rival city-states: sparta vs. athens. athens and sparta were probably the two most famous and...
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Rival City-States:Sparta vs. Athens
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Athens and Sparta were probably the two
most famous and powerful city states in
Ancient Greece.
However, they were both very different.
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Sparta
“Come back with your shield or on it”
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Development
• Located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula
• Conquered neighboring region & took over land
• Created militaristic society
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Spartan Society • 3 social groups• Citizens: descended from the
invaders, controlled Sparta (only 5%)
• Perioci: free men, paid taxes & served in the army but had no political power
• Helots: slaves, greatly outnumbered the other groups; Spartans used force to control them
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• Founded on the principle that the life of EVERY INDIVIDUAL belonged to the state
Government
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• Militaristic Oligarchy• Two kings led Sparta
–1 king handled military–1 king took care of domestic matters
Government
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• Council of Elders• 28 male citizens over the age of 60
• Proposed laws & served as a criminal court
• Assembly• Included all male citizens over age of 30; voted on laws
Government
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• Life revolved around army (no need for walls! Army will defend!)
• All men aspired to become soldiers
• Newborn infants were examined
• Healthy = lived• Sickly = left to die on hillside
Military Society
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• Primary purpose was to produce soldiers!
• Military training began at age 7 for boys
• Became soldiers at age 20
• Served until age 60
Education/Training
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• Trained to read, write & use weapons
• Taught to steal, but not get caught
• Harsh training: no shoes, sometimes no clothing
Education/Training
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• Life’s ambition was to be a soldier’s mother
• Women were expected to be healthy & strong so that they could bear strong children
• Trained in gymnastics, wrestling & boxing
Spartan Women
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• Although they were respected in Spartan society, women COULD NOT participate in government
Spartan Women
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• Exceptional athletes, competed well in the Olympics, & defended Greece against invaders
• BUT…
Impact of Military Society
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• …discouraged trade & shunned philosophy, science, literature, & the arts
• No individual freedom• Little economic growth
Impact of Military Society
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Athens
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• Located on the Attica Peninsula (north of Sparta)
• Descended from the Mycenaeans
Development
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Social Class• Citizens:
• All free men born in Athens (50%)
• Metics:• Born outside Athens• No land, but paid taxes• Slaves: Captured in war,
considered property
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Government
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• Assembly:• Passed laws
& decided public issues
• ALL free men over the age of 18 could participate
• It was considered their public duty
Government
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• Council of 500• Drafted &
proposed laws• Oversaw meetings of the
assembly• Members chosen by lottery
once a year
Government
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• Ostracism:• If a
politician’s name appeared on 6,000 ostraca they would be EXILED!!!
Government
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• Only boys were given an education
• Entered school at 7; graduated at 18
• Studied arithmetic, drawing, music, gymnastics, rhetoric, literature (Iliad & Odyssey), etc.
Education/Training
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Education/Training• At age 18 men
served in the military for 2 years
• Ephebic Oath:• Pledge of loyalty to
Athens & to good citizenship
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• No formal education; learned household duties from mother
• Married between 13-15 • Primary purpose was to have
children
Athenian Women
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• Wore clothes to depict their status in society
• No legal rights• Could not
participate in government, or go to the market or the Olympics
Athenian Women
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• Democracy, philosophy, architecture, drama, art…
Athenian Legacy