TOPIC: Russia OBJECTIVES: 13. Explain how the Bolsheviks won the Civil War, 1918 - 1921.14. Explain the purpose and results of the NEP. 15. Discuss the arguments for and against Lenin as a leader. 16. Explain how Stalin was able to take control of the Communist Party. 17. Identify the goals that Stalin set for Soviet growth of agriculture and industry (collectivisation and 5 year plans). 18. Describe how Stalin industrialised the USSR through the 5 year plans.19. Describe how Stalin’s Collectivisation plans were implemented.20. Describe how Stalin’s controlled the USSR. 21. Describe how Stalin achieved Totalitarian Rule.

In Depth Study - Russia 1917 - 1921

95. Why did Civil War break out in Russia after the Bolshevik seizure of power? (7)

96. To what extent was Lenin a great leader? Explain your answer. (8)

97. Describe War Communism. (5) Nov 2004.

98. Explain why the Bolsheviks were successful in the Civil War, 1918 – 1921. (7) Nov 2004.

99. ‘Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) was a success.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain. (10)

100. How far did the NEP prove that the Bolsheviks had failed to establish a Communist state in Russia? Explain. (8)

DATE: March 5, 2015 TOPIC: Russia – War Communism is Replaced by the NEPHW REVIEW QUIZ: 1. Lenin adopted a tough policy called ‘_______________’ during the __________. (2) 2. The first aim was to put ___________ theories ...   The second aim … Red Army supplied with ______ and _________.  All large _________ were taken over … organised by the _________.  Discipline for workers was strict and strikers could be __________. Peasants had to hand over surplus _____ … could be _____________. Food was rationed and ______ enterprise … illegal ... 3. Lenin’s plan … Peasants refused ... led to food ___________ … terrible __________ (estimates … 7 million died …). In February 1921 Bolshevik policies sparked a mutiny at __________ ... 

war communismCivil War

communist

food weapons

factories government

shot

food shot

free

shortages

famine

Kronstadt

DATE: March 5, 2015 TOPIC: Russia – War Communism is Replaced by the NEPHW REVIEW QUIZ: 4. In March 1921 Lenin announced ___________________ (NEP).   The NEP effectively brought back _____________ ...   Grain requisitioning was ________. Peasants would pay tax on what they produced and … allowed to sell ____________ … profit …  Traders could buy and sell goods. Small ______ … back … private   ownership and private trading of small consumer goods (shoes and clothes) was allowed.  Lenin … the NEP was ___________ (coal, oil, iron and steel) would remain in state hands. (6)

New Economic Policy

capitalism

stopped

surplus

factories

temporary

DATE: March 5, 2015 TOPIC: Russia – War Communism is Replaced by the NEP

OBJECTIVE: 14. Explain the purpose and results of the NEP. PPQ: #99 ‘Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) was a success.’ How far do you agree with this

statement? Explain. (10)# 100. How far did the NEP prove that the Bolsheviks had failed to establish a Communist

state in Russia? Explain your answer. (10)

KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 1. What were the main features of the NEP? p. 66 and Walsh, p. 124. 2. Identify: Nepmen and Electrification 3. Make two lists - positive and negative aspects of the NEP. p. 67 - 68

DATE: March 13, 2014 TOPIC: Russia – War Communism is Replaced by the NEP

KD ANSWERS: 1. Features of the NEP: • In March 1921 Lenin announced some startling new policies which he

called the New Economic Policy (NEP). • The NEP effectively brought back capitalism for some sections of Russian

society. Grain requisitioning was stopped. Peasants would pay tax on what they

produced and were allowed to sell surplus grain for profit rather than giving it up to the government.

Traders could buy and sell goods. Small factories were handed back into private ownership and private

trading of small consumer goods (shoes and clothes) was allowed.• Lenin made it clear that the NEP was temporary and that the vital heavy

industries (coal, oil, iron and steel) would remain in state hands.

TOPIC: Russia – War Communism is Replaced by the NEP

KD ANSWERS: 1. Features of the NEP: • Lenin believed the NEP would give Russia ‘breathing space’ to get back on

its feet.

• Many Bolsheviks were horrified when the NEP was announced, seeing it as a betrayal of Communism and a return to capitalism.

• Nepmen were traders who worked in the cities - they were middle men who bought large quantities of food and goods cheaply and sold them for profit.

Nepmen made goods appear, set up restaurants and made large profits on property and gambling.

TOPIC: Russia – War Communism is Replaced by the NEP

KD ANSWERS: 1. Features of the NEP:

• The NEP saw Russia use technological innovations and modernise with electric power (Electrification).

• An Anglo-Soviet trade agreement in 1921 marked the beginning of increased trade with the West - the Soviet economy benefited from industrial goods.

• The NEP went into operation from 1921 - 1928. • By 1925 there seemed to be strong evidence that it was working, as food

production in particular rose steeply.

3. Make two lists - positive and negative aspects of the NEP. • Use the sources on the next slides and p. 68 - 69.

3. Make two lists - positive and negative aspects of the NEP. • The NEP was announced by Lenin in March 1921. • Use the sources on the next slides and p. 68 - 69.

Positive - NEP Negative - NEPMore prosperous as it brought stability after 7

years of war and an Anglo-Soviet trade agreement in 1921 brought trade with the West.

Peasants found prices of manufactured goods too high.

NEP saw Russia use technological innovations and modernise with electric power (Electrification).

Many peasants remained poor and used backward methods of farming

Some peasants became wealthy (kulaks) Unemployment among young industrial workers remained high.

The NEP effectively brought back capitalism for some sections of Russian society.

There were high rates of crime in cities.

Grain requisitioning was stopped and peasants were allowed to sell surplus grain

for profit.

Nepmen were targeted for their profits and luxurious lifestyle.

Traders (Nepmen) could buy and sell goods. NEP was limited - repairing and restoring old machinery, factories and transport.

Small factories were handed back into private ownership trading of small consumer goods (shoes

and clothes) was allowed.

Communists were horrified by this ‘return’ to capitalism.

Source 21

How the NEP differed from War Communism.

Source 23

Production under the New Economic Policy, 1921–25.

Walsh, p. 124 - SOURCE 22

Our poverty and ruin are so great that we cannot at one stroke restore large-scale socialist production . . . we must try to satisfy the demands of the peasants who are dissatisfied, discontented and cannot be otherwise . . . there must be a certain amount of freedom to trade, freedom for the small private owner. We are now retreating, but we are doing this so as to then run and leap forward more vigorously.Lenin, introducing the NEP at the Party Congress, 1921.

Walsh, p. 125 - SOURCE 26

Lenin did more than any other political leader to change the face of the twentieth-century world. The creation of Soviet Russia and its survival were due to him. He was a very great man and even, despite his faults, a very good man.The British historian AJP Taylor writing in the 1960s

DATE: March 8, 2015 TOPIC: Russia – War Communism is Replaced by the NEPOBJECTIVE: 15. Discuss the arguments for and against Lenin as a leader. REVIEW:Results of NEP - p. 66 - 67• The NEP brought back ‘some’ capitalism (from 1921 - 1928).• Peasants would pay tax and sell surplus grain for profit.• Traders (Nepmen) could buy and sell goods.• Some factories were privatized for trading of consumer goods. • Vital heavy industries (coal, oil, iron and steel) would remain in state hands. • The NEP was temporary. • Many Bolsheviks were horrified - saw NEP as a betrayal of Communism.• NEP saw Russia use technological innovations and modernise - (Electrification). • Anglo-Soviet trade agreement in 1921 marked the beginning of increased trade with

the West - the Soviet economy benefited from industrial goods. • By 1925 there seemed to be strong evidence that it was working, as food

production in particular rose steeply.

TOPIC: Russia – War Communism is Replaced by the NEPOBJECTIVE: 15. Discuss the arguments for and against Lenin as a leader.

EXAM PRACTICE:

99. ‘Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) was a success.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain. (10)

TOPIC: Russia – War Communism is Replaced by the NEPOBJECTIVE: 15. Discuss the arguments for and against Lenin as a leader.

LENIN AT THE END:• Lenin suffered several strokes in 1922 and 1923 which left him paralysed

and which led to his death in January 1924.

• He was a remarkable man by any standards.

• He led Russia through revolution and civil war.

• In 1923 he supervised the drawing up of a new constitution that turned the Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

• BUT - Lenin left no clear plans about the NEP, and he never addressed who should be the next leader of the USSR.

TOPIC: Russia – War Communism is Replaced by the NEPOBJECTIVE: 15. Discuss the arguments for and against Lenin as a leader.

KD ANSWERS:

1. Three main interpretations of Lenin:• Praised for achievements - created the USSR out of WWI and Civil

War. • Seen as a tyrant who seized power to experiment with Marxism, and

inflicted terrible suffering on the Russian people.• An able leader with good intentions, who created a dictatorship

based on terror.

2. Make two lists - FOR and AGAINST Lenin. p. 76

FOR Lenin AGAINST LeninA modest man without personal

ambition.He created a dictatorship - seized power with a small group without the support of most of

the population.

Was a good, persuasive speaker. He would not share power - Socialist Revolutionaries had won the Constituent

Assembly elections in Nov 1917.

Excellent leadership qualities. He used terror to stay in power - Cheka, Red Terror (arrested, shot and sent to labour

camps).

He made the Nov 1917 Revolution happen.

He was willing to see millions of Russians suffer for his ideals - Marxism into practice.

Had superb organising skills. He stopped opposition - censorship, trade unions outlawed and workers forced to stay

in cities.

Had good political judgment and adapted to changing circumstances.

He made the Communist Party and organisation for carrying out his orders.

He used the Cheka and terror to win the Civil War, but allowed more freedom

after 1921 (NEP).

TOPIC: Russia – The Emergence of Josef Stalin OBJECTIVE: 16. Explain how Stalin was able to take control of the Communist Party.

KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 1. Who were the main contenders to replace Lenin when he died in January 1924 ? p. 81 - 82 and Handout

2. List up to three strengths and three weaknesses of each contender. p. 81 - 82 and Handout

3. Identify: ‘Permanent Revolution’, ‘Socialism in One Country’, Left Wing and Right Wing. p. 81, 82 and Handout

4. Describe Lenin’s Testament. Why was it NOT made public at the Party Congress in 1924? Who was helped?

TOPIC: Russia – The Emergence of Josef Stalin KD:

Contender Strengths WeaknessesTrotsky

Zinoviev

Kamenev

Bukharin

Rykov

Tomsky

Stalin

TOPIC: Russia – The Emergence of Josef Stalin

KD: 3. Identify:

‘Permanent Revolution’ - Policy by Trotsky to help spread communism by revolution in other countries by providing money and agents. He wanted to end the NEP and bring more socialist ways to the Soviet economy.

‘Left Wing’ - Group within the Communist Party that wanted to end the NEP, quicken industrialisation using ‘shock brigades’ of workers and put pressure on peasants to produce more food. Included Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev.

‘Socialism in One Country’ - Policy by Stalin that Russia should focus on building a Communist state in the USSR and not outside.

‘Right Wing’ - Group within the Communist Party that wanted to continue the NEP, move slowly toward Socialism. Also wanted to support peasants so they could get rich enough to buy goods, thus helping industrial production. Included Bukharin, Tomsky and Rykov.

TOPIC: Russia – The Emergence of Josef Stalin

KD: 4. Lenin’s Testament - was written in 1922. It was Lenin’s evaluation of many Bolsheviks, including strengths and critical remarks. In a postscript later added, Lenin was especially critical of Stalin and recommended his dismissal. It was never made public.

NOT made public at the Party Congress in 1924 -

Helped - Stalin most.

DATE: March ____, 2015 TOPIC: Russia – The Emergence of Josef Stalin and His PlansOBJECTIVES: 16. Explain how Stalin was able to take control of the Communist Party.17. Identify the goals that Stalin set for Soviet growth of agriculture and industry (collectivisation and 5 year plans).

REVIEW: Contenders - Issues (PR, SOC, LW (T, Z, K), RW (B, To, R)) - Lenin’s Testament

1. Study the Factfile of Stalin’s Steps to Power - p. 126, Walsh. Which ‘steps’ are most crucial for Stalin?

2. What attributes made Trotsky a good candidate to replace Lenin as head of the Communist Party? Simply, why did he lose? p. 126, Walsh.

3. How did Stalin ascend to the top of the Party?

FACT FILE: Stalin’s steps to power1923 Stalin the outsider – Lenin calls for him to be replaced. Trotsky calls

him ‘the party’s most eminent mediocrity’.

1924 Lenin’s death. Stalin attends funeral as chief mourner. Trotsky does not turn up (tricked by Stalin).

1924 Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev join together to dominate the Politburo, the policy-making committee of the Communist Party. Working together, these three cut off their opponents (Trotsky and Bukharin) because between them they control the important posts in the party.

1925 Trotsky sacked as War Commissar. Stalin introduces his idea of Socialism in One Country.

1926 Stalin turns against Kamenev and Zinoviev and allies himself with Bukharin.

1927 Kamenev, Zinoviev and Trotsky all expelled from the Communist Party.

1928 Trotsky exiled to Siberia. Stalin begins attacking Bukharin.

1929 Trotsky expelled from USSR and Bukharin expelled from the Communist Party.

TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator REVIEW:Why did Trotsky lose the leadership contest?

• Trotsky’s Attributes: He was a brilliant speaker and writer, as well as the party’s best

political thinker, after Lenin. He was also the man who had organised the Bolshevik Revolution

and was the hero of the Civil War as leader of the Red Army. Finally, he was the man who negotiated peace for Russia with the

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

• Trotsky lost for many reasons: He was arrogant and often offended other senior party members. He failed to take the opposition seriously - he made little effort to build

up any support in the ranks of the party. He seriously underestimated Stalin. Trotsky also frightened many people in the USSR with his calls for

’permanent revolution’. Trotsky fell ill late in 1923 when Lenin was dying, and Trotsky

needed to be at his most active. He was also the victim of a trick by Stalin about Lenin’s funeral -

telling Trotsky it was on the 26th of January, when it was in fact on the 27th. Trotsky was away in the south of Russia and did not appear at the funeral whereas Stalin appeared as chief mourner and Lenin’s closest friend.

SOURCE 1 - p. 126, Walsh

Comrade Stalin, having become Secretary General, has unlimited authority in his hands and I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution.Comrade Trotsky, on the other hand, is distinguished not only by his outstanding ability. He is personally probably the most capable man in the present Central Committee, but he has displayed excessive self-assurance and preoccupation with the purely administrative side of the work.

Lenin’s Testament. This is often used as evidence that Stalin was an outsider. However, the document contained many remarks critical of other leading Communists as well. It was never published in Russia, although, if it had been, it would certainly have damaged Stalin.

SOURCE 1 - p. 82, White

Comrade Stalin, having become Secretary General, has unlimited authority in his hands and I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution.

Later he added:

Stalin is too rude, and this fault … becomes unacceptable in the office of General Secretary. Therefore, I propose to the comrades that a way be found to remove Stalin from that post and replace him with someone else who differs from Stalin in all respects, someone more patient, more loyal, more polite, more considerate.”

Lenin’s Testament. He warned against Stalin.

SOURCE 2 - p. 126, Walsh

Trotsky refrained from attacking Stalin because he felt secure. No contemporary, and he least of all, saw in the Stalin of 1923 the menacing and towering figure he was to become. It seemed to Trotsky almost a joke that Stalin, the willful and sly but shabby and inarticulate man in the background, should be his rival.

Historian I Deutscher in The Prophet Unarmed, Trotsky 1921–1929, published in 1959.

How did Stalin win? – sly, cunning, calculating, manipulative1. Stalin was a clever politician and he planned his bid for power carefully. He made great efforts to associate himself with Lenin wherever possible - Lenin’s funeral.

2. He was also extremely clever in using his power within the Communist Party. He took on many boring but important jobs such as Commissar for Nationalities and, of course, General Secretary. He used these positions to put his own supporters into important posts and even to transfer supporters of his opponents to remote postings.

3. He was also absolutely ruthless in picking off his rivals one by one. For example he took Bukharin’s side to get rid of Trotsky, and then opposed Bukharin using exactly the same arguments as Trotsky had used before.

4. Stalin’s policies also met with greater favour than Trotsky’s - ‘Socialism in One Country’.

5. Finally, Stalin appeared to be a straightforward Georgian peasant – much more a man of the people than his intellectual rivals. To a Soviet people weary of years of war and revolution, Stalin seemed to be the man who understood their feelings.

TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator

PPQ #106. What part did Leon Trotsky play in the Bolshevik Revolution to 1925? (4)• Trotsky played an extremely important part.• Some saw him as the real leader of the Russian Revolution.• Lenin did keep rather in the background, not speaking often, not writing much, but largely

engaged in directing organisational work in the Bolshevik camp, whilst Trotsky thundered forth at meetings in Petrograd.

• Trotsky was a brilliant speaker and writer, as well as the party’s best political thinker, after Lenin.

• Trotsky was also the man who had organised the Bolshevik Revolution and convinced Lenin to wait two weeks before taking control of Petrograd.

• Trotsky built up the Red Army and was seen as the hero the Civil War as the courageous leader of the Red Army.

• Finally, he was the man who negotiated peace for Russia with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.• Trotsky promoted his policy of ‘Permanent Revolution’ - to help spread communism by

revolution in other countries by providing money and agents. • He wanted to end the NEP and bring more socialist ways to the Soviet economy. • 1924 Lenin’s death - Trotsky did not attend because he was tricked by Stalin.• 1924 Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev join together to dominate the Politburo, and cut off Trotsky

and Bukharin. • 1925 Trotsky was sacked as War Commissar.

TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator

PPQ #106. What part did Leon Trotsky play in the Bolshevik Revolution to 1925? (4)• Trotsky played an extremely important part.• Some saw him as the real leader of the Russian Revolution.• Lenin did keep rather in the background, not speaking often, not writing much, but largely

engaged in directing organisational work in the Bolshevik camp, whilst Trotsky thundered forth at meetings in Petrograd.

• Trotsky was a brilliant speaker and writer, as well as the party’s best political thinker, after Lenin.

• Trotsky was also the man who had organised the Bolshevik Revolution and convinced Lenin to wait two weeks before taking control of Petrograd.

• Trotsky built up the Red Army and was seen as the hero the Civil War as the courageous leader of the Red Army.

• Finally, he was the man who negotiated peace for Russia with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.• Trotsky promoted his policy of ‘Permanent Revolution’ - to help spread communism by

revolution in other countries by providing money and agents. • He wanted to end the NEP and bring more socialist ways to the Soviet economy. • 1924 Lenin’s death - Trotsky did not attend because he was tricked by Stalin.• 1924 Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev join together to dominate the Politburo, and cut off Trotsky

and Bukharin. • 1925 Trotsky was sacked as War Commissar.

TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator REVIEW:

PPQ #107. Why was Stalin able to become dictator of Russia by 1929? (6)• Stalin became dictator for a number of reasons.• Stalin was very clever in his ability to manipulate opponents - he used people and then ditched them. • The main contenders were - Leon Trotsky, Nikolai Bukharin, Grigori Zinoviev, Andrei Rykov, Leon Kamenev Mikhail Tomsky

and the least likely, Josef Stalin.• He was clever and took advantage of the positions he held in the communist party - as General Secretary of the

Communist party and had put many supporters in top Party posts to guarantee support. • Stalin was also the beneficiary of many mistakes by the other contenders, namely Leon Trotsky. • He played one group against the other and was underestimated by the other contenders. • Stalin put himself forward as a great friend of Lenin, such as appearing as chief mourner at Lenin’s funeral.• Stalin tricked Trotsky into missing Lenin’s funeral. Trotsky and other opponents made mistakes:• Trotsky seriously underestimated Stalin.• Trotsky’s ideas were too extreme for many as he wanted permanent revolution whereas Stalin’s policy was socialism in one

country was widely favoured. • Trotsky was arrogant and often offended other senior party members. • He failed to take the opposition seriously - he made little effort to build up any support within the party.• Trotsky also frightened many people in the USSR with his calls for ’permanent revolution’.• Trotsky fell ill late in 1923 when Lenin was dying, and Trotsky needed to be at his most active.• He was also the victim of a trick by Stalin about Lenin’s funeral - telling Trotsky it was on the 26th of January, when it was

in fact on the 27th. Trotsky was away in the south of Russia and did not appear at the funeral whereas Stalin appeared as chief mourner and Lenin’s closest friend.

• Lenin’s warning about Stalin was ignored because of the jealousy of most communist leaders felt towards Trotsky.• Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev accused Trotsky of trying to split the communist party.• Stalin then had Zinoviev and Kamenev sacked having accused them of working with Trotsky.

TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator REVIEW:

PPQ #107. Why was Stalin able to become dictator of Russia by 1929? (6)• Stalin became dictator for a number of reasons.• Stalin was very clever in his ability to manipulate opponents - he used people and then ditched them. • The main contenders were - Leon Trotsky, Nikolai Bukharin, Grigori Zinoviev, Andrei Rykov, Leon Kamenev Mikhail Tomsky

and the least likely, Josef Stalin.• He was clever and took advantage of the positions he held in the communist party - as General Secretary of the

Communist party and had put many supporters in top Party posts to guarantee support. • Stalin was also the beneficiary of many mistakes by the other contenders, namely Leon Trotsky. • He played one group against the other and was underestimated by the other contenders. • Stalin put himself forward as a great friend of Lenin, such as appearing as chief mourner at Lenin’s funeral.• Stalin tricked Trotsky into missing Lenin’s funeral.• Trotsky and other opponents made mistakes:• Trotsky seriously underestimated Stalin.• Trotsky’s ideas were too extreme for many as he wanted permanent revolution whereas Stalin’s policy was socialism in one

country was widely favoured. • Trotsky was arrogant and often offended other senior party members. • He failed to take the opposition seriously - he made little effort to build up any support within the party.• Trotsky also frightened many people in the USSR with his calls for ’permanent revolution’.• Trotsky fell ill late in 1923 when Lenin was dying, and Trotsky needed to be at his most active.• He was also the victim of a trick by Stalin about Lenin’s funeral - telling Trotsky it was on the 26th of January, when it was

in fact on the 27th. Trotsky was away in the south of Russia and did not appear at the funeral whereas Stalin appeared as chief mourner and Lenin’s closest friend.

• Lenin’s warning about Stalin was ignored because of the jealousy of most communist leaders felt towards Trotsky.• Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev accused Trotsky of trying to split the communist party.• Stalin then had Zinoviev and Kamenev sacked having accused them of working with Trotsky.

DATE: March _____, 2015 TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator

OBJECTIVE: 18. Describe how Stalin industrialised the USSR through the 5 year plans.

REVIEW:• Stalin Wins - Reasons.• Why did Trotsky lose the leadership contest? (5)

PPQ #118. Describe the main features of Stalin’s first Five Year Plan. (5) KD QUESTIONS: Use White, 86 - 88 and Walsh, pages 128 - 130

1. What were Stalin’s three main reasons for developing industry? p. 86

2. Why did Stalin need to develop agriculture? (hint: 3 main reasons) p. 86

3. Identify: Gosplan, planned economy, Five Year Plans p. 87

4. Describe each of the Five Year Plans. p. 87 - 88

PPQs101. Describe how Stalin became the leader of the Soviet Union. (5)102. Why did Stalin have many people murdered and imprisoned in the 1930s? (7)103. By 1941, how far was the USSR stronger as a result of Stalin’s policies? (8)104. Explain why Stalin introduced the Purges. (7)105. ‘Stalin was a disaster for the Soviet Union/. Do you agree with this statement? Explain. (8)106. What part did Leon Trotsky play in the Bolshevik Revolution to 1925? (5) 107. Why was Stalin able to become dictator of Russia by 1929? (7)108. ‘Stalin only kept control in Russia by oppression and the elimination of opponents.’ Do you agree? Explain. (8)

PPQs109. Who were the kulaks? What was a kolkhoz? (5) May 2002. 110. Why did Stalin introduce collectivism? (7) May 2002. 111. How far was Stalin’s policy of collective farming successful? Explain. 112. How successfully did Stalin reform agriculture? Explain. 113. What were the advantages of collective farming? (5)114. Why was collectivization opposed by many peasants? (7) 115. What were the ‘show trials’ of the 1930s? (5)116. Why did Stalin carry out Purges in the 1930s? (7)117. Had Stalin made the USSR a stronger country by 1941? Explain. (8) 118. Describe the main features of Stalin’s first Five Year Plan. (5) 119. How successful was Stalin in modernizing the Soviet Union by 1941? Explain. (8)