Abraham Harold Maslow

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Conative Needs• Basic Needs

• Prepotency

Hierarchy of Needs

Deficiency needs

1. Physiological Needs

-the only needs that can be completely satisfied or even overly satisfied and their recurring nature

2. Safety Needs

-Physical security, stability, dependency, protection and freedom from threatening forces and the needs for law, order and structure.

*Basic Anxiety- when their attempts of satisfying their needs are not satisfied.

3. Love and Belongingness

- desire for friendship, the wish for a mate and children, the need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood, a nation, sex and human contact.

4. Esteem Needs

- Self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem.

2 levels of esteem needs:

a. Reputation- perception of the prestige, recognition, or the fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others.

b. Self- Esteem- person’s own feelings of worth and confidence.

Growth Needs5. Self- Actualization Needs - Self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the world.

6. Aesthetic Needs-the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing

experiences.7. Cognitive Needs

-the desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand and to be curious.8. Neurotic Needs

-The satisfaction of conative, aesthetic and cognitive needs

-Leads only to stagnation and pathology

*Hoarding Drive- a neurotic need that leads to pathology whether or not It is satisfied

Measuring Self-Actualization

Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)

-developed by Everett L. Shostrom in 1974

-To measure the values and behaviors of self-actualizing people

-consists of 150 forced-choice items

2 Major Scales of POI: •Time competence/ Time Incompetence Scale

- Measure the degree to which people are present oriented

•Support Scale

- Designed to measure whether an individual’s mode of reaction is characteristically ‘self’ oriented or ‘other’ oriented.

Subscales of POI: •Self-Actualizing Values (SAV)•Existentiality (Ex)•Feeling Reactivity (Fr)•Spontaneity (S)•Self-Regard (Sr)•Self-Acceptance (Sa)•Nature of Man (Nc)•Synergy (Sy)•Acceptance of Aggression (A)•Capacity (C)

Short Index Self-Actualization

- borrowed 15 items from the POI that are most correlated with the total self-actualization score.

- a 6 point Likert scale.

Brief Index of Self-Actualization

- 40 items placed on a Likert scale and yields scores from 40 – 240.

4 factors:

1.Core self-actualization

2.Autonomy

3.Openness to experience

4.Comfort with solitude

Carl Rogers

Person-Centered Theory

- Known as “nondirective”, “client-centered”, “person centered”, “student-centered”, “group-centered” and “person-centered”

- Refers to Rogerian personality theory

- Approach to understanding personality and human relationships - Used in psychotherapy and counseling, education, organizations and other group settings.

Basic Assumptions

1. Formative Tendency

- There is a tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.

2. Actualizing Tendency

- Tendency within all humans (and other animals and plants) to move towards completion or fulfillment of potentials.• *the need for maintenance• *enhancement

3 therapeutic conditions:1. Congruent/ authentic

2. Empathy

3. Unconditional Positive Regard

The Person of Tomorrow1. A growing openness to experience

- They move away from defensiveness and have no need for subsection.

2. An increasing existential lifestyle

- Living each moment fully, not distorting the moment to fit personality or self-concept but allowing personality and self-concept to emanate from the experience.

3. Increasing organismic trust

- They trust their own judgment and their ability to choose behavior that is appropriate for each moment.

4. Freedom of Choice

- They believe that they play a role in determining their role in determining their own behavior and feel responsible for their own behavior.

5. Creativity

- They will be more creative in the way they adapt to their own circumstances without feeling a need to conform.

6. Reliability and Constructiveness

- Open to all their needs will be able to maintain a balance between them.

7. A rich full life

- The life is of a fully functioning individual is rich, full and exciting and suggests that they experience joy and pain, love and heartbreak fear and courage more intensely.

References:•Carl Rogers. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2015, from http://www.bapca.org.uk/about/carl-rogers.html• Fiest, J. & Fiest, G. (2009). Holistic-Dynamic Theory, Theories of Personality Seventeenth Edition. (pp. 274-296)•Fiest, J. & Fiest, G. (2009). Person-Centered Theory, Theories of Personality Seventeenth Edition. (pp. 308-328)

That in all things, God may be glorified!