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NAVIGATION AND INSTRUMENT FLIGHT PROCEDURE

RUNWAY ORIENTATION

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GROUP MEMBERS

• FATIMA HAFEEZ• SAJID NADEEM

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RUNWAY• “Rectangular area on an aerodrome used

for landing and take off “• Runway orientation is important in

airport planning• Current practice is to layout a runway in

the direction of prevailing wind

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IMPORTANCE OF RUNWAY LAYOUT• Determination of runway is a critical task• It is very important for safe take offs and

approaches• The width and sloping of runway also play a

role in safe approaches . It can be illustrated by the figure below :

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RUNWAY NUMBERS• Runways are numbered according the

magnetic compass direction they are oriented to

• Consists of two numbers one at each end of runway

• Preceding that number are eight stripes

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• By 500 feet is the touchdown zone , identified by six stripes

• Runway numbers are not given in degrees, rather in shorthand format

• e.g. a runway with a marking of 14 is actually 140 degrees

• For simplicity FAA rounds off the precise headings to nearest tens

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RUNWAY HEADING

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RUNWAY CONFIGURATION• FAA includes over 20 runway layouts• Amongst them there are 4 basic runway

patterns :1. SIMPLE RUNWAY2. PARALLEL RUNWAY3. OPEN-V RUNWAYS 4. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS

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SINGLE RUNWAY

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PARALLEL RUNWAYS

There are 4 types of parallel runways

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OPEN-V RUNWAYSRunways diverging from different directions but do not intersect and form an open-V shape are ‘OPEN-V runways’

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INTERSECTING RUNWAYSTwo or more runways that cross each other are classified as intersecting runways.

This type of runway is used when there are relatively strong prevailing winds from more than one direction during the year.

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FACTORS AFFECTING RUNWAY ORIENTATION

• WIND• AIRSPACE AVAILABILITY• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS• OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL VISIBILITY• WILD LIFE HAZARDS• TERRAIN AND SOIL CONSIDERATION

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WIND ROSE ANALYSIS• An approach often used in determining

the runway orientation• The method uses a wind rose template• A transparent runway template is placed

and rotated around the center of wind rose

• At each rotating angle, the percentage of allowable cross winds is measured

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WIND ROSE METHOD

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RUNWAY LIGHTING• These lights are used to assist pilot in to

identify the runway• GREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line the

runway edge• RED LIGHTS : Mark the end of runway• BLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside taxiways• While runways have YELLOW or WHITE

lights marking their edges

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RUNWAY SIGNS• Various kinds of runway signs are also

used for facilitation• They differ according to their purpose

and action

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

THE END