revised swuc slides
TRANSCRIPT
Creating a Walkability Surface for Maricopa County
Parul Singh and Madison DavisASU MAS-GIS students
Co-Authors: Marc Adams, Jane Hurley, Lu Hao
Funding Source #: R01CA198915
Presentation Objective
To share the the steps taken and tools used to create a geographic surface of walkability for Maricopa County
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Overview• Background on Walkability and WalkIT Arizona Study• Four Components of the Walkability Index:
o Net Residential Densityo Intersection Densityo Transit Densityo Land Use Mix (Entropy)
• Results and Significance
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Why is Walkability important?
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. September 2015
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Vice Admiral Vivek Hallegere Murthy, Surgeon General of the United States
WalkIT Arizona Study
“to test the effectiveness of interventions using physical activity trackers, goal setting,
motivational text messages, monetary incentives and health education to promote physical activity
behaviors...”
“in high and low walkable communities”
Principal Investigator Marc Adams, PhD, MPH
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International Physical Activity and Environment Network (IPEN) Study
IPEN GIS templates guided decisions to quantify built environment attributes for physical activity
Templates include +100 pages of definitions, recommendations
www.ipenproject.org
Adams, Frank et al., 2015 Int’l J of Health Geographics
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Software• ESRI ArcGIS for Desktop v. 10.3
• Microsoft Excel
• SPSS
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Calculating Walkability• 4 components, each is a surface
• First find raw scores for each component
• Walkability Index = [ (z-score of net residential density)+ 2*(z-score of intersection
density)+ (z-score of transit density)+ (z-score of land use mix)]
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Maricopa County
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Focus Area
Phoenix Urban Core
North Scottsdale Suburban
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Urban Core Suburban
Comparison
Same scale (resolution)11
Preliminary Steps
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Preliminary Steps• Data Acquisition
o Maricopa County Assessor's Officeo Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG)o Valley Metroo U.S. Census Bureau
• Prep for use in context o Projection: NAD 1983 HARN StatePlane Arizona Central FIPS 0202 (Meters)
• PUCs Reclassification (2251 down to 5)o Main categories:
residential retail office entertainment civic 13
PUCs Reclassification ● Residential
○ single & multiple family,mobile home, dormitory○ exclude: hotels, motels, timeshared property
● Retail○ retail stores, shopping malls, banking, gas stations, food-related○ exclude: auto dealerships, “big box” mega stores ( >=300,000 sqf.)
● Office○ administration, nonprofit institutions, medical services○ exclude: warehouses, manufacturing offices, factories,
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PUCs Reclassification● Entertainment
○ bars, night clubs, theaters, museums
● Civic/ institutional○ educational, religious, health, governmental, police, military facilities
● Multi-use codes (mixed-use)○ Store & Office/Apartment○ Office & Residence
■ double/ triple counted
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Unit of Analysis• Census Block Groups
o Aligns with population estimate in IPEN templates• 100 Meter buffer
o Captures walkability/built environment features on edges
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Block Group Buffer
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Original Boundary
Walkability Components
1:Residential Density
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Net Residential Density• Ratio of residential housing units: residential land area in the buffer
o Residential= permanent, majority of the year, not easily moved housing/dwelling units
o Includes single and multi family use
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Net Residential Density• High Density = many units in area• Low Density = units spread out
20Imagery: Google, Map Data, Digital Globe, 2016
Net Residential Density
• Layer of all residential parcelso ~1.3 million parcels
• Includes Land Area and Housing Unitcount fields
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• Assign parcels to buffered block groups
Net Residential Density
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Net Residential Density
= Count Area
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Net Residential DensityUrban Core Suburban
24Lowest Highest
Walkability Components2:Intersection Density
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Intersection Density• Ratio of intersections : land area• Intersection: 3 or more walkable road segments intersect
• High Density = Many walkable intersections• Low Density = Few walkable intersections
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Intersection DensityRoads Included:
1. Neighborhood Streets
2. Byway - single lane of traffic in each direction
3. Pedestrian Trail
4. Pedestrian Passageway
5. Rural Road
6. City Streets
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Roads Excluded:
1. Interstate highway
2. Ramps
3. Unpaved Roads
4. Limited Access Highways
5. Freeways
6. Expressway
Pseudo Nodes
Dangling Nodes
Nodes not included
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Intersection Density
True Nodes
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Intersection Density
Intersection Density
• Assign Regular nodes to the Block group
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Intersection DensityIntersection Density = Count/ Area
31Summarize on Block group buffer Field
Intersection DensityUrban Core Suburban
32Lowest Highest
Walkability Components3:Transit Density
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Transit Density
• Ratio of transit stops: land area• Transit stops include bus and light rail• Considered how many buses stop at each ‘physical’ stop
• High Transit Density = many transit stops• Low Transit Density = few transit stops
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Transit Density● Bus Stops
● Light-Rail stops
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Transit Density
Summarize on Block group buffer Field
Transit density = Count/Area
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Transit DensityUrban Core Suburban
37Lowest Highest
Walkability Components
4: Land Use Mix
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Land Use Mix• Calculation of entropy of land use types in block group buffer
• Raw Score always between 0 and 1o 0 indicates only one land use present o 1 indicates a perfectly even distribution of all land uses across the block
group buffer
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Land Use Mix• Repeat merge and summarize processes described to get the sum of land or
floor area in each block group
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LandUseMix.gdbParcelArea_OfficeParcelArea_RetailParcelArea_CivicParcelArea_EntertainmentLivableArea_Residential
Land Use Mix
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Land Use MixUrban Core Suburban
42Lowest Highest
Walkability Index
Walkability Index = [ (z-score of net residential density) + (z-score of intersection density) + (z-score of transit density) + (z-score of retail floor area ratio) + (z-score of land use mix)]
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Z- Score Net Residential DensityIntersection DensityTransit Density Land Use Mix
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Lowest Highest
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Z- Score Net Residential DensityIntersection DensityTransit Density Land Use Mix
Lowest Highest
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Z- Score Net Residential DensityIntersection DensityTransit Density Land Use Mix
Lowest Highest
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Z- Score Net Residential DensityIntersection DensityTransit Density Land Use Mix
Lowest Highest
Walkability Surface…Combine all of the components...
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WalkabilitySurface
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Lowest Highest
Net Residential DensityIntersection DensityTransit Density Land Use Mix
WalkabilityUrban Core Suburban
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Crime-risk
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Lowest Highest
Walkability-Crime analysis
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Advantages of using GIS
• Analysis on Macroscale• Use existing data • Map Creation• Patterns are clearly observed• Help to select neighborhoods to test the effectiveness of the physical activity
intervention
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Conclusion• Able to target recruiting efforts to high and low walkable areas
• Gather participants for the WalkIT Arizona Research Study
Next Steps ● Virtual truth to make sure the surface makes sense
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Thank you!
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ContactsParul Singh Madison [email protected] [email protected]
Marc Adams, PhD, [email protected]
MAS-GIS 2015-1656
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Data Versions:Maricopa County Block Groups, 2010 U.S. Census
Parcels, Maricopa County Assessor’s Office, 2015
Light Rail and Transit Stops, Valley Metro, 2015
Roads, U.S. Census TIGER/Line, 2015
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