revised berlin-aralar

8/7/2019 Revised BERLIN-Aralar

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Berlin

Erin Maryse C. Aralar

Arch 162


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BERLINLocation: 52 32 N, 13 25 E

Area: 883 km2

Altitude: 30m above sea level

Country: Germany State: Berlin but with inBrandenburg B

Population: 5M

Capital and largest city of Germany

Second densest city after Munich

In 2006 the G

awarded the

Design.


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Berlin (Google Earth)


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Close up of Berlin (Google Earth)


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Beginnings1237

Official founding of Berlin

Emerged from the 2 merchant

settlements of Berlin and Clln.

1389

Berlin and Clln formed a union,

joined the Hanseatic Legue andprospered as a trading and fishing

town.

Extent of Hanseatic League


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FORMATION OF BERLINGeography. Social Forces. Technical Influences.


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GeographyLocated at the wide glacial valley of

the Spree RiverMainly built on sandy glacial soil,

surrounded by forest-rimmed lakes

Marshy terrain

First settlements: Spandau, Kpenick,

Berlin and Clln, arose near fords and

dry areas

Old illustration of Berlin and Clln


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Early yearsStarted as a merchant and fishing

settlement in the 1200s (Berlinand Clln)

Prospered as an agricultural and

merchant village

Interconnections between the

old villages became the major

highways of Berlin today

Berlin 1652


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Middle AgesFortifications were put up during

the 16th

and 17th

centuries due tothe advancement in artillery

techniques

Surrounding areas are still

agricultural and evidence of grid

formations

Berlin 1740


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Industrial Period

Berlin grew without any

development conceptsCreation of highways and

waterways

Industries to the north and east

Country houses to the west

Berlin 1833


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Peter Joseph Lenne- (arch and

L.arch) designed Tiergarten Park

and the Sanssouci Gardens,

mostly open spaces and canals

attempted to layout Berlin in

1840, but was not successful

due to economic interests

HIS PLAN:

Tiergarten Park 1765, Berlin

Industrial Period


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Peter Joseph Lennes Plan:

Organize scattered structures

into a designed urban layout

with a ring road

Open spaces with English

landscaping and urban planning

principles

Tiergarten Park

Industrial Period


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James Hobrecht- created a

zoning ordinance for Berlin, no

building regulations, just

transportation and drainage

systems

Plan included housing blocks of

approximately the same size,

distributor roads to connect to

main radial roadsplan led to very dense

development especially in the

city's core and provided regular

open spaces and public squares.

Industrial Period

Hobrecht Plan 1862


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Hobrecht Plan 1862


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Hobrecht Plan area and built-

up areas by 1860


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8 private railway companies

built rail lines between Berlin

and other German cities

tied to a long distance rail

system by a railway ring only

when it became necessary for

military reasons

The city grew into the rural

areas alongside the newsuburban road and rail routes at

the end of the 19th century

concentric growth was replaced

by radial growth.

Mid 19th Century

Berlins railway system, 1902


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Jansen Plan 1910

The moat and fortifications of

the 17th

century are nowoccupied by the S-Bahn (took

place in 1922)

1910- one of the first urban

planning competitions included

the draft of a radial system with

green wedges

Access is more than 26

radial speed railways, which are

connected by belt lines. For road

transport, a radially

oriented network consists of

five main roads will be provided.

20th Century


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Greater Berlin Act

Greater Berlin Act- law passed

by the Prussian government in

1920 that greatly expanded thesize of Berlin into 20 boroughs

Berlin acquired 7 towns:

Charlottenburg, Kpenick, Lichte

nberg,Neuklln, Schneberg,

Spandau and Wilmersdorf, ineffect, acquiring also green areas

Photo: Map showing new merged territories

to Berlin, 1920 (Old Berlin indicated in

purple)


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Zoning Plan 1925


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Adolf Hitler wanted a new city

plan for Berlin to create a world

capital called Germania

Hitler wanted a north-south axis

Planning themes: garden cities,

town extension plans

Albert Speer- proposed a general

zoning ordinance with a main axis

as the backbone of the new

urban shape

Work started in 1930 but

stopped in 1942

Nazi and WW II

Speer Plan and Model 1939 (Southern part of the main axis)


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Speer Plan 1939

Existing d

Plannedc

Plannedd

Old villag

Green Ar

Sports fa

IndustriaRe-plann

Axes ring

Railroad

Existing p

Schedule

Fasttrack

Waterwa

Oldcity l

Newcity


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Speer Plan 1939


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Speer Plan 1939

Major Roads


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Berlin was one of the most

important targets for thebombing war

Not much construction has been

made due to World War II

A lot of buildings in Berlin were

destroyed including the

Brandenburg Gate

Nazi and WW II

Devastation of Berlin after the war


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Devils Mountain

(Teufelsberg)- one

of the hills

constructed from the

rubble left by WW II


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Opportunity to modernize the

urban form of Berlin

2 different groups to plan Berlin:

a) Collective- car-friendly

b) Zehlendorf District Council-

transport networks and open

spaces

Post war

Collective Plan 1946


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Zehlendorfer Plan 1946


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Bonatz/ Moest 1946


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1948

Germany and Berlin were divided

into four sectors

Soviet sector- East Berlin (GDR)

other 3- West Berlin (FRG)

The rest of Germany was divided

the same way due to the Cold War

Resulted to the creation of 2

Germanies

West Berlin became an enclave to

East Germany and Bonn became

the capital of west Germany

East Berlin became the capital of

East Germany

Division


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1961- Berlin Wall wasconstructed, physically separating

East and West Berlin. Even roads

and railways were blocked.

The Berlin Wall was 155km (96

miles) long and 3.6m (11.86 ft)

high with 302 watchtowers.

Division

Berlin Wall


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West Berlinreunified urban layout, continuingthe discussion on much the same linesas before and after World War II

Green space policy, based largely onthe early open space plan and thepost-war concept of the car-friendlycity

Urban development concentrated onthe inner-urban situation, providingspecific working concepts for theredevelopment of both buildings anddistricts

Detailed concepts were displayed atthe International Building Exhibitionof 1987

Land Use and Zoning of West Berlin, 1972


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Building and

Land Use Plan

1961 (West)


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East Berlindemographic problems associated

with the GDR general housing policy,

concentrating as it did on industriallocations and the inner cities

Concentrated on industrial mass

production of flats and buildings on

the urban fringe.

Hellersdorf Largest prefabricated

housing estate with 150, 000 flats

East Berlin Plan 1964-1970


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General Development Planning (East)


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General

Development Plan

1989


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Challenge: connect

infrastructures of former East and

West Berlin

The German Parliament voted to

move the capital back to Berlin

Important development projects

during the 1990's were adjacent

new government district on the

bank of the Spree river

Most of the existing buildings

were restored or renovated

In 1999, the restored Reichstag

building was used for the

parliaments first meeting

Recent Years

Restored Reichstag Building


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General

Development Plan

1994


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Redevelopment of Potsdamer

Platz was another major project

that bridged the eastern andwestern parts of the city and

showcased new ideas in

architecture and urban design.

Reduced the number of

boroughs from 23 to 12 to make

the city more cost effective

Recent Years

Potsdamer Platz


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23 Boroughs ofBerlin (2000)


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12 Boroughs ofBerlin (2005)


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Joint State Planning

Department- joint planning

for Berlin and BrandenburgJoint Planning Framework:

Decentralization

Rail network with rapid transit

links

Well-protected natural parks

Berlin Star- model of urban devt

along the S-bahn lines into the

surrounding country side

Recent Years


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U- and S-Bahn


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General

Development Plan

2004


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Open Space Plan


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END

Sources


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SourcesCultures of the World: Germany. Time Books international: Singapore, 1995.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62055/Berlin/21636/Physical-and-human-geography

http://baerentouren.de/berlin_graphics.html (Old pictures)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_Berlin (Old maps) http://www.historicmapsrestored.com/international/europe/berlin1833.html (old maps)

http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/basisdaten_stadtentwicklung/monitoring/index.shtml

http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/fnp/en/historie/index.shtml (land use maps)

http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/google_map_Berlin.htm

http://www.umich.edu/~csfound/545/1997/sca/DOCUMENT.html

http://www.newberlin.org/government/departments/community-development/gislis-services/maps/zo

http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/index.en.html http://www.indianchieftravel.com/en/germany/berlin/berlin/berlin-germany-5

http://www.qub.ac.uk/ep/research/costc10/findoc/cs07-ber.pdf

http://www.aviewoncities.com/berlin/berlinfacts.htm

http://courses.umass.edu/latour/Germany/ljennings/index.html

http://www.etsy.com/listing/33503400/1902-antique-print-of-the-berlin-railway?image_id=99095145
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checked/topic/62055/Berlin/21636/Physical-and-human-geographyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62055/Berlin/21636/Physical-and-human-geographyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62055/Berlin/21636/Physical-and-human-geography

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