Salt Stress in Plants

Parvaiz Ahmad ● M.M. Azooz M.N.V. Prasad Editors

Salt Stress in Plants

Signalling, Omics and Adaptations

Editors Parvaiz Ahmad Department of Botany A.S. CollegeUniversity of Kashmir Srinagar , India

M.N.V. Prasad Department of Plant Sciences University of Hyderabad Hyderabad , India

M.M. Azooz Department of Botany Faculty of Science South Valley University Qena , Egypt

Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of Science King Faisal University Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia

ISBN 978-1-4614-6107-4 ISBN 978-1-4614-6108-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6108-1 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012956549

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013, Corrected at 2nd printing 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

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v

Anthropogenic pressures are implicated in the degradation of invaluable natural resources. Assessing the impacts of global soil salinization on plant growth and productivity and identifying approaches for mitigation salinization are subjects of global importance. It is reported that about 7% of the total land on Earth and 20% of the total arable area are affected by a high salt content. Plant productivity is also affected by the elevated levels of salt content in the soil. The reason for the low production is that various metabolic processes that work independently or in coor-dination with one another are affected by the deleterious effects of salt.

Poly-omics – namely, proteomics, genomics, micromics, transcriptomics, meta-blomics, inomics, metallomics, etc. – have emerged as a powerful tool for under-standing the mechanism of plant response toward salinity stress. The exploitation of different genes and proteins involved in the regulation of various environmental stresses will be very useful in generating crops with enhanced food production under salinity stress. With the help of metabolomics, we will recognize different metabolic pathways the plant is rearranging during stress. Plants perceive both external and internal signals and use them to regulate various responses for their development.

During salinity stress, plants respond in various ways and can withstand the stress. Salinity stress is responsible for osmotic, ionic, and oxidative stresses, which lead to reduced growth and development of the plant. Plants can tolerate these stresses by the accumulation of osmolytes and osmoprotectants. Another machinery is the expression of different types of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Understanding the full mechanism of salt tolerance through different means is an enigmatic subject for scientists in general and plant biologists in particular.

The outline of this volume, “ Salt Stress in Plants: Omics, Signaling and Adaptations ,” encompasses the following: Chapter 1 deals with advances of metab-olomics to reveal plant response during salt stress. Chapter 2 narrates the role of microRNAs (micromics) in response to salt stress in plants. Chapter 3 sheds light on the role of proteomics in salt-stressed plants. Chapter 4 discusses improving salinity tolerance in plants through genetic approaches. Chapter 5 describes the role of LEA

Preface

vi Preface

proteins in salinity tolerance in plants. Chapter 6 highlights the effect the salt stress on crop production and the role of omics in salinity tolerance. Chapters 7 , 8 and 9 deal with the role of different kinds of signaling molecules in plants under salt stress. Chapters 10 and 11 examine the approaches to improve salt tolerance in rice and maize. Chapter 12 highlights the role of phytochromes in stress tolerance. Chapter 13 discusses alleviating salinity stress through arbuscular mycorrhiza. Chapter 14 deals with breeding approaches in stress tolerance in citrus. Chapter 15 highlights the effect of salt stress in photosynthesis under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO

2 concentrations. Chapter 16 deals with nitrogen-use-ef fi ciency in

plants under salt stress. Chapter 17 sheds light on the response of salt-affected plants to cadmium, and Chap. 18 highlights the role of plant tissue culture in screening the salt tolerance in plants.

This volume will provide valuable information about the omic approaches, sig-naling, and responses of plants under salt stress. We would like to thank all the authors of this volume for their contributions. We are also thankful to my colleagues who helped us directly or indirectly in completing this volume. We are also grateful to Hanna Smith (Associate Editor, Springer) and Margaret Burns (Developmental Editor, Springer) for their help, suggestions, and timely publication of the volume.

Srinagar, India Parvaiz Ahmad Qena, Egypt M.M. Azooz Hyderabad, India M.N.V. Prasad

vii

1 Recent Advances of Metabolomics to Reveal Plant Response During Salt Stress.................................................................................... 1Ruby Chandna, M.M. Azooz, and Parvaiz Ahmad

2 MicroRNAs and Their Role in Salt Stress Response in Plants ........... 15Satendra K. Mangrauthia, Surekha Agarwal, B. Sailaja, M. Sheshu Madhav, and S.R. Voleti

3 Unravelling Salt Stress in Plants Through Proteomics ........................ 47Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Ruby Chandna, Reiaz ul Rehman, Inayatullah Tahir, Muhammad Sabir, and Muhammad Iqbal

4 Genetic Approaches to Improve Salinity Tolerance in Plants ............ 63Ashwani Kumar, Aditi Gupta, M.M. Azooz, Satyawati Sharma, Parvaiz Ahmad, and Joanna Dames

5 LEA Proteins in Salt Stress Tolerance .................................................. 79Renu Bhardwaj, Indu Sharma, Mukesh Kanwar, Resham Sharma, Neha Handa, Harpreet Kaur, Dhriti Kapoor, and Poonam

6 Enhancing Plant Productivity Under Salt Stress: Relevance of Poly-omics ......................................................................... 113Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Kamrun Nahar, Masayuki Fujita, Parvaiz Ahmad, Ruby Chandna, M.N.V. Prasad, and Munir Ozturk

7 Salt Stress and MAPK Signaling in Plants ........................................... 157M. Miransari, B. Rangbar, K. Khajeh, M.M. Tehranchi, R. Rusta Azad, F. Nagafi, and R. Rahnemaie

8 ABA: Role in Plant Signaling Under Salt Stress .................................. 175Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Monika Beszterda, and Piotr Goliński

Contents

viii Contents

9 Calcium Signaling and Its Significance in Alleviating Salt Stress in Plants ........................................................................................ 197A.K. Srivastava, A.N. Rai, V.Y. Patade, and P. Suprasanna

10 Improving Salt Tolerance in Rice: Looking Beyond the Conventional...................................................................................... 219K.K. Vinod, S. Gopala Krishnan, N. Naresh Babu, M. Nagarajan, and A.K. Singh

11 Approaches to Improving Salt Tolerance in Maize .............................. 261Sreekala Chellamma and Bhinu V-S. Pillai

12 The Role of Phytochromes in Stress Tolerance .................................... 283R.F. Carvalho, M.L. Campos, and R.A. Azevedo

13 Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Amelioration of Salinity .............. 301R. Hajiboland

14 Breeding Salinity Tolerance in Citrus Using Rootstocks..................... 355Maria Angeles Forner-Giner and Gema Ancillo

15 Effects of Salt Stress on Photosynthesis Under Ambient and Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Concentration ................................... 377Nicole Geissler, Bernd Huchzermeyer, and Hans-Werner Koyro

16 Nitrogen-Use-Efficiency (NUE) in Plants Under NaCl Stress ............. 415Ghulam Murtaza, M.M. Azooz, Behzad Murtaza, Yawar Usman, and Muhammad Saqib

17 The Responses of Salt-Affected Plants to Cadmium ........................... 439Gabrijel Ondrasek

18 Plant Tissue Culture: A Useful Measure for the Screening of Salt Tolerance in Plants ...................................................................... 465Mukhtar A. Bhat, Sumiya Jamshieed, Abdul Mujib, M.M. Azooz, Mahmooduzzafar, Junaid Aslam, and Parvaiz Ahmad

Index ................................................................................................................. 497

Brief Biodata of Editor and Co ditors

Dr. Parvaiz Ahmad Editor Dr. Parvaiz Ahmad is an assistant professor in botany at A.S. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. He completed his postgraduation in botany in 2000 from Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India. After receiving a doctorate degree from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, India, he joined the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, in 2007. His main research areas are stress physiology and molecular biology. He has published more than 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals and 16 book chapters. He is also the editor of four book volumes (three with Springer Science + Business Media, NY, and one with Studium Press Pvt. India Ltd., New Delhi, India). He is the recipient of the Junior Research Fellowship and Senior Research Fellowship conducted by CSIR, New Delhi, India. Dr. Ahmad has been awarded the Young Scientist Award under Fast Track scheme, in 2007, by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, India. He is actively engaged in studying the molecular and physio-biochemical responses of different agri-cultural and horticultural plants under environmental stress. Prof. Mohamed M. Azooz Co-editor Professor M.M. Azooz is a professor of plant physiology at the Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt. He received his B.Sc. in 1984 and M.Sc. in 1990 from Assiut University, Egypt. He received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tübingen University, Germany. He has published more than 70 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and five book chapters. He has supervised many M.Sc. students and five Ph.D. scholars. He is an editorial board member and reviewer of many international journals. Professor Azooz has been included in Marquis Who’s in the World (Biography, 28th Edition, 2011), and in the “Top 100 Scientists” list, International Biographical Centre, Cambridge,

ix

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,

,

x Brief Biodata of Editor and Co-editors

UK, 2011. His research emphasizes exploring the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of medicinal and crop plants against various biotic and abiotic stresses and their tolerance mechanism under these stresses. Prof. M.N.V. Prasad Professor M.N.V. Prasad is a professor at the Department of Plant Sciences at the University of Hyderabad, India. He received his B.Sc. (1973) and M.Sc. (1975) degrees from Andhra University, India, and his Ph.D. degree (1979) in botany from the University of Lucknow, India. Prasad had published 141 articles in peer-reviewed journals and 84 book chapters and conference proceedings in the area of environmental botany and heavy metal stress in plants. He is the author and editor for 15 books (John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York; CRC Press, Boca Raton; Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg; Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi; Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht; Marcel Dekker, New York; Fizmatlit Publishers, Moscow; and Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India). He is the recipient of the Pitamber Plant National Environment Fellowship of 2007, awarded by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. He has served as a visiting professor and guest researcher in many universities in different parts of the world, including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, Kazakhstan, Poland, Portugal, and Sweden.

, Co-editor

xi

Surekha Agarwal Directorate of Rice Research , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India

Parvaiz Ahmad Department of Botany , A.S. College, University of Kashmir , Srinagar , India

Gema Ancillo Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA) , Ctra Moncada-Náquera, Valencia , Spain

Junaid Aslam Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi, India

R. Rusta Azad College of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum, Sharif University of Technology , Tehran , Iran

R. A. Azevedo Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” , Universidade de São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil

M. M. Azooz Department of Botany, Faculty of Science , South Valley University , Qena , Egypt

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science , King Faisal University , Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia

N. Naresh Babu Division of Genetics , Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi , India

Monika Beszterda Department of Chemistry , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland

Renu Bhardwaj Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Punjab , India

Mukhtar A. Bhat Department of Botany , Degree College Beerwah, University of Kashmir , Srinagar , India

Contributors

Contributors

M. L. Campos Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA

R. F. Carvalho Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária , Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” , Jaboticabal , Brazil

Ruby Chandna National Institute for Plant Genome Research , New Delhi , India

Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

Sreekala Chellamma Dow AgroSciences LLC , Indianapolis , IN , USA

Joanna Dames Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology , Rhodes University , Eastern Cape , South Africa

Maria Angeles Forner-Giner Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA) , Ctra Moncada-Náquera, Valencia , Spain

Masayuki Fujita Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan

Nicole Geissler Institute of Plant Ecology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Giessen , Germany

Piotr Goliński Department of Chemistry , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland

Aditi Gupta Centre for Rural Development and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology , New Delhi, Hauz Khas , India

R. Hajiboland Plant Science Department , University of Tabriz , Tabriz , Iran

Khalid Rehman Hakeem Faculty of Forestry , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Selangor , Malaysia

P.G Programme in Bioresources, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India

Neha Handa Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Punjab , India

Mirza Hasanuzzaman Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture , Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka , Bangladesh

Bernd Huchzermeyer Institute of Botany , Leibnitz University Hannover , Hannover , Germany

Muhammad Iqbal Department of Botany , Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India

Sumiya Jamshieed Department of Botany , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India

Mukesh Kanwar Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Punjab , India

xii

xiiiContributors

Dhriti Kapoor Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Punjab , India

Harpreet Kaur Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Punjab , India

K. Khajeh Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran

Hans-Werner Koyro Institute of Plant Ecology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Giessen , Germany

S. Gopala Krishnan Division of Genetics , Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi , India

Ashwani Kumar Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology , Rhodes University , Eastern Cape , South Africa

M. Sheshu Madhav Directorate of Rice Research , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India

Mahmooduzzafar Department of Botany , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India

Satendra K. Mangrauthia Directorate of Rice Research , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India

M. Miransari Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran

Abdul Mujib Department of Botany , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India

Behzad Murtaza Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , Pakistan

Ghulam Murtaza Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , Pakistan

F. Naga fi Department of Agriculture , Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Shaid Beheshti University , Tehran , Iran

M. Nagarajan Division of Genetics, Rice Breeding and Genetics Research Center , Indian Agricultural Research Institute , Aduthurai , India

Kamrun Nahar Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture , Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University , Dhaka , Bangladesh

Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan

Gabrijel Ondrasek University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture , Zagreb , Croatia

xiv Contributors

Munir Ozturk Department of Botany , Ege University , Bornova , Izmir , Turkey

V. Y. Patade Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai , India

Bhinu V-S. Pillai Dow AgroSciences LLC , Indianapolis , IN , USA

Poonam Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Punjab , India

M. N. V. Prasad Department of Plant Sciences , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India

R. Rahnemaie Department of Soil Science , College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran

A. N. Rai Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai , India

B. Rangbar Department of Biophysics , Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran

Reiaz ul Rehman P.G. Programme in Bioresources, Department of Botany , University of Kashmir , Srinagar , India

B. Sailaja Directorate of Rice Research , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India

Muhammad Saqib Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , Pakistan

Indu Sharma Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Punjab , India

Resham Sharma Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Punjab , India

Satyawati Sharma Centre for Rural Development and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology , New Delhi , India

A. K. Singh Division of Genetics , Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi , India

A. K. Srivastava Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai , India

P. Suprasanna Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai , India

Inayatullah Tahir P.G Programme in Bioresources, Department of Botany , University of Kashmir , Srinagar , India

M.M. Tehranchi Department of Physics , Faculty of Science, Shahid Beheshti University , Tehran , Iran

xvContributors

Yawar Usman Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , Pakistan

K. K. Vinod Division of Genetics, Rice Breeding and Genetics Research Center , Indian Agricultural Research Institute , Aduthurai , India

S. R. Voleti Directorate of Rice Research , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India

Agnieszka Waśkiewicz Department of Chemistry , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland