Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress

Parvaiz Ahmad � M.M. Azooz � M.N.V. Prasad Editors

Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress

Editors Parvaiz Ahmad Department of Botany, A.S. College University of Kashmir Srinagar , India

M.N.V. Prasad Department of Plant Sciences University of Hyderabad Hyderabad , India

M.M. Azooz Department of Botany South Valley University Qena , Egypt

ISBN 978-1-4614-4746-7 ISBN 978-1-4614-4747-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4747-4 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012947992

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

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v

Salinity imposes a serious problem to agriculture and biomass production. Several important crop species are sensitive to increased salinity which results in decreased photosynthetic performance and lower yield. Increased salinity of arable lands fre-quently is accompanying drought stress in arid and semiarid areas. On the other hand there are numerous species which not only tolerate increased salinity but they need salty soils and waters as their natural environment. Therefore, the under-standing molecular basis of salt stress and the mechanisms of its tolerance is of utmost importance. The volume entitled “Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress” gives up-dated information about recent achievements and future trends in research on salt stress in plants. International team of authors contributed eighteen chapters on various aspects of salt stress in plants, dealing both with the ecological and physiological responses, biochemical mechanisms, processes of salt stress damage and factors contributing to its defense and tolerance. The volume edited by the group of competent Editors brings together recent results in the broad area of salt stress in plants and gives good overview of the recent literature. In my opinion the volume is well prepared and necessary on the market and it may be rec-ommended to researchers and students working in the fi eld of salt stress in plants.

Krakow, Poland Kazimierz Strzałka

Foreword

vii

Soil is the soul of life and is an invaluable natural resource. Healthy soil is essential for high-quality food production. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain soil fertility for sustainable crop production. Since the cultivable land is declining day by day because of urbanization, there is need to use the uncultivable land for food produc-tion to feed teeming population. Changing environment (biotic and abiotic stress) has a negative impact on the growth and development of the plants. Salinity stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that limit agricultural yield. Salinity is responsible for the induction of primary effects like ionic and osmotic stress, which in turn induce oxidative stress in plants.

In plants exposed to salt stress, all the major processes such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and energy and lipid metabolisms are affected. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated as a result of salt-imposed oxidative stress is highly delete-rious for plants. ROS destroys the structure and functions of biomolecules such as membrane lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, and in higher concentrations causes death of the plant cells. Nonetheless, plants have mechanisms to counteract the deleterious effects of primary and secondary stresses through the generation of osmolytes or antioxidants.

This volume consists of 18 chapters which deal with the effect of salt stress on plants. Chapter 1 deals with the causes and types of salt stress and responses of plants. Chapter 2 describes how exogenous protectants help plants to withstand the negative effect of salt stress. Chapter 3 highlights the effect of salt stress on ion transport, water relations and oxidative damage in plants. Chapter 4 is about symbi-otic coalition of lichens against salt stress. Chapter 5 deals with the changes in photosystem II under salt stress. Chapter 6 describes the effect of salt stress on the root system and its tolerance. Chapter 7 highlights the effect of salt stress on rice yield and the mechanism of salt tolerance in rice plants. Chapter 8 deals with aqua-porins’ activity, functions and their role in plant growth and development. Chapter 9 describes production of oil seed crops under salt stress and improving salt toler-ance by different methods. Chapter 10 narrates the response of tomato plants to

Preface

viii Preface

salinity and the role of ABA in plants under salt stress. Chapter 11 deals with changes of phenolic compound content in various plants under salt stress. Chapters 12 and 13 highlight the role of polyamines in plants under salt stress. Chapter 14 describes the physiological functions of jasmonates in relation to environmental stress in plants. Chapter 15 deals with the role of nitric oxide in osmoregulation, ion homeo-stasis and signalling in plants under salt stress. Chapters 16 and 17 highlight the role and metabolism of nutrients under salt stress. Chapter 18 describes a case study of Neretva river valley about soil and water management for sustained agriculture in alluvial plains and fl ood plains exposed to salinity.

In this volume, we have tried to provide the readers a background for under-standing salt stress and tolerance mechanisms in plants. We are thankful to all the authors for their valuable contributions. We are also thankful to several colleagues who helped us directly or indirectly in completing this volume. We appreciate Hanna Smith (Associate Editor, Springer) and Margaret Burns (Developmental Editor, Springer) for their prompt help, suggestions and punctuality in publication of this collective volume.

Srinagar, India Parvaiz Ahmad Qena, Egypt M.M. Azooz Hyderabad, India M.N.V. Prasad

ix

Contents

1 Salt Stress: Causes, Types and Responses of Plants............................. 1Saiema Rasool, Asiya Hameed, M.M. Azooz, Muneeb-u-Rehman, T.O. Siddiqi, and Parvaiz Ahmad

2 Plant Response to Salt Stress and Role of Exogenous Protectants to Mitigate Salt-Induced Damages .................................... 25Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Kamrun Nahar, and Masayuki Fujita

3 Effects of Salinity on Ion Transport, Water Relations and Oxidative Damage ........................................................................... 89Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman and P.V. Vara Prasad

4 Halotolerance in Lichens: Symbiotic Coalition Against Salt Stress ................................................................................................. 115David Delmail, Martin Grube, Delphine Parrot, Jeanne Cook-Moreau, Joël Boustie, Pascal Labrousse, and Sophie Tomasi

5 Changes in Photosystem II in Response to Salt Stress ........................ 149Anjana Jajoo

6 Adaptive Plasticity of Salt-Stressed Root Systems ............................... 169Boris Rewald, Oren Shelef, Jhonathan E. Ephrath, and Shimon Rachmilevitch

7 Salt Tolerance in Rice: Present Scenario and Future Prospects .............................................................................. 203Asiya Hameed, Tabasum N. Qadri, M.M. Azooz, and Parvaiz Ahmad

8 Aquaporins: Role Under Salt Stress in Plants ...................................... 213Renu Bhardwaj, Indu Sharma, Mukesh Kanwar, Resham Sharma, Neha Handa, Harpreet Kaur, Dhriti Kapoor, and Poonam

xx Contents

9 Oilseed Crop Productivity Under Salt Stress ....................................... 249Naghabushana Nayidu, Venkatesh Bollina, and Sateesh Kagale

10 Abscisic Acid and Biomass Partitioning in Tomato Under Salinity .......................................................................................... 267Stella Lovelli, Adriano Sofo, Michele Perniola, and Antonio Scopa

11 Phenolic Content Changes in Plants Under Salt Stress ....................... 283Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Małgorzata Muzolf-Panek, and Piotr Goliński

12 Polyamines and Their Roles in the Alleviation of Ion Toxicities in Plants ....................................................................... 315Stanley Lutts, Jean-François Hausman, Muriel Quinet, and Isabelle Lefèvre

13 Role of Polyamines in Alleviating Salt Stress ....................................... 355Dessislava Todorova, Zornitsa Katerova, Iskren Sergiev, and Vera Alexieva

14 Role of Jasmonates in Plant Adaptation to Stress ................................ 381Losanka P. Popova

15 Role of Nitric Oxide in Improving Plant Resistance Against Salt Stress ................................................................................... 413Muhammad Farooq, Kadambot H.M. Siddique, and Sven Schubert

16 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition Under Salinity Stress ................. 425Kenji Miura

17 Potentiality of Sulphur-Containing Compounds in Salt Stress Tolerance ........................................................................... 443M. Iqbal R. Khan, M. Asgher, Noushina Iqbal, and Nafees A. Khan

18 Soil and Water Management for Sustained Agriculture in Alluvial Plains and Flood Plains Exposed to Salinity: A Case of Neretva River Valley .............................................................. 473Monika Zovko, Davor Romić, Marija Romić, and Gabrijel Ondrašek

Brief Biodata of Editor and Co-editor .......................................................... 495

Index ................................................................................................................. 497

xi

Parvaiz Ahmed Department of Botany , A. S. College, University of Kashmir , Srinagar , JK , India

Vera Alexieva Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , So fi a , Bulgaria

M. Asgher Department of Botany , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , UP , India

M.M. Azooz Department of Botany, Faculty of science , South Valley University , Qena , Egypt

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science , King Faisal University , Al-Hassa , Saudi Arabia

Renu Bhardwaj Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , PB , India

Venkatesh Bollina Saskatoon Research Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saskatoon , SK , Canada

Joël Boustie Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Mycology – UMR CNRS 6226 ISCR PNSCM , University of Rennes 1 (European University of Brittany) , Rennes , France

Jeanne Cook-Moreau Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Limoges (School of Medicine) , Limoges , France

David Delmail Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Mycology – UMR CNRS 6226 ISCR PNSCM , University of Rennes 1 (European University of Brittany) , Rennes , France

Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Department of Agronomy , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA

Contributors

xiixii Contributors

Jhonathan E. Ephrath French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Midreshet Ben-Gurion , Israel

Muhammad Farooq Institute of Plant Nutrition , Justus-Liebig-University , Giessen , Germany

Department of Agronomy , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , Pakistan

The UWA Institute of Agriculture , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA , Australia

Masayuki Fujita Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan

Piotr Goliński Department of Chemistry , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland

Martin Grube Institute of Plant Sciences , Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz , Graz , Austria

Asiya Hameed Department of Botany, Faculty of Science , Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India

Neha Handa Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , PB , India

Mirza Hasanuzzaman Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture , Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University , Dhaka , Bangladesh

Jean-François Hausman Department EVA , Centre de Recherche Public – Gabriel Lippmann , Belvaux , Luxembourg

Noushina Iqbal Department of Botany , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , UP , India

M. Iqbal R. Khan Department of Botany , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , UP , India

Anjana Jajoo School of Life Science , Devi Ahilya University , Indore , MP , India

Sateesh Kagale Saskatoon Research Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saskatoon , SK , Canada

Plant Biotechnology Institute , National Research Council , Saskatoon , SK , Canada

Mukesh Kanwar Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , PB , India

Dhriti Kapoor Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , PB , India

xiiixiiiContributors

Zornitsa Katerova Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , So fi a , Bulgaria

Harpreet Kaur Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , PB , India

Nafees A. Khan Department of Botany , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , UP , India

Pascal Labrousse Laboratory of Botany and Cryptogamy – GRESE EA 4330 , University of Limoges (Faculty of Pharmacy) , Limoges , France

Isabelle Lefèvre Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium

Department EVA , Centre de Recherche Public – Gabriel Lippmann , Belvaux , Luxembourg

Stella Lovelli Department of Crop System , Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata , Potenza , Italy

Stanley Lutts Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium

Kenji Miura Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan

Muneeb-u-Rehman Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science , Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India

Małgorzata Muzolf-Panek Department of Food Quality Management , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland

Kamrun Nahar Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan

Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture , Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University , Dhaka , Bangladesh

Naghabushana Nayidu Saskatoon Research Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saskatoon , SK , Canada

Gabrijel Ondrašek Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia

Delphine Parrot Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Mycology – UMR CNRS 6226 ISCR PNSCM , University of Rennes 1 (European University of Brittany) , Rennes , France

Michele Perniola Department of Crop System , Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata , Potenza , Italy

Poonam Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , PB , India

xivxiv Contributors

Losanka P. Popova Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics , So fi a , Bulgaria

P. V. Vara Prasad 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Department of Agronomy , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA

Tabasum N. Qadri Department of Botany , Hamdard University , New-Delhi , India

Muriel Quinet Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium

Shimon Rachmilevitch French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Midreshet Ben-Gurion , Israel

Saiema Rasool Department of Botany, Faculty of Science , Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India

Boris Rewald Institute of Forest Ecology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) , Vienna , Austria

Davor Romić Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia

Marija Romić Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia

Sven Schubert Institute of Plant Nutrition , Justus-Liebig-University , Giessen , Germany

Antonio Scopa Department of Crop System , Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata , Potenza , Italy

Iskren Sergiev Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , So fi a , Bulgaria

Indu Sharma Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , PB , India

Resham Sharma Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , PB , India

Oren Shelef French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Midreshet Ben-Gurion , Israel

T. O. Siddiqi Department of Botany, Faculty of Science , Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India

Kadambot H. M. Siddique The UWA Institute of Agriculture , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA , Australia

Adriano Sofo Department of Crop System , Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata , Potenza , Italy

xvContributors

Dessislava Todorova Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , So fi a , Bulgaria

Sophie Tomasi Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Mycology – UMR CNRS 6226 ISCR PNSCM , University of Rennes 1 (European University of Brittany) , Rennes , France

Agnieszka Waśkiewicz Department of Chemistry , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland

Monika Zovko Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia