1

v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;&izFkeizFkeizFkeizFke

HkwfedkHkwfedkHkwfedkHkwfedk %%%%efgyk fodkl o Lolgk;rk lewgefgyk fodkl o Lolgk;rk lewgefgyk fodkl o Lolgk;rk lewgefgyk fodkl o Lolgk;rk lewg

l`f"V dh lajpuk dk vk/kkj fHkUurk gS vkSj ;gh fHkUurk ekuoh; lekt esa Hkh

Li"V n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA ekuo dh fof'k"V fLFkfr dh fu/kkZj.k esa izk.khizk.khizk.khizk.kh'kkL=h; vk/kkj

uj vkSj eknk ds #i esa gS] ogh lkekftd vk/kkj L=h o iq:"k gSA tSfod vFkksZ esa ge

uj o eknk gS ftls lkekftd ekU;rk }kjk fyax L=h o iq:"k cuk fn;k tkrk gSA

Ruskin, BarbaraF., andHeid I. Hartmann (2001)1 ds 'kCnksa esa ^^gekjk lekt

firlRrkRed lekt gSA lsuk] m|ksx] izks|ksfxdh] foKku] jktuhfr] foRr] fo'ofo|ky;

vkfn lekt ds lHkh vax iqfyl ds neudkjh cy lfgr iq:"kksa ds gkFk esa gSA ,d eknk

fyax ls L=h cuus dh ,sfrgkfld xkFkk ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky rd ds L=h foe'kZ ds

v/;;uksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd lekt esa fyax vk/kkfjr Hksn lHkh Lrjksa ij ekStwn gSA u

flQZ Hkkjrh; lekt esa vfirq oSf'od Lrj ij Hkh fyax Hksn Li"V #i ls fn[kk;h nsrk

gSA O’Conell(1994)2 ds 'kCnksa esa 30 fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds vkadM+s crkrs gS fd 1&4 o"kZ

dh vk;q esa ckfydk dh e`R;q nj ckyd ls dgha T;knk gSA ckyd ds f'k{kk o LokLF;

dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS] ogha ckfydkvksa dks ?kjsyw dk;Z o NksVs HkkbZ&cguksa dh ftEesnkjh

ns nh tkrh gSA Moser (1993½3 ds vuqlkj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa efgyk,aa frgjh Hkwfedk

dk fuoZgu djrh gSA

1- iztuu dk;Z& cPpksa dk iztuu] ikyu iks"k.k o fodklA

2- mRiknd dk;Z& ?kjsyw mRiknu ¼d`f"k dk;Z½

3- lkeqnkf;d izca/ku& ty izca/ku] LokLF; ,oa f'k{kk

;s lHkh dk;Z LoSfPNd o voSrfud gksrs gSA Michel,A. (1991)4 dk er gS fd

'kq:vkrh nkSj ls vkt rd lHkh lektksa esa L=h ds fy, fof'k"V fu/kkZfjr O;ogkj gksrs

jgs gSA lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k esa L=h dks cpiu ls yM+dh dh rjg cSBuk] pyuk]

cksyuk vkSj O;ogkj fl[kk;k tkrk gSa ,oa yM+dksa dks lcy cuk;k tkrk gSA

2

Amartya, Sen (1995½5 ds vuqlkj lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ekU;rkvksa ds pyrs

lewps fo'o esa efgyk,aa ikfjokfjd nkf;Roksa esa O;Lr gksrh gS o ifjokj ds fy, dk;Z

djrh gSA efgykvksa dks ?kj ls ckgj tks Hkh dk;Z feyrs gS os fupys ntsZ ds gksrs gS rFkk

osru iq:"kksa ls de feyrk gSA leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osru rks nwj dh dkSM+h

fn[kk;h nsrh gSA World Bank ¼2006½6 ds losZ{k.k esa ik;k x;k gS fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa

esa 70&80 izfr'kr y?kq m|ksx efgykvksa }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrs gSA efgykvksa ds ?kj

ds dk;Z dh x.kuk dh gh ugha tkrh os vn`'; dk;ZdrkZ gksrh gS ;|fi os pkSchl esa ls

vBkjg ?kaVs dk;Z djrh gSA ;fn os viuh Hkwfe ij dk;Z djs rks ml dk;Z dks Hkh ns'k ds

ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼th-Mh-ih-½ esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrk gSA xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa 90

izfr'kr dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh vkcknh y?kq o dqVhj m|ksx esa yxh gSA Ruskin and

Hartmann (1991)7 ds 'kCnksa esa fo'o dh lHkh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa fyax Hksn ds dkj.k

efgyk,aa izHkkoh rkSj ij de vk; okys Je dk;ksZ o de dkS'ky okys m|eksa dks djrh

gSA Avirgan, Bivens and Gammage (2005)8 ds 'kCnksa esa vf/kdka'k efgyk,aa de vk;

okys dk;ksZ o vlaxfBr {ks=ksa esa dk;Zjr gS ftlds QyLo:i muds ikl mRiknd

lalk/kuksa] foRrh; _.k o isa'ku dk vHkko gksrk gSA fo'o dh dqy tula[;k esa vk/kh

tula[;k efgykvksa dh gS os dk;Zdkjh ?kaVksa esa nks frgkbZ ?kaVks dk ;ksxnku nsrh gS

ysfdu vk; dk nloka fgLlk izkIr djrh gS o oSf'od laifRr dk 1@100 oka fgLlk gh

efgykvksa dks izkIr gSA bu vkadM+ks dks ekus rks oSf'od xjhch ds dsUnz esa efgyk,aa gh

gaSA U.N.D.P. (1994&95)9 ds vuqlkj fo'o dh 1-3 vjc xjhc vkcknh esa 70 izfr'kr

efgyk,aa gaS tks fofHkUu lalk/kuksa tSls vkfFkZd] 'kS{kf.kd] LokLF; o lkekftd vHkkoksa ds

lkFk thou thus dks ck/; gksrh gS tks fd xjhch ds efgykdj.k dks Li"V djrh gaSA

Hkkjr esa Hkh xjhch dh leL;k izcy gS vkSj xjhch dh ekj Li"Vr;k efgykvksa ij

vf/kd izHkkoh gksrh gaSA laiUughurk] fuj{kjrk] f'k{kk] dyk&dkS'ky] dh deh rFkk

rduhdh dk;Zdq'kyrk dh deh ds pyrs efgyk,aa fodkl ls dkslksa nwj gksrh gaSA World

Bank ¼2006½10 ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh ns'k rc rd fodflr ugha gks ldrk tc rd dh

mldh vk/kh vkcknh ¼efgykvksa½ dks fodkl ds leku volj ugha feyrs A vr% ge

lHkh dks efgykvksa dks fodkl ds leku Lrj rd ykus esa lgk;rk nsuh gksxhA gkykafd

3

Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa efgyk ds fy, leku vf/kdkjksa vkSj voljksa dk izko/kku fd;k x;k

gS ysfdu ;s vf/kdkj egt ,d vkSipkfjdrk cudj jg x, gaSA vkt Hkh vf/kla[;

efgyk,aa vkfFkZd :i ls bruh T;knk ijk/khu gaS vkSj lkekftd o lkaLd`frd :i ls

bruh 'kksf"kr gaS fd os bu vkSipkfjd vf/kdkjksa dk bLrseky Hkh dj ldus dh fLFkfr esa

ugha gaSA bruk gh ugha os gekjs ns'k ds yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk ds <kapkxr HksnHkko dh Hkh

f'kdkj gaSA Karat,Vranda ¼2006½11 us vius v/;;u esa ik;k x;k gS fd fo/kkf;dk]

dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydk vkfn ds tfj, Hkh efgykvksa dh izxfr esa ck/kk,a [kM+h dh

tkrh gaSA bl rjg gekjk lekt viuh vk/kh 'kfDr dh ;ksX;rk vkSj mldh {kerk ls

oafpr gSA

Hkkjrh; lekt esa vf/kdka'k efgyk,aa de vk; okys dk;ksZ esa vlaxfBr {ks=ksa esa

dk;Zjr gaSA leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osru vf/kfu;e 1976 ykxw gksus ds ckn Hkh L=h

o iq:"k dh etnwjh esa i;kZIr varj ik;k tkrk gSA xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa etnwjh fjiksVZ 2006

esa L=h o iq:"k dks feyus okyh etnwjh esa 27-6 izfr'kr varj ik;k x;k gSA tcfd

xzkeh.k {ks= esa efgyk,aa ?kjsyw [ksrh ckM+h] i'kqikyu] bZa/ku cVksjus rFkk dqVhj m|ksx tSlh

xfrfof/k;ksa dks laHkkyrh gaS mUgsa jkstxkj dh Js.kh esa ugha ekuk tkrk gSA Lojkstxkj esa

layXu efgyk,aa ,oa vlaxfBr {ks= esa efgykvksa laca/kh jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ ds

vuqlkj& ,d jkT; esa lekt dY;k.k funs'kd us crk;k fd muds jkT; esa vlaxfBr

{ks= esa dksbZ Hkh efgyk dk;Zjr ugha gSA rc vk;ksx us muls iwNk D;k vkids ;gka dksbZ

efgyk taxy ls ydM+h dkVdj ugha ykrh] i'kqvksa dks ugha pjkrh] [ksrksa esa dk;Z ugha

djrh rks tokc feyk fd ,slh rks cgqr lh efgyk,aa gaSA blls fl) gksrk gS fd

efgykvksa ds vf/kdka'k dk;ksZ dh x.kuk dk vkfFkZd ewY;kadu gh ugha gksrk gSA ;fn

efgykvksa ds ,sls lHkh dk;ksZ dh x.kuk dh tk, rks xkao esa 88 Qhlnh o 'kgjksa esa 68

Qhlnh efgyk,aa vkfFkZd n`f"V ls mRiknd gaSA fgeky; {ks= esa ,d v/;;u ls Li"V

gksrk gS fd ,d gsDVs;j [ksr esa ,d lky esa ,d cSy 1064 ?kaVs] ,d iq:"k 1212 ?kaVs o

,d efgyk 3]485 ?kaVs dk;Z djrh gaSA Qly ds ekSle esa ,d efgyk 15 ?kaVs izfrfnu o

iq:"k 7&8 ?kaVs dk;Z djrk gSA fdarq izca/ku] iSls dkSM+h o Qly dh uxn vk; ij iwjk

4

fu;a=.k iq:"kksa dk gksrk gS ?kj dh ekyfdu dgykus okyh efgyk ds gkFk esa izca/ku]

fu.kZ; o foRrh; vf/kdkj vioknLo:i gh gksrs gaSA

mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd efgykvksa dk fo'ks"kdj tehuh Lrj dh

efgykvksa dk thou vkt Hkh dfBu o pqukSrh Hkjk gSA os vkt Hkh lkekftd&vkfFkZd

oapukvksa ds chp thou ;kiu dj jgh gaSA HksnHkko ds dkj.k fuEu izfLFkfr okyh tehuh

efgykvksa dh la[;k T;knk gSA Hkkjr ds izFke iz/kkuea=h dk Li"V er Fkk fd vkfFkZd

Lora=rk ds fcuk efgyk lekurk ds vU; igyqvksa dks iw.kZ:is.k ugha le>k tk ldrkA

1953 esa lekt dY;k.k cksMZ (C.S.W.B-½ dh LFkkiuk dh x;h ftldk y{; fofHkUu

Lrjksa ij efgykvksa o cPpksa ds dY;k.kdkjh dk;ksZ dks c<+kok nsuk FkkA xzkeh.k efgykvksa

ds fodkl ds fy, lgdkjh lfefr;ka vfLrRo esa vk;h tks _.k vkSj m/kkj] vukSipkfjd

f'k{kk o vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ka dks lapkfyr djrh FkhA

Tkehuh Lrj dh efgykvksa ds fodkl ij yxkrkj foe'kZ mudh lkeF;Z

c<+kus ij dsfUnzr gSA ;g Hkh eku fy;k x;k gS fd efgykvksa dk fodkl ckgjh gLr{ksi

o 'kklu dh fo'ks"k uhfr;kas ds fcuk laHko ugha gSA bl fn’kk esa Towards Equlity

Report (1974)12 ,d egRoiw.kZ [kkst ds :i esa vk;h blesa ,d ;FkkFkZoknh –f"Vdks.k

izLrqr fd;k gS ]ftlesa efgykvksa dh ySfxad vlekurk dks mtkxj fd;k x;kA lfefr

us efgyk jkstxkj iru ds dkj.k ds izek.k Hkh izLrqr fd, ftlesa crk;k fd rduhdh

ifjorZu ds dkj.k jkstxkj esa iru gqvk gS rduhdh izf'k{k.k dk vHkko] izf'k{k.k

lqfo/kkvksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k efgykvksa ds jkstxkj dk iru gqvk gSA

u dsoy Hkkjr oju~ oSf'od Lrj ij efgyk vk/kkfjr foe'kZ 1975 ls iwoZ Hkh

izkjaHk Fks blh ifjizs{; esa 1975 dks efgyk varjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA efgyk

varjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ ds nkSjku efgyk n'kd ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k tks fd efgyk fodkl ds fy,

,d vk'kk dh fdj.k FkhA Hkkjr esa blh ifjizs{; esa xjhc efgykvksa ds fodkl ij Self

Employment Women’s Association (SEWA) And Working Women’s

Forum (WWF) tSls Lo;alsoh laxBuksa us efgyk fodkl ds izeq[krk ls fuEukafdr

rRoksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k&

5

1- efgyk lewgksa dk fuekZ.k] VªsM;wfu;u dk foLrkj dj dkj[kkuksa esa dk;Zjr efgykvksa

dh fuEu izfLFkfr dks mtkxj dj mudh xjhch dk mUewyu djukA

2- f'k{kk] LokLF;] dyk dkS'ky dk fodkl ,oa izf'k{k.k tSlh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa esa

lq/kkj ,oa fodkl djuk A lsok dk izeq[k y{; 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr gks] ogha efgykvksa ds

fodkl ds fy, The Indian Council Of Social Science and Research ds }kjk

fd;k x;k v/;;u fuEukafdr fcanqvksa ij vk/kkfjr jgk gS&

1- efgykvksa dh izfLFkfr ij lkekftd&vkfFkZd laxBuksa ds nwjxkeh izHkko dk fo'ys"k.k

o v/;;u djukA

2- ifjokj esa efgykvksa dh dk;Z'khyrk mRiknd o vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa ij lekt foKku

eas u, ifjizs{; dk fodkl djukA

3- {ks=h; o oxhZ; vk/kkj ij efgykvksa dh izfLFkfr] leL;kvksa vkSj fodkl dk muds

thou Lrj ij izHkko dks le>uk A

1975&1980 ds chp gq, vusd v/;;uksa o xzkeh.k Lrjksa ds laxBuksa vkSj xzkeh.k

efgykvksa ds dk;Zjr lewgksa dh fjiksVZ 1978 ls Kkr gqvk gS fd xzkeh.k Lrj ij efgyk

eaMy efgykvksa ds fodkl esa vlQy fl) gq, rc 1986 esa efgyk o cky fodkl

foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh x;h vkSj efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy, u;h uhfr cuk;h x;h]

ftlds rgr jkstxkj izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe (STEP)] xzkeh.k efgykvksa o cPpksa ds fodkl

dk;ZØe (DWACRA) 'kq: fd, x,A lekt dY;k.k ea=ky; }kjk efgykvksa ds

fodkl ds fy, lkekftd tkx:drk dk;ZØe izkjaHk fd, x,A ekuo lalk/ku fodkl

ea=ky; }kjk efgyk lek[;k ifj;kstuk izkjaHk dh x;hA Je'kfDr fjiksVZ ¼1988½13 esa Hkh

bUgha ifj;kstukvksa dks c<+kok nsus dk lq>ko fn;k x;kA vlaxfBr {ks= dh ,oa

Lojkstxkjh efgykvksa ds jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ¼1988½ us Hkh xjhc efgykvksa dks ljdkjh

lgk;rk dh ekax dh o jkT; ls ;g Hkh ekax dh x;h fd tehuh Lrj dh efgykvksa dks

laxfBr djus esa lgk;rk iznku djsA1987 esa xzkeh.k fodkl foHkkx }kjk efgykvksa ds

fodkl ds fy, lewg vk/kkfjr n`f"Vdks.k (Group Based Approach) ij cy fn;k x;k

ftls ,dhd`r xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe (IRDP) esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA

6

iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,a ,oa efgykvksa dk fodkliapo"khZ; ;kstuk,a ,oa efgykvksa dk fodkliapo"khZ; ;kstuk,a ,oa efgykvksa dk fodkliapo"khZ; ;kstuk,a ,oa efgykvksa dk fodkl %

Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn ls gh 'kklu efgykvksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, iz;Ru'khy gS

bl mn~ns'; ls efgykvksa ds fy, dSlh enn dh tk, blds ckjs esa fur u, fopkjksa

ij foe’kZ o uhfr;ksa dks ykxw fd;k x;k lkFk gh lekt lsoh laLFkkvksa dks efgykvksa ds

fodkl esa lgk;d ekuk x;k laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds vuq:i ljdkj us izFke iapo"khZ;

;kstuk (1951-1956) ls gh efgykvksa ds fodkl ij /;ku fn;k fdarq izkjafHkd Lrj ij

ljdkj dk n`f"Vdks.k fodkl ls T;knk dY;k.k esa Fkk blhfy, efgykvksa dks fodykax o

o)ksa ds led{k j[kdj uhfr;ka cuk;h x;hA 1953 esa dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k cksMZ dh

(CSWB) dh LFkkiuk dh x;h ftldk mn~ns'; fofHkUu Lrjksa ij fo'ks"kdj xzkeh.k

fu/kZu efgykvksa o cPpksa ds dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØeksa o xfrfof/k;ksa dks c<+kok nsuk Fkk

f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1956&1961½ esa Hkh ljdkj dk nf"Vdks.k dY;k.kdkjh Fkk blh

ds rgr efgykvksa ds LokLF;] f'k{kk o cPpksa ds f'k{kk ds dk;ZØe cuk, x,A rrh;

iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1961&66 ,oa prqFkZ iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk eq[; y{; efgyk f'k{kk Fkk

ij bls xaHkhjrk ls iwjk ugha fd;k x;kA

iape iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1974&78½ esa de vk; l`tu okyh efgykvksa ds lkekftd

vkfFkZd fodkl lkFk gh ifjokj fu;kstu o iks"k.k vkgkj ij Hkh y{; dsfUnzr fd;k

x;kA

1975 ds efgyk varjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ ]n'kd ]lekurk dh vksj efgykvksa dh izfLFkfr

ij fjiksVZ] SEWA o WWF tSls fofHkUu efgyk laxBuksa ds pyrs efgyk dY;k.k

n`f"Vdks.k ls cnydj NBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk rd ¼1980&1985½ efgyk fodkl ls

lacaf/kr gks x;k ftlesa efgykvksa ds fy, rhu izeq[k eqn~nksa ij tksj fn;k x;k f'k{kk]

LokLF; o jkstxkjA lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1985&1990½ esa Hkh efgykvksa ds fy,

fodklkRed dk;ZØe cuk, x, ftldk mn~ns'; efgykvksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd

izfLFkfr esa lq/kkjdj mUgsa jk"Vª dh eq[; /kkjk esa 'kkfey djuk FkkA bl mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ

ds fy, ljdkj }kjk ykHkkFkhZ tfur ;kstukvksa dks c<+kok fn;k] ftlesa ;g fu/kkZfjr

fd;k x;k fd fdlh Hkh ;kstuk dk lh/kk ykHk efgyk dks feysA lHkh ;kstukvksa esa 40

7

izfr'kr vkj{k.k fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k ds tfj, efgykvksa ds dkS'ky dk

fodkl fd;k x;k mudh rduhdh n{krk dks c<+k;k x;k lkFk gh dq'ky o vdq'ky

{ks=ksa esa muds jkstxkj dks c<+kok fn;k x;kA vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1996&1997½ dk

dsUnzh; fopkj ekuo fodkl FkkA bl ;kstuk ds rgr efgykvksa ds fodkl ij /;ku

dsfUnzr fd;k x;kA lkFk gh ;g lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k fd fofHkUu {ks=ksa

esa gksus okys fodkl dk ykHk lh/kk&lh/kk efgykvksa dks feysA blesa ,d egRoiw.kZ

laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku fd;k x;k ftlesa LFkkuh; fudk; pqukoksa esa efgykvksa dks 33-3

izfr'kr vkj{k.k feyk o cgqr lkjs efgyk fodkl ds dk;Z iapk;rksa ds ek/;e ls fd;s

tkus yxs A blesa lkekU; fodkl dk;ZØeksa ds vykok iwjd fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks Hkh

c<+kok fn;k x;k vkSj ;kstukvksa dh fuxjkuh Hkh dh x;h rkfd lHkh ;kstukvksa dk ykHk

lh/kk efgykvksa dks feysA uoeha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1997&2002½ esa nks egRoiw.kZ cnyko

vk,A izFke efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dks ;kstuk ds ukS izeq[k mn~ns';ksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa

Lohdkj fd;k x;kA bl ;kstuk esa dk;Z {ks= esa ,slk okrkoj.k rS;kj djuk Fkk ftlesa

efgyk,aa ?kj ds Hkhrj o ckgj leku :i ls Hkkxhnkjh dj ldsA f}rh; efgyk dsfUnzr

vkSj efgyk laca/kh {ks=ksa o nwljh lHkh ;kstukvksa dk foy; dj fn;k o jkT; ljdkj dks

Women Component Plan fn, x, ftlesa lHkh fodkl dk;ZØeksa@;kstukvksa esa

efgykvksa dh 30 izfr'kr Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus dks dgk x;kA nloha iapo"khZ;

;kstuk ¼2002&2006½ esa ldkjkRed vkfFkZd o lkekftd uhfr;ksa ds tfj, ,slk ekgkSy

rS;kj djus ij tksj fn;k x;k ftlesa os viuh leLr {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx dj lds

LokLF;] fpfdRlk] f'k{kk] jkstxkj] leku osru] lkekftd lqj{kk] fgalk o HksnHkko dks

lekIr djuk o fodkl dh izfØ;k esa efgykvksa dks eq[;/kkjk esa ykuk vkfn eq[;

mn~ns'; jgsA X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼2007&2012½ esa efgykvksa ds lekos'kh fodkl]

L=h ds lkekftd o jktuSfrd l'kDrhdj.k ds lkFk L=h ds fy, leku U;k; dks

izeq[krk nh x;h gSA

cnyrs gq, oSf'od ifjn`'; esa ;g fcYdqy Li"V gks x;k fd vk/kh vkcknh

¼efgykvksa½ ds fodkl ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh ns'k fodflr ugha gks ldrk blh ifjizs{; esa

Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy, 1976 esa National Action Plan For Women

8

cuk;k x;k ftlesa efgyk fodkl dh uhfr cuh A 1985 esa fo'o efgyk lEesyu uSjksch

esa 15 o"khZ; efgyk mRFkku ladYi izLrqr fd;k x;kA bl lEesyu ds nkSjku

dk;ZlgHkkfXkrk ls l'kDrhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dks cy feykA 1992 esa efgyk vk;ksx dk

xBu fd;k x;kA 1993 dks jk"Vªh; efgyk dks"k dk xBu gqvk 20 ekpZ 2001 dks jk"Vªh;

efgyk l'kDrhdj.k uhfr cuk;h x;h ,oa o"kZ 2003 dks efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds #i esa

euk;k x;k A

y?kqfoRrh; dk;ZØe@lsok,a efgyk fodkl ds fy, dksbZ uohu vo/kkj.kk ugha

gS]u gh ;s if'pe ls vk;kfrr n`f"Vdks.k gSaA Hkkjr esa esa esa esa SEWA, WWF oooo ckaXykns'k esa

xzkeh.k cSad dh xfrfof/k;ka blds Js"B mnkgj.k gSA Fletschner Diana (2008)14 us

vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd nksuksa {ks=ksa esa _.k izkIr djuk

efgykvksa ds fy, ,d dfBu dk;Z gS D;ksfda lakLd`frd o lkekftd ekU;rkvksa ds pyrs

muds ikl fdlh fdLe dh laifRr ugha gksrh ftlds ,ot esa os m/kkj izkIr dj ldsA

1975 esa izFke varjkZ"Vªh; efgyk lEesyu esfDldks esa bl ckr ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k

x;k fd _.k o m/kkj efgykvksa ds fodkl esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gS]

ftlls efgykvksa esa vk; l`tu dh {kerk dk fodkl gks ldrk gSA bldk izeq[k y{;

efgykvksa dh mUufr fodkl o l'kDrhdj.k djuk ,oa muds izfr gj izdkj ds HksnHkko

dks lekIr djuk lkekftd xfrfof/k;ksa esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh dks lqfuf'pr djuk

efgykvksa dk vkfFkZd] lkekftd o jktuSfrd l'kDrhdj.k djuk] fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k dh

izfØ;k esa 'kkfey djuk U;k; o dkuwu dks efgykvksa ds izfr laosnu'khy cukuk muds

izfr gksus okyh lHkh izdkj dh fgalk dks lekIr djuk ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;

}kjk 2010 rd bl uhfr;ksa ds y{; dks ikus dh mEehn trk;h gSA

efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy, pyk;h tk jgh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa M~okdjk] VªkbZlse

xaxkdY;k.k] thou /kkjk ]mUur Vw~yfdV ;kstukvksa dks lekfgr dj 1999 esa Lo.kZt;arh

xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk izkjaHk dh x;h ftlesa yxHkx 50 izfr'kr lgk;rk efgyk lewgksa

ds ek/;e ls nh tk jgh gSA ogha fiNys dqN o"kksZ esa tsaMj ctfVax o tsaMj esuLVªhfeax

tSlh vo/kkj.kk,a vfLrRo esa vk;h ftlesa efgykvksa ds fodkl o l'kDrhdj.k ds fy,

9

ctV esa vyx ls izko/kku fd;k x;k o blesa efgyk o iq:"kksa dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa o

vko';drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, muds fØ;kUo;u uhfr;ksa o dk;ZØeksa dk ewY;kadu

fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls ySfxad vlekurk nwj gks ldsA

Lolgk;rk lewg ,oa y?kqfoRrh; lsok,a@dk;ZØeLolgk;rk lewg ,oa y?kqfoRrh; lsok,a@dk;ZØeLolgk;rk lewg ,oa y?kqfoRrh; lsok,a@dk;ZØeLolgk;rk lewg ,oa y?kqfoRrh; lsok,a@dk;ZØe %

y?kqfoRrh; lsok,a ,oa y?kq _.k tSlh vo/kkj.kkvksa dks oSf'od ifjn'; esa fiNys

dqN n'kdksa ls xjhch mUewyu eas jkeck.k ekuk tkus yxk gS]lkFk gh fodkl dh

vo/kkj.kk esa m|e'khyrk vk/kkfjr uhfr;ka o y?kq _.k vko';d vax ds :i esa

fodflr gqbZ gS vkSj ;g Hkh ekuk tkus yxk gS fd xjhcksa dks m|e'khyrk o _.k ds

ek/;e ls ,d lqugjs Hkfo"; dh vksj ys tk;k tk ldrk gS] tgka os vkRe lEekfur

thou th ldrs gSA y?kq _.k vkSj y?kqfoRr dk y{; fof'k"V rkSj ij efgykvksa ij

dsfUnzr fd;k x;kA efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy, 80 ds n'kd esa Hkkjr ljdkj us

fuEukfdar dk;ZØeksa dks izkjaHk fd;kA

1- lesfdr xzkeh.k fodkl ;kstuklesfdr xzkeh.k fodkl ;kstuklesfdr xzkeh.k fodkl ;kstuklesfdr xzkeh.k fodkl ;kstuk % ;g dk;ZØe vius izdkj dk fo'o esa xjhch mUewyu

ds fy, fo'kkyre dk;ZØe FkkA blesa ;g y{; j[kk x;k fd 40 izfr'kr efgyk,aa gks

bl ;kstuk ds ek/;e esa 70 yk[k efgykvksa dks 1995&96 rd ykHkkfUor fd;k tk pqdk

gSA

2- xzkeh.k efgyk o cky fodkl ;kstuk ¼ M~okdjkxzkeh.k efgyk o cky fodkl ;kstuk ¼ M~okdjkxzkeh.k efgyk o cky fodkl ;kstuk ¼ M~okdjkxzkeh.k efgyk o cky fodkl ;kstuk ¼ M~okdjk ½ % bls vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa

ykxw fd;k x;k] ftlesa 10&15 efgykvksa ds lewg dk fuekZ.k dj mUgsa _.k o gquj

izf'k{k.k lqyHk djk;k x;k tkrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa Lojkstxkj 'kq: djus ds fy, vk/kkjHkwr

lgk;rk o uxn jkf'k miyC/k djk;h tkrh FkhA

3- jk"Vªh; efgyk dks"k ¼vkjjk"Vªh; efgyk dks"k ¼vkjjk"Vªh; efgyk dks"k ¼vkjjk"Vªh; efgyk dks"k ¼vkj----,e,e,e,e----dsdsdsds----½ ½ ½ ½ % 1993 esa jk"Vªh; efgyk dks"k dh LFkkiuk dh x;h

ftlds rhu eq[; mn~ns'; gSA

1- efgykvksa ds lkekftd o vkfFkZd mRFkku ds fy, _.k dks vL= ds :i esa bLrseky

djukA

10

2- xjhc efgykvksa dh _.kh; vko';drkvksa ds izfr orZeku _.k forj.k iz.kkyh dks

laosnu'khy cukuk vkSj mudh _.k vko';drkvksa dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, efgykvksa dks

egRowi.kZ vkSj fo'oluh; _.kxzfgrk ds :i esa n'kkZukA

3- efgykvksa esa dkS'ky fodkl ds fy, mudh laLFkkvksa ds Hkhrj vkilh lg;ksx ds fy,

lkeatL; vkSj lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dks tkx`r djukA

4- bafnjk efgyk ;kstukbafnjk efgyk ;kstukbafnjk efgyk ;kstukbafnjk efgyk ;kstuk ¼vkbZ-,e-vkb-) blds varxZr vU; ;kstukvksa dk leUo; ,oa

efgykvksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, mUgsa ,d= djds ykxw djuk gSA blds ek/;e ls

efgykvksa dks cSdksa ;k jk"Vªh; efgyk dks"k ls _.k lqyHk djk;k tkrk gSA

5- baVjus'kuy Q.M Qkj ,xzhdYpj MsoyiesaV ¼bbaVjus'kuy Q.M Qkj ,xzhdYpj MsoyiesaV ¼bbaVjus'kuy Q.M Qkj ,xzhdYpj MsoyiesaV ¼bbaVjus'kuy Q.M Qkj ,xzhdYpj MsoyiesaV ¼b----QQQQ----,M½,M½,M½,M½ %

;g ;kstuk lcls fiNM+s yksxksa ds fgr esa dk;Z dj jgh gS blds ykHkkFkhZ eq[;r%

vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr ds yksx rFkk NksVs o lhekar d`"kd ,oa efgyk,aa gaS bl

;kstuk ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa ds Lolgk;rk lewg cukdj muesa vkRefo'okl dk

lapkj fd;k tkrk gS rkfd lewgksa ds ikl viuh cpr gks rFkk os viuh vkfFkZd

xfrfof/k;ksa dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, mUgsa _.k lqyHk gks ldsA

efgykvksa ds lewgksa dk xBu mudh ikjn'khZ xfrfof/k;ka LoSfPNd laLFkkvksa dk

;ksxnku] cSadksa dk foLrkj vkSj xjhch mUewyu esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh bu lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa

esa _.k dks ,d vklku vkSj lqyHk oLrq cuk fn;k gS ]ftlds ikl ykxr ugha gS o dqN

Hkh mRiknu ugha dj ldrk dksbZ vk; ugha dek ldrkA ;fn mlds ikl izkajfHkd iwath

gks rks og vius gkFkksa ls dqN dj ldrk gS o viuk dke pyk gSA blhfy, cakXykns'k]

nf{k.k vesfjdk] nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k ds dbZ ns'kksa ySfVu vesfjdk vQzhdk rFkk Hkkjr esa

lw{e _.k dks xjhch mUewyu esa egRoiw.kZ vkStkkj eku fy;k x;k gSA

y?kqfoRrh; _.k dh lsokvksa dks loZizFke ukscy iqjLdkj fotsrk pVxkao ;wfuoflZVh

ds vFkZ'kkL= ds izksQslj eksgEen ;quql us iz;ksfxr fd;k A mUgksausa 1976 esa cakXykns'k

esa vdky ds nkSjku xjhch ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ fd;kA mudk ;g Li"V ekuuk Fkk fd

11

^^vxj xjhc yksxksa dks lgh o mfpr 'krksZ ij _.k miyC/k djk;k tk, rks yk[kksa

NksVs&NksVs yksx viuh yk[kksa NksVh&NksVh xfrfof/k;ksa ds tfj, fodkl dk lcls cM+k

peRdkj dj ldrs gaSA blh dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mUgksusa xjhch mUewyu ds fy, igyk

_.k Lo;a fn;k tks 27 Mkyj FkkA mUgksusa xzkeh.k cSad dh LFkkiuk dh ftlds tfj, mu

lk/kughu o fu/kZure yksxksa dks _.k fn;k tkrk Fkk ftUgsa vkerkSj ij cSad _.k ugha

nsrs FksA bl cSad dh [kkl fo'ks"krk jgh gS bldh 97 izfr'kr dtZnkj efgyk,aa gaSA

xzkeh.k cSad us vc rd 70 yk[k yksxksa dks _.k fn;k gSA bl cSad dh _.k vnk;xh

nj 98 izfr'kr gS tks vius vki esa cstksM+ gSA blls ;g Hkh fl) gksrk gS fd efgyk,aa

Hkjkslsean dtZnkj gksrh -gaSA xzkeh.k cSd ¼th-ch-½ ds fuekZrk us ;g ekuk fd fu/kZu

efgykvksa ds ikl lqj{kk ds uke ij izLrqr djus ds fy, dksbZ laifRr rks ugha gksrh fdarq

muds ikl gksrh gS& ifjJe djus dh n`<+rk] jpukRed bZekunkjh ,oa _.k okilh dh

usdfu;rhA bl y?kqfoRrh; lsok ds ihNs Li"V n`f"Vdks.k Fkk fd ;fn _.k nsdj oLrqvksa

dk mRiknu djk;k tk, vkSj LFkkuh; cktkj esa foØ; fd;k tk; rks xzkeh.k {ks= esa

foLrkfjr xjhch dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA xzkeh.k cSad dh orZeku esa 2100 'kk[kk,a gaS

tks fd Lo;a esa ,d dhfrZeku gSA

cSfdax lsok,a ,oa _.k iwjs fo'o esa efgykvksa dh igqap ls nwj gSSA Lojkstxkj ,oa

m|ksxksa esa yxh efgykvksa dh cSad rd igqap cgqr U;wu gSA fo'o fodkl izfrosnu 1995

esa mYysf[kr gS fd tc efgyk m|fe;ksa dks _+.k dk lgkjk fey tkrk gS] ml fLFkfr

esa og vius _.k dks vnk rks dj gh nsrh gaS vkSj ml _.k ls mUgsa tks ykHk feyrk gS

mls os vius ifjokj dh lsgr lq/kkjus esa f'k{kk] vkokl O;oLFkk esa yxk nsrh gaS mRiknu

ds lk/ku feyus ij xjhc Lrj dh efgyk,aa Hkh mRre Lrj dh mRikndrk dk ifjp;

nsrs gq, lekt ds iqufuZekZ.k esa lg;ksx iznku djrh gaSA fiNys dqN o"kksZ esa Lok;Rr

laLFkkvksa] foRrh; laLFkkvksa rFkk dqN izkFkfed caSdksa us fn[kk;k fd vYi vk; okyh

efgyk,a Hkh dkQh T;knk yxu'khy o _.k lapkyu esa fuiq.k gksrh gaSA cakXykns'k dk

xzkeh.k cSad] baMksusf'k;k dk cSad vkQ #D;kr bl fn'kk esa cgqr yksdfiz; gS blds

vykok cksfyfo;k dk Bancosol ekykoh dk SACA FkkbyS.M] /kkuk] is: rFkk ,DokMksj

tSls 43 ls T;knk ns'kksa esa y?kqfoRrh; _.k dks ykxw fd;k gS y?kqfoRr vkanksyu fo'oHkj

12

esa 7000 ls T;knk laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls pyk;k tk jgk gS ftlesa 1 djksM+ 6 yk[k

yksxksa dks _.k fn;k tk pqdk gS ftlesa 80&85 izfr'kr _.k efgykvkas dks fn;k x;k

gSA ogha ;wukbZVsM us'ku oYMZ lfefr 2005 esa Hkh dgk x;k gS ^^gekjh ;g ekU;rk gS fd

foRrh; lsok,a xjhcksa ds fy, t:jh gSA blh izfjizs{; esa o"kZ 2005 dks Year Of

Microcredit ds :i esa euk;k x;k lkFk gh y?kqfoRrh; lsokvksa ds ek/;e ls 2015

rd iwjs fo'o esa 50 izfr'kr xjhch mUewyu dk y{; j[kk x;k gS vkSj bls MDG ds

:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

Lolgk;rkLolgk;rkLolgk;rkLolgk;rk lewg dk mn~Hko ,oa fodkllewg dk mn~Hko ,oa fodkllewg dk mn~Hko ,oa fodkllewg dk mn~Hko ,oa fodkl %

fu/kZu ifjokj _.k ds fy, vHkh Hkh vukSipkfjd L=ksrksa ij fuHkZj gSA cSfdax

O;oLFkk vkt Hkh xjhcksa dh igqap ls nwj gS ukckMZ ds v/;{k eSYde gkiZj ds vuqlkj

cSad vHkh Hkh Hkkjr dh ,d frgkbZ vkcknh ds igqap ls nwj gSA jk"Vªh;dj.k ds ckn csaSdkSa

dk rhozrk ls fodkl gqvk o _.k o m/kkj dks lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dk vfHkUu

vax ekuk tkus yxkA fdarq 1]25000 O;kolkf;d okf.kfT;d ]xzkeh.k o lgdkjh cSadksa ds

ckotwn Hkh cSad vHkh Hkh dsoy xjhcksa dh vko’;drkvksa dk10 izfr'kr gh iwfrZ djrk

FkkA vr% ,d ,sls foRrh; lajpuk dh t:jr yxkrkj eglwl dh x;h ftlesa cSfdax

flLVe ls nwj fu/kZu O;fDr;ksa dks tksM+k tk, Chambers,R.(1997)15 ds vuqlkj

fodkl ds blh nkSj es 90 ds izkjafHkd n'kd esa fo'o ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa y?kqfoRrh;

dk;ZØeksa ds fodkl ij foe'kZ gq, gaS ,oa uohu futh o lkoZtfud laLFkkvksa esa Hkh

y?kqfoRrh; lsokvksa dks viuk;k x;kA Kropp, ¼1989½16 ds vuqlkj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh

izeq[k fo'ks"krk de vk; gksrh gS o iwath dk fuekZ.k Hkh vYi gksrk gSA Pully(1989)17

fu/kZuksa dks _.k izkIr djus esa T;knk dfBukbZ gksrh gS D;ksafd muds ikl _.k izkIr

djus ds ,ot esa dksbZ izfrHkwfr fxjoh j[kus ds fy, ugha gksrh gSA Remenyi¼1991½18

xzkeh.k vkcknh fuEu rduhd dk iz;ksx dj vYi mRiknu djrh gaS vkSj vi;kZIr

lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx dj de vk; lt`u djrh gaS A mijksDr lHkh fcanqvksa dks /;ku

esa j[krs gq, ,d ,slh y?kqfoRrh; lsokvksa dh vko';drk eglwl dh x;h tks xjhcksa ds

fy, T;knk lqyHk o fgrdkjh gks lkFk gh tks lkekftd dY;k.k o foRrh; voljksa esa

13

of) dj ldsA vf/kla[;d xzkeh.k vkcknh fu/kZuksa dh Js.kh esa gSA ftldh foRrh;

vko';drk,a de ysfdu yxkrkj o fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA r`rh; fo’o ds ns’kksa esa xjhch

mUewyu dk cgqiz;ksfxr foe’kZ y?kqfoRrh; lsok,a gSa ftlds ek/;e ls xjhch thou Lrj

ls uhps thou th jgs ifjokjksa dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd mRFkku djuk gSA y?kqfoRrh;

lsokvksa dh vk/kkjHkwr bZdkbZ Lolgk;rk lewg gSA Christabell, P.J.(2009)19 ds vuqlkj

Lolgk;rk lewg ,d vkSipkfjd lewg gS ftlesa O;fDr vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ o

lg;ksx ds fy, laxfBr gksrs gSa vkSj lkewfgd mRrjnkf;Ro dk fuoZgu djrs gSaA ;g

,d NksVk lewg gksrk gS tks cpr ,oa m/kkj dh vo/kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS vkSj

_.k ckgj ls izkIr djrk gS rFkk lewg ds lHkh lnL; _.k dks pqdkrs gSaA,sls esa

Lolgk;rk lewg fu/kZu vkcknh ds fy, vxznwr dh rjg iw.kZ ikjnf'kZrk dh rjg vk;k

tks iwjh rjg ls fu/kZuksa dh igqap esa Fkk A 1992 esa Lolgk;rk lewg &cSad fyadst

dk;Zdze izkjaHk fd;k FkkA

vizSy 1999 esa vkbZvkjMhih dh o vU; ;kstukvksa dks Lo.kZt;arh xzke

Lojkstxkj ;kstuk ds rgr 'kkfey fd;k x;k ftlds varxZr Lolgk;rk lewgksa dk

xBu mudk izf'k{k.k o mUgsa _.k dh lqfo/kk rduhdh tkudkjh rFkk O;kolkf;d

tkudkjh nsus ds fy, lajpuk dh x;h ,l,pth cSad fydsat dk;ZØe u dsoy Hkkjr

dk oju fo'o dk lcls cM+k y?kqfoRrh; dk;ZØe gSA Malcolm, Harper (2002)20202020 us

Lolgk;rk lewg laca/kh v/;;u esa Ikk;k gS fd Lolgk;rk lewg 15&20 lnL;ksa dk

letkrh; lewg gksrk gS tks viuh lkekU; leL;kvksa ds fy, lewgc) gksrs gS vkSj

LoSfPNd vk/kkj ij fu;fer cpr djrs gaS vkSj bl cpr ls vius lewg ds lnL;ksa dh

foRrh; vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrs gaSA bl rjg ls lnL;ksa esa foRrh; vuq'kklu dh

le> fodflr gksrh gSA ’krhZ; vko’;drkvksa ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa ys[kk&tks[kk j[kuk

Hkh fl[kkrh gS bl izfdz;k esa mudh dBksj esgur dk iSlk bdB~Bk gksrk gS ftls

Warm Money dgrs gSaA blds ek/;e ls lewg ds lnL; miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk

leqfpr iz;ksx viuh {kerk ds vuqlkj djrs gSa tSls gh mudk lewg mUur gksrk gS o

mudk foRrh; O;ogkj ifjiDo gksrk gS cSad mUgs _.k ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrk gS cSad

ds fy, _.k nsuk vklku gksrk gS D;ksafd lewg ds ek/;e ls mudk _.k dk ,d yack

14

bfrgkl gksrk gS Lolgk;rk lewg ds fodkl dh bl izfØ;k esa cSad fcuk fdlh izfrHkwfr

ds _.k nsrk gS ftls cold money dgrs gSa] lewg ds lnL; bldk mi;ksx vius

m|e ;k fodkl ds fy, djrs gSA _.k vnk;xh lewg ds ek/;e ls dh tkrh gSA

Lolgk;rk lewgksa ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa esa u dsoy vkfFkZd Lokyacu vkrk gS

oju~ fu;fer cSBd dh otg ls mUgsa ,d eap feyrk gS] tgka os viuh lk>k leL;kvksa

ij foe'kZ djrh gaS o vU; lkekftd leL;kvksa tSls LokLF;] f'k{kk] ?kjsyq fgalk] e|iku

o jktuSfrd lgHkkfxrk ij Hkh ppkZ djrh gaSA

(vvvv) 'kks/k fo"k; dk lekt'kkL=h; egRo %'kks/k fo"k; dk lekt'kkL=h; egRo %'kks/k fo"k; dk lekt'kkL=h; egRo %'kks/k fo"k; dk lekt'kkL=h; egRo %

Hkkjrh; lekt fofo/krk;qDr lekt gS] ftlesa cgqr ls /keZ] tkfr] Hkk"kk] {ks=] jhfr

fjokt o iajijk dk lfEeJ.k gSA vU; lektksa dh rjg Hkkjrh; lekt Hkh fir`lRrkRed

lekt gS ftlesa 'kkL=h; o /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij rks fL=;ka lEekfur ]iwTkuh; nsoh Lo:i

gaS ysfdu O;kogkfjd /kjkry ij fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr nks;e ntsZ dh gSA Hkkjr dh dqy

vkcknh esa yxHkx vk/kh vkcknh efgykvksa dh gS fdarq Je'kfDr esa budh Hkkxhnkjh ,d

frgkbZ gS muds vf/kdrj dk;ksZ dks vn`'; ekudj xSj mRiknd Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gSA

Hkkjrh; efgyk dh lkekftd lajpuk esa fu/kkZfjr izfLFkfr ds dkj.k muesa f'k{kk dk

vHkko] dykdkS'ky dk vYiKku] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] HkkSfrd lainkvksa ij mudh mudh

lgHkkfxrk vYi gksrh gSA os u dsoy vkfFkZd lkekftd oapukvksa dh f'kdkj gksrh gSa

oLrqr% iwjk ukjh lekt vlekurk o fiNM+siu dk f'kdkj gaSA muds lkFk gksus okys

ySfxad HksnHkko ds dkj.k mudh gSfl;r lekt esa fuEu gSA jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa xkaoksa

esa iq:"kksa dk cM+h ek=k esa iyk;u gksrk gS o efgyk,aa ?kj dh ftEesnkjh ds lkFk&lkFk

[ksrh i'kqikyu vkfn dk dk;Z Hkh djrh gaS ysfdu bu dk;ksZ dk dksbZ vkfFkZd ewY;

fu/kkZfjr ugha gksrk gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa dqy dk;Z dk 53 izfr'kr dk;Z efgyk,aa

djrh gSa] ogha vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa esa 51 izfr'kr dk;Z efgykvksa ds }kjk fd, tkrs gaSA

fiNys 20 o"kksZ esa mudh dk;Z lgHkkfxrk 36&40 izfr'kr flQZ 4 izfr'kr c<+h gSA

UNDP ¼1995½21212121 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj fdlh ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh dks gkf'k, esa j[kdj

mlds laiw.kZ fodkl dh dYiuk csekuh gSA iwjs fo'o esa efgykvksa esa csjkstxkjh dh nj

15

T;knk gS rduhdh o vkS|ksfxd fodkl ls csjkstxkjh dk lokZf/kd vlj efgykvksa ij

iM+rk gSA

Lora= Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks lekurk dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA lafo/kku dh /kkjk

14 jktuSfrd] lkekftd o vkfFkZd {ks=ksa esa L=h o iq:"kksa dks leku vf/kdkj o volj

iznku djrh gS] /kkjk 15 fyax /keZ o tkfr ds vk/kkj ij fdlh Hkh ukxfjd ds lkFk

HksnHkko dk fu"ks/k djrh gS] /kkjk 15 ¼3½ jkT; dks efgykvksa ds i{k esa ldkjkRed

HksnHkko djus dk vf/kdkj nsrh gS ,oa /kkjk 39 jkT; dks viuh uhfr;ka bl izdkj cukus

ds fy, vuqcaf/kr djrh gS fd ftlesa leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osru izkIr gks ]lkFk gh

fofHkUu iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls efgyk dsfUnzr uhfr cukdj efgyk ds fodkl

ds fy, fujarj iz;kl fd, tk ldsA efgykvksa ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd l{kerk dks

izksRlkfgr djus o vkRefuHkZj cukus ds fy, fu/kZu efgykvksa ds fy, dbZ y?kqfoRrh;

lsok,a@dk;ZØe ykxw fd, x, gaS ftlds ek/;e ls mUgsa jkstxkj ds fofHkUu volj

iznku fd, tk jgs gSaA efgykvksa ds lokZxh.k fodkl ds fy, ukckMZ ds }kjk ,l-,p-th-

& cSad fyadst dk;ZØe izkjaHk fd;k x;k gS ftlesa efgykvksa ds Lolgk;rk lewgksa dk

xBu dj mUgs xjhch js[kk ls Åij mBk;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjr esa ukckMZ dh lgk;rk ls

lapkfyr Lolgk;rk lewg esa 92 izfr'kr efgyk fgrxzkgh gSaA Matin, Imren ¼2007½22

us Lolgk;rk lewg laca/kh v/;;u esa ;g Ikk;k gS fd Lolgk;rk lewg u dsoy

efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks c<+krk gS oju~ lkekftd tkx:drk esa Hkh o`f)

djrk gS tSls izkS<+ f'k{kk dk;ZØe] u'kkeqfDr dk;ZØe ] LFkkuh; jktuhfr esa lfØ;

lgHkkfxrk dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA

izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u ls u dsoy efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl dk

vfirq lfØ; vkfFkZd lgHkkfxrk ds izHkko dk irk yxsxk A v/;;u dk ;g Hkh egRo

gS fd blds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dk lkekftd l'kDrhdj.k tkx:drk dk Kku gksxk

A lkFk gh ges abl v/;;u ds ek/;e ls xjhch mUewyu o Lolgk;rk lewg ds

nh?kZdkfyd ifj.kke] ekuoh; fodkl dk Kku Hkh gksxkA Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa yxHkx

20 izfr'kr ifjokjksa esa efgyk gh vk; dekus okyh lnL; gksrh gS vFkok ogh eqf[k;k

16

gksrh gSA ,sls ifjokjksa dh vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr dkQh fcxM+h gksrh gSA Paul Macguair

¼1998½23 us Lolgk;rk lewg laca/kh v/;;u esa ;g Ikk;k gS fd lekt esa efgykvksa ds

izfr tks joS;k gS mldk ifjokjksa ij lokZf/kd izHkko iM+rk gSA lkekftd fodkl ds

lanHkZ esa Hkkjr ls vkxs Jhyadk esa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd ;gka efgyk eqf[k;kvksa ds ifjokj

vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s gq, ugha gSA

Quisumbin, Agnes, R., Ellen, Payongayong, J.B., Aidoo and Otsuka

(1999)24 ds vuqlkj efgykvksa ds fodkl esa vpy laifRr ,d egRoiw.kZ rRo gS fdarq

firlRrkRed lajpuk ds dkj.k vkt Hkh efgykvksa dks fookg ls iwoZ o fookg ds ckn Hkh

tehu ij vf/kdkj ugha gksrk gSA ikajifjd fu;eksa ds vuqlkj laifRr ij vf/kdkj firk

ls iq= dks izkIr gksrk gS] ogha fookfgr iq=h dks lkekU; rkSj ij laifRr ij vf/kdkj ugha

gksrk gSA laifRr ij vf/kdkjghurk] foRrh; lalk/kuksa dh vuqiyC/krk o vkSipkfjdrk

cpr o _.kksa dk vHkko Hkh efgykvksa ds fodkl esa ck/kd curs gaSA

Mishra, Indira (2002½25252525 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds dk;Z dk cgqr

vf/kd vkfFkZd o lkekftd egRo gS D;ksfda vk/kh vkcknh efgykvksa dh gSA fuf'pr :i

ls vius ifjokj dh vkfFkZd rjDdh ds fy, vf/kdrj efgyk,aa iz;kl djrh gSA ;fn

efgyk, dk;Z djrh gaS rks mUgsa vk; izkIr gksrh gS vkSj ifjokj dk Lrj Hkh lq/kjrk gSA

Banerji ,N. K. ¼1999½¼1999½¼1999½¼1999½26 ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; es efgykvksa ds l'kDrhdj.k ds

fy, ckgjh izsj.kkvksa dh t:jr gS tks lkaxBfud o dk;Zdkjh n`f"Vdks.k ls lewg dks

l'kDrhdj.k iznku dj ldsA o`gn rkSj ij lk{;ksa ds ek/;e ls Li"V gksrk gS fd

tehuh Lrj dk efgykvksa dks cgqr de Kku gSAmUgsa laoS/kkfud lqj{kk dh t:jr gSA

muds vf/kdkjksa o lekurk ds fy, ,d ,sls ek/;e dh t:jr gS tks muds leqfpr

fodkl ds fy, izfrc) gksA

izLrqr v/;;u esa mijksDr lHkh ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, efgyk fodkl esa

Lolgk;rk lewg ¼y?kqfoRrh; dk;ZØe½ dh Hkwfedk ds v/;;u dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

lkFk gh bl fn'kk esa ljdkjh xSj ljdkjh ,oa Lo;a tehu Lrj dh efgykvksa }kjk

laHkkfor iz;klksa dks tkuus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSA

17

(cccc) v/;;uv/;;uv/;;uv/;;u fo"kfo"kfo"kfo"k; ls lacaf/kr iwoZ esa fd, x, ; ls lacaf/kr iwoZ esa fd, x, ; ls lacaf/kr iwoZ esa fd, x, ; ls lacaf/kr iwoZ esa fd, x, ’k’k’k’kks/k dk;ksZ dk iqujkoyksduks/k dk;ksZ dk iqujkoyksduks/k dk;ksZ dk iqujkoyksduks/k dk;ksZ dk iqujkoyksdu %

,d lQy lkekftd vuqla/kku ds fy, lacaf/kr lkfgR; dk v/;;u djuk ,d

egRoiw.kZ pj.k gSA iwoZ esa gq, vuqla/kku dh enn ls orZeku 'kks/k dks ,d egRoiw.kZ

fn'kk izkIr gksrh gS vkSj vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk Kku gksrk gSA y?kqfoRrh;

lsokvksa@dk;ZØeksa o Lolgk;rk lewg dk efgyk fodkl esa Hkwfedk ij varjkZ"Vªh;]

jk"Vªh; v/;;u gq, gSA ;|fi efgyk fodkl esa Lolgk;rk lewg ij lhfer v/;;u

gq, gS rFkkfi lokZf/kd v/;;u cakXykns’k o Hkkjr esa gq, gSaA 'kks/k fo"k; ls lacaf/kr izeq[k

v/;;uksa dh leh{kk fuEukfdar gS%&

Kumar ¼1978½¼1978½¼1978½¼1978½27272727 ds vuqlkj efgykvksa dh vk; esa of) dk lh/kk laca/k mRre

LokLF;] iks"k.k o cPpksa ds fodkl ls gSA egkjk"Vª o vka/kzizns'k esa fd, v/;;u ls irk

pyrk gS fd ftu ifjokjksa esa fL=;ka dk;Z djrh gS ogka muds cPpksa dks T;knk iks"kd

vkgkj feyrk gSA

Rahman, R. I. (1986)28 ds vuqlkj ckaXykns'k ds xzkeh.k cSad ds efgyk

dtZnkjksa o iq:"k dtZnkjksa ftlesa 80 izfr'kr efgyk dtZnkj Fkh ds rqyukRed

v/;;u esa ik;k fd 75 izfr'kr efgyk m/kkjdrkZ vius _.k dk mi;ksx Lo;a djrh gS

vkSj lkekU;rkSj ij muds ifjokj dh vk; tks dtZnkj efgyk,aa ugha gS ls T;knk gksrh

gSA lkFk gh mUgksusa vius v/;;u esa ;g Hkh ik;k fd tks efgyk,aa lfØ; dtZnkj T;knk

gS mudk miHkksx dk Lrj tks efgyk,aa _.k dk mi;ksx ugha djrh ls T;knk gksrh gSA

Berger, Marguerite ¼1989½¼1989½¼1989½¼1989½29 ds vuqlkj lk{; crkrs gS fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa

esa fu/kZu efgyk,aa tks de f'kf{kr o vdq'ky gksrh gS mUgsa jkstxkj ds lhfer volj

izkIr gksrs gS ftlesa d`f"k QkeZ] y?kq m|ksx fuekZ.k] lsok,a o /kku dh fcØh vkfn vkfFkZd

xfrfof/k;ka izeq[k gSaA ftlls fd efgykvksa dks i;kZIr vk; ugh gksrh gSA dqN xSj

ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds }kjk efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy, lw{e m|e fodflr fd, x, gS]

ftlls fu/kZu efgyk,aa vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ka dj lds] ;g efgyk fodkl dk ,d

18

egRoiw.kZ pj.k gSA y?kqfoRrh; dk;ZØe ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dh vk; esa of) ik;h

x;hA

Katharine, Mckee (1989)30 ds }kjk lsok o cszd ij fd;s x, rqyukRed

v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd y?kqfoRRkh; uhfr;ka fu/kZu efgykvksa ds izHkkoh fodkl esa

lgk;d gksrh gS ,oa lgHkkxh efgykvksa dh vk; l`tu esa of) dj LFkkuh; O;oLFkk dks

lqn`< cukdj l’kDrhdj.k djrs gSa] ;g efgykvksa dks xfr’khy cukrsa gSa ,oa mudk

lkekftd&vkfFkZd l’kDrhdj.k djrs gSaA

Jumani ,Usha ¼1991½31 lsok ds ,d v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd ;|fi

efgyk,aa jkstxkj ds fy, rjg&rjg ds dk;Z cM+h esgur ls djrh gS fQj Hkh ml dke

ls gksus okyh vk; vkSj equkQs dks vius jkstxkj esa okil yxkus rFkk cktkj dh fLFkfr

dk lgh vanktk u gksus ds dkj.k fglkc&fdrkc esa detksjh dh tks v{kerk,a gksrh gSa]

mlds dkj.k mudk bl jkf'k ij dksbZ fu;a=.k ugha jgrk gSA muds ifjokj ds iq:"k gh

vf/kdrj uxn jkf'k j[krs gS rFkk mls efgykvksa dks FkksM+h&FkksM+h jkf’k le;&le; ij

miyC/k djkrs gSaA

Schuler, S. R., Hashemi, S. M. &Riley, A. P. ¼1994½32 us ckaXykns'k ds

xzkeh.k cSad ds efgyk lnL; o xSj th-ch- efgykvksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus ij

ik;k x;k fd xzkeh.k cSad dh efgyk,aa ifjokj esa T;knk izHkkoh vkfFkZd Hkwfedk dk

fuoZgu djrh gS o ifjokj esa mudk vkfFkZd lg;ksx T;knk csgrj gksrk gSA _.k ls

efgykvksa dk izHkkoh l'kDrhdj.k gksrk gS] lkFk gh mUgksusa vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd xSj

th-ch- ds lnL;ksa dh vis{kk th-ch- dh efgyk lnL; 11 izfr'kr T;knk ifjokj

fu;kstu ds fy, dkijVh dk bLrseky djrh gSa A

Ackerly ¼1995½33 us cakXykns'k esa rhu foRrh; laLFkkuksa cSzd ]th-ch- vkSj

Save the children ds 856 dtZnkjksa dk v/;;u fd;k ftlesa 613 efgyk m/kkjdrkZ ds

v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd _.k ls efgykvksa ds thou esa cgqr FkksM+k lq/kkj vkrk gS ogha

19

efgyk,aa _.k dk vf/kdrj Hkkx vius ifr ;k ?kj ds eqf[k;k dks lkSai nsrh gSA

efgykvksa ds dk;ZHkkj esa of) gksrh gS o ifr ds fgald O;ogkj esa of) gksrh gSA

NABARD ¼1995½34 us rfeyukMq esa ,l-,l-th-& cSad fyadst dk;ZØe o

vkbZ-vkj-Mh-ih- dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus ij ik;k x;k fd 427 ,l-,p-th,l- ds

80 izfr'kr lewgksa dk cSad fyadst gks x;k Fkk dqy 90 izfr'kr lewg ,u-th-vks- ds }kjk

cuk, x, Fks ftlesa dqy 80 izfr'kr efgykvksa ds Lolgk;rk lewg Fks ftleas nks frgkbZ

lewg xjhch thou js[kk ls uhps thou;kiu dj jgs FksA izfr lnL; 500 : izfro"kZ

tek fd, lewg tc pkj o"kZ dk gqvk rks 4000 # izfr lnL; tek FksA lkFk gh iqjkus

lewg dk _.k dk vkdkj Hkh 1-64 ls c<+dj 3-75 gks x;kA v/;;u crkrk gS fd

1996&97 esa ,l-,p-th,l- dks vkSlr 9700 # _.k fn;k x;k ftlesa nks frgkbZ _.k

5000&10000 Fkk o _.k vnk;xh dk le; rhu o"kZ FkkA +_.k vnk;xh nj 90 izfr'kr

Fkh] ogh vkbZ-vkj-Mh-ih- esa 31&43 izfr'kr FkhA bl rjg Lolgk;rk lewg fodkl dk

,d lQy ekMy gSA

Pitt, M. M., & Khandker, S. R. (1995)35 th-ch-] ch-vkj-,-lh- vkSj vkj-

Mh-12 ds dqy 1798 ifjokjksa esa ls ftlesa 1538 ifjokj ftlus _.k izkIr fd;k o

260 ftlus fdlh Hkh rjg dk _.k izkIr ugha fd;k ds v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd iq:"k

dtZnkj ifjokjksa dh vis{kk efgyk _.k izkIrdrkZ ifjokjksa us T;knk vPNs thouLrj dks

izkIr fd;k gSA

Schuler, S. R., Hashemi, S. M., Riley, A. P. ¼1996½36 us xzkeh.k cSad o cSzd

dh fookfgr efgykvksa ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd xkao esa os efgyk,aa ftUgksaus _.k fy;k gS

mu efgykvksa dh vis{kk T;knk l’kDr gS] ftUgksusa _.k izkIr ugh fd;k gSA mUgksausa

l’kDrhdj.k ds izHkkoh ladsrd&xfr’khyrk] [kjhnh] fczdh] ifjokj esa fu.kZ; dh

Lora=rk]jktuSfrd tkx#drk] lkekftd izpkj&izlkj] usr`Ro] vkfn ls efgyk

l'kDrhdj.k dks ekik o ik;k fd ifjokj ds vk; esa of) gksrh gS os efgyk,aa ftUgksusa

_.k ugha fy;k gS os l'kDrhdj.k eki esa de Ldksj djrh gSA 50 izfr'kr efgykvksa us

_.k dks Lo;a ;k la;qDr lg;ksx ls mi;ksx fd;k ]36 izfr'kr efgykvksa us _.k dk

20

mi;ksx ugha fd;k ,oa 9-15 izfr'kr efgykvksa us fdlh Hkh rjg dk _.k izkIr ugha

fd;kA ogha ?kjsyw fgalk ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd _.k izkIr djus okyh 9-13 izfr'kr

efgykvksa ds lkFk fgald O;ogkj gksrk gS] ogha _.k izkIr u djus okyh 21-27 izfr'kr

efgykvksa ds lkFk fgald O;ogkj gksrk gSA

Mahajan V., Ramola, B.G. ¼1996½37 us oYMZ cSad ls izk;ksftr 60 xkao ds

xzkeh.k fu/kZu (300 iq:"k o 300 efgyk,a½ o 110 xzkeh.k cSad ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ij fd,

v/;;u esa ik;k fd fu/kZuksa ds fy, foRrh; lsokvksa esa lq/kkj dh vko';drk gS lkFk gh

ik;k x;k fd foRrh; lsokvksa esa xjhcksa ds fy, xSj jktuhfrdj.k ]LokfeRo o iz'kklfud

dlkoV dh t:jr gSA

- Tod, H. ¼1996½38 us vkuqHkkfod v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij xzkeh.k cSad ds nks n'kd

ds _.k dk;ZØe ds izHkko dk ijh{k.k djus ij ik;k fd fu/kZu efgykvksa esas ewyHkwr

ifjorZu vk;k gS ;gka rd fd vU; dk;ZØeksa esa Hkh efgykvksa dh Lok;Rrrk Li"V ns[kus

dks feyrh gSA blls fl) gksrk gS fd y?kqfoRrh; dk;ZØe xjhch mUewyu esa ,d

egRoiw.kZ vkStkj gSA 10 efgykvksa esa ls 8 efgyk,aa fu/kZurk ds Åij vk pqdh Fkh ogha

ftu efgykvksa us _.k ugha fy;k 10 esa ls 2 efgyk,aa fu/kZurk ds Åij mBh tcfd

muds ifjokj esa _.k fy;k x;k FkkA

Hasanuzzaman¼1996½39 cakXykns'k ds dk;ZØe Income Generation for

Vulnerable Group Development (IGVGD) ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd _.k ls

efgykvksa ds thou esa lkekftd vkfFkZd ifjorZu vkrs gSa ,oa muesa vkRefo’okl esa o`f)

ik;h tkrh gS A

Goetz, A. M., & Gupta, R. S. (1996).40 us xzkeh.k cSad o czsd ds 1300

m/kkjdrkZvksa ds v/;;u djus ij ik;k fd 70 izfr'kr efgyk,aa fookfgr ] 13 izfr'kr

efgyk,aa rykd'kqnk] fo/kok ;k vyx jgrh gSA fookfgr efgykvksa esa ls 87 izfr'kr

efgykvksa dk _.k esa fu;a=.k cgqr de ;k FkksM+k Fkk ]ogha 13 izfr'kr efgyk,aa tks

21

rykd'kqnk ]fo/kok ;k vdsyh Fkh mudk _.k ij iw.kZ ;k egRoiw.kZ fu;a=.k Fkk blls

;g Li"V gksrk gS fd efgykvksa dks izkIr _.k iq:"kksa ds fu;a=.k esa jgrk gSA

Montgomery, R., Bhattacharya, D., & Hulme, D. ¼1996½41 us xzkeh.k

cSad o cSzd ds 156 efgyk o iq:"k _.kxzkgh ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd flQZ 9 izfr'kr

efgykvksa dks izkIr _.k ij fu;a=.k gSA 87 izfr'kr efgyk,aa _.k ifjokj dh lgHkkfxrk

ls mi;ksx djrh gSA ogha 33 izfr'kr iq:"kksa dk _+.k ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k FkkA 56 izfr'kr

us ikfjokfjd fu;a=.k dh ckr dghA

Mayoux, Linda ¼1997)42 efgyk l’kDrhdj.k dh ifj;kstuk ds vuqlkj

y?kqfoRrh; dk;ZØeksa ls fuEukafdr urhts fudydj vkrs gSA

1- efgykvksa ds }kjk fy, x, _.k ij muds fu;a=.k fofHkUu foRrh; vkadM+ksa@

foRrh; lsokvksa o m|e dh miyfC/k;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr ugha gksrh gSA

2- vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dk ifjokj esa izHkko o vk; esa o`f) dh Hkh tkudkjh izkIr ugha

gksrh gSA

3- vk; esa dqN o`f) vo'; fn[kk;h nsrh gS fdarq jktuSfrd o lkekftd l'kDrhdj.k

ugha fn[kk;h nsrk gSA

NABARD (1997)43 ds v/;;u esa Lolgk;rk lewg ds fofHkUu ldkjkRed

ifj.kke utj vk, gSA

1- Lolgk;rk lewg ds _.k dk vkdkj c<+k gSA

2- _.k dk mi;ksx mRiknd o vk; ltu ds dk;Z ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

3 lewg ds }kjk ,d la;qDr laifRr dk fuekZ.k dj lewg dh vk; esa o`f) dh tkrh

gSA

4- lewg esa mPp vk; ds fy, csgrj tkx:drk ikbZ x;hA

5 _.k vnk;xh nj yxHkx 100 izfr'kr ik;h x;h gSA

7- lkekftd vkfFkZd l'kDrhdj.k yxkrkj c<+rk ik;k x;k gSA

Mayoux, Linda ¼1997½44 ds vuqlkj y?kqfoRrh; dk;ZØe dk efgykvksa ds

thou ij ldkjkRed o udkjkRed nksuksa izHkko iM+rk gSA muds m|e o lalk/kuksa esa

22

fHkUurk vkrh gS fdarq foRr ij fu;a=.k vYi gksrk gS] ogha efgykvksa ds dk;Z djus ij

iq:"kksa dk foRrh; lg;ksx ifjokj esa de gks tkrk gSA

Osmani,¼1998½¼1998½¼1998½¼1998½45 us xzkeh.k cSad ds _.k dk;ZØe esa efgykvksa ds dY;k.k esa

m/kkj dk izHkko dk ijh{k.k djus ij ik;k fd efgykvksa dh ifjokj esa fu.kZ; ysus dh

{kerk] Lok;Rrrk o ikfjokfjd lalk/kuksa ij fu;a=.k esa of) gqbZ gSA

Mayoux Linda ¼1998½46 Small Enterprise Development Fund of The

International Development of British Government and Coordination by

Actionaid U.K. fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj efgykvksa ds l'kDrhdj.k esa y?kq foRrh; dk;ZØe

ds }kjk fuf'pr gh dqN efgyk,aa dh vk; esa o`f) gksrh gS o lkFk gh lkFk mlds

ifjokj ds dY;k.k esa o`f) gksrh gS o lkeqnkf;d dY;k.k ds dk;Z gksrs gS ysfdu lHkh

efgykvksa dk fodkl gksrk gh ,slk ugha gSA

Kabeer, Naila ¼1998½¼1998½¼1998½¼1998½47 us cakXykns'k ds nks ftyksa Qjhniqj o eseuflax ds

305 o 391 efgyk lnL;ksa ds v/;;u djus ij ik;k fd efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ,d

cgqvk;keh vo/kkj.kk gS bls fdlh ,d ladsrd ls ugha ekik tk ldrkA v/;;u ls ;g

Hkh Li"V gqvk fd y?kqfoRrh; dk;ZØe ls efgykvksa dk dY;k.k o fodkl gksrk gSA

efgykvksa ds vkRefo'okl esa of)] vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa esa o`f)] ikfjokfjd laca/kks [kkldj

fookfgr fj'rksa esa Hkh Li"V ifjorZu fn[kk;h nsrk gSA ogha xjhc efgykvksa dsk T;knk

lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx djus dk volj iznku gksrk gSA

NABARD ¼2000½48 ukckMZ ds }kjk igyh ckj ,d cM+s iSekus ij Lolgk;rk

lewg ds izHkko dk v/;;u fd;k ftlesa 11 jkT;ksa ds 223 ,l-,p-th,l- ds pquk x;k

mlds 560 lnL;ksa dk 243 lk{kkRdkjdrkZvksa }kjk v/;;u djus ij ik;k fd lewg ds

xBu ds le; dqy lsaiy ds 42 izfr'kr lnL; chih,y esa Fks tks ?kVdj 22 izfr'kr

jg x, rhu lky ds Hkhrj 70 izfr'kr ls T;knk us lEifRr esa 70 izfr'kr dh o`f)

ik;h x;h] jkstxkj ds volj 18 izfr'kr ls c<+dj 21 izfr'kr gks x, ] okf"kZd cpr

frxquh ikbZ xbZ] [kjhn dh {kerk nqxquh gks x;h rFkk miHkksx 24 izfr'kr c<+ x;k vkSj

23

efgykvksa ds vkRefo'okl esa of)] LokLF; o lQkbZ 'kkSp lqfo/kkvksa esa o`f)] lkekftd

leL;kvksa esa deh ]?kjsyw fgalk esa deh ik;h x;h] ikfjokfjd fu.kZ; esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk

]okd dyk esa o`f) ik;h x;h] 17 izfr'kr jkstxkj esa of)] 30 izfr'kr ifjokj dh vk;

esa of)] 72 izfr'kr lEifRr esa of) o cpr esa 200 izfr'kr dh o`f) ik;h x;hA

Microcredit Summit Campign To Beijing (2000)49 us y?kqfoRrh;

lsokvksa@dk;ZØe dk efgykvksa esa izHkko ij feys lk{; ds vk/kkj ij Li"V fd;k gS fd

y?kq foRrh; dk;ZØe efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dk }kj gS o foRrh; fLFkjrk dks iznku djrk

gS lkFk gh iw.kZ l{kerk ls xjhch mUewyu esa lgk;d gSA

Abbas, Bhuiya ¼2001½50 us BRACK, ICDDRB cakXykns’k ds la;qDr 'kks/k

esa14 xkaoksa ds v/;;u djus ij ik;k fd efgyk,aa tc vius ikajifjd ?kjsyw dk;ksZ ls

brj vk; ltu ds fy, dk;Z djrh gS rc muesa fpark o ruko iSnk gksrk gSA;g Hkh

ik;k x;k fd fu/kZu efgyk,a tks +_.k ysrh gS muesa Hkh fpark o ruko ik;k tkrk gSA

Kabeer, Naila ¼2001½51 us cakXykns’k ds eseuflax o Qjhniqj ftyksa ij fd,

x, v/;;u esa efgykvksa ds _.k fu.kZ; Hkkxhnkjh dks Kkr djus ij ik;k fd 90

izfr'kr iq:"k _.k mi;skx ds fu.kZ; ysus esa Lora= gksrs gSA ogha 40 izfr'kr efgyk,a

_.k ds mi;ksx ij fu.kZ; dj ikrh gSA ogha vf/kdka'k efgyk,a _.k dk mi;ksx viuh

mRikndrk dks c<kus esa djrh gSaA ftlesa muesa vkRefo'okl esa of) gksrh gSA ogha

vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkh o`f) gqbZ gS fdarq mlesa fofo/krk,a ugha gSA efgykvksa dh

xfr'khyrk oxZ tkfr ij vk/kkfjr gS ftlesa dbZ efgyk,a lgtrk ls lkoZtfud LFkkuksa

ij dk;Z ds fy, tkrh gSA ogha f'k{kk o laifRr ds v/;;u ij ik;k x;k fd Qjhniqj

esa 19 izfr'kr o eseuflax esa 29 izfr'kr efgykvksa ds uke lEifRr dk iath;u fd;k

x;kA nksuksa gh ftyksa esa efgyk _.kdrkZvksa ds ifjokj }kjk T;knk yM+fd;ksa dk Ldwy esa

iath;u djk;k gSA

NABARD ¼¼¼¼2002)52 us us us us MYRADA ds }kjk Lolgk;rk lewg o efgyk

l'kDrhdj.k ds izHkko dk 190 ,l-,p-th,l- lnL;ksa dk pkj nf{k.k Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa

24

dk v/;;u djus ij ik;k x;k fd efgykvksa ds vkRefo'okl esa of) ,oa lkekftd

tkx:drk es o`f) gqbZ gSA LokLF; ds izfr tkx:drk ,oa csgrj vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa

dks Hkh laikfnr djrs gq, ik;k x;k gSA

Kropp and Suran us vius v/;;u esa Lolgk;rk lewg dh miyfC/k;ksa ds

nl egRoiw.kZ rF;ksa dks ik;k tks fuEukfdar gS %&

1- yxkrkj le; varjky ij NksVh o LFkk;h cpr 2 lewgksa esa lnL;ksa dk Lo;a ds }kjk

pquko 3- igys cpr o ckn esa m/kkj 4- lewg ds }kjk uhjhf{kr 5- efgykvksa ij dsfUnzr

6- le>nkjh ls m/kkj nsuk 7- _.k vnk;xh dk de le; 8- cktkj dh nj ls de nj

ij C;kt 9- Øfed m/kkj i)fr 10- dk;ZØe esa ikjnf'kZrkA lkFk gh v/;;u ls ;g

Hkh irk pyk fd ,l-,p-th,l- o cSfdax O;oLFkk dk ,d vkn'kZ tksM+ gS ftlls xjhcksa

ds lkFk caSd tSlh vo/kkj.kk,a QyhHkwr gq,A iawth izokg ifjokj esa c<+k lkFk gh bl

v/;;u ls ;g nf"Vxkspj gksrk gS fd y?kqfoRr dk efgykdj.k gks x;k gSA

Puhazhendhi,V and Badatya %& us mM+hlk] >kj[kaM] o NRrhlx<+ o iwohZ

jkT;ksa ds 115 ,l-,p-th,l- lnL; 60 lewgksa dk v/;;u djus ij ik;k fd 30

izfr'kr ifjokj esa ,l-,p-th,l- esa vkus ds ckn mudh lEifRr esa o`f) gqbZ gSA vkSlr

cpr # 952 ls c<+dj 1863 gks x;h o dqy vk; esa 23 izfr'kr o`f) gqbZ gSA lkFk gh

dk;ZØe dh lcls egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k lkekftd] l'kDrhdj.k jgh ,l-,p-th,l-

lnL;ksa esa vkRefo'okl dk lapkj] fu.kZ; esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk o okd dyk esa of) ik;h

x;h gSA 17 izfr'kr jkstxkj esa o`f)] 30 izfr'kr ifjokj dh vk; esa of)] 72 izfr'kr

lEifRr esa o`f) ,oa cpr esa 200 izfr'kr dh o`f) v/;;u esa ik;h x;h gSA

C.Leigh Anderson ,Laura Locker ¼2002½53 us vies v/;;u esa ik;k fd

y?kqfoRrh; lsokvksa@dk;ZØeksa ls fu/kZu fo'ks"kdj fu/kZu efgykvksa ds }kjk lkoZtfud

lalk/kuksa dk la;qDr mi;ksx dj fu.kZ; {kerk ]rduhdh izf'k{k.k o dyk dkS'ky dk

fodkl tksf[ke mBkus dh {kerk esa of) o ekuoh; iwath dk fodkl gksrk gS] lkFk gh

i;kZoj.k esa izHkkoh lq/kkj fn[kk;h nsrk gSA

25

Tankha ,Ajay (2002)54 us Lolgk;rk lewg ds izHkko] {kerk]o fLFkjrk dk

v/;;u fd;kA

Hunt J., Kasynathan, N. (2002)55 us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd

y?kqfoRRkh;- dk;ZØe xjhcksa rd igqapus esa vleFkZ jgh gSA

Harper, Malcolm (2002)56 ds }kjk Lolgk;rk lewg dk foLrkfjr v/;;u

fd;k x;kA

Narayanswami, N., manivel S. M. and Bhasker, B. (2003)57%

ds vuqlkj Lolgk;rk lewg fodkl dh uhfr dk ,d oSdfYid ekWMy ds #i esa mHkj

dj vk;k gS tks fd xjhch mUewyu o efgyk l'kDrhj.k esa izHkkoh gSA

S.Premchander (2003)58 us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd ,u-th-vks- ,oa y?kqfoRr

dk;ZØe efgykvksa esa xjhch nwj djus esa lgk;d gSA

M.Uday Kumar (2003)59 us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd _.k vk/kkfjr

dk;Zdze dk eq[; y{; efgyk l’kDrhdj.k gSA

Das, Anup ¼2003½60 us vius v/;;u esa ik;k gS fd Lolgk;rk lewg xjhch

mUewyu o efgykvksa ds fodkl ds izHkkoh ek/;e gSA blds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dh

lkekftd jktuSfrd l{kerk esa of) gksrh gSA o xjhcksa ds fodkl esa ;g egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA blds lkFk ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd bu lewgksa ds ek/;e ls

f'k{kk] LokLF; o l'kDrhdj.k T;knk izHkko'kkyh rjhds ls ykxw fd;k tk,A

C.S.Reddy, APAMAS ¼2005½61 us vka/kzizns'k ds 400 ,l--,p-th,l- &caSd

fyadst lewg dk pquko dj v/;;u djus ij ;g ik;k fd ,l-,p-th,l- ds lnL;ksa

dk thou;kiu dk Lrj cny x;k gS muesa _.k vnk;xh nj mPp gSA ,l-,p-th,l-

us u dsoy vius lewg ds lnL;ksa dks l'kDr cuk;k gS cfYd og jktuhfr esa egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS dbZ ,l-,p-th,l- efgykvksa dks lkoZtfud dk;ZØeksa ls tksM+ jgk gS

26

fdarq jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh de Hkkxhnkjh jgh gSA ysfdu tks Hkh x;h mlesa 70

izfr'kr efgykvksa us pquko thrk] lkFk gh ukxfjd eqn~nksa tSls jk'ku dkMZ dk ekeyk]

iDdh jksM] Ldwy Hkou] LokLF; dsUnz] LoPN ihus dk ikuh] vkfn ij efgykvksa us

egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd,A lewg ds lnL;ksa dks pquko esa izpkj izlkj ds fy, foRrh; enn

dhA lkekftd lejlrk ds izek.k Hkh feys gSaA lewg esa lHkh tkfr ds lnL; ik, x,]

lkekftd U;k; o lkeqnkf;d fodkl tSls & ifjokj fu;kstu] f'k{kk] ckyJe o

LokLF; ij Hkh dqN lewgksa esa dk;Z fd;k x;k gSaA dqy feykdj lewgksa ds lnL;ksa ds

thou Lrj esa izHkkoh lq/kkj ik;k x;kA

Hasalkar Suma, Roa Suhasini, Badiker Chhaya ¼2005½62 us /kkjokM+

ftys ds xzkeh.k {ks= ds 15 Lolgk;rk lewgksa ds v/;;u djus ij ik;k fd lHkh lewgksa

ds cSad esa [kkrs gSA os fu;fer fefVax o cpr djrs gSA blds 85-97 izfr'kr lnL;

Fkksd esa lkeku [kjhn dj lhfer ykHk izkIr dj lkeku csprs gSA nksuk iRry cukuk o

foØ; djus dk vf/kdka'k dk;Z efgyk,aa Lo;a djrh gSA 40 izfr'kr efgyk,aa xq.koRrk o

uokpkj [kkst djrh ik;h x;h fdarq efgykvksa ds vkRefo'okl esa o`f) de ns[kh x;hA

Narayanswami, N., Manivel ,M. andBhasker, B. (2005)63 us rfeyukMq

esa Lolgk;rk lewgksa ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd lewg ds lnL;ksa ds dkS'ky fodkl ]_.k

forj.k o y?kq m|e esa foQy ik, x, gSA

Rosemary Throp, Frances Stewart, Amrik Hyer, (2005)64 us vius

v/;;u esa ik;k fd lewg vk/kkfjr n`f"Vdks.k o lewg fuekZ.k efgyk l’kDrhdj.k dk

izHkkoh ek/;e gS fdarq ;s xjhcks ls Hkh Xkjhc ds l’kDrhdj.k esa vlQy gSA

Celine ¼2006½65 ds vuqlkj Lolgk;rk lewg ,d izHkkoh laxBu gS tks fd

leqnk; o xkao ds lexz fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA ;s ?kj dk cSad gS] foifRr esa nksLr

gS] lkgqdkjksa dh pqaxy ls eqDr djrk gS o m|eksa ds fodkl dk egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA oks

O;fDr;ksa dks cpr fl[kkrk gSA Lolgk;rk lewg efgykvksa ds fy, og }kj gS tks muds

thou dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>krk gSA

27

Shrivastav, Alka ¼2006½¼2006½¼2006½¼2006½66 NRrhlx<+ mRrjizns'k fcgkj ds rhu&rhu ftyksa ds

50 ,l-,l-th- ds ikap lnL;ksa ds v/;;u ls irk pyk fd Lolgk;rk lewgksa dss

lnL;ksa ij lkekftd o vkfFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA cSdksa dks ykHk izkIr gksrk gSA xjhc

lnL;ksa dks vkfFkZd ykHk izkIr gksrk gS vr% ,l-,l-th,l- &cSad fyadst dk;ZØe xjhcksa

ds fy, ,d izHkko'kkyh ek/;e gSA

Ramchandran, S., Subbiah, A. and Ravishanker, A.K. (2006)67

World Bank ,oa ICDS Project ds fMaMhxqy ,oa bjksM ds 200 ,l-,p-th- lnL;ksa

ij fd, x, v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd Lolgk;rk lewg eq[;r;k efgyk dsfUnzr Fks

ftlesa efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks mUur fd;k x;k rFkk muds dkS'ky

mUu;u ij /;ku fn;k x;k mUgsa Lojkstxkj ds fy, izsfjr fd;k x;k ftlls efgykvksa

esa vkRefo'okl] fuf'prrk] o l'kDrhdj.k dk fodkl gqvkA

Shriraman, V.P. (2006)68 us crk;k fd Lolgk;rk lewg tehuh Lrj dk

lcls o`gn dzk;Zdze gSA blds }kjk izkjafHkd Lrj ij leqnk; ds thou Lrj dks mij

mBk;k tkrk gSA

Jakimon, Tanya, Kilby, Patric ¼2006½69 us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd

Lolgk;rk lewgksa ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dk vYi l'kDrhdj.k gksrk gS fdarq efgykvksa

ds lkFk ik;h tkus okyh folaxfr;ksa dks nwj djus esa lewg l{ke ugha gSA

Study Of Lights And Shades(2006)70 ds }kjk 4 jkT;ksa ds 108 xkaoksa ds 60

vka/kzizns'k] 51 dukVZd] 50 lewg mM+hlk ds ,oa 53 ,l-,p-th,l- jktLFkku ds dqy

214 ,l-,p-th,l- dk v/;;u djus ij ik;k fd lewg dh 53 izfr'kr ,l-lh- o 24

izfr'kr ,l-Vh- ifjokjksa rd igqap gS ,d gh tkfr ds lnL;ksa okys lewg 66 izfr'kr

ik, x, gS lewgksa esa f'kf{kr lnL;ksa dh la[;k 51 izfr'kr xjhc lnL;ksa dh la[;k 51

izfr'kr dqy lewg ds lnL;ksa esa ifjokj dh eqf[k;k 11 izfr'kr FkhA dqy 38 izfr'kr

lnL; Jfed FksA ogha iapk;rh jkt esa pquh tkus okyh efgykvksa dk izfr'kr 19 dqy

44 efgyk,a pquh x;hA lkekftd dk;Z esa lfØ; lewgksa dk izfr'kr 12 o lkeqnkf;d

28

fodkl dk;ZØeksa lewg lgHkkfxrk dk izfr'kr 30] lkewfgd m|ferk esa 21] izfr'kr

lewg lfØ; Fks AfoRrh; lfØ;rk ds ekeys esa vPNs lewgksa dk izfr'kr 54 FkkA

R., Sunil ¼2006½71 us dsjy ds ok;uan ftys ds 358 lewgksa ds 358 lnL;ksa

ds v/;;u djus ij ;g ik;k gS fd Lolgk;rk lewg cSad fyadst dk;ZØe lewg o

muds lnL;ksa ds chp ,d dM+h dk dk;Z djrk gSA ;g ,d lkekftd bathfu;fjax dk

ekWMy gS] ftlesa fu/kZu O;fDr blds ek/;e ls foRrh; o lkekftd l'kDrhdj.k dks

izkIr djrk gS] fo'ks"kdj fu/kZu efgyk,aA ;g lHkh Lrj esa fodkl dk ,d egRoiw.kZ

ekWMy gS tks fd T;knk ikjn'khZ] xfr'khy o ifjorZuh; gSA

Baland Jean Marie, Somnathan, Rohini andVandewalle Lore (2007)72

us mM+hlk ds nks ftys D;ksa>j o e;wjHkat ,oa NRrhlx<- ds jk;x<+ ftys esa v/;;u

djus ij ik;k fd Lolgk;rk lewg ,d vlQy dk;ZØe gS aA 1998&2006 rd ek=

10 izfr’kr lewg gh fdz;k’khy jgs A dsoy 20 izfr’kr efgyk,a gh yxkrkj lewg esa cuh

jgh A ftu f’kf{kr efgykvksa us lewg ls ykHk izkIr fd;k os lewg cus jgs tks vkil esa

fj’rsnkj FksAvr% Hkkjr esa Lolgk;rk lewg dh vko’;drk ugh gSA

Josef, Jhon Santiago ¼2007½73 us Lolgk;rk lewgksa ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa

dk fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa esa lfØ; fo'ks"kdj y?kqfoRrh; dk;ZØe esa ,oa mlds lkekftd

vkfFkZd l'kDrhdj.k ds izHkko dks Kkr djus ds fy, Lolgk;rk lewg esa vkus ls iwoZ o

Lolgk;rk lewg ds vkus ds i'pkr dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij ik;k fd xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds

lewg esa vkus ds ckn cpr esa o`f)] vk; esa of)] laifRr dk fuekZ.k] miHkksx esa of) o

lkFk gh lkFk efgykvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k o O;ogkj esa Li"V ifjorZu ns[kus feyk efgykvksa

dk u dsoy ikfjokfjd oju~ lkeqnkf;d l'kDrhdj.k Hkh gqvk gSA

Mahjabeen, Rubana ¼2007½74 us ckaXykns'k ds y?kqfoRrh; dk;ZØeksa ds

v/;;u ls ik;k fd ,e,QvkbZ ds }kjk vk; esa o`f) gksrh gS ] miHkksx dk Lrj c<+rk

gSA vk; esa vlekurk ?kVrh gS o ekuoh; dY;k.k esa lgk;d gksrk gSA vr% y?kq

29

foRrh; dk;ZØe laLFkk, xjhch mUewyu esa fodkl dh ,d egRoiw.kZ uhfr gSA ftlds

ek/;e ls lgL=kCnh ds fodkl y{; iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gS A

Garikipati, Supriya ¼2008½75 us vka/kz izns'k ds esgcwc uxj ftys ds osiwj

vkSj xqM+h eydiqjk xkao ds 291 fookfgr tksM+s ftlesa 117 ,l-,p-th,l- ds lnL; Fks

]ftUgksusa de ls de ,d ckj _.k fy;k Fkk ds v/;;u djus ij ;g ik;k fd dk;ZØe

dk foLrkj gks jgk gS fdarq efgykvksa dk foRr ij fu;a=.k vYi gS o efgyk

l'kDrhdj.k visf{kr Lrj ij ugha gSA fdarq ifjokj ds vkfFkZd Lrj esa lq/kkj vk;k gS

o laifRr esa FkksM+h o`f)-gqbZ gSA

Brook Rober, M.Hillyer, Karen G. ¼2008½76 us dukZVd ds gqcyh o /kkjokM

ftys ds 6 xkoksa ds v/;;u djus ij ;g ik;k gS fd efgykvksa ds Lolgk;rk lewg

T;knk lQyrkiwoZd dk;Z dj jgs gS Atks xjhc o vfr xjhc gS os Lolgk;rk lewgksa ds

ek/;e ls xjhch ls mij mB jgs gSA mudh ikfjokfjd cpr esa 647 izfr'kr dh o`f)

ik;h x;h gSA blls ;g fl) gksrk gS Lolgk;rk lewgksa dk ekWMy vU; xjhch mUewyu

dk;ZØeksa ls T;knk csgrj gSA

Ina Freeman, Nancy Higginson (2008)77 us vius 'kks/k esa crk;k gS fd

y?kqfoRrh; lsok,a@dk;ZØe viuh y{; dks izkIr djus esa ihNs D;ksa gS \ fo'ks"k rkSj ij

fodkl'khy ns’kksa efgykvksa ds fodkl esa ik;h tkus okyh folaxfr;ksa dks Li"V fd;k ]

y?kqfoRrh; uhfr;ksa esa fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe] LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa ds lkFk feydj dk;Z

djus dk flQZ efgykvksa dh lewg vk/kkfjr gh ugh oju~ mUgs O;fDrxr _.k Hkh

fn;k tk, efgykvksa dkss fo'ks"k lsok,a o ijke'kZ ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k] mudh f'k{kk o

lg;ksxh lsokvksa dks mUur cuk;k tkus dh vko';drkvksa dks crk;k gSA

Fletschner, Diana (2008)78 us ijkXos esa 210 tksMs+ ¼ifr&iRuh½ ds v/;;u esa

ik;k fd ftu ifjokjksa esa f'k{kk T;knk o ikfjokfjd ifjJe gS muds foRrh; _.k ls

T;knk vk; dk l`tu gksrk gS o mUgsa T;knk iwath dh vko';drk gksrh gS os iwath dk

csgrj mi;ksx djrs gS o foRrh; voljksa dk ykHk mBkrs gSA vius isij odZ dks iwjk

30

djrs gS o lewg dh fefVax esa fu;fer tkrs gS lkFk gh efgyk o iq:"k dk _.k izkfIr

ds rqyukRed v/;;u esa ik;k fd iq:"k _.k dks vklkuh ls izkIr djrs gS ogha

efgykvksa dks _.k vklkuh ls ugha feyrk gSA os flQZ lgdkjh caSd lfefr;ksa ls _.k

izkIr djrh gS o cSad mudh igqap ls nwj gS vr% muds fy, _.k izkfIr ds volj

lhfer gSA

Purushothaman, Dhanya, B., Sheetal, P.(2008)79 us crk;k fd Lolgk;rk

lewg xzkeh.k fodkl o dY;k.k esa lgk;d gSA dk;ZØe dk izeq[k y{; u dsoy xjhch

mUewyu gS oju~ xzkeh.k okrkoj.k esa izkd`frd ekuoh; lalk/kuksa dks ekuo ls lacaf/kr

djuk gS rkfd os lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks lqyHk gks ldsA _.k ls efgykvksa ds thou ds

lkekftd o vkfFkZd ifjorZu vkrs gSA muesa vkRefo'okl o tkx:drk esa of) ns[kh

x;h gSA

Christabell, P.J. ¼2009½80 us dsjy ds Åywj iapk;r ds 34 Lolgk;rk lewg

ds 163 lnL;ksa ds v/;;u djus ij ik;k fd lewg dh vf/kdrj efgykvksa esa ,sls

rduhdh Kku o izf'k{k.k vHkko gS ftlds }kjk os T;knk l{kerk ls vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa

dks dj ldsA Lolgk;rk lewgksa ds ek/;e ds efgykvksa esa jktuSfrd o vkfFkZd

l'kDrhdj.k gksrk gS

Swain, R.(2009)81 us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd Lolgk;rk lewg ds ek/;e ls

lnL;ksa dh laifRr esa of) gksrh gSA

Tripathy, K.K.,JainK.Sudhir ¼2010½82 gfj;k.kk o mM+hlk jkT; ds nks

ftys djuky o txrflaxiqj ds Lolgk;rk lewgks ds iz'kklu o lapkyu ds izHkkoh

rRoksa dk ,oa y?kqfoRrh; dk;ZØeksa ds miyfC/k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k ,oa crk;k fd

Lolgk;rk lewgksa ds lapkyu ds fy, ,dhd`r uhfr cukus dh vko';drk gSA

vU; v/;;u esa Sankaran, M. (2005)83 ,Bansal, H. (2003)

84 ,Basu, P., &

Srivastava, P. (2005)85, Chavan, P., & Ramakumar, R. (2002)

86 ,Chowdhry, P.

(1994)87,da Corta, L., & Venkateshwarlu, D. (1999)

88, Daley-Harris, S. (2006)

89

31

Deaton, A., & Dreze, J. (2002)90 , Leach, F., & Sitaram, S. (2002)

91, , Lycette

and White (1989)92, Moser (1993)

93, Restrepo Chebair and Reichman(1995)

94,

Morris and Meyer, (1993)96; Carter and Katz ( 1997)97, Duflo and Udry (

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99, Lundberg and Pollak,(1993)

100,

Barham(1996)101, Feder (1990)

102, Jappelli ( 1990)

103, Mushinski (1999)

104,

Kochar(1998)105, Conning (1996)

106 fo’ks"k #i ls mYys[kuh; gSA

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lcaf/kr iwoZorhZ 'kks/k v/;;uksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd bl vo/kkj.kk ij fujarj

varjkZ"Vªh;] jk"Vªh; o {ks=h; 'kks/k gks jgs gS fdarq bl {ks= esa vuqla/kku lfefr gS tks

eq[;r;k cakXykns’k o Hkkjr ij gh dsfUnzr jgs gSA ogha Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd v/;;u nf{k.k

Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa gq, gSA lewg ds fodkl] izHkko o {kerk dks Kkr dj muds LFkk;hRo

ds fy, fu"d"kZ fudkys tk ldrs gSA D;ksafd ;g lS)kfUrd rkSj ij eku fy;k x;k gS

fd y?kqfoŸkh; dk;ZØe xjhch mUewyu o efgykvksa ds fodkl dk lQy ekMy gSA

blds ldkjkRed o udkjkRed ifj.kkeksa dh fn'kk esa yxkrkj 'kks/k dk;Z fd, tk jgs

gSA vf/kdka'k v/;;u NGO, MFI ,oa NABARD ds }kjk ogn Lrj ij fd, x, gS

O;fDrxr v/;;u lhfer ek=k esa gq, gSA e/;izns'k ,oa izLrqr v/;;u {ks= esa lhfer

v/;;u gq, gSA vr% ;gka ij 'kks/kdk;Z dh vikj laHkkouk,a gSA fiNM+s tutkrh; cgqy

{ks= ls izkIr fu"d"kksZ ls Lolgk;rk lewg ds fy, egRoiw.kZ lq>ko izkIr fd, tk ldrs

gSA

lanHkZ ,oa fVIif.k;ka %&lanHkZ ,oa fVIif.k;ka %&lanHkZ ,oa fVIif.k;ka %&lanHkZ ,oa fVIif.k;ka %&

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