162 berlin-aralar

8/7/2019 162 Berlin-ARALAR

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Berlin

Erin Maryse C. Aralar

2007-42570

Arch 162


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Fast FactsLocation: 52 32 N, 13 25 E

Area: 883 km2

Altitude: 30m above sea levelPopulation: City- 3, 440, 441

Metro- 5, 000, 000

Capital and largest city of Germa

Rich cultural and historical backg

The municipal area has more treParis, more bridges than Venice,3 opera houses, 2 zoos, 150 conand theaters, and 170+ museumexhibitions

In 2006 the German capital was

the title UNESCO City of Design


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Berlin (view from Google Earth)


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TIMELINE OF BERLINEarly Stages (1237-1701)

1200 1300 1400 1500

1237

Official founding of Berlin

Emerged from the 2merchant settlements of

Berlin and Clln

1389

Berlin and Clln formed a

union, joined the Hanseatic

Legue and prospered as a

trading and fishing town

1411

Hohenzollern family

awarded the Margrave

of Brandenburg

1432

Berlin and Clln merged to

form a single municipality

1539

Reformation in

Brandenburg

An avenue is

between Cit

and Tiergart

Unter den


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1700 1800

TIMELINE OF BERLINKingdom of Prussia (1701-1871)

1701

Brandenburg and

Prussia unite to

from the Kingdom

of Prussia

1726

Conversion of

plague house to

Charite, Berlins

oldest hospital and

medical school

1740

Berlin develops into

a center of

enlightenment

1791

Brandenburg Gate is

officially opened

1792

First paved

highway openedconnecting to

Potsdam

1806

French

occupies

Berlin

1809

Prussia grants

Berlin self-

government

1838

First railroad

connecting

to Potsdam

1856

First waterworks

goes into

operation

1861

Expansion

Berlin by

incorporat

suburbs


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1800 1900

TIMELINE OF BERLINGerman Empire (1871-1918) and Weimar Republic (1919-1933)

1874

Berlin City Planner James

Hobrecht Starts work on

extensive drainage system

1879

Siemens & Halske

present the worlds first

electric railway

1902

Berlins U-Bahn

(underground railway

goes into operation)

1911-12

Berlin expands to

form Greater

Berlin

1914-18

World War I

1920

Greater Berlin Act

Expansion of Berlin

1923

Tempelhuf

Airport goes into

operation

1929

Great Depression

1933

Adolf Hitle

End of dem

Germany

TIMELINE OF BERLIN


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1900

TIMELINE OF BERLINNazi Regime (1933-1945) , Cold War, Division and Unification of Berlin (1945-2001)

1933

Opened the first

concentration camp

1938

Annexation of Austria

Start of Jewish genocide

in concentration camps

1945

End of World War II

Berlin and Germanydivided into 4 sectors

(France, Britain, US,

Soviet Union)

1946-49

Berlin becomes a

Cold War hotspot

1950

Demolishing of

Old City Palace in

East Berlin

1955-59

Construction

boom: Schonefeld

Airport (East),

expressways

(West), restoration

of Brandenburg

gate

1961

Construction

of Berlin Wall

1976

Housing boom

(East)

Cultural centers

(West)

1989

Fall of Berlin Wall

1990

Reun

East

Germ

Berli


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FORMATION OF BERLINFounding. Growth. Evolution.


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GeographySituated on the northeastern side ofGermany

Mainly built on sandy glacial soil,

surrounded by forest-rimmed lakes

Marshy terrain

Located at the wide glacial valley ofthe Spree River

Although located 180km from theBaltic Sea, Berlin still prospered

because it provided a network ofoverland trade routes to Meissen,Dresden, Baltic coast, Magdeburg,Cracow (Poland), and some Russianterritories

Map of Germany showing location of Be


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Early yearsStarted as a merchant and fishing

settlement in the 1200s (Berlin

and Clln)

Prospered as an agricultural and

merchant village

Interconnections between the

old villages became the major

highways of Berlin today

Photo: Plan of Berlin, 1237


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Old Berlin and Clln today (view from Google Earth)


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Berlin, 1652


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Berlin, 1688


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Baroque PeriodFortifications were put up

during the 16th and 17th

centuries due to the

advancement in artillery

techniques

Surrounding areas are still

agricultural and evidence of grid

formations

Photo: Berlin surrounded by

fortifications and moats, 1740


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BerlinChurchesand Royalresidence,

1740


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Industrial PeriodPeter Joseph Lenne- architect

and landscape architect

designed Tiergarten Park and

the Sanssouci Gardens, mostly

open spaces and canals

attempted to layout Berlin in

1840, but was not successful

Photo: Tiergarten Park 1793,

Berlin


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Industrial PeriodPeter Joseph Lenne- architect

and landscape architect

designed Tiergarten Park and

the Sanssouci Gardens, mostly

open spaces and canals

attempted to layout Berlin in

1840, but was not successful

Photo: Tiergarten Park today,

Berlin


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Industrial PeriodJames Hobrecht- city planner,created a zoning ordinance for

Berlin, no building regulations,just transportation and drainagesystems

Plan included housing blocks ofapproximately the same size,distributor roads to connect tomain radial roads

plan led to very densedevelopment especially in thecity's core and provided regularopen spaces and public squares.

Photo: Hobrechts plan, 1862


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Berlin1884


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Mid 19th century, eight private

railway companies built rail lines

between Berlin and other Germancities, the tracks and facilities often

crossing over existing building

structures and road networks

tied to a long distance rail system by

a railway ring only when it became

necessary for military reasons

The city grew into the rural areas

alongside the new suburban road

and rail routes at the end of the 19th

century when concentric growth was

replaced by radial growth.

Photo: Berlins railway system, 1902

Industrial Period


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20th CenturyThe moat and fortifications of

the 17th century are now

occupied by the S-Bahn (tookplace in 1922)

Photo: Inner city of Berlin, early

20th century

G B li


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Greater BerlinAct

Greater Berlin Act- law passed

by the Prussian government in

1920 that greatly expanded thesize of Berlin into 20 boroughs

Berlin acquired 7 towns:

Charlottenburg, Kpenick, Lichte

nberg,Neuklln, Schneberg,

Spandau and Wilmersdorf, in

effect, acquiring also green areas

Photo: Map showing new merged

territories to Berlin, 1920 (Old

Berlin indicated in purple)


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Nazi and WW IIAdolf Hitler wanted a new cityplan for Berlin to create a world

capital called GermaniaHitler wanted a north-south axis

Planning themes: garden cities,town extension plans

Not much construction has beenmade due to World War II

A lot of buildings in Berlin weredestroyed including theBrandenburg Gate

Photo: Devastation of Berlin,1945

P t W d


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Post War andDivision

Germany and Berlin were

divided into four sectors (French,

British, American, and Soviet)

Soviet sector became East Berlin

(GDR), while the other 3 became

West Berlin (FRG). The rest of

Germany was divided the same

way due to the Cold War

Resulted to the creation of 2Germanies

Photo: Four sectors of Germany


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Devils Mountain

(Teufelsberg)- one of

the hills constructed

from the rubble left by

WW II

P t W d


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Post War andDivision

West Berlin became an enclave toEast Germany and Bonn becamethe capital of west Germany

East Berlin became the capital ofEast Germany

1961- Berlin Wall was constructed,physically separating East and WestBerlin. Even roads and railwayswere blocked.

The Berlin Wall was 155km (96miles) long and 3.6m (11.86 ft) high

with 302 watchtowers. More than170 people were killed trying toescape

Photo: Four sectors of Berlin


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West BerlinThought was given to a reunifiedurban layout, continuing thediscussion on much the same lines as

before and after World War IIGreen space policy, based largely onthe early open space plan and thepost-war concept of the car-friendlycity

Urban development concentrated onthe inner-urban situation, providingspecific working concepts for theredevelopment of both buildings and

districtsDetailed concepts were displayed atthe International Building Exhibitionof 1987

Photo: Land Use and Zoning of WestBerlin, 1972


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East BerlinEastern half always had to struggle

with the demographic problems

associated with the GDR generalhousing policy, concentrating as it did

on industrial locations and the inner

cities

The development centered on

industrial mass production of flats and

buildings on the urban fringe.

Hellersdorf Largest prefabricatedhousing estate with 150, 000 flats

West Berlin obviously had better

economy and less chaotic than the

East, as a result, West Berlin had

better city form

Photo: East Berlin

Fall of Berlin


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Fall of BerlinWall

After the fall of the Berlin Wall

in 1989, the Planwerk

Innenstadt (inner city planning)concept proposed urban design

principles which were

conservative and idealistically

orientated towards a historic

Berlin. The diversity of the

current urban shape was to be

changed by a homogeneous

urban design of the Berlin-

Prussian" style

Photo: Berlin Wall

Fall of Berlin


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Fall of BerlinWall

Federal Republic: First the idea

of green space and wedges, still

alive today; the idea of an axiswhich arose during the baroque

period and was actively pursued

during the Third Reich and the

GDR; and finally a concept for

the urban space as

redevelopment of the inner city

blocks.

Photo: Demolishing the Berlin

Wall


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Recent YearsThe German Parliament voted to

move the capital back to Berlin

Important development projectsduring the 1990's were adjacent

new government district on the

bank of the Spree river

Most of the existing buildings

were restored or renovated

In 1999, the restored Reichstag

building was used for the

parliaments first meeting

Photo: Restored Reichstag Building


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Recent YearsRedevelopment of Potsdamer

Platz was another major project

that bridged the eastern andwestern parts of the city and

showcased new ideas in

architecture and urban design.

Reduced the number of

boroughs from 23 to 12 to make

the city more cost effective

Photo: Postdamer Platz


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23 Boroughs ofBerlin (2000)


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12 Boroughs ofBerlin (2005)

C l i


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Conclusion Geography played a major role in the founding of Berlin. The e

Spree river provided water for the agricultural land as well as sincome by means of fishing. Its location was ideal because it prnetwork of overland trade routes for its neighboring towns andcountries.

History, culture, economy and politics are the main factors thathe urban shape and the city function of Berlin.

Development of the city function of Berlin was affected mainlytechnology present at a certain time. Berlin evolved from an agtrade settlement, to a defense/military town, to an industrial atransportation city, to Germanys present day cultural, politicamedia and science capital.


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LAND USE AND ZONING M


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Hobrecht Plan

1862


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Zoning Plan

1925


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Speer Plan

1939


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Land Use Plan

1950


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Building and Land

Use Plan

1961


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General

Development Plan

1969


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General

Development Plan

1989


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General

Development Plan

1994


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General

Development Plan

2004


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Open Space Plan

Sources


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SourcesCultures of the World: Germany. Time Books international: Singapore, 1995.

Wise, Michael. Capital Dilemma: Germanys search for a new architecture of democracy. Princeton Architectu

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62055/Berlin/21636/Physical-and-human-geography

http://baerentouren.de/berlin_graphics.html (Old pictures)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_Berlin(Old maps) http://www.historicmapsrestored.com/international/europe/berlin1833.html (old maps)

http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/basisdaten_stadtentwicklung/monitoring/index.shtml

http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/fnp/en/historie/index.shtml (land use maps)

http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/google_map_Berlin.htm

http://www.umich.edu/~csfound/545/1997/sca/DOCUMENT.html

http://www.newberlin.org/government/departments/community-development/gislis-services/maps/zo

http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/index.en.html http://www.indianchieftravel.com/en/germany/berlin/berlin/berlin-germany-5

http://www.qub.ac.uk/ep/research/costc10/findoc/cs07-ber.pdf

http://www.aviewoncities.com/berlin/berlinfacts.htm

http://courses.umass.edu/latour/Germany/ljennings/index.html

http://www.etsy.com/listing/33503400/1902-antique-print-of-the-berlin-railway?image_id=99095145
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