Russian researches of winter dwelling of the Pacific salmon in the central and western

parts of the Subarctic Front zone

Svetlana V. Naydenko (naydenko@tinro.ru)

Pacific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO-Center), Vladivostok, Russia

1

The area of winter and spring surveys

(Rectangles – the surveys conducted in April-May)

Asian pink salmon in winter-spring period inhabits mainly Subarctic frontal zone and neighboring North waters (with a WIDE RANGE of values of temperature and salinity from 0,5 to 12°C and from 32,7 to 34,9 ‰) (Radchenko and Rassadnikov, 1997; Startzev and Rassadnikov, 1997; Shuntov and Temnykh, 2008, 2010).

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32.833.033.233.433.633.834.034.234.434.634.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

S, ‰

t, °C

Distribution of pink salmon catches at various values of temperature and salinity (t °C and S ‰) in winter 1986-1992 and 2009-2011

(Figurkin and Naydenko, 2013, 2014)

Classed density (pcs/km2): circles — more than 1000, triangles — from 100 to 1000, point — from 1 to 100.

Analysis of 1986-1992 and 2009-2011 data has allowed to determine that spatial distribution of pink and chum salmon depends on the western Subarctic cyclonic macrocirculation (WSC; ore Western Subarctic Gyre; WSG) state and on position of frontal zone of the East Kamchatka current ocean branch sector (Figurkin and Naydenko, 2013, 2014).

4

Spatial distribution of catches of pink salmon in dependence on WSC state

Figurkin, A.L. and S.V. Naydenko. Spatial distribution of pink salmon in the Subarctic Front zone in winter-spring. 2013 Izv. TINRO. V. 174: 69–84. (In Russian with English abstract); 2014 Doc NPAFC 1507: 1-29 (Available at www.npafc.org).

During the years, when the western Subarctic circulation was in a «stretched» state pink salmon distribution was more even and on a wider area, actively intruding south-east and east regions (pink salmon catches were reported between latitude 38 and 45° north). During the years, when the western Subarctic circulation was in a «compressed» state, pink salmon was located in further north areas (main pink salmon catches were located between latitude 41° and 45–46° north, closer to Kuril Ridge).

5

Spatial distribution of catches of chum salmon (< 30 cm) in dependence on western Subarctic circulation (WSC) state

Spatial distribution of catches of chum salmon ( > 30 cm) in dependence on western Subarctic circulation (WSC) state

6

Vertical distribution (number of fishes per hour) of pink salmon in the different trawling horizon (layer, m) in February – April 2011 (Glebov et al. 2011)

Glebov I.I., S.V. Naydenko, N.A. Kuznetsova, E.V. and et al. 2011. Composition and structure of epipelagic nekton and plankton communities in the Western part of Subarctic Frontal Zone in Winter-Spring 2011 (Result of 2011 Research Cruise of R/V «TINRO») NPAFC Doc. 1331: 29 pp.

7

0 10 20 30 40 50

120-150 m

90-120 m

60-90 m

30-60 m

0-30 m

Catch, ind. per hour

chum

pink

Vertical distribution of pink and chum salmon in spring 2009 (Starovoytov et al. 2010)

Starovoytov A.N. Naydenko S.V., Kurenkova E.V. et al. 2010. New data on quantitative distribution of Pacific salmons in the western part of the North Pacific in winter and spring. Izv. TINRO 160: 105–117. New data on quantitative distribution of Pacific salmons in the central part of the North Pacific in winter and spring. Izv. TINRO 160: 89–104. (In Russian with the English abstract). The review of results 2009-2010 winter researches was presented in NPAFC Document Temnykh O.S., A.V. Zavolokin, and M.V. Koval. 2010. Russian Research under the NPAFC Science Plan 2006-2010: A Review and Future Issues. Pacific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO-Center), Vladivostok, Russia. NPAFC Doc. 1238. 23 pp. (Available at www.npafc.org).

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0-30 m

30-60 m

60-90 m

90-120 m

fish/hour Pink salmon < 30 cm

N 42 E 164N 42 E 158N 41 E 152N 41 E 152

Distribution of pink salmon in the different trawling horizon (layer, m) in day and night in the western part of Subarctic Frontal Zone in February-April, 2011

(Glebov et al, 2011)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Частота встречаемости, %

Глубина, м

Ночь День

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

0 2 4 6 8 10

Частота встречаемости, %

Глубина, м

Ночь День

Pink salmon < 30 cm

H average= 29,5 m – Night

H average= 43,5 m – Day

Pink salmon > 30 cm

H average= 33,5 m – Night

H average= 41,1 m – Day

Frequency of occurrence, % Frequency of occurrence, %

Laye

r, m

Laye

r, m

8

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

2009 2009 2010 2011

Bio

mas

s, th

tons

Pink salmon Chum salmon Sockeye salmonOther salmon Squids Mezopelagic fishOther fish Engraulis japonicus

western part of the Subarctic zone central part

9

Biomass (thousand tons) of nekton species and groups in the upper epipelagic layer (0-30 m) in the central and western parts of the

Subarctic front zone in 2009–2011 (Starovoytov et al, 2009, 2010; Naydenko, et al., 2011; Glebov et al, 2011)

Was considerable only

in transitional subtropical

waters.

Density of nekton t/km2 0.44 0.65 0.53 0.37

Spatial distribution of abundance of zooplankton (mg/m3) and catches of pink salmon (inds/km2) in the western and central parts of Subarctic frontal zone in

winter 2009–2011 (Starovoytov et al, 2009, 2010; Kuznetsova, 2010; Naydenko, et al, 2011; Glebov et al, 2011)

10

mg/m3

2010 mg/m3

2011

mg/m3 2009

10

Zooplankton biomass (mg/m3) in the pelagic layer (0-200 and 0-50 m) of central and western parts of SFZ in 2009–2011 (Kuznetsova, 2010; Naydenko and Kuznetsova, 2011; 2013)

0100200300400500600700800900

2009 February-March

2009 March-April 2010 February-March

2011 February-April

All zooplankton Copepoda Chaetognatha Euphausiacea

mg/

m3

0–200 m

western part of the Subarctic zone central part

0100200300400500600700800900

1 000

2009 February-March

2009 March-April

2010 February-March

2011 February-April

All zooplankton Copepoda Euphausiacea Chaetognatha

0–50 m

mg/

m3

central part western part of the Subarctic zone

In the western part (in layer 0-50 m) the mean zooplankton biomasses were estimated in 2009 at 475, in 2010 at 917, in 2011 at 588 mg/m3; in the central part — at 941 mg/m3.

The winter-spring is not the period of poor food conditions for salmon (Shuntov and Temnykh, 2008, 2010; Naydenko, 2011; Naydenko

and Kuznetsova, 2013)

11

Ratio of biomasses of forage plankton and nekton in the epipelagic of western part of Subarctic frontal zone

in winter (Naydenko and Kuznetsova, 2013)

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Characteristic 2009 2010 2011

Biomass of forage plankton/biomass of nekton

134,2 314,5 249,7

Biomass of forage copepods/biomass of nekton

33,6 212,2 156,8

Biomass of forage

euphausiids/biomass of nekton 2,5 12,9 11,9

Biomass of forage amphipods/biomass of nekton

0,5 4,4 4,2

Biomass of forage

chaetognaths/biomass of nekton 6,1 79,0 68,7

mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3

0102030405060708090

100

western part central part western part western part

2009 2010 2011

OtherPiscesCoelenterataPolychaetaPteropodaChaetognathaCopepodaAmphipodaEuphausiacea

%

Spatial distribution of abundance of copepods (mg/m3) and catches of pink salmon (inds/km2) in the western part of Subarctic frontal zone in winter

2009–2011 (Naydenko, et al, 2010; 2011;)

Diet (%) of pink salmon in the central and

western parts of Subarctic zone in winter 2009–2011

13

mg/m3

мг/м3

Spatial distribution of abundance of

certain plankton groups (mg/m3)

and catches of pink salmon (inds/km2) in the western and

central parts of Subarctic frontal

zone in winter 2009

(Naydenko, et al, 2010; Naydenko and

Kuznetsova, 2013)

Distribution of copepods

Distribution of euphausiids 14

Euphausiids dominated in

the diet of pink salmon in

central part of SFZ

Copepods dominated in the diet of pink salmon in western

part of SFZ

Amph.9%

Euph.52%

Pisces38%

Ot.1%

Pink 20-30 сm, Section 1

Cop.49%

Amph.

15%

Chaet.18%

Pisces

11%

Ot.7%

Pink 20-30 сm, Section 2

54 142

Cop.51%

Chaet.43%

Ot.6%

Chum 20-30 сm, Section 2

117

Amph.30%

Pisces70%

Sockeye 20-30 сm, Section 2

22 Cop.50%Pisces

39%

Ot.11%

Sockeye 30-40 сm, Section 2

63

Coel.35%

Ceph.45%

Pisces17%

Пр.3%

Sockeye 40-50 сm, Section 2

Amph.20%

Euph.6%

Coel.18%

Ceph.50%

Ot.6%

Chum 20-30 сm, Section 5

17

66

Amph.16%

Euph.23%

Coel.54%

Ot.7%

Chum 30-40 сm, Section 5

36

Cop.11%

Amph.16%

Euph.19%

Coel.42%

Ceph.6%

Ot.6%

Chum 40-50 сm, Section 5

19

Amph.20%

Coel.56%

Pisces17%

Ot.7%

Chum 50-60 сm, Section 5

8

Cop.12%

Ceph.76%

Pis.10%

2%

Coho 35-40 сm, Section 5

62

Cop.32%

Ceph.50%

Pisces18%

Chinok 40-45 сm, Section 5

64

Amph.23%

Euph.70%

Ot.7%

Sockeye 40-45 сm, Siction 5

11

CopepodaAmphipodaEuphausiaceaChaetognathaCoelenterataCephalopodaPiscesOther

Diet (%) of salmons at different sampling sections northern part of Pacific ocean in the winter 2006 (Volkov, 2006)

in the central circle - index of feeding intensity (ISF o/ooo)

Volkov A.F. 2006. Plankton and salmons feeding in northern Pacific, winter 2006 (survey of r/v “Kaiyo Maru”, Japan). Izv. TINRO 147: 265-275

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15

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Diet (%) of chum salmon in the

western parts of Subarctic zone in

winter-spring 2009–2011 (Naydenko, et al, 2010;

Naydenko and Kuznetsova, 2011)

The feeding intensity (ISF o/ooo) of chum

salmon in the central and western parts in the

central and western parts of Subarctic zone in winter-spring 2009–

2011

Divergence of salmon and other nekton diet composition in the upper epipelagic layer of the western Subarctic

zone in winter 2011 (Naydenko and Kuznetsova, 2011, 2013)

The analysis of data showed the essential divergence of salmon and other nekton diet composition

17

Schematic of the basic trophic relationships of nekton and certain groups plankton in upper epipelagic layer of the Subarctic

frontal zone in winter 2009-2011

Naydenko, S.V. and N.A. Kuznetsova. 2011. Trophic relationships and food supply of pacific salmon in north-western part of the Pacific Ocean in the Winter and Spring 2009-2011. Bulletin of Pacific salmon studies in the Russian Far East 6: 210-215 (In Russian). 18

The gross stock of forage zooplankton (S) and its daily consumption (C) in upper epipelagic of western part of

Subarctic frontal zone in winter 2009-2011 (Naydenko and Kuznetsova, 2013)

19

0

40000

80000

120000

160000

S C S C S C

2009 2010 2011

Thou

sand

ton

s

2009 The ratio of stock forage resources/its daily consumption by nekton 86931 / 10.7 = 8090

2010 The ratio of stock forage resources/its daily consumption by nekton 158322 / 6.1 = 26140

2011 The ratio of stock forage resources/its daiky consumption by nekton 84265 / 1.4 = 58739

10–3

0 cm

, Sep

, Ber

ing

Sea

10–3

0 cm

, Sep

-Oct

, Ber

ing

Sea

10–3

0 cm

, Oct

, Ber

ing

Sea

20–4

0 cm

, Feb

-Mar

, SAF

20–4

0 cm

, Mar

-Apr

, SAF

20–4

0 cm

, Apr

, SAF

30–6

0 cm

, Jun

, NW

PO

30–6

0 cm

, Jun

-Jul

, NW

PO

30–6

0 cm

, Jun

-Jul

, Ber

ing

Sea

30–6

0 cm

, Jul

-Aug

, Ber

ing

Sea

Body size, month and region

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

FSI

Mean Mean±0.95 Conf. Interval Raw Data

The feeding intensity (ISF o/ooo) of pink salmon in the different seasons: during the fall (juvenile pink salmon 10–30 сm)

during the winter and spring (juvenile and immature pink salmon; 20–40 сm) during the summer (mature pink salmon 30–60 сm)

(Naydenko and Kuznetsova, 2011, 2013)

Summer 30-60 cm

Fall 10-30 cm

20

Winter-Spring 20-40 cm I’m

hungry!

I’m fine!!

The function of

prey quantity

and quality ??????

21

Average Total Lipid content of juvenile pink salmon muscle tissue in August and October in the Okhotsk Sea and in March-April in the

western part of Subarctic zone The differences lipid signatures between summer-fall and winter-spring (ocean) juvenile pink salmon

Lazhentsev, A.E. and O.A. Maznikova. 2014. Juvenales of pink and chum salmon in the Okhotsk Sea in their late stage (Aug-Oct 2012). Distribution, feeding, patterns of growth. Izv. TINRO 176: 51-61. (In Russian with English abstract)).

Yerokhin, V. G. and A.V. Klimov. 2011. About dependence of juveniles pink and chum salmon migrations from their physiological condition. Bulletin of Pacific salmon studies in the Russian Far East 6: 271–274. (In Russian).

0

2

4

6

8

10

5 ию

н

5 ав

г

5 ок

т

5 де

к

5 фе

в

5 ап

р Lipi

d, %

from

wet

wei

ght

Data

5 Feb 5 Mar 5 Apr 5 Sept 5 Okt 5 Nov

9

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

00,5

11,5

22,5

33,5

44,5

55,5

66,5

77,5

8

I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III

July August September October November December January February March April

%, p

rote

ins

%, l

ipid

spink chum sockeye coho chinook pink chum sockeye coho

LIPIDS

PROTEINS

adaptation to marine habitat

adaptation to ocean habitat

The low energy of prey items ore

Temperature ore

The physiological phase of pink salmon ??????

Klimov, A.V., A.P.Lazovoy, I.V. Zhiganova. 2013. Behavioral and biochemical adaptaion of juvenile Pacific salmon in the Okhotsk Sea and Northwester Pacific Ocean. Tech. Report 9: 131-135 (Available at www.npafc.org).

2013. "The researches of the aquatic biological resources of Kamchatka and the north–west part of the Pacific ocean" 30: 89–99. (In Russian with English abstract).

Fat acid Chum Pink

October- November

February-March

October- November

February-March

14:0 4,2±0,2*** 1,6±0,1 4,3±0,3*** 1,2±0,1 15:0 0,6±0,02 0,5±0,03 0,6±0,02 0,5±0,05 16:0 17,7±0,4*** 22,9±0,5 18,8±0,6*** 25,9±0,4 16:1ω-7 2,3±0,1*** 0,7±0,07 4,0±0,7*** 1,0±0,2 17:0 0,5±0,02 0,4±0,02 0,4±0,02 0,4±0,01 18:0 2,4±0,1 2,7±0,2 1,9±0,1*** 2,7±0,1 18:1ω-9 8,2±0,4*** 4,5±0,2 8,5±0,4*** 5,7±0,2 18:1ω-7 1,7±0,1** 1,3±0,1 2,0±0,2* 1,5±0,1 18:1ω-5 1,0±0,1*** 0,5±0,04 1,0±0,1*** 0,6±0,03 18:2ω-6 1,3±0,04*** 0,8±0,06 1,3±0,1* 0,9±0,07 18:3ω-3 1,2±0,1*** 0,7±0,06 1,1±0,1*** 0,5±0,01 18:4ω-3 2,6±0,2*** 0,5±0,09 2,8±0,2*** 0,6±0,09 20:1ω-11 5,8±0,5*** 0,6±0,1 4,9±0,6*** 1,2±0,1 20:1ω-9 1,3±0,1*** 0,3±0,06 1,5±0,1*** 0,5±0,01 20:1ω-7 0,2±0,02*** Следы 0,3±0,02*** Следы 20:4ω-6 0,6±0,1 0,6±0,05 0,4±0,03*** 0,6±0,06 20:4ω-3 1,6±0,1*** 0,9±0,08 1,3±0,1*** 0,6±0,03 20:5ω-3 8,3±0,2 8,6±0,3 9,8±0,6** 7,5±0,3 22:1ω-11 4,7±0,4*** 0,3±0,04 5,0±0,6*** 0,7±0,04 22:1ω-9 0,6±0,1*** Следы 0,4±0,04 Следы 22:5ω-3 1,7±0,1 1,8±0,1 1,4±0,1 1,4±0,3 22:6ω-3 24,3±1,3*** 45,9±1,0 20,5±1,5*** 43,3±1,0 ∑ saturated 27,8±0,5* 29,3±0,5 27,4±0,8*** 31,9±0,5 ∑ monounsaturated 27,5±1,1*** 9,8±0,7 29,0±1,0*** 12,3±0,9 ∑ polyunsaturated 43,3±1,1*** 60,5±0,9 40,9±1,7*** 55,6±1,4 ∑ω3 40,1±1,2*** 58,8±0,9 36,7±1,7*** 53,9±1,5 Number of fish, spc. 19 10 11 5

Note: (ω-3) — fat acid family α-linolenic acid (ALA), (ω-6) — linoleic acid (LA), (ω-7) — palmitoleic acid, (ω-9) — oleic acid. Trace concentrations — concentrations fat acid less 0,1%. * — significance level for juvenile salmon in autumn and winter period: * — p<0,05, ** — p<0,01, *** — p<0,001

Same characteristic fat acid composition total lipids in muscle tissue of juvenile

chum and pink salmon in the fall (October-November) 2009 and winter and spring (February-March) 2010 (in % of

total fatty acids)

22

23

horizontal and vertical distribution, abundance and composition of zooplankton, abundance and composition of nekton, fish diet spectrums, feeding activity, feeding selectivity, food plasticity ratio of the biomasses of forage plankton and nekton estimates of zooplankton daily consumption by all nekton, biochemical composition of tissue of juvenile chum and pink salmon during fall and winter .

In conclusion: What we have

the factors affecting salmon mortality during winter

Stock-specific composition and migrations

zooplankton caloric content (energy of prey items)

the strategy of biochemical adaptation of salmon to winter ocean conditions

reasons of changing profiles of biochemical composition in salmon tissue in winter

The future researches:

Thank you very much for your

attention 24