rosaceae - devonshire association

Rosaceae

279A New Flora of Devon

VC4

SS42 Old railway cutting at Landcross, SS459237, 1997,

W.H.Tucker det. J.Fryer (DA 1998).

SS44 Windcutter Hill, SS487461, 1997, W.H.Tucker &

E.Stenger det. J.Fryer (DA 1998).

l Cotoneaster franchetii Bois

Franchet’s Cotoneaster

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southwest

China.

1987 onwards (2).

VC3

SX45 Stonehouse, Plymouth, SX459543, 2009, P.D.Pullen

det. J.Fryer (DA 2010).

VC4

SS42 Roadside at Landcross, SS460240, 1997, W.H.Tucker

(requires confirmation).

l Cotoneaster mairei H.Lév.

Maire’s Cotoneaster

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern

China.

1987 onwards (2).

VC3

SX99 Near Pinhoe Church, SX9594, 1997, L.J.Margetts det.

J.Fryer (DA 1998).

ST10 Luppitt, ST178051, 1997, L.J.Margetts det. J.Fryer

(DA 1998).

l Cotoneaster vilmorinianus G.Klotz

Vilmorin’s Cotoneaster

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southwest

China.

1987 onwards (2).

VC3

SX96 Babbacombe, 1999, R.Fitter conf. J.Fryer.

SS80 Upton Hellions, SS840031, 1997, L.J.Margetts &

L.M.Spalton det. J.Fryer (DA 1999).

SX68 In a hedge at Ford Park, SX677861, 1958,

R.J.Skerrett. Yeo Farm, SX678864, 1958, R.J.Skerrett.

SX79 Disused railway siding at Yeoford, SX7898, 1994,

L.J.Margetts, L.M.Spalton & W.H.Tucker det. J.Fryer

(LJM).

SX87 In conifer woodland, Great Plantation, SX824752,

2010, R.E.N.Smith det. J.Fryer.

SX97 Roadside car park on Little Haldon, SX917761, 2011,

R.E.N.Smith.

ST00 Cullompton, ST0207, 1997, L.J.Margetts &

L.M.Spalton det. J.Fryer.

VC4

SX59 Sourton, tetrad SX5290, 2007, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS21 Meddon Plantation, SS281189, 1997, W.H.Tucker det.

J.Fryer (DA 1998).

SS42 Bideford, tetrad SS4426, 2006, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS51 Torrington, SS505193, 2004, W.H.Tucker.

SS60 In village, Sampford Courtenay, tetrad SS6201,

2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS73 Hedgebank at Molland Cross, SS707338, 2011,

R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS74 Barbrook, SS7147, 2011, NDBG det. R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS92 Bampton, SS969221, M.Greenwood det. J.R.Palmer.

Also recorded from VC3: SY09, ST10 (BSBI Atlas).

l Cotoneaster rehderi Pojark.

Bullate Cotoneaster

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in western

China.

1987 onwards (5).

VC3

SX46 In woodland, Southway Valley NR, SX494607, 2013,

P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer (DA 2014).

SX56 Edge of woodland near houses, Glenholt,

Plymouth, SX5060, 2009, P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer (DA

2010).

SX58 By layby near Dartmoor Inn, Lydford, SX523853,

1994, L.J.Margetts, L.M.Spalton & W.H.Tucker det.

J.Fryer (LJM).

SX98 Little Silver, SX9288, 1996, L.J.Margetts det. J.Fryer

(DA 1998).

Hollyberry Cotoneaster Cotoneaster bullatus Bullate Cotoneaster Cotoneaster rehderi

Rosaceae

Plymouth, SX4657, 2009, P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer (DA

2010). Cattedown, Plymouth, SX4953, 2009,

P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer (DA 2010).

SX55 On limestone near Laira Bridge, Plymouth,

SX505541, 2009, P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer (DA 2010).

Radford Quarry, Plymouth, SX504530, 2013,

P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer.

SX78 Holy Street, Chagford, SX7087, 1967, R.J.Skerrett

conf. J.E.Lousley (DA 1968); 1974, J.Palmer conf.

J.Fryer.

SX85 Kingswear, SX8850, 1996, L.J.Margetts det. J.Fryer

(DA 1998).

SX96 Lincombe Drive, Torquay, SX9363, 1997,

L.M.Spalton det. J.Fryer (DA 1998). Established on

cliffs at Babbacombe, SX9265, 1963, M.C.Hockaday

det. D.McClintock (DA 1964).

SY08 Large bush on edge of Harpford Common,

SY056896, 2011, R.E.N.Smith (DA 2012, RENS).

SY09 Self-sown seedlings, Venn Ottery Reserve, SY0692,

1997, G.Gush (DA 1998).

SS80 Upham, SS8808, 1997, L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton


VC4

SS43 Bideford, 1978, M.Tulloh (BSBI Atlas).

l Cotoneaster fangianus T.T.Yu

Fang’s Cotoneaster

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in central China.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX55 Radford Quarry, Plymouth, SX504531, P.D.Pullen


l Pyracantha coccinea M.Roem.

Firethorn


Europe and southwest Asia.

1987 onwards (6).

280 A New Flora of Devon

l Cotoneaster sternianus (Turrill) Boom

Stern’s Cotoneaster

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southwest China.

1987 onwards (19).

VC3

SX45 Bull Point, Plymouth, SX4357, 2009, P.D.Pullen.

Weston Mill Creek, SX4457, 2009, P.D.Pullen.

Plymouth Hoe, SX4753, 2009 and SX480537, 2013,

P.D.Pullen. Ham Woods, Plymouth, SX4657, 2009,

P.D.Pullen. Manadon, Plymouth, SX476588,

SX480586, SX484579 and SX480586, 2013, P.D.Pullen.

SX46 Southway Valley NR, SX493607 and SX492606,

2013, P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer.

SX47 Tavistock, SX4773, 2009, P.D.Pullen.

SX55 Radford Quarry, Plymouth, SX504530, 2009,

P.D.Pullen. Near Laira Bridge, Plymouth, SX505541,

2009, P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer.

SX56 Yelverton, SX517679, 2013, P.D.Pullen.

SX65 Tod Moor, SX623538, 1997, L.J.Margetts &

L.M.Spalton det. J.Fryer (DA 1999).

SX96 Lummaton Quarry, Torquay, SX911665, 2009,

R.E.N.Smith det. P.D.Pullen (DA 2010).

SX97 Dawlish Warren LNR, SX9879, 2002, N.F.Stewart

conf. J.Fryer.

VC4

SS21 Upper Tamar Lake, 1996, SS287123, W.H.Tucker (DA

1997).

SS43 Instow, SS4730, 1979, O.M.Stewart (BSBI Atlas, E).

SS74 On wall above Hillsford Bridge, SS742478, 1984,

1993, W.H.Tucker det. J.R.Palmer (DA 1994); 2007,

R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS91 Ledge of railway-bridge spanning River Exe,

Tiverton, 1969, A.Leslie det. J.Fryer.

l Cotoneaster dielsianus E.Pritz. ex Diels

Diels’ Cotoneaster

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in China.

1987 onwards (11).

VC3

SX45 On a wall top, Mount Wise, Plymouth, SX4553,

2009, P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer (DA 2010). Ham Lane,

Stern’s Cotoneaster Cotoneaster sternianus

Diel’s Cotoneaster Cotoneaster dielsianus

Rosaceae

VC3

SX55 Plymstock, SX512532, 2007, D.Fenwick.

SX98 Countess Wear, SX952886, 2009, J.J.Ison.

VC4

SS42 Weare Giffard, SS477221, 1995, W.H.Tucker.

Also recorded from VC3: SX45, SX87, SY28 (BSBI Atlas).

l Pyracantha rogersiana (A.B.Jacks) Coltm.-Rog.

Asian Firethorn

Very rare, Introduced, a neophyte; native in China.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX55 Radford Quarry, Plymouth, SX505531, 2013,

P.D.Pullen det. E.J.Clement.

l Mespilus germanica L.

Medlar

Very rare. Introduced, an archaeophyte; native in

southwest Asia. There are old records of plants found in

hedges and thickets from both vice-counties (Flora). There

is one localised record of an old tree on the Axmouth-Lyme

Regis Undercliff.

Flora p.325, Atlas p.78 (1), 1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SY39 An old tree near East Cliff Cottage, SY321911, anon.

(Atlas); 2009, D.J.Allen.

Also recorded from VC3: SX55, SS90 and VC4: SX48, SS43,

SS52, SS53, SS70 (BSBI Atlas).


l Crataegus submollis Sarg.

Hairy Cockspurthorn

Extinct. Introduced, a neophyte; native in North America.

1987 onwards (0).

VC3

SX45 In a hedge at Eggbuckland, 1941, comm. Seale

Hayne Agricultural College det. A.B.Jackson (DA 1941,

TOR).

l Crataegus coccinea L.

Pear-fruited Cockspurthorn

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in eastern North

America.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3: SX99 (BSBI Atlas).

l Crataegus crus-galli L.

Cockspurthorn

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in North

America. Probably only a relic of cultivation. Recent

records are listed.

Flora p.326, Atlas p.78, 1987 onwards (2).

VC3

SX99 Five bushes in derelict hedge by railway buildings,

Stoke Canon Bridge, SX933975, 2005, J.J.Ison.

VC4

SS43 By entrance to old power station at Lower Yelland,

SS483323, 1993, W.H.Tucker & M.Tulloh.

Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna, p.282

Rosaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Rhamnaceae

places to reduce erosion on sand dunes, especially on

Braunton Burrows where it became very invasive in the

1970s but has been extensively cleared since that time. Also

planted in a few places as part of landscaping features

elsewhere in Devon, usually near the coast, but rarely

spreading from the site of the original introduction.


l Elaeagnus macrophylla Thunb.

Broad-leaved Oleaster

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Japan and

Korea.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX95 Naturalised on coast, St. Mary’s Bay, Brixham,

SX9355, 2005, R.E.N.Smith.

Rhamnaceae

l Rhamnus cathartica L.

Buckthorn

Very rare. Native. In woods, scrub and hedges on base-rich

soils. More or less dismissed as a part of the Devon flora

by 1939 (Flora) although Polwhele (1797) describes it as

abundant near Brixton. By 1984 (Atlas) it had been reliably

recorded just once, in East Devon, on Charton Cliff. In 1998

it was found as a hedgerow shrub in a hedge near Yeoford.

It has not been relocated at any of these sites. In 2008 four

old bushes were located on limestone at Kerswell Down

and in 2009 four more on the neighbouring Whilborough

Common. Since then more plants have been found

scattered through the scrub in this area. The lack of fruit on

many of the bushes may account for the absence of earlier

records in this area which has been visited regularly over

many years.

Flora p.190, Atlas p.102 (1) 1987 onwards (2).


l Crataegus persimilis Sarg.

Broad-leaved Cockspurthorn

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; probably originated as a

hybrid between two North American species. Perhaps

confused with C. crus-galli and overlooked.

1987 onwards (2).

VC4

SS41 Torrington, tetrad SS4818, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS42 Foot of railway embankment at Torrington, 2002,

W.H.Tucker (DA 2003).

Also recorded from VC3: SX65, SS80, SY29 (BSBI Atlas).

l Crataegus succulenta Schrad.

Round-fruited Cockspurthorn

Extinct. Introduced, a neophyte; native in eastern North

America. There are no recent records and none from South

Devon.

1987 onwards (0).

VC4

SS53 One tree on woodland edge above Birch Valley,

Landkey, SS5931, 1960, C.M.A.Cadell det. J.E.Lousley

(DA 1961). Two trees in hedge on Blatchford Hill,

Shirwell and one in woods just under a kilometre

away, SS5937, 1960, C.M.A.Cadell det. J.E.Lousley

(DA 1961).

l Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

Hawthorn

Very common. Native. Throughout most of the county in

woodland, scrub and widely planted as ‘quickthorn’ in

hedges. Absent only from the highest parts of Dartmoor.


l Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC.

Midland Hawthorn

Extinct. Native in central and eastern England, introduced

in Devon. All records must be of planted trees. Fraser’s

records listed in the Flora must be viewed with some

suspicion as his specimen in TOR from a collection made

in 1941 at Coombe Cellars (DA 1940) is C. monogyna. There

is no voucher for the record made by Mrs. Adams at

Torquay in 1946 (DA 1946). However there are specimens

of this species in TOR collected by G.H.Douglas at

Dittisham, SX85, in 1926 and 1927.

Flora as C. oxyacanthoides Thuill. p.325, Atlas p.78, 1987

onwards (0).

Elaeagnaceae

l Hippophae rhamnoides L.

Sea-buckthorn – Map 175

Rare. Introduced in Devon although native on the east

coast of England where it occurs in sand dunes and other

sandy maritime areas. Recorded once in the 19th century as

probably planted at Torquay (Keys 1866). Next recorded at

Dawlish Warren by A.Adams (DA1926) and in the 1930s in

the grounds of Dartmouth College and the dunes at

Thurlestone (Flora). It has since been planted in several

Map 175. Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea-buckthorn)

Rhamnaceae, Ulmaceae

VC3

SX79 Yeoford, SX7899, 1998, M.Bristow det. W.H.Tucker.

SX86 Four bushes Kerswell Down, SX8767, 2008,

W.Deakin conf. R.E.N.Smith. Four bushes

Whilborough Common, SX8667, 2009, W.Deakin,

R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith; 26 bushes, 2012, W.Deakin.

SY08 Possibly introduced at Withycombe Wood,

Exmouth, J.P.Jones (Flora, RAMM).

SY29 Tetrad SY2890, 1969 and 1975, T.J.Wallace (Atlas);

Rousdon, Charton Cliff, SY2990, 1976, T.J.Wallace

(DA 1977).

Also recorded from VC3: SX64 (BSBI Atlas).

l Frangula alnus Mill.

Alder Buckthorn – Map 176

Frequent. Native. Damp heaths, woodlands, hedges and

damp valleys. Scattered throughout the county.

Flora as Rhamnus frangula p.190, Atlas p.102 (277), 1987

onwards (186).

Ulmaceae

There was a time when parts of Devon, including the

Exeter area, the country between the River Teign and the

River Dart, and the neighbourhoods of Yealmpton and

Brixton were all famous for the elms which thrived in

those areas (Polwhele 1797). In particular, Polwhele talks

of a great number of fine elms at Mowlish in the parish of

Kenton (SX9581) with girths of up to 14 feet, and of a tree

at Torquay with a girth of 23 feet! A virulent form of Dutch

elm disease (caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi

Brasier) arrived in Britain from North America in about

1967. It proved both highly infectious and lethal to all

European native elms (Gibbs, Brasier & Webber 1994). Our

commonest elm, Ulmus procera, is particularly susceptible

to the disease and the majority of our trees have been

reduced to hedgerow suckers. The absence of mature trees


makes this a very difficult genus to identify partly due to

variation and hybridisation. However, more recent and

practical treatments of the genus, by Stace (1991, 1997,

2010) and by Coleman (2002), show that discrimination is

possible where mature adult shoots are available.

l Ulmus glabra Huds.

Wych Elm – Map 177

Common. Native. Widely distributed in the county in

woods and hedgerows. Generally rather scattered but

sometimes more concentrated populations are found as in

the Lyn valley. Although U. glabra is considered to be even

more susceptible to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi than is U. procera,

it does not sucker and spread disease via root transmission

and is much less favoured by the bark beetles for feeding.

In addition, another fungus, Phomopsis oblonga (Desm.)

Trav., is a common, rapid invader of the bark of newly

dying Wych Elm and competes with the elm bark beetles

which normally breed in the bark (Gibbs, Brasier &

Webber 1994).


Map 176. Frangula alnus (Alder Buckthorn) Map 177. Ulmus glabra (Wych Elm)

Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica

Ulmaceae, Cannabaceae

which point the disease returns and kills the regrowth

(Brasier 1983). Brasier suggests there will be a 15-20 year

cycle of regeneration and disease in southern England. As

a result elms can be very difficult to identify to a species

level. Nevertheless, records of Ulmus species based on

immature or leafless suckers, made during the winter,

suggest it is still likely to be as widely distributed as

before, and commonest in the south and east of the county.


l Ulmus minor Mill. sensu lato

subsp. angustifolia (Weston) Stace

Cornish Elm – Map 179

Frequent. Native. Most U. minor in Devon probably belong

to this subspecies. Known to have arisen from a single

widespread clone (unpublished data quoted by Coleman

2002) it is widespread in Cornwall and extends into

western Devon. Like U. procera it has been greatly affected

by Dutch elm disease. It is found in hedgerows and

woods.

Flora as Ulmus stricta Lindl. p.578, Atlas p.18 (107), 1987

onwards (47).

Cannabaceae

l Cannabis sativa L.

Hemp

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in south and west

Asia. Formerly grown for fibre and more recently, illicitly,

for drug use. Occurs in Devon as a casual mainly from bird

seed on waste ground and rubbish tips.


VC3

SX47 Tavistock area, SX4772, 1969, A.J.C.Beddow.

SX55 Plymouth, Boringdon, tetrad SX5258, 2006,

P.D.Pullen.

SX78 Chagford, 1932, C.E.Larter (DA 1941).


l Ulmus × vegeta (Loudon) Ley

U. glabra × U. minor

Huntingdon Elm

Very rare. Planted. All trees are known to belong to a

single clone derived from a chance hybrid grown from

seed collected in Hinchingbrook Park, Cambs, in 1760

(Coleman 2002).

Atlas p.18, 1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SY08 1987, L.M.Spalton (BSBI Atlas).

l Ulmus × hollandica Mill.

Dutch Elm (U. glabra × U. minor or U. glabra × U. minor ×

U. plotii Druce)

Rare. Native. A few scattered records for this hybrid,

mostly from the south of the county.


VC3

SX45 Ham Woods, Keyham, tetrad SX4456, 2009,

P.D.Pullen.

SX54 Lane fromWembury beach, SX5148, 2009,

P.D.Pullen.

SX55 Plympton, sewage works SX5156 and Woodford,

SX5357, 2005, P.D.Pullen. By Plym estuary,

Plymouth, SX5054, SX5055 and Blackpool Farm,

Plympton, SX5654, all 2009, P.D.Pullen.

SX66 South Brent, 1910, J.Ley det. J.V.Armstrong (CGE).

SX87 Teign Estuary, south side, SX8872, 2010, P.D.Pullen.

VC4

SS41 Torrington Common, SS4919, 1995, W.H.Tucker.

Also recorded from VC3: SX46, SX75, SX78, SX83, SX88,

SX98, SY08, SY18, SS80, SS90, ST10, ST11 (BSBI Atlas).

l Ulmus procera Salisb.

English Elm – Map 178

Common. Native. The mature trees were all killed by

Dutch elm disease in the 1970s. Regeneration from root

suckers can reach a height of 10 metres in 10 years at

English Elm Ulmus procera

Map 178. Ulmus procera (English Elm)

Cannabaceae, Moraceae, Urticaceae

SX87 Wolborough, on rubbish dump, 1937, E.S.Todd &

G.T.Fraser (DA 1938). Stover country park, SX8375,

2005, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith. West of Bishops-

teignton, SX8973, 2006, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

SX99 Bishop’s Clyst, SX9791, 2010, R.E.N.Smith &

C.J.Smith.

VC4

SS21 Upper Tamar Lake, SS2812, 2003, DAB.

SS30 Hollacombe, SS391024, 1999, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS41 Warren Lane, Torrington, SS492190, 1997,

W.H.Tucker (DA 1998).

SS70 Bow, SS718018, 2003, N.F.Stewart.

Also recorded from VC3: SX89, SX96, SY08 and VC4: SS91

(BSBI Atlas).


Map 180. Humulus lupulus (Hop)

Map 179. Ulmus minor subsp. angustifolia

(Cornish Elm)

l Humulus lupulus L.

Hop – Map 180

Frequent. Native. Mainly in hedgebanks, often near

habitation. Cultivated in other parts of the country. Absent

from much of the northwest of the county.


Moraceae

l Ficus carica L.

Fig

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the eastern

Mediterranean and southwest Asia. Found at the base of

walls and on waste ground, mostly in built-up areas.

1987 onwards (13).

VC3

SX45 Plymouth Hoe, SX4753, 2006, R.M.H.Hodgson.

Coxside, Plymouth, SX4854, 2007, P.D.Pullen.

SX46 Tamerton area, tetrad SX4662, 2006, P.D.Pullen.

SX55 Boringdon Hill, SX530580, 2006, P.D.Pullen.

SX65 Cornwood, SX605597, 2005, R.M.H.Hodgson; 2008,

P.D.Pullen. Modbury, SX6551, 2006, P.D.Pullen; 2009,

R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

ST10 Honiton, ST1501, 1964, W.H.Tucker (DA 1992).

VC4

SS42 Bideford, SS4526, 1971, W.H.Tucker (DA 1992).

Appledore, SS4629, 2007, W.H.Tucker &

R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS72 South Molton, tetrad SS7026, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.

Also recorded from VC3: SX78, SY09, SY19, SS80, SS90

(BSBI Atlas).

Urticaceae

l Urtica dioica L.

Stinging Nettle

subsp. dioica

Very common. Native. Extremely common in a wide range

of habitats including waste ground, hedgerows, woods,

field edges, farmyards, swamps and where animals gather

on moorland. It occurs especially in nitrogen and

phosphate enriched soil and there has been a considerable

increase in occurrence in hedgerows due to the

widespread use of agricultural fertilisers.


subsp. galeopsifolia (Wierzb. ex Opiz) Chrtek

Stingless Nettle

Not constantly different in morphology from subsp. dioica

and intermediate plants can be found. Damp places,

riverbanks and fens. There are few localised Devon records

but narrow-leaved stingless nettles are frequent in shady

places throughout the county.

VC3

SX64 Ringmore, 1894, E.S.Marshall (Marshall 1895, CGE).

Urticaceae, Nothofagaceae

l Soleirolia soleirolii (Req.) Dandy

Mind-your-own-business – Map 183

Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the

Mediterranean. It has been planted in rockeries and

greenhouses and is now commonly naturalised on damp

shady walls and banks, mainly near habitation. By 1939 it

was well established in several parishes but there are no

earlier records.

Flora as Helxine soleirolii Req. p.580, Atlas p.20 (144), 1987

onwards (279).

Nothofagaceae

l Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb.) Blume

Roble

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Chile and

Argentina. Planted for timber production and occasionally

for ornament. In Devon there are nine records from VC3

and three from VC4 but no records of natural regeneration.

1987 onwards (12)

l Nothofagus alpina (Poepp. & Endl.) Oerst.

Rauli

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Chile and

Argentina. Planted for timber production and occasionally

for ornament. In Devon there are eighteen records from

VC3 and two from VC4. There are three records of natural

regeneration.

1987 onwards (19).


SX85 Cornworthy, D.M.Day (DA 1943).

SX87 Jetty Marsh, SX862720, 1997, R.E.N.Smith.

SY09 Aylesbeare Common, SY0490, 1995, R.E.N.Smith

(RENS).

SY30 Lynch Cottage, SY309906, 2005, R.E.N.Smith.

ST10 The Gissage, Honiton, ST155008, 2002, L.J.Margetts

(RENS).

VC4

SX69 South Tawton, SX6594, 1919, W.C.Barton (BM);

SX655947, 1980, A.J.Pollard (CGE).

l Urtica urens L.

Small Nettle – Map 181

Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Cultivated and

waste ground, especially on light soils. It was always rare

in much of VC4 and scarce in the region north of Exeter

(Flora). It is commonest in the Exeter area but is under-

recorded at the tetrad level in other parts of VC3.


l Urtica pilulifera L.

Roman Nettle

Extinct. Introduced, casual; from southern Europe. A rare

annual with no recent Devon records.


VC3

SX64 Bantham, J.Fairweather (Fairweather 1912).

VC4

SS43 Near Saunton Court, Braunton, T.F.Ravenshaw

(Ravenshaw 1860).

l Parietaria judaica L.

Pellitory-of-the-wall – Map 182

Frequent. Native. On old walls and sides of buildings,

rocky hedgebanks and rock outcrops. Widely distributed

in the south and far north but absent from most of the

centre of the county.

Flora as P. ramiflora Moench. p.580, Atlas p.19 (341), 1987

onwards (314).

Small Nettle Urtica urens

Pellitory-of-the-wall Parietaria judaica

Nothofagaceae, Fagaceae

VC3

SX78 Sapling beside track through Hannicombe Wood,

Moretonhamptead, SX743894, 2012, J.J.Ison.

SX99 A sapling with planted trees at Ashclyst Forest,

SX9999, 1992, DAB (DA 1993).

SY09 A tree by the roadside near Venn Ottery Reserve,

SY0691, 1987, L.J.Margetts (DA 1988).

Fagaceae

l Fagus sylvatica L.

Beech

Very common. Native in the south and east of Britain but

probably not in Devon. Widely planted on hedgebanks,

especially in North Devon, and in woodlands where it

may naturalise. Generally prefers well-drained soils.


l Castanea sativa Mill.

Sweet Chestnut – Map 184 (overleaf)

Common. Introduced, an archaeophtye; native in southern

Europe. Extensively planted and often naturally

regenerating.


l Quercus cerris L.

Turkey Oak – Map 185 (overleaf)

Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern

Europe. In 1939 it was almost unknown in Devon (Flora).

Often planted and now widely naturalised in woods and

hedgerows. This is a very vigorous species, out-competing

native shrubs and trees, and a cause for concern on some

sites where conservation should be a priority.


l Quercus × crenata Lam.

Q. cerris × Q. suber

Lucombe Oak


Very rare. Derived from a hybrid raised at his Exeter

nursery by William Lucombe in 1762. The few records are

of planted trees.

1987 onwards (8).

VC3

SX86 Kingskerswell, by railway station, 1940,

T.Stephenson det. A.B.Jackson.

SX87 Newton Abbot, by railway station, 1940,

T.Stephenson det. A.B.Jackson. Wolborough church,

SX8570, 2005, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

SX97 Luscombe Castle, SX947767, 2011, H.Gibbons.

SX98 Dawlish Lodge, SX9380, 2004, R.E.N.Smith &

C.J.Smith. Powderham, SX9783, 2003, R.E.N.Smith &

C.J.Smith.

Map 181. Urtica urens (Small Nettle)

Map 183. Soleirolia soleirolii (Mind-your-own-business)

Map 182. Parietaria judaica (Pellitory-of-the-wall)

Fagaceae

it has continued to colonise new areas.

Flora p.584. Atlas p.16 (138), 1987 onwards (263).

l Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.

Sessile Oak – Map 187

Common. Native. Usually in woodland, less often in

hedgerows. Throughout Devon but is commonest in the

Exmoor area and around the fringes of Dartmoor, where it

can form pure stands, and on the Culm Measures.


l Quercus × rosacea Bechst.

Q. petraea × Q. robur

Native. This hybrid is undoubtedly very common, trees

often exhibiting characteristics of both taxa in varying

degree. There are twenty one recent hectad records from

VC3, but none from VC4. It is undoubtedly


VC4

SS42 Hallsanery, SS458245, 2008, A.Harvey.

Also recorded from VC3: SX47, SY08, SS90, ST00 (BSBI

Atlas).

l Quercus ilex L.

Evergreen Oak – Map 186

Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the

Mediterranean. Commonly planted and often naturalising

in hedges and amongst scrub, especially in coastal areas

where it is tolerant of salt-laden air. It can form dense

stands shading out native vegetation. It is very invasive in

the Axmouth-Lyme Undercliffs NNR where its removal

has been a priority. There is an entry for this species but no

records are quoted in 1939 (Flora). By 1984 it was scattered

throughout the areas where it is known today (Atlas) and

Map 184. Castanea sativa (Sweet Chestnut) Map 186. Quercus ilex (Evergreen Oak)

Map 187. Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak)Map 185. Quercus cerris (Turkey Oak)

Fagaceae, Myricaceae

under-recorded at both the tetrad and hectad levels.


l Quercus robur L.

Pedunculate Oak

Very common. Native. Woods, hedgerows, parkland and in

fields. This is the commonest oak and is found throughout

the county including the upland woodlands on Dartmoor.


l Quercus rubra L.

Red Oak – Map 188

Introduced, a neophyte; native in North America.

Sometimes planted as an ornamental. There are scattered

records from both vice-counties but there is no evidence of

natural regeneration in Devon.

1987 onwards (33).


Myricaceae

l Myrica gale L.

Bog Myrtle

Rare. Native. Peat bogs and wet heaths. It is generally rare

but can be locally abundant. Most populations are on the

heaths east of Dartmoor and in the Blackdown Hills. It has

also been recorded in two areas on the fringes of Dartmoor.

It has not been seen recently on Little Haldon and appears

to be absent from most of North Devon. It may have

declined in some areas as a result of drainage.


VC3

SX46 Marsh near Morwellham Quay, ‘probably gone’

(Briggs 1880).

SX56 Several bushes by stream below Shaugh Wood,

1877, T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1880). Just above

Delamore, T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1880); Piall Bridge,

SX597603, 2000, R.M.H.Hodgson & R.B.Hutchins;

2006, P.D.Pullen. Cholwichtown, ca. 1784, F.Drake

(Briggs 1884a); plentiful below Pen Beacon,

T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1880); Newpark Waste,

SX593615, 2007, P.D.Pullen.

SX67 Soussons, SX6879, 1970, H.E.W.Selby (Atlas).

SX75 Halwell and Morleigh Parish, R.M.Milne (Flora).

SX77 Holne Chase (Jones & Kingston 1829); 1840, N.Ward

(Ward 1841). Ashburton (Jones & Kingston 1829);

Goodstone, 1926, G.H.Douglas (TOR). Tetrad

SX7777, 1969, D.M.Ellis (Atlas). Tetrad SX7878,

1978, A.G.Side (Atlas). Several plants by dry track,

Yarner Wood, SX779791, 2011, R.E.N.Smith.

Abundant by Reddaford Water at Yarner Wood,

SX787789, 1996, M.R.Hughes; 2012, R.E.N.Smith. By

Reddaford Water west of Shute, SX790791, 1995,

M.R.Hughes & N.F.Stewart; 2006, R.E.N.Smith.

Between Bovey and Hay Tor, 1909, A.H.Wolley-Dod

Map 188. Quercus rubra (Red Oak)

Turkey Oak Quercus cerris, p.287 Pedunculate Oak Quercus robur

Myricaceae, Juglandaceae

SY19 Offwell, W.P.Hiern (DA 1914); Offwell Wood, by an

old mill where it was previously used for tanning,

1953, anon. (DA 1954); tetrad SY1898, 1972,

G.S.Steele-Perkins. Hawkswood NR, SY199978, 2010,

J.J.Ison and D.J.Allen.

ST10 Sheldon Parish, F.F.Laidlaw (DA 1944). Stentwood,

ST1309, 1988, P.Palmes (DA 1989). In four locations,

Park Farm, ST1409, 2006 to 2010, J.J.Ison, R.Stonex,

H.Gibbons. Bywood Copse, ST1509, 2010, H.Gibbons.

ST11 Tetrad, ST1210, 1976, J.G.Keylock (Atlas);

Ruggsmoor, ST1210, 1995, L.J.Margetts; ST124107,

2011, R.E.N.Smith. Tetrad ST1212, 1976, J.G.Keylock

(Atlas); Lickham Bottom, Hemyock, ST1212, 1995,

L.J.Margetts; abundant ST127122, 2010, J.J.Ison &

E.Hopkinson. Abbey Mill Farm, Dunkeswell, 1994,

East Devon Survey Team (DA 1995); ST144101, 2009,

R.Stonex. Abbey Hill, ST148106, 2012, D.E.Allen.

ST20 Tetrad ST2002, 1974, T.J.Wallace. Bucehayes

Common, ST214048, 1994, L.J.Margetts; 2009,

D.J.Allen. Tetrad ST2202, 1972, T.J.Wallace (Atlas);

Shore Bottom, ST233029, 1995, L.J.Margetts;

ST230032, 2011, R.E.N.Smith. ST2205, 1965,

D.J.Allen, Tetrad ST2204, 1972, T.J.Wallace. Quantock

Common, ST224048, 2011, D.J.Allen. Near

Collyforches Farm, ST227072, 1977, D.J.Allen.

Sandpit Hill, ST2209, 1995, L.J.Margetts.

VC4

SX59 Okehampton, E.P.Burd (DA 1926). Milland Farm,

Inwardleigh, SX532988, 1959, T.W.W.Jones (DA

1960); 1995, W.H.Tucker.

SX69 Near Fursdon Cross, Sampford Courtenay, 1950

and 1954, O.Greig (DA 1951). Belstone, H.H.Harvey

(Flora); Belstone Cleave, SX628937, 1954, O.Greig;

extensively in flushes on north facing slopes,

SX629934, 2003, J.R.B.Tallowin; SX625934, 2005,

A.Watt; SX630931, 2012, R.E.N.Smith & S.Goodfellow.

Near Nine Stones, SX654920, 1955, O.Greig; 1994,

M.R.Hughes. Near Ramsley, SX647925, 1995,

N.Dayton.

SS20 Upper Bridgerule Bog, W.M.Rogers (Rogers 1883a,

1886). Scotland Bog, W.M.Rogers (Rogers 1886).

SS81 Witheridge Moor area, SS8614, 1979, M.A.Stile.

SS82 East Anstey, W.P.Hiern (Flora).

Also recorded from VC3: SX47, SX76, SS90 and VC4: SS43

(BSBI Atlas).

Juglandaceae

l Juglans regia L.

Walnut

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern Europe

and Asia. Usually planted and not usually naturalising but

there are two records which appear to be self-sown.

Atlas p.15 (8), 1987 onwards (23).

VC3

SX99 Small sapling on river bank, Riverside Valley Park,

SX929909, 2009, J.J.Ison.


(Wolley-Dod 1910); Lustleigh (Flora); Bovey Valley

Woods, SX782796, 2007, I.Lakin.

SX78 Manaton Parish (Jones & Kingston 1829). Tetrad

SX7880, 1980, J.A.Wyatt (Atlas). Near Chagford,

R.Stewart (Stewart 1860).

SX86 Blackball Plantation, Newton Abbot, SX861699,

2008, R.E.N.Smith.

SX87 Ilsington (Jones & Kingston 1829); Brimley Farm,

SX807769, 1997, N.Baldock; 2012, R.E.N.Smith. Tetrad

SX8274, 1971, DAB. Stover (Flora); by Stover Lake,

SX8375, anon, 1981; SX834751, 1990, R.Gould,

L.J.Margetts & W.H.Tucker; 2013, R.E.N.Smith. Tetrad

SX8276, 1971, R.B.Ivimey-Cook (Atlas). Great

Plantation, SX820760 and SX822760, 2005,

R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith. Bovey Heathfield, J.P.Jones

(Jones 1820); in several places, SX823763 to

SX825768, 2003 to 2011, J.J.Ison and R.E.N.Smith &

C.J.Smith. Chudleigh Knighton Heath, W.M.Rogers

(Rogers 1882a); SX8377, 1951, anon.; one bush,

SX8377, 1985, A.P.G.Mitchelmore. Forde Bog and

Milber Down (Stewart 1860). Wolborough Decoy,

1915, R.Carr-Smith (Flora, TOR); Blackball

Plantation, SX864700, 1995 to 2008, R.E.N.Smith.

SX88 Local on Haldon, W.M.Rogers (Rogers 1882a).

SX97 Tetrads SX9074, SX9076 and SX9078, 1974,

J.H.T.Knight (Atlas). Little Haldon, SX911763, 1966,

R.J.Skerrett.

SY09 Tetrad SY0898, 1983, W.H.Tucker (Atlas).

Bog Myrtle Myrica gale

Juglandaceae, Betulaceae

SY28 50 year old tree on edge of chasm, Axmouth

Undercliff, SY291898, 1997, N.Barns (DA 1998).

Betulaceae

l Betula pendula Roth

Silver Birch – Map 189

Common. Native. Common in woods, scrub and heaths

preferring slightly drier, acid well-drained soils. It is a

pioneer species where grazing is absent or reduced.


l Betula pubescens Ehrh.

Downy Birch – Map 190 (overleaf)

Common. Native. In similar habitats to B. pendula, but

prefers wetter soils and is the commonest birch in the

north and west of the county. A pioneer species, especially

in Molinia dominated mires in the absence of grazing.


l Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.

Alder

Very common. Native. Damp woods and by streams and

rivers. Occurs throughout the county but is absent from

the uplands and is uncommon by the coast.



l Alnus incana (L.) Moench.

Grey Alder

Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe.

Planted for ornament and shelter, with scattered records

from across the county. While this species is known to

Alder Alnus glutinosa

Map 189. Betula pendula (Silver Birch)

Betulaceae, Cucurbitaceae

l Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby

Italian Alder

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern Italy and

Corsica. Planted in parks and roadsides as an ornamental.

While this species is known to reproduce readily from seed

in the British Isles (BSBI Atlas), self-seeded plants have

been recorded only once in Devon. However, it may have

been overlooked in Devon, particularly in built-up areas

where A. cordata is a common street tree.

1987 onwards (27).

VC3

SX99 Abundant small plants below fence at top of low

wall, Haven Road, Exeter, SX917919, 2009, J.J.Ison.

l Carpinus betulus L.

Hornbeam – Map 191

Frequent. Native in southeast England but not in Devon.

Often planted in hedges, copses and woodland. Scattered

throughout but commonest in the south of the county.


l Corylus avellana L.

Hazel

Very common. Native. Hedges, woods and copses.

Extensively coppiced in the past. Absent only from high

moorland.


Cucurbitaceae

l Bryonia dioica Jacq.

White Bryony

Very rare. Native in Dorset, Somerset and most of southern

and midland England, but introduced in Devon and only

occurring casually. There is one recent record.



reproduce by suckering, regeneration from seed has rarely

been reported. It may be more frequent, especially in

towns but, in the wider countryside, there is only one

recorded case of naturalised plants.

1987 onwards (34).

VC3

SX67 Regenerating from planted trees, Bellever, SX6577,

2010, J.J.Ison.

Map 190. Betula pubescens (Downy Birch) Map 191. Carpinus betulus (Hornbeam)

Hornbeam Carpinus betulus

Cucurbitaceae, Celastraceae, Oxalidaceae

VC3

SX46 Tetrad SX4468, 1970, D.A.Curry (Atlas).

SX54 Newton Ferrers, Mrs. Jennings (Flora).

SX95 Berry Head, SX9456, 1972, O.M.Stewart.

SX97 Casual on a garden wall on the edge of

Teignmouth, 1880, W.M.Rogers (Rogers 1880).

SX99 Single plant in raised shrubbery bed, Alphington

Road, Exeter, SX915908, 2007, J.J.Ison (DA 2008).

SY08 Bicton, SY0785, 1950, E.D.Tallent (DA 1951).

Also recorded in VC3: SX89, SX98 (BSBI Atlas).

Celastraceae

l Euonymus europaeus L.

Spindle – Map 192

Common. Native. Woods, scrub and in hedges,

commonest on base-rich and especially on calcareous soils

but not confined to them.


l Euonymus japonicus Thunb.

Evergreen Spindle

Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Japan.

Commonly planted as hedging especially in coastal areas

and sometimes persisting as a garden throw-out. Recorded

in thirty five hectads in South Devon between 1987 and

1999 but only once in North Devon, presumably reflecting

observer bias. Also known from Lundy.

1987 onwards (35).

Oxalidaceae

l Oxalis corniculata L.

Procumbent Yellow-sorrel – Map 193 (overleaf)

Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native range

unknown, but now found throughout the warmer parts of

the world. A common garden weed which is also found on

paths, walls and waste ground mainly near habitation.

One of the earliest British records was in 1781 from “a

waste rubbishy spot at Dawlish” where it was recorded by

J.Turner (Berkenhout 1795, Withering 1796). It was soon

recorded from a number of other localities in the Exeter

area and beyond and Smith & Sowerby (1807) report

receiving specimens from four botanists with the comment

that “all these authorities surely establish it as a native”.

Although this is not correct, it shows that it was already

well-established by then. Jones & Kingston (1829) report it

as “a common weed in gardens in different parts of the

county” although the example locations are all in the

Exeter to Torbay area. Nowadays, it is scattered widely in

the county, but still mainly in the more populated areas.


l Oxalis exilis A.Cunn.

Least Yellow-sorrel

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in New Zealand

and Tasmania. In similar places to O. corniculata but much

less common.

1987 onwards (10).


VC3

SX65 Modbury, SX6551, 2009, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

SX98 Kenn Church, SX9285, 2003, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

SY28 Between Beer and Seaton Hole, SY2389, 1994,

L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton (DA 1995).

VC4

SS43 Croyde Bay, SS4339, 2004, BSBI. East Yelland, tetrad

SS4832, 2004, W.H.Tucker. Braunton Burrows,

SS464339, 1988, M.Tulloh & W.H.Tucker (DA 1989).

Spindle Euonymus europaeus

Map 192. Euonymus europaeus (Spindle)

Oxalidaceae

It seems always to have been rare elsewhere. A number of

records are as a weed in arable fields but it is perhaps more

frequently a casual of waste ground or a throw-out from

gardens.

Flora p.188, Atlas as O. europaea Jord. p.91 (12), 1987

onwards (18).

VC3

SX65 South Brent Moorland Park, SX6959, 2011, P.J.Reay.

SX66 South Brent Moorland Park, SX6960, 2011, P.J.Reay.

SX76 Tetrad SX7468, L.Hatch (Atlas). Tetrad SX7860,

M.A.Stile (Atlas).

SX78 Chagford Cemetery, SX702875, 1958, R.J.Skerrett.

Highbury, SX713886, 1958, R.J.Skerrett.

SX84 Market garden fields east of Stokeley Barton

SX818430 to SX820429, 2005 to 2007, N.F.Stewart.

SX86 Near Ipplepen, SX845673, 1997, R.E.N.Smith.

SX87 Challabrook Farm, SX8077, 2003, R.E.N.Smith &

C.J.Smith. Mill Cross Bridge, SX826719, 2003,

R.E.N.Smith. Beside pavement, Newton Abbot,

SX8571, 2007, I.Lakin.

SX96 Road bank, Hope’s Nose, SX9463, 1989, W.H.Tucker

(DA 1990).

SX97 Casual, Rocombe, 1935, G.T.Fraser (Flora). Boat

Cove, SX962763, 1966, R.J.Skerrett.

SX99 Tetrad SX9896, 1973, G.Hawkins (Atlas).

SY08 By wall, East Budleigh, SY066848, 2011, R.E.N.Smith

& C.J.Smith.

SY18 Bickwell Valley, SY114880, 1985, C.G.Hanson.

SY19 Ottery St. Mary, G.B.Wollaston (Wollaston 1869).

ST00 Tetrad ST0008, 1972, H.McDouall (Atlas).

VC4

SS40 Tetrad SS4606, 1973, W.H.Tucker (Atlas). Arable field,

Shebbear, SS4806, 1967, G.Waterhouse (DA 1968).

SS42 Common in Northam Parish in arable fields,

gardens and orchards, G.Maw (Maw 1853). Gardens

on southwest side of Bideford, 1847 and 1852,

G.Maw (Maw 1853, BON, HLU); 1955, anon. (BM).

Maize field, Ashridge, SS452248, 1997, W.H.Tucker

(DA 1998). SS4525, 1954, A.J.C.Beddow (Atlas).

Tetrad SS4426, 1983, W.H.Tucker (Atlas). Between

Torrington and Littleham, G.Maw (Maw 1853).

Tetrad SS4622, 1973, G.Hawkins (Atlas); path, Weare

Giffard, SS473222, 1994, W.H.Tucker.

SS43 Braunton, F.R.Elliston Wright (Flora); pre-1934,

H.S.Redgrove (Flora); tetrads SS4436 and SS4438,

1972, M.Jacques (Atlas). Braunton Burrows, dumped

soil, SS464339, 1988, W.H.Tucker & M.Tulloh (DA

1989). Grass ley west of Braunton, SS473370, 2005,

N.F.Stewart. Tetrad SS4834, 1978, M.Jacques (Atlas).

SS44 Tetrad SS4240, 1978, M.Jacques (Atlas).

SS51 Arable field, Merton, SS5212, 1975, W.H.Tucker (DA

1976). Tetrad SS5214, 1975, M.C.Hockaday (Atlas).

SS53 Barnstaple (Flora, RAMM).

SS61 Chulmleigh, SS6814, 2011, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS72 South Molton, H.Saunders (Flora, RAMM).

SS64 Parracombe, tetrad SS6644, 2011, M.Putnam &

A.Holwill.

Also recorded from VC3: SX77, SX89 and VC4: SS53 (BSBI

Atlas).


SS51 Torrington, SS5019, 1994, W.H.Tucker.

SS72 Bishop’s Nympton, SS7523, 1994, W.H.Tucker.

Also recorded from VC3: SY08 and VC4: SS30 (BSBI

Atlas).

l Oxalis stricta L.

Upright Yellow-sorrel

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in North America.

Known to have been cultivated in Britain by 1658 (Preston,

Pearman & Dines 2002) it was first recorded in Devon

around Bideford and Northam in 1853. It was occasional in

this area at the time and there have been scattered records

from this area and from around Braunton since then.

Map 193. Oxalis corniculata (Procumbent Yellow-sorrel)

Procumbent Yellow-sorrel Oxalis corniculata

Oxalidaceae

l Oxalis articulata Savigny

Pink-sorrel – Map 194

Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Brazil.

Commonly grown in gardens and most frequent in towns

and villages where it naturalises on pavements, on waste

ground and rubbish tips. Commonest in coastal areas.

Flora as O. floribunda Lehm. p.188, Atlas p.91 (33), 1987

onwards (153).

l Oxalis acetosella L.

Wood-sorrel

Common. Native. Woods, hedgebanks and sometimes by

shady rocks and tors on moisture retentive soils. One of

the few species able to survive in the deep shade of conifer

plantations. Generally distributed but it seems to be less

common in the Exeter area.


l Oxalis debilis Kunth

Large-flowered Pink-sorrel

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in South

America. First recorded in Dartmouth in 1930. It has been

grown in gardens and is found occasionally as a weed or

naturalised on waste ground and rubbish tips.

Flora as O. corymbosa DC p.188, Atlas as O. corymbosa DC

p.92 (3), 1987 onwards (2).

VC3

SX46 Bere Ferrers, tetrad SX4462, 2007, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SX54 Wembury, tetrad SX5048, 1971, R.B.Ivimey-Cook

(Atlas).

SX64 Ringmore, tetrad SX6446, 1978, H.A.Sandford

(Atlas).

SX85 Dartmouth, 1930, F.M.Day det. G.C.Druce (Druce

1931). Brixham, roadside near Croftland, SX8952,

1954, F.M.Day.

SX98 Starcross, tetrad SX9680, 1973, G.F.C.Hawkins

(Atlas).

VC4

SS42 Westleigh, SS4728, 2007, R.M.H.Hodgson.

l Oxalis latifolia Kunth.

Garden Pink-sorrel

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Central and South

America. Grown in gardens, sometimes naturalising on

rubbish tips and waste ground and as a weed in

allotments.

Atlas p.92 (1), 1987 onwards (14).

VC3

SX47 Tavistock, 1957, R.C.L.Howitt (BSBI Atlas).

SX64 Mothecombe, in village, SX6047, 2010, R.E.N.Smith.

SX87 Newton Abbot, SX8471, 1969, M.C.Hockaday (Atlas).

SX95 Brixham allotments, SX9256, 1996, L.M.Spalton (DA

1997).

SX96 Babbacombe allotments, SX9065, 1996, L.M.Spalton

(DA 1997).

SX98 Starcross, SX9782, 2003, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

Lympstone, SX9983, 2003, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

SY08 Exmouth, SY0187, 1995, L.M.Spalton (DA 1996).


VC4

SS32 Clovelly churchyard, SS309251, 2011,

R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS41 Torrington Common, SS490191, 1995, W.H.Tucker.

SS92 Bampton Castle, SS958225, 1990, L.J.Margetts (DA

1996).

Also recorded from VC3: SX99, SS80 and VC4: SX48, SS91

(BSBI Atlas).

l Oxalis tetraphylla Cav.

Four-leaved Pink-sorrel

Very rare. Introduced. A neophyte; native in Mexico.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX55 Boringdon Park, SX529577, 2006, D.Fenwick

(Fenwick 2007).

l Oxalis pes-caprae L.

Bermuda-buttercup

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in South Africa.

Map 194. Oxalis articulata (Pink-sorrel)

Pink-sorrel Oxalis articulata

Oxalidaceae, Euphorbiaceae

SX84 Stokenham, SX8242 and Start, SX8044, both 2008,

R.E.N.Smith.

SX86 Tetrads SX8862 and SX8864, 1978, M.Pool (Atlas).

Cockington, SX8963, 2005, R.E.N.Smith.

SX96 Daddyhole, SX9262, 2007, I.Lakin. Ilsham Marine

Drive, SX939632, 2013, R.E.N.Smith.

SX98 Alphington, SX917899, 2007, J.J.Ison.

SX99 Barnfield, Exeter, SX921923, 2007, J.J.Ison. Heavitree,

Exeter, SX935923, 2008, J.J.Ison.

SY08 Newton Poppleford, SY0889, 2007, J.J.Ison.

SY09 Metcombe, 1990, W.H.Tucker (DA 1991).

VC4

SS43 Velator, SS4835, 1998, W.H.Tucker.

SS44 Lee village, SS4846, 1984, H.J.M.Bowen. Tetrad

SS4642, 1971, J.P.Widgery (Atlas); Woolacombe,

SX4643, 1987, W.H Tucker.

SS53 Tetrad SS5432, 1975, B.Eaton.

SS54 Combe Martin, SS5846, 1999, W.H.Tucker (DA 2000).

Tetrad SS5046, 1977, J.S.Rees. Nettleton Cross,

SS5847, 2010, C.J.Giddens.

ST01 Sampford Peverell area, ST0416 and ST0415, 1990,

L.J.Margetts & W.H.Tucker.


SX73, SX78, SX79, SX83, SX85, SX87, SX95, SX97, SY09,

SY19, SY29, SS80, SS90 and VC4: SX38, SS42, SS51 (BSBI

Atlas).

l Oxalis violacea L.

Violet Wood-sorrel

Extinct. Introduced, a neophyte; native in North America.

Recorded once in the 1920s.

Flora p.188, 1987 onwards (0).

VC3

SX96 Torquay, 1924, E.S.Todd (Flora).

l Oxalis triangularis A.St.-Hil.

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Brazil. A single

record from waste ground in Plymouth.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3


(Fenwick 2007).

Euphorbiaceae

l Mercurialis perennis L.

Dog’s Mercury

Very common. Native. In woods, hedges and shaded

places. Widespread in Devon except on the high moors.

Flora p.577, Atlas 97 (1371), 1987 onwards (1214).

l Mercurialis annua L.

Annual Mercury – Map 195

Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Arable fields,

allotments, gardens and waste ground on light soils. It is

commonest in the area between Exeter and Torbay, with


A common arable weed in the Mediterranean and the Isles

of Scilly. Has been seen recently as a weed imported with

large potted Olive (Olea europaea L.) trees in garden

nurseries.

Atlas p.92 (1), 1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SY08 Madeira Cliff, Exmouth, SY0180, 1985, J.A.Philpott

(DA 1986).

VC4

SS44 Woolacombe, Bay View Road, SS4543, before 1940

and 1967, M.Tulloh; 1999, W.H.Tucker.

l Oxalis incarnata L.

Pale Pink-sorrel

Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native in South Africa.

A weed of cultivated ground, walls and banks. In Devon

most records are from coastal areas.

Atlas p.92 (5), 1987 onwards (34).

VC3

SX46 SX4563, 1973, Tetrad SX4462, 1977, both

A.J.C.Beddow (Atlas).


(Fenwick 2007).

Four-leaved Pink-sorrel Oxalis tetraphylla, p.295

Pale Pink-sorrel Oxalis incarnata

Euphorbiaceae

other records in the Plymouth area and the

Bideford/Barnstaple area.


l Mercurialis ambigua L.f.

Very rare. Introduced, casual; native in the western

Mediterranean. Found once recently on disturbed ground

with many other alien species.

Flora as M. annua var. ambigua (L.f.) Duby p.577, 1987

onwards (1).

VC3

SX45 Weed in vegetable garden, Stoke Damerel, 1863,

T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1863).

SX55 Boringdon Park, SX529577, 2006, D.Fenwick det.

D.Obbard & J.Pannell (Fenwick 2007, DA 2008).

SY08 Newport, Topsham, W.S.M.D’Urban (Flora,

RAMM).

l Euphorbia peplis L.

Purple Spurge

Extinct in Devon and in Britain. Extinct on the British Red

List. Native. A plant of sand and shingle beaches, just

above the high water line. Southwest Britain is at the

northern edge of its European range and on two occasions

it has established a foothold on the south Devon coast. On

each occasion, it has persisted for a time and was recorded

in several places, probably being washed around in storms

from a well-established core population. It occurred

around the end of the 18th century between Exmouth and

Torbay and is decribed in Hudson (1778) as “prope

Exmouth in Devonia copiose” but Jones (1820) did not see it

for himself at either Exmouth or Dawlish. It reappeared on

the coast between Beesands and Slapton in the 1870s

where it was seen (and collected) by numerous botanists

until 1920. On the north coast, there is a record from

Northam Burrows from around 1800 which is the only

North Devon record accepted by Salmon (1907) in his

review of the species. Although there is no voucher

specimen, there are other records from Somerset,


Glamorgan and Ceredigion in the first half of the 19th

century, including specimens from Glamorgan, and the

record seems to be plausible. However, all of the

remaining records listed in the Flora have varying degrees

of doubt. The record from Seaton appears to be an error

made by Keys and repeated by others since that time as

Hore (1841) makes no mention of this species. The record

from Braunton attributed to Ravenshaw in the Flora was

not reported by him during his visit in 1862 (Ravenshaw

1862), in Ravenshaw (1860) or the 1872 supplement. The

most recent record from Lundy, 1965, is due to a typing

error for E. peplus, and there is no suitable habitat on the

island and probably never has been. Goodleigh is a small

inland parish to the east of Barnstaple, a most unlikely

locality for this species. Ilfracombe is a possible location

but Twiss’ Guide is not wholly reliable. Meanwhile, the

specimens said to be in the Hiern Herbarium at RAMM

(Flora) have not been found. In view of the significance of

this species nationally, it is remarkable that there is no

corroboration or acceptance of these records in herbaria or

contemporary literature. Taken together with the easy

clerical confusion with the more common E. peplus, it

seems best to reject these other records until more

supporting information can be found. It was not able to

maintain its foothold in Devon (or elsewhere in the

Southwest). Re-population from mainland Europe is a

possibility, although the extensive public use of the

beaches, particularly in South Devon will inhibit any

colony becoming established.


VC3

SX83 Start Point, 1878, T.P.Curnow (BSBI Atlas, OXF).

SX84 Beesands, 1878, W.B.Waterfall (BON, HLU); 1898,

E.S.Marshall (HLU); 1920, J.C.Davey (BSBI Atlas,

RNG); also “in some quantity south of Torcross”,

1919, J.T.Foggitt (DA 1941) may belong here.

Torcross/Slapton Sands, recorded frequently in

several places from 1875, W.B.Waterfall (Flora) to

1920, E.Graham (BSBI Atlas). Blackpool Sands,

W.Borrer (Salmon 1907, CGE, K). Stoke Fleming, no

date, J.Storey (BSBI Atlas).

SX85 Goodrington Sands (Stewart 1860).

SX86 Between Paignton and Torquay, 1808, C.S.Cullen

(Salmon 1907, BM); sands between Paignton and

Torquay, J.Jervis (Jones & Kingston 1829, BM).

Annual Mercury Mercurialis annua

Map 195. Mercurialis annua (Annual Mercury)

Euphorbiaceae

VC4

SS64 Martinhoe, near Hollowbrook waterfall, SS667494,

2006, J.Webb & T.Webb. One plant on roadside at Lee

Abbey, SS696491, 1989, P.R.Green.

SS74 Tetrad SS7048, 1981, R.B.Ivimey-Cook (Atlas). Within

the core area in the East Lyn Valley recorded in

SS7348, SS7446, SS7447, SS7448, SS7547, SS7548 and

SS7647 from 1840, N.Ward (Ward 1841, BPL), to the

present day, W.H.Tucker, R.FitzGerald,

R.M.H.Hodgson, N.F.Stewart, etc. Badgworthy Water,

SS7844, anon. 1963 (BSBI Atlas).

l Euphorbia dulcis L.

Sweet Spurge

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe.

Sometimes naturalised in shaded places and in gardens.


VC3

SX56 Tetrad SX5068, 1973, M.F.Spooner (Atlas).

SX73 Batson Creek, Salcombe, SX7339, 1970, G.S.Steele-

Perkins det. Kew (DA 1971, DA1985).

SX98 Churston Ferrers, SX904565, 1997, R.E.N.Smith

(RENS).

SX99 Garden weed, Old Rydon Lane, Exeter, SX951903,

1971, G.F.C.Hawkins (DA 1973).

SY18 Wall near Salcombe Regis, SY1488, 1987,

L.M.Spalton (BSBI Atlas).

Also recorded from VC3: SX54, SX86, SX95, SX99, SY29

(BSBI Atlas).

l Euphorbia platyphyllos L.

Broad-leaved Spurge

Very rare. Introduced, an archaeophyte. A plant of

cultivated land preferring calcareous soils. Casual in

Devon.

Flora p.574, 1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX55 On disturbed ground at Boringdon Park, SX530580,

2007, D.Fenwick det. T.Walker (DA 2008).

l Euphorbia stricta L.

Upright Spurge

Very rare. Nationally Rare. Native in open woodland in the

Forest of Dean but introduced in Devon where it is a

casual of waste ground. Perhaps spreading by way of the

garden plant trade.

1987 onwards (7).

VC3

SX46 Nursery weed at Rumleigh, SX4468, 2005,

D.Fenwick.

SX85 One plant on roadside, Newton Abbot, SX857712,

2010, R.E.N.Smith.

SX87 Abundant pot weed in a nursery at Chudleigh,

SX863787, 1996, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith (DA 1997,

RENS).

SX95 Four plants on waste ground at Brownstone,

SX901506, 1996, M.Ingram det. R.E.N.Smith (DA

2007).


SX97 Among the sand near the first rocks between the

Warren and Dawlish, before 1794, F.H.Drake (Briggs

1884a). Dawlish Warren, J.Jervis (Jones 1821).

SX98 Exmouth in great quantity (Hudson 1778);

Exmouth Sands, W.Withering (Jones & Kingston

1829). These records may have been in SY08 in the

vicinity of The Maer. G.T.Fraser (DA 1941) points

out that in Hudson’s time Dawlish Warren was

known as Exmouth Warren or Exmouth Sands.

However, Jones (1821) gives the records as “at

Exmouth and on the Warren” suggesting that it

occurred on both sides of the river.

VC4

SS43 Northam Burrows, Mr.Yonge (Turner & Dillwyn

1805).

l Euphorbia serpens Kunth

Round-leaved Spurge

Very rare. Introduced, casual; from tropical America.

Usually associated with either bird seed or wool waste.

1987 onwards (1).

VC4

SS62 Bydown, Swimbridge, SS6229, 1991, R.Higgins &

D.Lawrence det. A.Ratcliffe-Smith as var. serpens (DA

1991, K).

l Euphorbia hyberna L.

Irish Spurge

Very rare. Nationally Rare. Vulnerable on the British Red

List. Native. Shaded woods and hedges with a preference

for dappled shade. Limited to a few locations in the north

of Exmoor, it is locally plentiful in the East Lyn River

valley between Wester Wood, Hillsford Bridge and

Brendon where it was first recorded by N.Ward in 1840

(Ward 1841). During a survey conducted in 1989

R.FitzGerald found plants, often abundantly, in many

locations in this core area in the north of SX74 where it can

still be found. A record from ST01, Uffculme, F.Laidlaw

(DA 1945) is well out of range and is likely to be an error.


Irish Spurge Euphorbia hyberna

Euphorbiaceae

ST20 Royal Oak Farm, Cotleigh, ST2103, 1997, D.J.Allen

(DA 1998, DJA).

VC4

SS61 Hansford, near Colleton Mills, SS6514, 1997,

E.Stenger det. L.J.Margetts (DA 1998).

Also recorded from VC3: SX78, SX98 (BSBI Atlas).

l Euphorbia helioscopia L.

Sun Spurge – Map 196

Frequent. Introduced, an archaeophyte. In cultivated and

waste ground and in gardens. Generally common but rare

around Dartmoor, Exmoor and on the Culm Measures.


l Euphorbia lathyris L.

Caper Spurge – Map 197

Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Waste ground,

roadsides, in gardens and occasionally in woodland but

not usually far from habitation. Widespread but

commonest on less acid soils.


l Euphorbia exigua L.

Dwarf Spurge – Map 198 (overleaf)

Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Arable fields and

gardens. Once found throughout the county though never

common and erratic in its appearance (Flora) except in the

Plymouth area (Briggs 1880). Still known from arable areas

in fields and occasionally in gardens and on roadsides.

Populations are usually small, but it is, occasionally, locally

abundant. It has decreased in frequency since the Flora

when it was recorded from over 50 parishes, but there is

no indication that this decline is continuing.


l Euphorbia peplus L.

Petty Spurge – Map 199 (overleaf)


Frequent. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Occurs in

cultivated ground, gardens and waste ground. Rather

common around villages. Widespread and locally common

especially in the south.


Sun Spurge Euphorbia helioscopia

Map 196. Euphorbia helioscopia (Sun Spurge) Map 197. Euphorbia lathyris (Caper Spurge)

Euphorbiaceae

Much less common in South Devon where it is now known

from the Avon estuary, the Slapton area and around the

mouth of the River Exe. Not seen recently in some of its

former sites but it may be that some of these were short-

lived colonisations washed in from other populations

along the coast.


VC3

SX45 Bovisand (Ravenshaw 1860).

SX54 Tetrad SX5246, 1973, O.D.Hunt (Atlas).

SX63 Bolt Tail, J.Fairweather (Fairweather 1913). Soar Mill,

SX6937, 1972, P.Eagle (Atlas).

SX64 By River Erme at Pamflete, T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs

1880). Ayrmer Cove, SX641455, 2013, R.E.N.Smith.

Thurlestone, SX6642, 2008, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

Cockleridge Ham, SX666441, 1998, R.Rhodes; 2004,

P.J.Reay; 2008, R.E.N.Smith.

SX73 Prawle Point, Royal Naval College Field Club (DA

1929). [The record for Kingsbridge in the Flora is

likely to be based on Saunders (1898) which is too

vague to pinpoint.]

SX84 Tetrad SX8240, 1977, M.F.Spooner (Atlas). Slapton

Sands, abundant 1909, A.H.Wolley-Dod (Wolley-Dod

1910); seen regularly since in SX8243, SX8245 and

SX8345 and still there 2013, R.E.N.Smith. Strete Gate

beach, SX838461, 1968, B.S.Brookes & A.Burns

(Brookes & Burns 1969); 2008, R.E.N.Smith.

Blackpool Sands, SX856479, 2008 and 2010,

R.E.N.Smith.

SX95 Tetrad SX9256, 1979, E.Cowling (Atlas).

SX96 Torquay (Jones & Kingston 1829). Tetrad SX9268,

J.M.Mullin (Atlas).

SX97 Dawlish Warren; known here since 1789 (Flora) and

seen regularly since in SX9878; still there 2009,

K.Rylands & I.Lakin; also at SX9779, 1981, J.M.Mullin

(Atlas).

SX98 Dawlish Warren, SX991802, 2009, K.Rylands &

I.Lakin; 2011, J.J.Ison.


l Euphorbia portlandica L.

Portland Spurge – Map 200

Occasional. Native. Locally frequent on maritime sand

dunes and sea cliffs but absent from the wooded cliffs on

the north coast.


l Euphorbia paralias L.

Sea Spurge

Rare. Native. Maritime dunes and sandy shores. More

restricted than E. portlandica but common at Braunton,

Northam, Woolacombe and Instow in North Devon.

Map 198. Euphorbia exigua (Dwarf Spurge) Map 199. Euphorbia peplus (Petty Spurge)

Dwarf Spurge Euphorbia exigua, p.299

Euphorbiaceae

SY08 Exmouth Sands (Jones & Kingston 1829); near the

harbour, W.M.Rogers (Rogers 1878); The Maer,

Exmouth, SY0180, 1992, L.M.Spalton.

VC4

SS43 Northam Burrows; seen regularly in SS4330, SS4430

and SS4431, and still there 2009, NDBG. Instow,

SS4731 and SS4732, 1991, W.H.Tucker; 2008,

R.M.H.Hodgson. Braunton Burrows; known since

1797 (Flora); seen regularly including recently in

SS4632, SS4434, SS4534, SS4435 and SS4436, and

still there 2011, DAB. Croyde Bay, SS4339, seen

regularly and still there 2011, M.Putnam &

A.Holwill.

SS44 Putsborough, SS4440, 2011, Q.Groom. Woolacombe,

tetrad SS4442, 1971, J.P.Widgery; SS4543, 1991,

W.H.Tucker; 2010, NDBG.


[SS53 The record from tetrad SS5430, 1974, M.Tulloh

(Atlas) is undoubtedly an error, while the vicinity

of Barnstaple (Ward 1841) probably refers to one of

the sites in SS43.]

SS54 Ilfracombe (Flora).

Also recorded from VC3: SY28 and VC4: SS42 (BSBI

Atlas).

l Euphorbia esula L. agg.

Leafy Spurge


Europe. A difficult aggregate group comprising, in Britain,

three species and their hybrids (all fertile) which can only

be reliably separated by leaf shape. Of these E. ×

pseudovirgata and E. cyparissias have been reliably recorded

(see separate account below). There are two other

undifferentiated, old, records.

Flora including E. virgata Waldst. & Kit, E. esula L. and E.

cyparissias L. p.575, Atlas p.99.

VC3

SX56 Between Bickleigh and Shaugh, 1915, H.W.Smith

(DA 1915, Druce 1916b).

SX77 Bickington, E.S.Todd (DA 1921).

l Euphorbia × pseudovirgata (Schur) Soó.

E. waldsteinii (Soják) Czerep × E. esula L.

Twiggy Spurge

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe. Long

naturalised by the Exeter Canal and known for several

years at Braunton Burrows though now gone.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX99 By Exeter Canal, 1927, R.H.Douglas & G.R.A.Watts

(DA 1927, TOR); and regularly since although

named variously as E. esula, E. virgata, or E.

cyparissias. Still there at SX924911 where it is locally

abundant on the canal bank for 100 metres, 2011,

J.J.Ison.

VC4

SS43 Crow Point, Braunton Burrows, SS463323, 1970,

Mrs. Nicholls det. BM; 1977, but not 1984 or

subsequently, W.H.Tucker.

l Euphorbia cyparissias L.

Cypress Spurge

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe, but

possibly native in chalk grassland in southeast England.

Naturalised in grassland and waste places usually near

habitations. The plants recorded by the Exeter Canal (DA

1942 and DA 1987) and the record from Braunton Burrows,

SS4633 (Atlas) must have been Euphorbia × pseudovirgata.


VC3

SX56 On a wall at Horrabridge, SX515699, 2006,

R.M.H.Hodgson.

SX95 Amongst gorse at Fishcombe Cove, K.E.Bull (DA

1952).

SX98 Garden weed, Topsham, W.S.M.D’Urban (Flora).

Map 200. Euphorbia portlandica (Portland Spurge)

Portland Spurge Euphorbia portlandica

Euphorbiaceae, Elatinaceae

VC3

SX45 Stonehouse, Plymouth, on a limestone cliff,

SX464536, 2007, P.D.Pullen.

SX96 Babbacombe, self-sown plants on cliff-edge,

SX925655, 2012, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

SX97 Bishopsteignton, on cliff at Luxton’s Steps,

SX901728, 2003 and 2008, R.E.N.Smith.

SY08 Budleigh Salterton, SY066819, 1992, L.M.Spalton

(DA 1993).Woodbury, SY0186, 2007, I.Lakin.

Also recorded from VC3: SX75, SX85, SX86, SY09 (BSBI

Atlas).

subsp. veneta (Willd.) Litard

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the eastern

Mediterranean.

1987 onwards (2).

VC4

SS73 Brinsworthy, SS7530, 2009, C.Giddens.

Also recorded from VC3: SY18 (BSBI Atlas).

Elatinaceae

l Elatine hexandra (Lapierre) DC.

Six-stamened Waterwort

Very rare. Native. In shallow water or on mud on the

fringes of reservoirs and lakes and in disused china clay

pits. It may be locally abundant, particularly when

exposed on mud above the water level in reservoirs.

Atlas p.110 (4), 1987 onwards (5).

VC3

SX56 In old china clay workings near Cadover Bridge,

SX551651, SX553650 and SX553651, 1991, 1996,

N.F.Stewart; locally frequent, SX552650, 2013,

R.E.N.Smith. Clay pits pond, SX574631, 2009,


SY08 Exmouth, 1916, J.C.Davey (Druce 1917b); The Maer,

Exmouth, 1922, W.S.M.D’Urban (Lester-Garland

1923); Exmouth, 1956, V.M.Wilkinson (BSBI Atlas);

Exmouth, tetrad SY0080, 1983, W.H.Tucker (Atlas);

SY003802, 2013, R.E.N.Smith.

ST01 Beacon Hill near Holcombe Rogus, ST0712, 1985,

L.J.Margetts (DA 1986).

VC4

SS30 One plant on roadside near Withypool Bridge,

Thornbury, SS393093, 2008, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS54 Pilton, 1894, Mr. Partridge (Flora). West Down, near

Foxhunter Inn, SS5142, 1957, C.M.A.Cadell (DA

1958).

Also recorded from VC3: SX45, SX55, SX57, SX87, SY09

and VC4: SS53 (BSBI Atlas).

l Euphorbia amygdaloides L.

Wood Spurge – Map 201

subsp. amygdaloides

Frequent. Native. A widespread light-demanding plant on

neutral or acid soils in woods and on hedgebanks, but

very uncommon in the far northwest.


subsp. robbiae (Turrill) Stace

Turkish Wood Spurge

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Turkey.

Scattered around South Devon in coastal districts, rare

elsewhere. There is only one localised record.

1987 onwards (10).

VC3

ST01 Willand, ST0310, 2007, J.J.Ison.


SX97, SY08, SY19, SS80, ST11 and VC4: ST01 (BSBI Atlas).

l Euphorbia characias L.

Mediterranean Spurge

subsp. characias

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the western

Mediterranean. Frequently grown in gardens and

naturalised in a few places.

1987 onwards (8).

Cypress Spurge Euphorbia cyparissias, p.301

Map 201. Euphorbia amygdaloides (Wood Spurge)

Elatinaceae, Salicaceae

N.F.Stewart, P.D.Pullen & R.E.N.Smith. Burrator

Reservoir, SX560685, 1955, O.Greig (DA 1956);

SX556685 and SX557683, 1996; N.F.Stewart;

SX557684, 1999, N.F.Stewart (DA 2000); SX560685,

1955, O.Greig (DA 1956).

SX68 Fernworthy Reservoir, SX6684, 1951, O.Greig

(Atlas); 1971, G.F.C.Hawkins (DA 1972); 1999,

N.F.Stewart (DA 2000).

SX84 At the south end of Slapton Ley, SX8244, 1959,

F.Rose (DA 1966).

VC4

SS21 Lower Tamar Lake, SS2911, 1951, O.Greig; SS293112,

1979, M.A.Stile; SS298110, 1986, W.H.Tucker.

SS64 In great quantity at Wistlandpound Reservoir,

SS6441, 1995, W.H.Tucker (DA 1996).

Salicaceae

l Populus alba L.

White Poplar – Map 202

Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe.

Female trees are widely planted throughout the county

sometimes suckering to form thickets. Male trees are very

rare in Britain.


l Populus × canescens (Aiton) Sm.

P. alba × P. tremula

Grey Poplar – Map 203

Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe.

Planted occasionally throughout the county.

Flora as P. canescens p.591, Atlas as P. canescens p.13 (59),

1987 onwards (50).

l Populus tremula L.

Aspen

Frequent. Native. Scattered throughout the county in moist

situations, where it often suckers to form large thickets.


l Populus nigra L.

Black-poplar

Native and Introduced. The Flora and The Atlas records

include the native subsp. betulifolia, non native fastigiate


varieties and other species and their hybrids.

Flora p.592, Atlas p.14 (64).

subsp. betulifolia (Pursh) Dippel

Very rare. Native. Usually on river flood plains. Perhaps

planted on some sites.

1987 onwards (8).

VC3

SX99 Riverside Park, Exeter, SX929910, 1984, H.K.Dodwell

(BSBI Atlas); 1994, E.Milne Redhead (DA 1995);

SX9291, 2008, J.J.Ison. Flood plain of the River Clyst,

Clyst St. Mary, SX973914, 1976, J.T.H.Knight. Large

tree at edge of small wood, SX973915; three

medium-sized trees on west-flowing part of ditch,

SX972915; large tree (split into two) on bank of

stream and four smaller ones to the north

Six-stamened Waterwort Elatine hexandra

Map 202. Populus alba (White poplar)

Map 203. Populus × canescens (Grey Poplar)

Salicaceae

l Populus × canadensis Moench

Hybrid Black-poplar – Map 204

‘Serotina’ (P. nigra subsp. nigra × P. deltoides)

‘Robusta’ (P. deltoides ‘Cordata’ × P. nigra ‘Plantierensis’)

‘Marilandica’ (P. nigra subsp. nigra × P. × canadensis

‘Serotina’)

Hybrid black poplars are widely planted and can be found

throughout the county. In most cases the variety has not

been ascertained but those listed above are all known to

occur. Perhaps not always differentiated from the Balsam

Poplars, P. trichocarpa, P. balsamifera or their hybrids, for

which there are no records since 2000.

1987 onwards (161).

l Populus × jackii Sarg.

P. deltoides × P. balsamifera

Balm-of-Gilead

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte, artificially created and

native to North America. Planted.

1987 onwards (19).

Recorded from VC3: SX76, SX79, SX86, SX87, SX89, SX96,

SX98, SY08, SY09, SY18, SY19, SY29, SS80, SS90, ST00,

ST10, ST11 and VC4: SS50, SS62, SS70 (BSBI Atlas).

l Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A.Gray ex Hook.

Western Balsam-poplar

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in western North

America. Planted.

1987 onwards (20).

Recorded from VC3: SX58, SX74, SX75, SX76, SX88, SX89,

SX98, SX99, SY08, SS80, SS90, ST00, ST01, ST09, ST10,

ST11 and VC4: SS43, SS44 (BSBI Atlas).

l Populus ‘Balsam Spire’

P. trichocarpa × P. balsamifera

Hybrid Balsam-poplar

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; raised in America. Said


(upstream), SX973913, all near Bishop’s Clyst on the

River Clyst flood plain, 2004, J.J.Ison.

SY08 A single old tree on the edge of the Otter Estuary,

SY072826, 1994, L.M.Spalton conf. R.D.Meikle (DA

1996, LJM); large tree in hedge by gateway and

three smaller ones along hedge to the west, 2004,

J.J.Ison. Meadow by River Otter, Otterton, SY0785,

1982, M.Parkinson (BSBI Atlas); 1994, E.Milne

Redhead (DA 1995); flood meadow between old

railway and River Otter, single large tree opposite

old station building, SY078850, 2004, J.J.Ison. Group

of nine large trees on east side of River Otter, north

of Otterton, SY085863, 2005, J.J.Ison. By road bridge

over stream, Newton Poppleford, SY080897, 1992,

R.Jefcoate (BSBI Atlas); found dead following severe

pollarding, 2007, J.J.Ison.

SY29 By oxbow lake of River Axe, Colyton, SY259938,

1983, P.J.Wilson (BSBI Atlas).

SS91 Large tree by roundabout on Great Western Way,

Tiverton, SS954123, 2004, J.J.Ison. This was once part

of the flood plain of the River Loman.

ST00 Flood plain of River Culm, Bradninch, ST015039,

1976, E.Milne Redhead (BSBI Atlas).

ST01 Southeast of Weir Mill Farm, ST046106; northeast of

Weir Mill Farm, ST046109; opposite Ford Farm,

ST053113; near Selgars Mill, ST053117; all by or near

River Culm, Uffculme, 1976, E.Milne Redhead (BSBI

Atlas). Two or more trees opposite Ford Farm, those

near Weir Mill Farm and Selgars Mill were not

relocated, 2007, J.J.Ison.

ST11 Flood plain of River Culm, Whitehall, ST123138,

1985, W.Lutley (BSBI Atlas).

VC4

SS42 Weare Giffard (DA 1916); The Hall, 1919, W.P.Hiern

(BSBI Atlas, RAMM).

l ‘Italica’ (P. nigra var. italica Münchh)

Introduced, a neophyte; garden origin. The narrowly

fastigiate Lombardy Poplar is widely planted.

l ‘Plantierensis’ (P. nigra subsp. betulifolia × P. nigra ‘Italica’)

Introduced, a neophyte; garden origin. This less narrowly

fastigiate form has been recorded once in VC3 but without

locality details.

Black-poplar Populus nigra subsp. betulifolia

Map 204. Populus × canadensis (Hybrid Black-poplar)

to be widely planted in Britain and Ireland and probably

under-recorded in Devon.

1987 onwards (2).

Recorded from VC4: SS52, SS81 (BSBI Atlas).

l Populus balsamifera L.

Eastern Balsam-poplar

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in eastern North

America. Planted. Recorded twice in mid-Devon.

1987 onwards (2).

VC4

SS51 Halsdon, tetrad SS5412, 1982, M.Tulloh.

SS60 Bondleigh Bridge, SS6504, 1997, W.H.Tucker.

Salix – Willows

The genus Salix presents a number of problems that have

yet to be properly resolved in the Devon flora. It is a

difficult group and identification of some taxa requires

examination of material from the same plant at different

times of year (Meikle 1984). Also, as Salix species are

dioecious, it can be difficult to determine if male and

female plants belong to the same or different species.

Hybridisation is common, and includes complex hybrids

involving more than two species. Horticultural hybrids

and cultivars also add to the difficulties in identification.

The species accounts below give the current state of

knowledge of willows in Devon but have a number of

shortcomings.

Uncertainties about identification have led to under-

recording of all but the commonest taxa, with recorders

reluctant to name plants that ‘look a bit odd’. The accounts

in Meikle (1984) suggest that several hybrids have been

overlooked in recording the Devon flora. S. × smithiana (S.

caprea × S. viminalis), S. × reichardtii (S. caprea × S. cinerea)

and S. × multinervis (S. aurita × S. cinerea) are all described

by Meikle as common where the parents are found

together, and a range of intermediates can occur. Of these

three taxa, only S. × multinervis has a significant number of

records in Devon, and the comments in Meikle suggest

that these represent a more accurate picture of the

situation in Devon than for the other two, which are

probably under-recorded.

The genus is currently the subject of taxonomic revision. In

particular, DNA evidence suggests that of the four

varieties of S. fragilis given in the third edition of Stace

(2010), var. decipiens represents a new species, S. euxina,

and the other three are varieties of S. euxina × S. alba (S. ×

fragilis) (Belyaeva 2009). The account here, however,

follows Stace (ibid.).

l Salix pentandra L.

Bay-leaved Willow

Very rare. Native but introduced in Devon from central

and northern Britain. There is one recent record.


Salicaceae


VC3

SX67 Prince Hall, near Two Bridges, E.Parfitt (Flora).

SX86 Coffinswell, 1936, T.Stephenson (Flora).

SY08 Woodbury, E.Parfitt (Flora).

ST01 Halberton (DA1910, RAMM).

VC4

SS51 By pond near Halsdon House, near Dolton,

SS554126, 1995, N.F.Stewart & R.J.Stewart.

SS64 Trentishoe (Flora, RAMM).

l Salix × ehrhartiana Sm.

S. alba × S. pentandra

Ehrhart’s Willow

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe but of

garden origin in British Isles.

VC3

SX55 Almost certainly planted at Blagdon’s Meadow by

the Plym estuary, SX501549, 2011, P.D.Pullen.

l Salix fragilis L.

Crack-willow

Frequent. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Local but

widespread in deep moist soils on the edge of marshes, by

rivers and streams, and other wet places. Under-recorded

at the tetrad level.


l var. decipiens (Hoffm.) W.D.J.Koch

No vouchers have been traced for the records in Stewart

(1860) and given that understanding of the taxonomy of

willows was still at an early stage at this time, they are best

disregarded. Reported once from North Devon in recent

times.

VC4

SS41 By the river at Torrington, SS4719, 1995, W.H.Tucker

(DA 1996).

l var. russelliana (Sm.) W.D.J.Koch

Reported once from South Devon.

VC3

SX99 Stoke Canon, SX9398, 1994, L.J.Margetts &

L.M.Spalton conf. R.D.Meikle (DA 1995).

l [Salix × alopecuroides Tausch ex Opiz

S. fragilis × S. triandra

Mentioned in Stace (1975) as having been collected from

South Devon by E.F.Linton although there is some

uncertainty as to whether the tree was this hybrid and it is

probably best excluded.

Atlas as Salix × speciosa Host. p.13, 1987 onwards (0).]

l Salix × rubens Schrank

S. alba × S. fragilis

Very rare. Introduced, an archaeophyte. This hybrid has

been recorded in several places in both vice-counties, in

most cases without any supporting data or evidence.

Records published by The Devonshire Association are

listed here. Only one specimen listed in the Flora from

Salicaceae

l Salix alba L.

White Willow

Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Recorded here

and there by rivers and streams and in damp woodland

throughout the county.


l Salix × sepulcralis Simonk.

S. alba × S. babylonica

Weeping Willow

Frequent. Introduced, garden origin. Widely planted in

parks and gardens especially in South Devon.

1987 onwards (35).

l Salix triandra L.

Almond Willow – Map 205

Rare. Introduced, an archaeophyte. By rivers and streams

and in other wet places. It has always been rather

uncommon in Devon but it seems to have declined. The

Flora gives 22 parishes and it seems to have been most

frequent around Plymouth and the South Hams. It is now

rare and often occurs as only one or two trees, but it is also

likely that there has been some under-recording. Recent

localised records are listed.


VC3

SX99 Exeter Canal, SX9290, 2007 and 2008, J.J.Ison.

Brampford Speke, SX9298, 2007, J.J.Ison.

Mosshayne, by railway, SX983945, 2007, J.J.Ison.

ST30 River Axe near Smallridge, ST3100, 1998,

L.J.Margetts (DA 1999); 2004, R.E.N.Smith (RENS).

VC4

SX79 Bow Station, SX715999, 1974, W.H.Tucker.

SS41 Tantons Plain, Torrington, SS492199, 1995,

W.H.Tucker. Torrington Common, tetrad SS4818,

2000, W.H.Tucker.

SS42 Torrington Common, SS493202, 1985, W.H.Tucker

(DA 1987).

SS60 Staddon Moor, SS681025, 1999, W.H.Tucker (DA

2000).

l Salix × mollissima Hoffm. ex Elwert

S. triandra × S. viminalis

Very rare. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Used in the past

for basket making.


VC4

SS70 By stream on north edge of Bow, SS718018, 2004,

N.F.Stewart conf. R.D.Meikle as almost certainly var.

hippophaefolia (Thuill.) Wimm.

l Salix purpurea L.

Purple Willow

Rare. Native. By streams and rivers and on other wet

ground. Most of the older records were never confirmed

and, together with more recent records that lack

supporting evidence, are not repeated here.



Staverton was seen by the referee, E.C.Wallace. He

regarded this as a possibility only and the specimen is no

longer at TOR. The records from near Gidleigh and

Hatherleigh were identified as nothovar. basfordiana

(Scaling ex S.J.A.Salter) Meikle (S. alba var. vitellina (L.)

Stokes × S. fragilis).

Flora as × S. viridis Fr. p.587, Atlas p.13, 1987 onwards (9).

VC3

SX68 Near Gidleigh, SX6788, 1997, L.J.Margetts &

L.M.Spalton (DA 1998).

SY08 The Maer, Exmouth, SY007802, 1994, L.J.Margetts,

L.M.Spalton & R.Takagi-Arigho (DA 1995, RENS).

VC4

SS50 Hatherleigh, SS540043, 1994, W.H.Tucker (DA 1995).

Also recorded from VC3: SX86, SX89, SX97, SX98 and

VC4: SS43, SS61 (BSBI Atlas).

l Salix × pendulina Wender.

S. babylonica × S. fragilis

Weeping Crack-willow

Very rare. Introduced, garden origin. Recorded without

location in eight hectads in VC3 between 1987 and 1999

(BSBI Atlas) but some of these may be errors for S. ×

sepulcralis.

1987 onwards (8).

White Willow Salix alba

Salicaceae

VC3

SX55 Plymouth, SX501572, 1974, J.S.Rees (Atlas).

SX56 Damp meadow at Shaugh Prior, SX5463, 1997,

L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton conf. R.D.Meikle (DA

1998).

SX67 By West Webburn River near Grendon Farm,

SX6878, 1995, L.J.Margetts, L.M.Spalton &

N.F.Stewart. (DA 1996).

SX86 By railway bridge, Totnes, 1950, W.C.Bennett, det.

A.J.Wilmott (Greig 1957).

SX88 Single bush at margin of pond at Canonteign,

SX839823, 2007, J.J.Ison (DA 2008).

SX98 Several trees planted by the River Exe, Valley Park,

Exeter, SX937899, 2009, J.J.Ison (DA 2010). Exeter

Canal, below Countess Wear, SX948889, 2011,

J.J.Ison.

SX99 Riverside Valley Park, Exeter, SX929910, 2008 and

SX935900, 2011, J.J.Ison.

ST20 Planted at Stockland, ST2404, 2011, R.E.N.Smith.

VC4

SS42 Babbacombe, SS401256, 2005, J.J.Ison.

SS53 Bishop’s Tawton, W.P.Hiern conf. E.C.Wallace (Flora,

RAMM).

SS61 By pond east of Mill Moor Cross, SS6615, 2006,

N.F.Stewart (DA 2007).

VC9

ST30 Tetrad ST3400, 1975, J.G.Keylock (Atlas).

l Salix × rubra Huds.

S. purpurea × S. viminalis

Very rare. Native but probably planted at its only recorded

site.

1987 onwards (1).

VC4

SS53 In former osier bed, Yeo Vale, Barnstaple, SS562340,

1997, W.H.Tucker.


l Salix × forbyana Sm.

S. cinerea × S. purpurea × S. viminalis

Very rare. Native.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

ST00 One tree on edge of old railway sidings at

Cullompton, ST0207, 1999, L.J.Margetts &

L.M.Spalton det. R.D.Meikle (DA 2000).

l Salix daphnoides Vill.

European Violet-willow

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Scandinavia.

1987 onwards (2).

VC3

SY29 Planted by pond at Seaton Marshes, SY250908,

2007, J.M.Lock conf. R.D.Meikle (DA 2008).

ST00 In hedge at Whitley Croft, Ashclyst, ST0002, 1997,

L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton det. R.D.Meikle (DA

2000).

Also recorded from VC3: ST10 (BSBI Atlas).

l Salix acutifolia Willd.

Siberian Violet-willow

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native from Finland to

central Asia.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX98 Some bushes, clearly naturalised from planted

specimens, by edge of water meadow, Exminster,

SX9488, 1995, L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton det.

R.D.Meikle (DA 1996, LJM).

l Salix udensis Trautv. & C.A.Mey.

Sakhalin Willow

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte, native in eastern Asia.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SS90 By lakes at Bunneford Cross, SS9806, 1997,

L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton det. R.D.Meikle (DA 2000).

l Salix viminalis L.

Osier – Map 206 (overleaf)

Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Widespread

throughout the county in damp locations. Much used for

basket making in the past but now planted mainly as a

biomass crop. Under-recorded at the tetrad level in VC3.


l Salix × smithiana Willd.

S. viminalis × S. caprea

Very rare. Native. A naturally occurring hybrid, now

planted as a biomass crop and in landscaping schemes. In

addition to the records listed below there are a number of

other hectad records from both vice-counties without any

supporting data.

Flora as × S. mollissima Sm. p.588, Atlas as S. × sericans

Tausch ex A.Kern p.13, 1987 onwards (3).

Map 205. Salix triandra (Almond Willow)

Salicaceae

VC3

SX76 Palstone, South Brent, SX7060, 1988, L.J.Margetts

det. R.D.Meikle (DA 1999).

ST11 In hedge, Leigh Hill, ST1010, 1998, L.M.Spalton (DA

1999).

VC4

SX95 Ashbury, tetrad SX5096, 2005, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS54 Several trees in Corner Lane, near old silver mine,

Combe Martin, 1945, H.W.Pugsley (DA 1946).

Also recorded from VC3: SX79, SY08, SY19 (BSBI Atlas).

l Salix × fruticosa Döll

S. aurita × S. viminalis

Extinct. Native. May arise spontaneously. It has been used

for basket making and more recently for biomass

production.

1987 onwards (0).

VC4

SS32 Clovelly, on cliffs at Gallantry Bower, SS3124, 1979,

A.J.C.Beddow (DA 1979).

l Salix × friesiana Andersson

S. repens × S. viminalis

Very rare. Native. A very rare hybrid found at Braunton

Burrows for the first time during a BSBI meeting in 2003.

1987 onwards (1).

VC4

SS43 Single bushes in two places on Braunton Burrows,

SS461347 and SS461348, 2003, R.D.Meikle (DA 2004).

l Salix caprea L.

Goat Willow

Common. Native. Woodland, hedges and on waste ground

throughout the lowlands. It is less common than S. cinerea

but it prefers drier and more base-rich soils.


l Salix × reichardtii A.Kern.

S. caprea × S. cinerea

Very rare. Native. There are very few detailed records of

this variable hybrid which arises in the presence of both

parents. Meikle (1984) suggests many plants recorded as S.

caprea are probably this hybrid and it is almost certainly

under-recorded.


VC3

SX56 Roborough Down, SX517673, 1989, R.M.H.Hodgson

(DA 1990).

SY19 Harpford Wood, SY1090, 1993, DAB det.

L.J.Margetts (DA 1994).

SY29 Wilmington Quarry, SY2099, 1992, L.J.Margetts &


VC4

SX59 Sourton, tetrad SX5290, 2007, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SX69 Itton, tetrad SX6898, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS44 Borough Wood, SS4846, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson &

M.Breeds.


VC3

SX79 Near Crockernwell, SX7592, L.J.Margetts &

L.M.Spalton det. R.D.Meikle (DA 1995).

SX98 Probably planted, by South West Water enclosure,

Exton, SX9886, 2011, R.E.N.Smith & N.F.Stewart.

VC4

SS41 In hedge at Tanton’s Plain, Torrington, SS493198,

1988, W.H.Tucker conf. L.J.Margetts (DA 1999).

SS63 Possibly planted by North Devon Link Road,

Landkey, SS604315, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.

ST01 Locally common in damp area by track, Holcombe

Rogus, ST073196, 1997, P.R.Green & G.A.Crouch.

Also recorded from VC3: SX65, SX69, SX84, SX86, SY08,

SY19, SS80 (BSBI Atlas).

l Salix × holosericea Willd.

S. viminalis × S. cinerea

Very rare. Native but probably planted in most of its

Devon sites. Records made since the Flora are listed here.

Flora as × S. stipularis Sm. p.588, Atlas as S. × smithiana

Willd. p.13, 1987 onwards (4).

Map 206. Salix viminalis (Osier)

Osier Salix viminalis, p.307

Salicaceae

SS53 With both parents at Penhill, SS526335, 1996,

W.H.Tucker & G.Waterhouse.

Also recorded from VC3: SX54, SX77, SX88, SX89, SY07,

ST11 (BSBI Atlas).

l [Salix × capreola A.Kerner ex Anderss.

S. aurita × S. caprea

Listed in the Atlas as being well known in South Devon

but there are no records.

Atlas p.13, 1987 onwards (0).]

l Salix cinerea L.

Grey Willow

Very common. Native. Throughout the county on moist to

wet acid to base-rich soils in hedgerows, woodland, mires

and wasteland. The common subspecies in Southwest

England is subsp. oleifolia Macreight, Rusty Grey Willow

but there are a few records of subsp. cinerea from both vice-

counties.

Flora as S. atrocinerea Brot. p.589, Atlas p.12 (1453), 1987

onwards (1236).

l Salix × multinervis Döll

S. aurita × S. cinerea – Map 207

Frequent. Native. Can usually be found where both

parents grow together and sometimes where S. aurita

seems to be absent. These records are likely to include

backcrosses which are said to be widespread and common

elsewhere (Meikle 1984).


l Salix aurita L.

Eared Willow

Common. Native. Favours moist to wet, acid soils on

heaths, moors and in hedges. It can be found on suitable

sites throughout the county but is much commoner in the

north and west.



l Salix × ambigua Ehrh.

S. aurita × S. repens

Extinct. Native. Said to be a common hybrid wherever the

parents grow together (Stace 2010) but there is only one

reliable record from the 19th century.

VC3

SX87 Bovey Heathfield, T.R.A.Briggs (Rogers 1882a).

l Salix repens L.

Creeping Willow – Map 208

Frequent. Native. Heathland, moorland and in dune

slacks. Probably lost from some sites, especially in North

Devon, following agricultural improvement to some culm

grasslands. Var. argentea (Sm.) Wimm. & Grab. is

widespread on Braunton Burrows and may occur

elsewhere.


Map 208. Salix repens (Creeping Willow)Map 207. Salix x multinervis

Eared Willow Salix aurita

Violaceae

l Viola hirta L.

Hairy Violet – Map 209

Occasional. Native. Calcareous soils in grassland, on

hedgebanks, amongst scrub and in open woodland.


l Viola riviniana Rchb.

Common Dog-violet

Very common. Native. Found in a wide variety of habitats

throughout the county including woodland, grassland,

hedgebanks, heaths and coastal sites. Only absent from the

highest moorland.

Flora p.129, Atlas p.108 (1601), 1987 onwards (1402)

l Viola × bavarica Schrank

V. reichenbachiana × V. riviniana

Very rare. Native. There are several old records from both

vice-counties deemed acceptable by Fraser & Martin (1939).

All these had been seen as fresh material or as herbarium

specimens by P.M.Hall. There are three recent localised

records but it could occur wherever both parents are found.

Flora p.130, Atlas as V. × intermedia Reichenb. & Ktock

p.108, 1987 onwards (3).

VC3

SX55 Eggbuckland, E.M.Phillips det. P.M.Hall (DA 1931 &

1941).

SX76 Roadside bank near Coombe, SX703678, 2009,

R.E.N.Smith conf. L.J.Margetts (DA 2010, RENS).

SX85 St. Marychurch, C.L.Peck det. P.M.Hall (Flora).

SX87 Ipplepen, G.T.Fraser det. P.M.Hall (DA 1938).

SX95 Brixham, F.M.Day det. P.M.Hall (DA 1938).

SX97 Stokeinteignhead C.L.Peck det. P.M.Hall (Larter

1913, Flora).

ST10 Roadside at Combe Wood, ST161017, 2002, L.J.Mar-

getts (RENS).

VC4

SS53 Long Lane, Ashford, W.P.Hiern det. P.M.Hall (Flora).


Violaceae

l Viola odorata L.

Sweet Violet

Frequent. Native. Woodland, hedgebanks and roadsides,

usually on base-rich soils, and often in the vicinity of gar-

dens where it may be an escape from cultivation. Several

different colour forms occur. The white var. dumetorum

(Jord.) R.&F. is frequent and predominates in East Devon,

and the pinkish var. subcarnea (Jord.) Parl is occasional.

Other varieties are listed in the Flora but there is no recent

information.


l Viola × scabra F.Braun

V. hirta × V. odorata

Very rare. Native. Calcareous sites where V. odorata occurs

with V. hirta. First recognised in Devon in the Plymouth

area in 1864 (Baker & Foggit 1865, 1866) where it was

found by T.R.A.Briggs (BIRM, MANCH). The Flora sug-

gests that it is well distributed in the stronghold areas for

Viola hirta on the Torbay and Plymouth limestones and it is

probably under-recorded in recent years. Almost all

records are from South Devon. Recent records are listed.

Flora as V. permixta Jord. p.128, Atlas as V. × permixta Jord.

p.107, 1987 onwards (4).

VC3

SX96 Daddyhole Cliffs, SX9262, 1994, L.J.Margetts &


SY39 Bottom near Uplyme, SY3294, 1996, L.J.Margetts &


VC4

ST01 Rocknell Quarry, ST053170, 1998, L.J.Margetts &


VC9

ST30 Coaxdon Quarry, ST310006, 1987, L.J.Margetts (DA

1988, LJM).

Hairy Violet Viola hirta

Map 209. Viola hirta (Hairy Violet)

rosaceae - devonshire association

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