Richard AverbeckGeschäftsführer Entwicklung

EvoBus GmbH

Safety in Bus Traffic

VDA-PresseworkshopNutzfahrzeuge – Mobile Zukunft

Frankfurt 8./9. Juli 2004

Buses and coaches represent the by far safest meansof passenger transportation

Analysis

Persons killed per 1 billion passenger kilometersPersons killed per 1 billion passenger kilometers

0,1

3,2

4,3

7,7

Bus / Coach Aircraft Train Passenger Car

Bus / CoachAircraftTrainPassenger Car

protection systems

warning systems

assistance systems

automatic safety

systems

Safety Concept

Safety in buses is achieved only by a comprehensiveapproach

Passive Safety... „crashworthiness“

Active Safety.. „preventing accidents“

normal cruise

Crash

protection systems

Safety Concept

Regulations mainly target passenger protection inpost-crash phase

warning systems

assistance systems

automatic safety

systems

Passive Safety... „crashworthiness“

Active Safety... „preventing accidents“

normal cruise

Crash

Rollover stability ECE-R 66 in Germany by 05/05mandatory – already from 1992 onward introduced anddeveloped by German manufacturers

Passive Safety

ECE R66

height 800 mm

... and modern frame structure since 2000 (round ribbing concept)

Test-layout...

Considerable progress in passenger safety byoptimized seat structures and obligatory integration ofseatbelts –provided that they are used

Passive Safety

ECE R14/16

ECE R80

ECE R66

zone of deformation

zone for head impact

2 pointbelt

Outlook: Optimizations concerning frontal impactdesired – with limited conceptual possibilities

Passive Safety

ECE R14/16

ECE R80

ECE R66

Solid frame structureMass of drive trainSolid frame structureMass of drive train

Front endFrame structure, engine Front endFrame structure, engine

Front endFrameMass

Front endFrameMass

Solid frame structureMass of drive trainSolid frame structureMass of drive train

Front endFrame structure, engine Front endFrame structure, engine

Vehicle Passenger

Road Traffic

Weather

Target is to reduce or avoid accidents –driver is the “weak point” in the system

Source: DaimlerChrysler

Analysis

Driver

Safety Concept

From manufacturers‘ point of view active safety shouldhave priority towards increased passive safety

protection systems

warning systems

assistance systems

automatic safety

systems

Passive Safety... „ crashworthiness“

Active Safety... „ preventing accidents“

normal cruise

Crash

Target: early mitigation of dangerous situations.German manufacturers are working together onintroduction of Lane Departure Warning System, targetdate 2005

Warning Systems

DistractedInattentiveExhausted

DistractedInattentiveExhausted

SPA

Adaptive cruise control (ART) relieves driverconsiderably. It expands speed control (v = const) byan environment controlled brake and accelerationregulation

Assistance Systems

ARTBA

Adaptive cruise control in order toMaintain driver‘s conditionKeep safety distanceBrake engagement up to 2,5 m/s2

Distance warningwhen falling below critical distance

Adaptive cruise control in order toMaintain driver‘s conditionKeep safety distanceBrake engagement up to 2,5 m/s2

Distance warningwhen falling below critical distance

ARTBA

RealizationObject finding:pulse-dopplerDetermination run of curve:yaw rate or steering angle sensorLongitudinal control:software for signal analysis and speed controlDisplay concept:driver information

RealizationObject finding:pulse-dopplerDetermination run of curve:yaw rate or steering angle sensorLongitudinal control:software for signal analysis and speed controlDisplay concept:driver information

Adaptive cruise control (ART) relieves driverconsiderably. It expands speed control (v = const) byan environment controlled brake and accelerationregulation

Assistance Systems

German manufacturers traditionally play a leading roleconcerning the introduction of automatic safetysystems

Automatic Safety Systems

ABS

mandatory since 1991standard since middle of 80‘smandatory since 1991standard since middle of 80‘s

Commitment of German bus manufacturers to offerESP for all newly introduced coaches from 07/04

Electronic Stability ProgramABS ESPABS

ESP stabilizes bus by wheelselective brake engagement

Automatic Safety Systems

Further safety initiative of German manufacturers toIAA 2004: Introduction of permanent brake control(DBL) I/2005

DBLESPABS

Normale cruise: electronic cruise control

Downhill: low gear, retarder, brake control

Manipulation of tachograph discetc.Introduction of digital tachograph in2005

Manipulation of tachograph discetc.Introduction of digital tachograph in2005

DBL keeps vehicle on v = const.

Manipulation by actuation of clutch,idleManipulation by actuation of clutch,idle

Automatic Safety Systems

Future: automatic emergency brake systems avoidaccidents or limit the consequences

NBSDBLESPABS

Start of Braking *

Impact Energy**:

V = 0NBS

V = 22 km/h

BA

1 second

Fall from 26 m

Fall from 6,5 m

Standard

V = 43 km/h

64 mObstacleappears

1 second

supposition bus: weight 18 t, speed 100 km/, deceleration 6 m/s2 **PKW: 1,2 t

Automatic Safety Systems

Zusammenfassung

Buses and coaches represent the safest means of transporation

Regulations address post-crash phase (second best solution)— German manufaturers are usually in advance of regulation timeline,

examples from past are ECE-R-80, ECE-R-14/16, ECE-R-66

German manufacturers prefer safety systems in pre-crash phase inorder to – at best – avoid accidents

— ABS and ASR became standard years before being mandatory— Commitment of offering ESP for newly introduced buses from 07/04— from 2005 further warning and assistance systems are introduced like e.g.

adaptive cruise control (ART) and lane departure warning (SPA)— further target of development are automatic emergency braking systems

New safety initiative for IAA 2004:— Introduction of permanent brake control (DBL, I/2005)

Buses and coaches represent the safest means of transporation

Regulations address post-crash phase (second best solution)— German manufaturers are usually in advance of regulation timeline,

examples from past are ECE-R-80, ECE-R-14/16, ECE-R-66

German manufacturers prefer safety systems in pre-crash phase inorder to – at best – avoid accidents

— ABS and ASR became standard years before being mandatory— Commitment of offering ESP for newly introduced buses from 07/04— from 2005 further warning and assistance systems are introduced like e.g.

adaptive cruise control (ART) and lane departure warning (SPA)— further target of development are automatic emergency braking systems

New safety initiative for IAA 2004:— Introduction of permanent brake control (DBL, I/2005)