secon%ary6 an% then the in%5ce% emf in%5ce% in

each t5rn of the secon%ary is e5a' to that in%5ce% in each t5rn ofthe primary Th5s if Ep an% Es 8e the instantaneo5s 7a'5es of theemfJs in%5ce% in the primary an% the secon%ary an% Np an% Ns

are the no of t5rns of the primary secon%ary coi's of thetransformer an%

%K %t M rate of chan:e of f'5H in each t5rnoff the coi' at thisinstant6 9e ha7e6

Ep M -Np %K%t ((((((((((((((( 1 an%

Es M -Ns %K%t ((((((((((((((( 2

Since the a8o7e re'ations are tr5e at e7ery instant6 so 8y %i7i%in: 28 1 9e et


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As Ep is the instantaneo5s 7a'5e of 8ac& emf in%5ce% inthe primary coi' p16 so the instantaneo5s c5rrent inprimary coi' is %5e to the %ierence E $ Ep in the

instantaneo5s 7a'5es of the app'ie% an% 8ac& emff5rther if p is the resistance o6 p1p2 coi'6 then the

instantaneo5s c5rrent Ip in the primary coi' is :i7en 8yIp M E $ Ep p

E $ Ep M Ip p


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+hen the resistance of the primary is sma''6 p Ipcan 8e ne:'ecte% so therefore

E $ Ep M F or Ep M E

Th5s 8ac& emf M inp5t emf"ence e5ation = can 8e 9ritten as

Es Ep M Es E M o5tp5t emf inp5t emf M Ns Np M

+here is constant6 ca''e% t5rn or transformationratio


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1IN A STEP-*O+N TANS.O/E Es Q E so Q 16hence Ns Q Np If Ip M 7a'5e of primary c5rrent at the

same instant An% Is M 7a'5e of secon%ary c5rrent atthis instant6 then Inp5t po9er at the instant M Ep Ipan% O5tp5t po9er at the same instant M Es Is If thereare no 'osses of po9er in the transformer6 then Inp5tpo9er M o5tp5t po9er Or Ep Ip M Es Is Or Es Ep M Ip Is M

In A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER


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.2 IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER ES > E SO K > 1, HENCE NS > NP AS,K > 1, SO IP > IS OR IS < IP I.E. CURRENT IN SECONDARY IS WEAKERWHEN SECONDARY VOLTAGE IS HIGHER. HENCE, WHATEVER WE GAININ VOLTAGE, WE LOSE IN CURRENT IN THE SAME RATIO. SIMILARLY ITCAN BE SHOWN, THAT IN A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER, WHATEVER

WE LOSE IN VOLTAGE, WE GAIN IN CURRENT IN THE SAME .THUS ASTEP UP TRANSFORMER IN REALITY STEPS DOWN THE CURRENT A

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER STEPS UP THE CURRENT.

IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/physicsinv-140316012232-phpapp02/95/physics-investigatory-project-class-12-9-638.jpg?cb=1394933063http://image.slidesharecdn.com/physicsinv-140316012232-phpapp02/95/physics-investigatory-project-class-12-9-638.jpg?cb=1394933063http://image.slidesharecdn.com/physicsinv-140316012232-phpapp02/95/physics-investigatory-project-class-12-9-638.jpg?cb=1394933063


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EFFICIENCY

ERciency of a transformer is %e0ne% as the ratio of o5tp5t

po9er to the inp5t po9er ie

nMo5tp5t po9er inp5t po9er M Es Is Ep Ip

Th5s in an i%ea' transformer6 9here there is no po9er 'osses6 M 1 D5t in act5a' practice6 there are many po9er 'ossestherefore the eRciency of transformer Is 'ess than one

E..ICIENC! 6n M O)TP)T PO+EINP)T PO+E U 1FFINP)T PO+E $ LOSSES INP)T PO+E U1FF

1-'ossesinp5t po9er U1FF


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ENERGY LOSSES

ENEG! LOSSES .o''o9in: are the major so5rces of ener:y 'oss in a

transformerW

1 Copper 'oss is the ener:y 'oss in the form of heat in the copper coi's

of a transformer This is %5e to jo5'e heatin: of con%5ctin: 9ires

2 Iron 'oss is the ener:y 'oss in the form of heat in the iron core of the

transformer This is %5e to formation of e%%y c5rrents in iron core It is

minimi;e% 8y ta&in: 'aminate% cores

= Lea&a:e of ma:netic 5H occ5rs inspite of 8est ins5'ations

Therefore6 rate of chan:e of ma:netic 5H 'in&e% 9ith each t5rn of S1S2

is 'ess than the rate of chan:e of ma:netic 5H 'in&e% 9ith each t5rn of

P1P2

> "ysteresis 'oss is the 'oss of ener:y %5e to repeate% ma:neti;ation

an% %ema:neti;ation of the iron core 9hen AC is fe% to it

? /a:neto striation ie h5mmin: noise of a transformer APPAAT)S

E)IE* ION O* COPPE +IE VOLT/ETE A//ETE


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PROCEDURE

Ta&e thic& iron ro% an% co7er it 9ith a thic& paper an% 9in% a 'ar:e n5m8er of t5rns of

thin C5 9ire on thic& paper say @F This constit5tes primary coi' of the transformer

2 Co7er the primary coi' 9ith a sheet of paper an% 9o5n% re'ati7e'y sma''er n5m8er

of t5rns say 2F of thic& copper 9ire on it This constit5tes the secon%ary coi' It is a

step %o9n transformer

= Connect p16 p2 to AC main an% meas5re the inp5t 7o'ta:e an% c5rrent 5sin: AC

7o'tmeter an% ammeter respecti7e'y

> Simi'ar'y6 meas5re the o5tp5t 7o'ta:e an% c5rrent thro5:h s1an% s2

? No9 connect s1an% s2to AC main an% a:ain meas5re 7o'ta:e an% c5rrent thro5:h

primary an% secon%ary coi' of step 5p transformer

@ epeat a'' steps for other se'f ma%e transformers 8y chan:in: n5m8er of t5rns in

primary an% secon%ary coi'


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USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is 5se% in a'most a'' ac operations-

In 7o'ta:e re:5'ator for TV6 refri:erator6 comp5ter6 air con%itioner6 etc

A step %o9n transformer is 5se% for 9e'%in: p5rposes

A step %o9n transformer is 5se% for o8tainin: 'ar:e c5rrent A step 5p

transformer is 5se% for the pro%5ction of


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SOURCES OF ERROR

Va'5es of c5rrent can 8e chan:e% %5e to heatin:eect 2 E%%y c5rrent can chan:e the rea%in:s

CONCLUSION

1 The o5tp5t 7o'ta:e of the transformer across thesecon%ary coi' %epen%s 5pon the ratio NsNp 9ith

respect to the inp5t 7o'ta:e

2 The o5tp5t 7o'ta:e of the transformer across thesecon%ary coi' %epen%s 5pon the ratio NsN p 9ith

respect to the inp5t 7o'ta:e= There is a 'oss of po9er 8et9een inp5t an%

o5tp5t coi' of a transformerPRECAUTIONS

1 eep safe yo5rse'f from hi:h 7o'ta:e2 +hi'e ta&in: the rea%in:s of c5rrent an% 7o'ta:e

the AC sho5'% remain constant


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sandeep transformer

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