the bolsheviks and workers control

Upload: -

Post on 06-Apr-2018

221 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    1/59

    ----

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    2/59

    592

    ].]Maurice Brinton ,The Bolsheviks and Workers' Control ,-1970)E.6,123 ; ('' -

    ,48202,,,9546",]']Red&Black '--1975-1972 ."

    , - ,- , ,

    . , . ,

    ( , ,

    Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder , : -

    . ).

    ,[ ] - .

    :

    . , '- '-- ,'national economy,nation-wide -

    ."'-', '' ,"'', ''

    subcommittee ,''-''- -commissioncommittee-.'-'-

    .''- deputy-'- coherent- '.

    .' '- ' '- piece work- ' , ' ,''-

    ''' . ,- (4 ( 1917-1921 :'

    .-100 .''-''--agitatoragitation-.''-''--provincedistrict-

    : ,

    ',1921'28-',1918'-46-4837-40- -.

    . - -.

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    3/59

    593

    ' '

    ' . . ]1970[ ',

    . , ,

    ') (.'' ]1970[ . ) ('

    ' ' . ].-20[ , ,

    ,]-labour[ ''- - - ''- -

    . .' ' ' ' - -

    , , . , , ' '

    .

    . , .' ',

    . , , ) (

    , .' ' ,- ,-

    .

    ( . ) ( ,'management'-'control' ,)

    . - , --gerencia,kontrolia-gestion,control)controle ,

    upravleniye( ]domination[ .. -

    ) ( . , .

    , ).', , ( ( . -]]revocable-

    . , , , ) , ',', ' '

    ' '-. . .) (

    , - . ) (

    , . , . , , , , ''.

    , . .

    .- , ,- ,) (

    , '-' '',1961. - '', ', ' '-

    .-

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    4/59

    594

    . , - .- .

    . . . ,

    .-- , ),,(,- .

    . . ,-,

    , '-19211917 .

    1921-1917".- '- ''

    , , ."1 . ,

    , ,. (-, . , .

    , - )-

    ( . ' '-' ' ),) (

    ). (

    . . ' ' , ( ,,

    ' ')' '''- , :' ' , - .

    ( -- -,)

    ,

    , .2

    -. . - , . .

    . ),1917-1921( . ,

    - - )-(-1917 , ,-,.

    --, .-- . ,

    - ( 50' - . )

    . ,, .'- '-'' )' ,,(''

    .' . , ,

    - ''' ' , ) (-SPGB.3

    , ) (-SPGB

    .

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    5/59

    595

    , . ,.,,, ', '

    - . 1917-1921 - )''('' '''

    , , , .

    . .''

    ) ( . -

    ( . ? ).

    ? ( ?

    ? ,) '?' ,

    . -

    ' ' ' ' -- ,,,( .- ).,

    ,) ( ","? ","? "

    ' ' ,,. .',"? .' ' )-1921-1920(

    ) ( ,,. ?

    , - ) ( ,. .

    . ) , ( '',

    : , ' ' . - - .

    , , ,-.

    .

    ' ' . - .

    . . ' ' , ,

    - . . .

    , )-,-( .

    ( - . ) ,

    . , , .

    .4

    . .5 .

    - 1917 .

    ). : ( ) ( . ( .

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    6/59

    596

    . . ) .

    ,,? - - . .

    ,

    . -/- " " ,.

    , .- -. ,

    - , ' '- . - .' '

    -- '' ' , ''- . )( .'

    ''- , , -. ' '-

    . ','- ,

    - -''- . , .''

    . ,

    . , 1917 ,

    , , . , - , .

    '' .'' ). ( , ,' '

    .

    ? .

    -)'' -', ' ', ' '( ,)' ,, (

    . -].-20 [ ,

    .6 ) (

    .

    , . ":

    --, ,,]]consipracy . - . , , , . ,

    , , , . - -, ' ', '. .

    '".7

    " . -1905 . -

    , . - : ,]]Broue".8 ,

    " ,

    , , ".9 ,

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    7/59

    597

    . . .10

    .' ' : '' , ''- ,1905 , .

    .

    .1917 '.11 ' ', ' ,

    . ''.-1917 -1905 " " , ?

    ) ( . ,- ,

    ", "-". . ,

    ".12 .

    .1917

    . . . . .-

    . . , ,

    . . ,.

    . , 1917 - - . - -1917

    .-19211918 . ) - (

    , .

    , - . -

    ','-''- ,. ,

    " - , ,-',' ."

    . ,

    . ,-1917 ,-

    . - . ,,

    . - , )- (

    - , .- ,

    , , . ,

    , . . ,

    : . ( . ?

    , , ) =.

    ) ( -1917

    , , . - . . - , .

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    8/59

    598

    . .

    ' '. , .

    , . , , "

    , , , ,- ', ' ." .1917 -

    . ' '- .

    , ,.-19211917 ,. .

    , , - .

    .'- '

    , , ,, , ,

    .- , ''-. ,,,,,

    - , , .

    . , , . . , .

    - .

    "" , .- -- . ,." ",-,. ) (''-

    '' . ,- (

    [ ,).'', . ]1970

    , 1917 . ,][

    .'81;,1960 ,]]The Conscience of the Revolution ,..,]]Daniels1[-]]Coats.,. . 2

    Topham[" ' ' - ")(!" ,

    ] ""]socialized '- ', ." (

    ).'363;]Kee[,1968]]MacGibbon,]]Industrial Democracy in Great Britain ]Nineteen- - - --- 3

    Seventeen[]Voline[, ]Freedom Press[,1954:" , , ., , . .

    ." . ,]]Les rapports de production en Russie 4

    ]Chaulieu[,2)-1949( . '',

    ": )1890]Schmidt) [27 . , . , , - ,

    ,-(." - )'504-505;

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    9/59

    599

    5]Notes pour une analyse ,

    de la Revolution Russe (n.d.)[, '.]J. Barrot) [ ' ']Librarie 'La Viellie

    Taupe'[,'--']Fosses-St. Jacque[5,,.(6

    ) , - : ( .-19171901,).,190510)25 .'61;,1947,]]Stalin,.7.'64-65;,.89,,]]Editions de Minuit ,]]Histoire du Parti Bolshevik ,.

    .'35;196310

    - ", , .

    ]The Prophet ,.(" -,

    Armed[,OUP,1954;'76.(11

    . ,.

    12.'441', ;,

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    10/59

    5910

    1 9 1 7

    ,. . .1905 , . ,

    27

    ).- ( .-II

    ,1- - - ,.

    .

    . . -

    , : - , ",* "". ".2

    10

    . . ''- -8 ,

    -8 " ,-14 . ." ,

    .

    . ,- , -8 , ''-

    .

    2 .

    ' , ' , .: 5-7.

    "( " ).' , ,,

    ) ( "

    , , , " , "3

    . -1919 *-1952.

    - ) .-1957 ).

    , . , :

    .

    -,"",".

    ." "!)(",

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    11/59

    5911

    7

    .- , ' ' ":8

    ."

    23

    , ''- . " "- .

    . -

    23 ,-, ". , , - ,- ,

    ".4 ,

    23

    , , ": )' ' (

    -" " - " ."

    ." 5

    ," "-" "-

    - . ',, , ":." "

    , - - ".6 -

    1917

    . ' ' -,-, , --8 - .''- ,-

    .

    . '' ,

    17

    ( ( , " ".7 , ,

    20

    , ": . ,

    ,-- , . - ."

    "- ) (- "- ' ' ".8 "

    . ),(

    29

    . ." " .

    , , ".", , "- ".9 ,

    .

    530

    .

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    12/59

    5912

    )( 3 ,]]Tauride ". .

    - '' , ".10- ,

    '- .

    .- ', '-' , " . . - , ,." .-

    ".11 " -- ''- .

    .. . , , . .

    , , . " ." " "

    ". , ".12 -

    " .' ' , -" ""-

    . ( , , .

    ).

    " . ".13 - -

    . '' ' '

    , " ,-421336 , ." " ."

    ".14 "-" "-

    ( . ") - ,

    ".15

    16

    . -

    20-28

    , " ".16 -

    ." "

    " . - "-" , ".17

    , ]-[" , .

    .

    - , - , ' ,' -. ' '

    ' . - .18 '

    ,)"( -

    .

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    13/59

    5913

    . , , . ' '

    , . .

    .

    . ,1917- - )-19 (- .

    - - -- ". , ,

    . ".19

    . , 1917

    - , , ,1917 - , ,.*

    , :

    , , ," .

    , .

    )( . , . -

    ) ( ,

    , . .

    , , -1.5 )(1917 ".-

    -1917 , , , , -1905

    . ,.- ' '".20 .

    -

    . -

    .

    .21 -, -

    . ,1922326

    [ [.

    ": ".22

    7-12

    . ,,

    *

    ' . '' ,-1917 .'

    .

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    14/59

    5914

    ' 0.25% -.23 ',

    , . . ' '.' '- , .

    , " . " ."

    ''- " , ,..".24 '".25'-

    ,!)( , , " " "'.26

    ." , *. .

    . . , , , -

    " . "- ."

    - "." - !)( , )' ,, ( ' '-."-

    " - . ,."-

    . ", ." " ." ,

    3

    . ' ' ,- , ("][ " - -

    ).1920 -1917

    ][ -10 "- "- ,5531- ".- - 2000 . . 37

    "27 6037 . 11 ,

    ,- , , " : ,) , (

    ".28

    . . , -"

    ."

    3

    , -.

    25

    ,, ":', ' , : . , :

    , ,. ,, , , , ,

    . . - ,. ,. .

    ,- , ." - ,- ,

    ] ;- ,workers and employees [*

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    15/59

    5915

    " '15 , , , . , ' ' .

    ."

    , ( : ). , ,

    . " . ".29

    . . 23''- ".30 ' ' "

    28

    ," "- , ''421 '

    )." "( .

    , , "-, ".31

    .

    10

    ,-4. , .

    . ,

    . .'' ".

    , , ".32

    " , , ,".33, , -

    . ,

    14

    ' . ' '- . ( 25 , '

    .)

    26

    "." " ."34] [ -

    . ,35 100,000 1917,586

    . .

    1

    .? , ".

    , ', '

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    16/59

    5916

    ,* ) ( ." ) ( ,-,-

    )' '- (' '- . - "). (

    . ''

    , , , , ."- , ""," - ,- -"

    , , " ".

    ' '- , . ) - (

    ) ( - ).', , , , (

    . -

    ,. "

    ."- ,36

    ' '- - ) (

    . , ) ( , ,

    . , , . . ' '.-

    10

    . . -

    13

    , , , "- ." , , ,

    .- .

    . .

    , , ". , ,

    ,- " " .".37

    "- . ,

    ".38 , " . ' '

    ".39 , , ''- 1917

    . ". , , ,

    , , , ,, . ."40 . -

    *]national [

    ] [

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    17/59

    5917

    . ,

    . - , ,

    17-22

    , - )' '(, "

    ".41 - ,- ,11",2286 137,

    '.42-'-4'',6,8-

    ,. , , ". ,

    . ".43 " - .

    ".44 -

    ; " . -": ".45 ,

    -- , -- . . , .

    " ."".46 , ,

    .- ' ' " .

    '' ' . '".47

    - " '-'-'' ."

    ".48 "

    25] (]People's Commissars- . (

    . -

    25

    . ": , - . . .

    . , , , ".49

    ".50 "

    . , .

    3

    " .51' -' ,, ,,

    -10,000 -5 ."

    , , " " ."

    ."-- , ,

    , .

    . .- " ")5( .

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    18/59

    5918

    ). (" " :

    .

    " ")6( -" "." "

    , "- )7( ." ) ( ." "-

    ) ( -. ?- , '

    *. ,,

    9

    .52 ]]Commissariat

    . )( - -9.

    ' ' "

    ."- 53

    14

    - - ).(- )(

    . , --,:",

    , . " ".54

    , . - ."

    '' -

    "55 , -"- -14)( - .

    . -15 - ,)10 24 ( , - " " "

    "." ".56

    .

    : -14.57 8 " " "

    " . ." "

    - ," " . . ".58- "

    " ':5'-21 - ."

    ,5 - ,5 - ,1 ,2 ,2

    -2(-100,000 - , ! - -5)-100,000

    .' ',-

    , - *.-)1967- - /(

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    19/59

    5919

    , - " ".59 ,'',

    ''- ' - ' , : - ', '

    .

    .- - ". .

    - - '' ".60-,,

    - , , , ,,.

    : " - ', ,, ,

    ) ( " ."61. ,

    .

    - . ."

    1917-1918 .

    - , ' '-. ,

    , . , , ,

    .

    -. ) (

    ,-

    . , , - .

    )' ,( ]]modalities.

    . . ,

    ". , 62 , ,

    ": ." . ,

    ) (

    ."- 63

    . , ,

    "- "- "- . ".64

    ' .' '- ''- , ? . '

    ''-'' . .- -. *

    *

    ',(. , - . ' '- ":)77

    ."

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    20/59

    5920

    1917 " -- .

    ".65 ,

    ". ".66

    . , - ) (

    ".67'' .'-'-'-' -

    . .

    28

    . --

    .68 - , , " .

    ":, ,'".

    ,- . , . . " ". ,

    ." - .

    . - , , . .

    ". ,- 1918 )1918 .(

    . ".69 ' ' - ,

    - , ,. .

    28

    .70

    5

    ( 71 ( " " " ."

    .72- , , ). ("- "

    - . ,) - (

    : .' '- ,

    (''-. ( (' '-: . (

    ". ''- ,,,, .73 -

    - '' ','('' - .- (

    . . ".74 ",-

    ".75 ,"

    , . ,

    ( ,4 )( - ) , -.

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    21/59

    5921

    . . ,

    - . ) (

    , , -

    ). ( . ''- -.''. , ,

    , , .

    .

    . , .''-

    , . , . ,

    .

    .

    3 .' ' ''- -, 3 .' '-

    - . . - , ,

    ' '- (,-1918 . )- -- ' '

    *.

    ', '-'' ( ,)

    " ,"": - .

    , (. .- , , )

    ":- ." , - ".76 - , 1917 ,

    , '', , -

    .

    )(

    ). (

    .' - ' ,-''- , " ."''-

    . ,, .1917 -" .

    , -,, "- "." , , ,

    - " "77 4 , ,

    .' '-''

    ', '-' ', , *.

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    22/59

    5922

    , ": ".78 ,

    . 1917 , ( .

    . - )

    , ,

    . , .

    '- ' ' '' ) ( .'-

    - - , ' ' .''-- .''-', '', '', '', ' '

    - -

    .

    ", .

    (" ).

    :

    .- . . .

    ' ' . ; ": (

    )"79 ,

    .

    , ' ' , - ,

    , , , ) ( , .

    - , " - .-

    : , ." . -

    . , .

    ',' .', ' . .

    . , .. -

    . ,,

    13

    .-14 )(*. -

    .. . ' '''- *. ','1967

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    23/59

    5923

    .5 4 ,

    5.- - ,

    " 7."- " . ,

    ." - .

    - , 8, . 9.

    ." , ", . 14

    ". . ' '

    ."

    ' ' ('' '' .

    -1917 ).

    ,, , ][ . - ,

    20

    ') ( , ".'

    , ". ."

    , , ,"'', ,

    ".

    , , , , , ". "

    ',, , .- '' .

    ."

    - - .

    . . ,-

    '. - .''- '

    '- (- , .1918 )'

    23

    . )(-

    -14 . - " " "

    "." ".80

    1

    : - .

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    24/59

    5924

    2[ ,..,

    [,,1923;'9. 1967) '34( ,-

    . ;]]Autosugestion3.'12-13,

    .'12,45.'62', ; , ,..,

    6.'85-86;, ,..,

    .'116-117;, - ,..,78.'142;, ,..,

    9 ,., -1917] ' . 1917[,

    .,)'15;( 10

    .'19 ,.,.'19;1112

    ] ' - [,,1917.

    13

    .'459', ;,.., 14 ,.., ]State Control of Industry in Russia During the

    War[,-,1928;'174-175..'83;,1960 ,]]The Conscience of the Revolution ,..,1516

    : 20-28 /3-11 1917) . - : 20-28/3-11,1917(

    17.6;

    .'323;18,, ,]]Soviet Trade Unions ,].] .Deutcher, I,19

    .'1-2;1950.'13;2021

    -1917] ..-]]Meller.. '

    ' 1917[;'16,20.- ..]Fleer[, ]' ' [,.'4-7;,1925

    221917] (():'(- ' RSDRP)b:(

    [,,IMEL,1934;'134.[ : 23 :

    [,,1927-1929) (; ,'229,259.. )"- (

    24.'190;

    '171;2526

    ." .'25;,.,27.'25;2829

    ." " .'29; .'36;30[ 31 [,15,1917,'1-2. .32

    .'83;,1969,]]P. Owen.,]]The Bolshevik Ideology ,..,33

    .'23', ;".'245-246', ; , ,..,34[1917-1921" ,..,35 SSSR,1917-

    .'45;,1927 ,]1921.'265-267;,..,3637

    ;'11' ',]]Syndicalists in the Russian Revolution ,..,.'638

    .'5;,.,

    .'80', ; ,]]The Bolshevik Revolution ,].] .Carr, E. H.,39.'15-16;,.,40

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    25/59

    5925

    41.'11-12;,..,

    42.'114', ;"

    .'188;4344

    .'190; 45.'180;

    .'191;4647

    ' ,.., 1911-1937] 1911-1937[,,1939;'124.48

    .'48-49;,.,.'50;4950

    .'51;51

    .'410-411,' ; ,..,[1917-1918 52 1917-1918[;3,30.53

    .1,'77', ;,..,] ,.,54 ' [, ,1918;'10..'73', ;,..,55

    56 VTsIK2 ,1918;'60.57

    ']Lenine et le Controle ' .. -.' "

    Ouvrier[ 1967 -]Autosugestion.[58 )251917251918(,,1918;'

    171-172..'27-28', ; ,..,5960

    .'75;,..,.'17;,.,6162 - ,.., -] ' ' [,,

    1918..'54;,.,6364

    .'54;[ ,.,65 [, --] [,

    .'40,43;1918.'162;,1967,]]The Russian Anarchists ,.',66 .'139-145;,1954 ,]]Nineteen-Seventeen- - ,67

    . .'74;,.., 6869

    .3,'75', ;,..,70 1917-1918;4,58..83,5;7172

    ] :1917-1921" SSSR: [,1917-1920..,,1954;'499.

    73.'80;,..,

    .'215," ;,..,74.'80', ;,..,75.'59;,.,7677

    .'92-93,' ; ,..,.'47;7879

    . ,1917-4 80

    .'82-83', ;,..,

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    26/59

    5926

    1 9 1 8

    6

    ', . ,: ,' , - .

    " "1.

    7-14

    - .

    : , ? ?

    - . ,- - ' '

    .

    - .

    "): --( . -

    ."2

    , , " , ,( (".

    ".3 "

    "- ."4

    .. *, , ".5 "

    " - " " - ,, ".6

    , " . ".7 , ,

    - . "".8 , ".

    ".9 -

    " , , , "".10

    "11 ,

    ,)''-( ,*. -

    -. .-1915 .-1893 ' . 1918

    - . - . . 1921-8 .] [ ] [

    . .

    . ,] '[( ).,1940 ( .-1950 .

    ( ''- )Bericht , )1919

    uber die Berhandlung des Grundungparteitages der KPD,1919;'16,80(

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    27/59

    5927

    -, . - ", " ]coherent[.

    ? , . ". ." .

    ".12 - ".

    *

    " "- ." , , ,, " , ,

    . , , -- , - , " ,

    ".13 , " "''

    ," , "- - , "

    - . (" , -

    .(143,000-3,500 ,25 .

    . ) (' '- ' , " .

    , (".15

    1918 ,. .) . 3

    .16- , , " "

    "- ' '".17 ".19 ]]standardisation "".18

    - ". -

    ' ' ".20 ", , .

    ,, "".21 , ].''-[

    . , -".22

    . " " .

    - , "".23 ,

    ,'' .

    : - , . , ".

    , , , ".24

    *- 100,000 --1914." , ,

    '(-IWW . -, . ,' -

    - , ]).']Industrial Workers of the World .' '-1917 . "

    -1919.-10 .1936-1938 .- -1920.'

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    28/59

    5928

    .

    - " ,

    ] [ ".25

    . ,- ,

    , ": . ".26

    . - :" ",, - . "

    ,, .- - , . ".27 -

    .

    ,, -1921 - .

    ' ', '- ',' ','.'

    , - , . ,

    .28 ',' ":

    , . , ,!)(

    "

    , , , "

    . ,-

    ." , . -

    "29 " , " -

    ".30 -

    ", , ."''- ,' --,

    .31, , .

    ( , - . )

    ' '-''- -' '( ,,). (-

    ) , ,

    .- -

    ''- , - .

    15-21

    . -

    - " . , " ".32

    , : ".33 , ,

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    29/59

    5929

    - , - " , ,".34 ) (

    . ,

    23-31

    . -

    .

    3

    .-

    . - ). ] (]directors ) (

    ( ' '- . ' '-

    "

    "." , ,- ".35

    ' '- ,, ,1918 ( -19161915. .

    )'''', - ( 1917.

    . ) ) ( 1918 )

    ) )( .-' '( ( 1918. ,'',. , 1918."

    - ,

    ." 36

    .

    ) ( )( ). (

    . - ''

    . , -, ,- . -1918

    "- , , ".37

    6-8

    .][ .- , ,

    6-8

    . -

    ),,,(''.38 ''- -

    , ''- .

    . -

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    30/59

    5930

    26

    ")- ( - - -" - , ."

    ".39

    -"-- "-"- "-

    "- 6. "" - " .- , "".40 - " ."

    26

    ,- - ,, ,,. - .

    , *. - , - - " ," ".- ,

    ".41 -

    .. , - , ,. 42 -

    3

    .''-' '-

    - " ." -

    ]piece ." - " rate[" " . " -

    ",." - " , "

    ".43

    11-12

    ' ] [ 26 '' ' . .40 .500,

    20

    . ,,''- ;)Kommunist

    . " "- ).

    -- ',-'- " " ." , ,

    , "." - . .

    ' '- . ." "." -

    ": , ,; -

    , ".44

    ' *.1919 ,.

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    31/59

    5931

    , ,"- -( ",," "".45 -

    ) . ?"

    ": ' ' - ,

    - , ,. ) ( ;

    , . ".46

    ".""''- . ; " ".47- "," ')(

    ." '- ', ,

    , . '-'- ".48 "- -

    ! (-1918, - ).-1921

    - .'' , ,

    ' , . , . )1918(

    , , " , . ,

    ! ".49

    28

    - " "

    . (" " " "" "- . , - - ,

    .)

    , . , - ()' -' (' '- ,

    . - )' '

    ":. 50

    - - -- "- "".

    , " " "."

    " - ". "

    ?- ."

    - - "("51 - , ,

    ).

    , , ,'-' ,, )-( .

    . -

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    32/59

    5932

    ,, .

    ":- ,'".52 -

    5 "- . -

    ',''," "," , , . ' ' .

    6 ". ,"." -

    , ). ' '- ("

    - "" "- -

    . (" "-" "-1918 .)' '-

    , -1918." - ." , , ",

    " ." , " : ,53 ."

    -, " ."

    .54 .

    - -1918 - ", ," " ." - - ,

    ".55 ") (,1918,

    "" "- - "- ."] "[

    ".56

    '' - , , , .

    ''- ) ( .

    .). - (

    ''- , ,, . -

    -- . ,,

    "' ' () ( - ", ,"". )."

    , , ".57 ." "- ' ' .

    .58

    !-1936 ." " "" "

    424

    . -

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    33/59

    5933

    )-- -150(- 100 ' -'-. , ''- ,

    *".59- - "

    '- " " '. )(

    ' ' . ''-. .''-

    - .60

    -,. " - "- . " ,

    ." ,, -1890 " " -) .(61

    . - - -

    , ." " .62

    . '' -

    1917.63 )(

    ,, " , ". ."

    ".64 ,

    25

    - . ' - - - .

    - - (.)

    28

    , ,- ." - " .

    , , , ,, ,,,,,,,

    , - ,- - . " "" ".

    " ".65 , --

    .

    . . . ".66 - ,- ".

    - . , ' '

    .1918 1917

    4-10

    . -

    - ''- 1918 . , .''

    .] colourless opinions [*

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    34/59

    5934

    ,

    ('' ]-1917[ . ('')

    ) . ,

    ' . ''- - ' , '"." - ,-"-191714'

    , , . - . .

    ".67

    . ",,"' ' ". ,'', ,. ,

    , . , , ,

    .- - - , ,

    ".68

    '' .

    '- '-' '- - , .

    )' ' (''- , ( , -":

    - ) ."69

    . .''- )?- ('-- '

    . .1918

    (']['-: , ,- ). ' '-

    ',' ,. .' ', ,

    .,-, - . , ,1918 ".-

    , . ".70

    .

    , - . . -.- '-'

    , . . . , ,

    ) , ( ,. , ,.

    )- ( ''- , .

    .71

    -'- , .'

    ". ".72 " "-

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    35/59

    5935

    , . .73

    ).'' ( - ,

    .' '- - '- '

    125- - .

    "- .'' ,--

    , ', ' ,', ' ,

    '".74'

    ( ( - ) 1918.( .' ).,1918)16 ')

    - . )? , , - .

    . . - "" ( .

    .75 )-

    '- '76 -"- . . ,

    - ." .77 '- '

    1918

    - -30 -10)(- ,20

    , 9 ).( - . )(-

    . 69 - 1918 . -

    ]department of state.[78 .

    - ( , . )

    .

    28

    " - --

    ,- - ] [- , , ".79

    " , .80 "

    . ,

    6-9

    . -

    125

    - - .

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    36/59

    5936

    ." "- -. ' '-

    . '' , ''- ''-

    .

    81

    . -

    10%,400. ''-''--20 ) ( ,38%,9%

    . , -43% ''- ." "

    , " ." "- - - "".82

    ".83 ,--

    ). ('156;,.',12 ] - ' ,7-14 1918[,,

    .'193;) - (19183.'212;

    .'48;4.'235;56.'168;,.',

    .'85; 7.'239;89.'215;

    10

    .'85; .'85;1112

    .'221;.'168-169;,.',13.'12-13;,..,1415

    (,1920,]]Die Russischen Gewerkshaften ,..,: ).

    16.'374;

    .'369-370;17.'369;1819

    .'192;.'230;20

    .'195;2122

    .'369;.'370, -;23'128;,.,2425

    .'181;.'11; 26.'80;2728

    .'364;.;29.'27;3031

    .'367;32

    ' ,,1918;'8.

    .'5;3334

    .'30;

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    37/59

    5937

    35 , ,1918;'311-315.

    36.'86-87',;,..,

    ] [3738

    ] [ 39] [

    ] [4041

    ',,,,., ; ",'171-172.42

    .'246,,;XLI-1 ,..,43 ,2,1918;'38.[ .,44 [,'1,1918;'3-4.45

    ] ' [,'1,1918;'8.] [46] [4748

    ] [.'87;,..,49

    )'247-248," ;(" "- 5051

    .'332-333,340-342,' ; ,..,.'452.'516-517," ;,..,5354

    .'326," ;]. ['366,' ; ,..,55.'100',;,..,5657

    . ,..,'24 58

    ].]Paul Cardan ]]From Bolsheviks to Beaurocracy59

    .4-'101',;,..,[ - ,60

    '

    [,,1918;'61-64..'75;61.'65;6263

    '] [,;'477-478..'119-120',;,..,64.'105',;6566

    .'92;,..,67 ,. ,.,Wirtscaftsleben und Wirtscaftlicher Aufbau in Soviet Russland 1917-1920,,1920;

    ).('16368

    [ ., [,,1918;'35.;,1920, - , ,.,69

    .'654 .'91;,..,70.'1-14;]The Prophet Unarmed[,O.U.P.,1959- ,., 71.'24;,..,-7273

    .'89-90;,1948-,1917 ,.,.'191;,.',74.'192-193;7576

    . - - .'196-197;,.',7778

    .'180',;,..,79

    ] -- - ' ' [,,.'72;1919

    80

    ,1920;,''83..'183',;,..,81

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    38/59

    5938

    82 ] - ' ).[(.;

    213.83

    .'190',;,..,

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    39/59

    5939

    1 9 1 9

    16-25

    - .

    . 1918 , - , , " "".1 , ",

    ,, ( . ,. ,) -

    ,". , - ".2 ,

    ' ,," , ;

    , , , ".3 ,

    ". ,

    . . , . ".4 , , ,

    , - , - .

    , , . . -

    .

    , , - " " ,,".5 - "- ." . ,

    (" , ,.) --''

    .

    " " ." - " ( ( ,"

    " ,.., ".6 .3,500,000 (".7.(819171,500,500 ,2,600,000,1918,

    "- . ,, - "" - ".9

    .

    2-7

    ) .(

    18-23

    .

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    40/59

    5940

    .* ' , .

    .

    . .- " ' '-5

    , ) ( .-

    ".10

    . " .

    ,".11 ,

    "- '5' 12. - - -

    - " ."-." -

    ) (' ' ; .'-'

    . , , .

    ." " "8." "

    '-'- -

    . ".13 -

    . ''-

    , , -. - .

    . . .-' '

    [ . ,14, . ]

    (- ,. )

    . , - . , -

    - '', '-'

    , , . ,, , '- ,'' , , .

    -, ',- '-,', , , -,

    , -,,- .

    ": . - (".15 ;

    -21-15 !)' ',-1923 , , .

    ]' , ,[*

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    41/59

    5941

    .

    . .

    ). ( .' '-

    . " " , .

    .- , ] [, ] [ . - , - ,

    .' '-. - "*. - .

    ".16 ..

    . '

    . ' '

    . ' .

    2-4

    .

    ( (, ."--

    ,-- . ', ' ".17

    5-9. -

    ,.18 ).-1918 -1917 ( " ,-''-

    " ." , ".19 : ,'

    16

    - ( - 20 - ,") "

    , ,

    , ,, . , ). ('' . ,-

    - ( . " ', ' "

    ). ,1920, 12

    -- , ".21 " - .22

    . ' '

    *

    ,)' '(.-I.S - , , , : "4.' ' 1968

    ." , ,

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    42/59

    5942

    , , .- . . ' '

    - ? - .- ?

    ' '-) (1921 .

    -1922) ( .

    27

    ( , , ).

    .'25;,.,12, ,Die Bolshevistischen Gewerkshaften,']Jena[,1932;'81-82.

    3 ] - " '

    '[,, ,1919) - (;,'.'34

    4.'103;

    .'26;,.,5.'97',; 67.'99;

    ]:', " ,8 ' ...: [,,IMEL,1933;'188..'127',; 9

    10]:', " ' ...: [,,IMEL,1933) -

    .,'422,;).'72;1112

    .'29;,.,.'31;1314

    .'79;,.., 15.'30,168; ,

    .,1,444; 16.'33;,.,1718

    ' , " ,':] ' ...: [,,IMEL,1934) .'72;) -

    19.'184;,..,

    .'487; ,.,20.'492;2122

    .'492;

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    43/59

    5943

    1 9 2 0

    . , .

    ,, " ."

    , , ,-,,( , -)." "- -".1 , "

    12

    - .

    -602. , - ". -

    ".2-

    10-21

    .

    , ,, - ) ( " .

    , ".3 . .

    ."-- " - ,.4 -

    ) ('' "

    . "

    . . : , , ." ,-

    ", ," ". ".5

    , , . . - , .

    , .

    - .-

    ",''- , , " , . . ,"

    - , , -

    - - ".6

    '-, . - . - '

    - ", ,-- " ,".7

    . -

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    44/59

    5944

    . ) ( -

    , - - " , ', '-". " , -

    ".8

    429

    .

    ,, ]. -[ - , .

    , , ,- ( ). ,

    . '-- '-' ' - .

    . ,

    "."9 ", . , . - " ," "." , ,

    " ." - "." ".10 "- ," ","

    ) ( .' ' . , , . ''

    .

    ", ,"- ". , , ,''

    ".11 "" ) (

    )1918( . ."12 "

    ,.13- ','- ,

    ,, "- , ".14

    ." "

    ,(' '- ,'.(, , , --

    ).- ( ,- , -- , ,

    . - " ."15 " -" " , ', '- ,.16

    -"- ,"-"- (" "- . - )." " "

    ] [.17 ) ( .' '

    ,. '-- '- ". ,

    . ) ( ,- ".18

    . ) --(

    . ''- ''-

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    45/59

    5945

    "[ ". ]

    ".20 "- ".19 - "

    -- ". , -- ".21

    ".23"-"-","" ]selection"[.22 "

    "." ".24 -

    "" - " '' ".25 ,

    - , .26" ,

    - , , ,, .-1919 '5'

    , , ,

    .'' ,1783 2051,1920 .

    '.27 - '

    . ' '- ) ( .

    ,, , ". -

    . ".28 , , - "

    -".29 , ,

    ) -5 ( , .

    - .

    . " ."30 ,

    . -,

    6-15

    - .

    "" " - ?-

    "." ,, "" " "." , ,

    -, *".31 " .

    - -30 .32 , .-,

    ,. . " - [*] ,

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    46/59

    5946

    "-1918 . -- " "33

    - .")( ! .

    -

    . , , 1920 ,,, , -,

    ''- . .- , , , , " 1920

    ".34 - ,

    " 1919 '' , , .

    , '".35,

    , , .

    . --)- ( .

    . .1918 ''-

    ). ( ,, ''

    : ". -".36

    - , "".37 - ,

    , . , ," - , -

    , ,-, . . -

    ".38 ,-,

    ." , . " " . . ,

    , .,-, . . ,

    - ,, - -

    ."39 , , "

    ".40

    , , , " ,

    "41

    . - " ,

    ".42 ,) (

    , , - ,"

    , -- ,".43

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    47/59

    5947

    - , - , ,. -''

    -- .' ' , -- .

    . ", , ".44

    ) -.( , - , - ,

    . - - .)' '(-".45 , ". .

    , , . . ''- , ,

    .

    22-25

    .

    '- " . " . - ' ' . '

    , ,

    . .

    - . . ."-- - " " "

    "- "" ".46

    , , .

    - ) ',''( - .

    .

    2-6

    - .

    , ][, ( .

    (

    ( .( , "" !*)(' '-. -

    14

    .- . -

    .

    ] , [*

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    48/59

    5948

    , ' '. ) -' '.47 154 124)

    8-9

    .

    , ' ' , - ". -25,-

    "" , ).5(" -!)(- " ".48 "-

    " .7 8 ".49 -".50-

    "51 "," "- .4 10 ,- ,,-- "

    ".52 . ''-.".53 " .

    2, , " , ,

    "".54 . - ".55,

    ", ".56 " - - . -

    ".57

    7

    . ." " . . "."-","",""," "

    -- "".58 ' '

    ".60 - "."59

    ' ' .

    ".61 ", .- , ,- ,

    .' '

    - - ,, ( - .1918

    ( ). - ).

    .

    .- 22-29

    - .

    - .

    . ": . ,

    , .-1917 : .' '-

    - -".62 ,

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    49/59

    5949

    ( , ).

    .63 -

    30

    " ,

    .' '- , , , -. ,

    :64 )- () (

    " ." " , . -- ,"

    .- ""- ""- . .

    *. 7" -"- . -

    - , , ". ".65

    . ".

    )(: .) . ("

    . , !)( .

    - .),191720 , , (- - .

    . , , .

    , ."

    "- .' ' ,3,. " ".66 -- "".67

    "68

    " - "."

    ." .

    . , ') ' ' ( .

    . -." " .' '

    '" ' " "- "." ") , ")

    ".69 :

    "".70 "- ,- , .

    , -", ,"''"?".71 , ".72 -

    1917,2.6 1.5 , *.-1921 -7-1920 -1919,4.3 1918,3.5

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    50/59

    5950

    .73 ( , ' '

    - .( , 1919'5'- ' '".

    2 ,

    - - , , ". ."

    . (" - ". !) -

    " - , -

    ' - '- . .

    , .," " ,

    , ", ' '".74

    : *

    , . ,

    . -

    1 ,1920;'8,49.- - ] '

    [,1920) (;,' ,'50-51.2.'493;

    .'17," ;, ,..,3.,'193;,..,45[ , [, ;13,'534.

    6

    .'126;,.., .'542,15; ," 78 : III - ,1922;'28.

    .'36; .,9.'126," ;.,1011

    .'128; .'269-272; 12.'35;,.,1314

    ] ., ' [,,1926;'83..'254-255; 15.32,'532;1617

    .'123-124;

    .75,'571;18.'474,2; - )(" 1920

    .1920,12[ 21 [, ;

    .,'493:.'532,12;,) ( 22.'26,28;2324

    . " ,-1922 - 25

    ).'607,612',,("- 26

    .'96; ,..,

    ]rewards in kind . [*

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    51/59

    5951

    27.'83;,

    28.'114;,..,

    .'115,117;2930

    .'498; ,., 31 ] ": - '

    '[,,1920) (;'87-89..'500-507;,.,32: (1920, ,ILP , 33

    0824-bb-41.(34

    .'107;,..,35 ,..,,,',,1921;,''429..'133;,1961 , ,.,3637

    .'146;.'149;38.'135;3940

    .'137;.'143;41.'162;4243

    .'162-163;.'501-502; ,.,44.'502;4546

    .,1920,12 .2,'829; 47.'502-503;,.,4849

    .'41; ,.,.'502-503; ,.,50.'30,' ;1924-1926,,..,51.'599-600,' ;1924-1926,,.,52 ,-24 , .'502-503;,.,53

    . .'503;5455

    .'422-423,15;,.,56

    .'29,6;,.,.'503;,.,57.'12,' ; ,..,5859

    .'53;.'26;60.'125;,..,6162

    ] ": - ' : '[,,1921; .'32463

    .'271;,1965-,, ,.,- "):'42-52( - " 64

    . ', ' , -3."- - ,

    - " .' ' - ,)' '( : - ,

    ." - [ 65 [, ;,,''536-

    542..'51; ,.,6667

    .'6,' ; ,..,

    .'76;68

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    52/59

    5952

    69[ , [, ;

    .'802,1670

    .'35,' ; ,..,.'36;71[ ,..,72 [.73

    ',' ; , , ,..,40-80.

    74[ , [,.'789-793,2; ,1920-30

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    53/59

    5953

    1 9 2 1

    . , , ','- . ,

    -".1 "

    13

    ".2 " .

    ".3 - ".4 .

    14

    ' ') , , ,,, , ' , ,

    . ).16

    ".5 "- - ,

    21

    : ,

    - : " ' ' ', '

    - . ,." .

    ".6 " - - )' '(

    .*)' '(]-[

    24

    ' ,,. .7 -8 137-62 '

    25

    .' ' .8 ,

    . ' ' ' ' .9

    . - ,) ( , --,

    .' '

    , , : - " .-1921 ' '.

    , . ,1920, ".10 -- , ' '

    ,1921 --

    *

    , - .' '' ' . ' ' . . ,

    !

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    54/59

    5954

    ]]industrialism ' ' '' - -- .11--

    .-1917

    - - .

    - '' ('' ' -' ) ' ' '']-[

    .'-'- ] [

    -' . - .- , .'

    .''

    ,,-19. -'' ''- - .1290%

    ": .-

    , ".13 .

    17

    *.

    , , -.14

    8-16

    .

    . .

    - . . --

    ,- . , ','- . ,

    .

    . ' '- - ",," "

    ""15 "16 . .

    . ".' ' ,

    . . -" !" - "."

    "

    - 200 ''- . ' '

    ' ' (. ,)

    , "".17-

    :The Truth about Kronstadt,The Kronstadt Commune) [* ( H5]-Anarchist FAQ

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    55/59

    5955

    . - " ,

    . , ".18

    . ' '

    ",] ["","","-" ' ' '(".19 - . '

    . - ''- .)-"" -": ,. ,

    " " ." " ' , '" , .20

    )' '( ' ' .21

    ", ," ". ).-(- - , .

    ".22

    . -.1917 - -,( ''- .

    ( - . . ,

    ' '- !) (

    .-

    .''- , "- "

    . ".23- " "- ' '

    , * ,"- ."

    - , . - - , ],[ "."

    ".24 - . -

    , , ", ," ", . ,,

    " . ,,".25- , ""26

    (? '' ".27 , , ,)-1902

    .- ', ' ,

    , , , . . ,''

    ,''- . '' .

    -- ". . ".28 - -

    ,- ). (

    *

    ]NEP

    ] /;' ' - ? .

    ." "]:]Lasalle

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    56/59

    5956

    . , , , . - ":

    . , . .

    ." . -" ,-

    (" , ".29 , ") .

    . - - . , - -1927*

    .,,.1936-1938 ' '-''.

    ]. [ . ''-

    ,'' ' , -' ,' )(

    - "- .30

    ." - -- 31

    , , 3 " ' '

    . ".32- - " .

    '' '")- .(33 . -18) (50336 , ,

    "'.(34 ' ( .-1919

    ' ' ".35 .

    , , , ].]NEP

    .]"] ""Tax in kind "-', ' , - . , ,

    20,-330 . 10- ! -NEP!36

    " . 5-25-19 ."

    (- . .(37

    ( ,' (, , .38 .

    , 1921 ". ''-''

    ." 39

    . , ,

    1] ., '[, ;'826-827,1.2.'779,6;

    .3.'103; ,.,45.'35;9; ,..,

    .'57;6

    ] ',' [*

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    57/59

    5957

    7.'79;

    8.'7

    ] /9 ' [ . ,,1930.10

    .'127;,.., 11.'371-372; ,

    .1921,271213

    .. , 1921] '1921'[,,1931;'52.]54 /. [ ''-

    14.' 1921-'27

    [ 15 [,10,1921..,1921;121617

    .'145-146;,..,.,1921;9 18[ 19 [,

    .'530',,; 20

    .'382-383; 21.'258;

    ). ,1930)T 3279" ,22. 2324

    [' ' ,., ' ' ', ,15,1924;'31]

    ] ff.,'531,; 25.'28', ;)FLPH(,1958, , ,.,.,2627

    .'46;] [28.'540;,2930

    .'93;.'140;31.'663;,' ' 3233

    .. ;, ..1,'828;34.'156;,..,3536

    .'308;,.,.'522-526,; 37.'151-152;,..,3839

    .'152;

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    58/59

    5958

    -

    1921

    .-- -

    .-1913 .1905 - ' . . .''- ,,.'

    -- , -- !).(

    . ).40120 ( .1 -- .

    . - '- '-

    17-25

    - .

    .-NEP , , ''- ," ,

    1500 , . , - 30

    ": . ,

    ".2 -- , ,

    . ., -- . ,

    .- , . - --

    , ". ", , ). (" "

    . '', ." " -1917? .

    ! ,1921."

    .'323;, .'34;'32,1921, 12.'324-325;, -.'277-278;- ,

  • 8/3/2019 The Bolsheviks and Workers Control

    59/59

    - .

    , , . ''- , .

    . .' '-' -'-

    , - , ,.

    ,'' - . . ) - (

    - 1917' ' .

    . - - .- -

    . -

    "Vae Victis", -390" . " ".

    -1918 1923 - ,,. ,

    .' ' ,

    ,( ''- ,]1970,-1960 [ . ,) '

    -) ( - .''-

    . ,

    . 1917 .-19211917 -

    - 19681956. . ,

    . .

    ,- ' '- ? ,- ,''- -

    . - , .

    , - .

    ' ', ' -' ', '

    ) ( - :

    . ,

    . ,- , , .