Goggles, no contacts on Dissection Night NO FOOD OR DRINK, EVER NO OPEN-TOED SHOES, EVER

The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073378194/student_view0/chapter1/labeling_exercises.html#

Universally accepted Universally accepted standard positionstandard position

Body terminology Body terminology refers to itrefers to it

““body is erect, feet body is erect, feet slightly apart, head slightly apart, head and toes forward, arms and toes forward, arms hanging at the sides, hanging at the sides, palms FACING palms FACING FORWARD”FORWARD”

SupineSupine◦Anatomical position…palms to frontAnatomical position…palms to front

ProneProne◦Palms to rearPalms to rear

Fig. 9-4Fig. 9-4

Medial Medial Toward the midline of the body Toward the midline of the body

LateralLateral To the side To the side

Superficial Superficial ◦Toward the surface (example: Toward the surface (example: skin)skin)

DeepDeep◦Toward the inside (example: Toward the inside (example: organs)organs)

Superior (cephalad)

Posterior(dorsal)

Anterior(ventral)

Proximal

Distal

Inferior (caudal)

Superior (dorsal)

Posterior(caudal)

Anterior(cephalad)

Inferior (ventral)

Cephalic…………..headCephalic…………..head Cervical…………...neckCervical…………...neck Vertebral………….spinal Vertebral………….spinal

columncolumn Caudal…………….toward Caudal…………….toward

tail/posteriortail/posterior

AppendicularAppendicular◦ limbs & their attachments to the body limbs & their attachments to the body

axisaxis

AxialAxial◦body axis (head, neck, trunk)body axis (head, neck, trunk)

Cephalic

Dorsum

Cervical

OccipitalOtic

Scapular

Vertebral

Lumbar

Sacral

Gluteal

Perineal

Upper limbAcromial

PalmarPollex

CarpalAntebrachialOlecranalAntecubitalBrachial

Manus (hand)

Digital

FemoralCoxal

Lower limb

Patellar

CruralPopliteal

Pedal (foot)

Sural

PlantarHallux

Fibular or peroneal

CalcanealTarsal

Digital

OrbitalFrontal

Nasal

Pubic

Mammary

Inguinal

Sternal

Buccal

Axillary

Pelvic

UmbilicalAbdominal

ThoracicCervical

Cephalic

MentalOral

Anterior/Ventral

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Posterior/Dorsal

Facial (on face)Facial (on face)◦Nasal………………noseNasal………………nose◦Buccal…………….cheekBuccal…………….cheek◦Oral………………..mouthOral………………..mouth◦Orbital…………….bony eye Orbital…………….bony eye socketsocket

Cranial (surrounding brain)Cranial (surrounding brain)◦Frontal……………forehead Frontal……………forehead (anterior)(anterior)◦Occipital…………back of head Occipital…………back of head (posterior)(posterior)◦Parietal…………..upper sideParietal…………..upper side◦Temporal………..lower sideTemporal………..lower side

Cephalic

Dorsum

Cervical

OccipitalOtic

Scapular

Vertebral

Lumbar

Sacral

Gluteal

Perineal

Upper limbAcromial

PalmarPollex

CarpalAntebrachialOlecranalAntecubitalBrachial

Manus (hand)

Digital

FemoralCoxal

Lower limb

Patellar

CruralPopliteal

Pedal (foot)

Sural

PlantarHallux

Fibular or peroneal

CalcanealTarsal

Digital

OrbitalFrontal

Nasal

Pubic

Mammary

Inguinal

Sternal

Buccal

Axillary

Pelvic

UmbilicalAbdominal

ThoracicCervical

Cephalic

MentalOral

Anterior/Ventral

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Posterior/Dorsal

Thoracic (chest)Thoracic (chest)◦Sternal………sternumSternal………sternum◦Costal……………..ribsCostal……………..ribs

Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic (abdomen + pelvis)(abdomen + pelvis)

◦Abdominal…anterior Abdominal…anterior trunk, inferior to ribstrunk, inferior to ribs◦Inguinal…….groinInguinal…….groin◦Umbilical…..navelUmbilical…..navel◦Pelvic………pelvisPelvic………pelvis◦Gluteal……..buttocksGluteal……..buttocks◦Coxal……….hipCoxal……….hip◦Pubic……….genitalPubic……….genital

Cephalic

Dorsum

Cervical

OccipitalOtic

Scapular

Vertebral

Lumbar

Sacral

Gluteal

Perineal

Upper limbAcromial

PalmarPollex

CarpalAntebrachialOlecranalAntecubitalBrachial

Manus (hand)

Digital

FemoralCoxal

Lower limb

Patellar

CruralPopliteal

Pedal (foot)

Sural

PlantarHallux

Fibular or peroneal

CalcanealTarsal

Digital

OrbitalFrontal

Nasal

Pubic

Mammary

Inguinal

Sternal

Buccal

Axillary

Pelvic

UmbilicalAbdominal

ThoracicCervical

Cephalic

MentalOral

Anterior/Ventral

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Posterior/Dorsal

Inferior SpineInferior Spine◦Lumbar……..bacLumbar……..back, between ribs k, between ribs and hipsand hips

◦Sacral……….backSacral……….back, between the , between the hipships

Cephalic

Dorsum

Cervical

OccipitalOtic

Scapular

Vertebral

Lumbar

Sacral

Gluteal

Perineal

Upper limbAcromial

PalmarPollex

CarpalAntebrachialOlecranalAntecubitalBrachial

Manus (hand)

Digital

FemoralCoxal

Lower limb

Patellar

CruralPopliteal

Pedal (foot)

Sural

PlantarHallux

Fibular or peroneal

CalcanealTarsal

Digital

OrbitalFrontal

Nasal

Pubic

Mammary

Inguinal

Sternal

Buccal

Axillary

Pelvic

UmbilicalAbdominal

ThoracicCervical

Cephalic

MentalOral

Anterior/Ventral

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Posterior/Dorsal

PECTORALPECTORALAxillary……………armpitAxillary……………armpitAcromial………….point of shoulderAcromial………….point of shoulderScapular………….shoulder bladeScapular………….shoulder bladeDeltoidDeltoid……………upper shoulder/arm……………upper shoulder/arm

Cephalic

Dorsum

Cervical

OccipitalOtic

Scapular

Vertebral

Lumbar

Sacral

Gluteal

Perineal

Upper limbAcromial

PalmarPollex

CarpalAntebrachialOlecranalAntecubitalBrachial

Manus (hand)

Digital

FemoralCoxal

Lower limb

Patellar

CruralPopliteal

Pedal (foot)

Sural

PlantarHallux

Fibular or peroneal

CalcanealTarsal

Digital

OrbitalFrontal

Nasal

Pubic

Mammary

Inguinal

Sternal

Buccal

Axillary

Pelvic

UmbilicalAbdominal

ThoracicCervical

Cephalic

MentalOral

Anterior/Ventral

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Posterior/Dorsal

SUPERIOR APPENDAGESSUPERIOR APPENDAGESBrachial…………upper armBrachial…………upper armAntebrachial……forearmAntebrachial……forearmOlecranalOlecranal………..elbow………..elbowCarpal……………wristCarpal……………wristManual…………...handManual…………...handPalmar……………palm of handPalmar……………palm of handDigital…………….digits=fingersDigital…………….digits=fingers

Cephalic

Dorsum

Cervical

OccipitalOtic

Scapular

Vertebral

Lumbar

Sacral

Gluteal

Perineal

Upper limbAcromial

PalmarPollex

CarpalAntebrachialOlecranalAntecubitalBrachial

Manus (hand)

Digital

FemoralCoxal

Lower limb

Patellar

CruralPopliteal

Pedal (foot)

Sural

PlantarHallux

Fibular or peroneal

CalcanealTarsal

Digital

OrbitalFrontal

Nasal

Pubic

Mammary

Inguinal

Sternal

Buccal

Axillary

Pelvic

UmbilicalAbdominal

ThoracicCervical

Cephalic

MentalOral

Anterior/Ventral

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Posterior/Dorsal

INFERIOR APPENDAGESINFERIOR APPENDAGESFemoral………..thighFemoral………..thighPatellar………...anterior kneePatellar………...anterior kneeTibialTibial…………...medial calf…………...medial calfFibular…………lateral calfFibular…………lateral calfTarsal………….ankleTarsal………….ankleCalcaneal……..heel of footCalcaneal……..heel of footPedal…………..footPedal…………..footPlantar………...sole of footPlantar………...sole of footDigital………….digits=toesDigital………….digits=toes

Frontal plane

Frontal section (through torso)

Left andright lungs

Spinal cordLiver LiverHeart

ArmStomach

AortaSpleen

Pancreas

Body wallSubcutaneous fat layer

Vertebralcolumn

IntestinesRectum

Median (midsagittal) sectionTransverse section (through torso, inferior view)

Median (midsagittal) plane

Transverse plane

Longitudinal Longitudinal sections sections ◦ Sagittal planesSagittal planes

Divides into right & Divides into right & leftleft

◦ Midsaggital planeMidsaggital plane Equal right & left Equal right & left

halveshalves◦ Frontal or coronal Frontal or coronal

planesplanes Divides into anterior Divides into anterior

& posterior& posterior

Planes of SectioningPlanes of Sectioning

Frontal plane

Frontal section (through torso)

Left andright lungs

Spinal cordLiver LiverHeart

ArmStomach

AortaSpleen

Pancreas

Body wallSubcutaneous fat layer

Vertebralcolumn

IntestinesRectum

Median (midsagittal) sectionTransverse section (through torso, inferior view)

Median (midsagittal) plane

Transverse plane

Cross sections Cross sections ◦Horizontal or Horizontal or

transverse planestransverse planes Divides into Divides into

superior & inferiorsuperior & inferior◦Oblique planesOblique planes

Divide at an angleDivide at an angle

Helps relate Helps relate models and models and figures to the figures to the body as a wholebody as a whole

Planes of SectioningPlanes of Sectioning

Frontal sections

Cross section

Midsagittalsection

Cranial cavity(contains brain)

Vertebral cavity(contains spinalcord)

Dorsalbodycavity

Thoracic cavity(contains heart andlungs)

Cranialcavity

Vertebralcavity

Superiormediastinum

Pleuralcavity

Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum

Diaphragm

Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)

Pelvic cavity(contains urinarybladder, reproductiveorgans, and rectum)

Abdomino- pelviccavity

Ventral body cavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Lateral view Anterior view

Body cavities & organsBody cavities & organs

ThoracicThoracic◦ heart, trachea, lungs, esophagusheart, trachea, lungs, esophagus

AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvic◦ stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas,

adrenal glands, kidneys, bladder, adrenal glands, kidneys, bladder, ovaries, prostate glandovaries, prostate gland

CranialCranial◦ brain, pituitary glandbrain, pituitary gland

Spinal/VertebralSpinal/Vertebral◦ spinal cordspinal cord

Produce serous fluidProduce serous fluid Lubricate organsLubricate organs Movement without frictionMovement without friction Compartmentalize organs to help Compartmentalize organs to help

infections from spreadinginfections from spreading

Parietalperitoneum

Visceralperitoneum

Parietalpericardium

Visceralpericardium

Parietalpleura

Visceralpleura

Double-layered Double-layered membranesmembranes◦ Parietal layerParietal layer

Lines body cavity wallsLines body cavity walls◦ Visceral layerVisceral layer

Covers external surface Covers external surface of the organ within that of the organ within that cavitycavity

Serous membranesSerous membranes

PericardiumPericardium◦Surrounds the heartSurrounds the heart

Pleura(e)Pleura(e)◦Surrounds the lungsSurrounds the lungs

PeritoneumPeritoneum◦Surrounds abdominopelvic Surrounds abdominopelvic organsorgans

Visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium, etc.Visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium, etc.

Timed, Open-notes quiz tonight over this◦ Last 10 minutes of lab (1 min per question)◦ Questions about content or labelling diagrams, on

ppt Usually, we’ll have the lab at the very

beginning of lab◦ Arrive on time, or you’ll miss it!◦ Quiz will cover the previous night’s material

Labelling Diagrams or Photos of Models Learn it during lab, go home and study it

Righthypochondriac

region

Lefthypochondriac

region

Rightlumbarregion

Leftlumbarregion

Right iliac(inguinal)

region

Left iliac(inguinal)

region

Hypogastric(pubic)region

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

DiaphragmSpleenStomach

Transverse colonof large intestine

Urinary bladder

Descending colonof large intestineInitial part ofsigmoid colon

Ascending colon oflarge intestine

Appendix

Cecum

Small intestine

Liver

Gallbladder

Orbitalcavity(orbit)

Tongue

Nasalcavity

Oral cavity(mouth)

Middle earcavity

Synovialcavityin a jointbetween neckvertebrae

Fibrouslayeraroundjoint

Body cavities

1 Dorsal body cavity cavity

2 Ventral body cavity

(superior)

(inferior)

(superior)

(inferior)

cavity

cavity

cavity6

5

4

3

(superior)

(inferior)

cavity

cavity8

7