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Berlin
Erin Maryse C. Aralar
Arch 162
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BERLINLocation: 52 32 N, 13 25 E
Area: 883 km2
Altitude: 30m above sea level
Country: Germany State: Berlin but with inBrandenburg B
Population: 5M
Capital and largest city of Germany
Second densest city after Munich
In 2006 the G
awarded the
Design.
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Berlin (Google Earth)
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Close up of Berlin (Google Earth)
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Beginnings1237
Official founding of Berlin
Emerged from the 2 merchant
settlements of Berlin and Clln.
1389
Berlin and Clln formed a union,
joined the Hanseatic Legue andprospered as a trading and fishing
town.
Extent of Hanseatic League
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FORMATION OF BERLINGeography. Social Forces. Technical Influences.
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GeographyLocated at the wide glacial valley of
the Spree RiverMainly built on sandy glacial soil,
surrounded by forest-rimmed lakes
Marshy terrain
First settlements: Spandau, Kpenick,
Berlin and Clln, arose near fords and
dry areas
Old illustration of Berlin and Clln
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Early yearsStarted as a merchant and fishing
settlement in the 1200s (Berlinand Clln)
Prospered as an agricultural and
merchant village
Interconnections between the
old villages became the major
highways of Berlin today
Berlin 1652
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Middle AgesFortifications were put up during
the 16th
and 17th
centuries due tothe advancement in artillery
techniques
Surrounding areas are still
agricultural and evidence of grid
formations
Berlin 1740
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Industrial Period
Berlin grew without any
development conceptsCreation of highways and
waterways
Industries to the north and east
Country houses to the west
Berlin 1833
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Peter Joseph Lenne- (arch and
L.arch) designed Tiergarten Park
and the Sanssouci Gardens,
mostly open spaces and canals
attempted to layout Berlin in
1840, but was not successful
due to economic interests
HIS PLAN:
Tiergarten Park 1765, Berlin
Industrial Period
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Peter Joseph Lennes Plan:
Organize scattered structures
into a designed urban layout
with a ring road
Open spaces with English
landscaping and urban planning
principles
Tiergarten Park
Industrial Period
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James Hobrecht- created a
zoning ordinance for Berlin, no
building regulations, just
transportation and drainage
systems
Plan included housing blocks of
approximately the same size,
distributor roads to connect to
main radial roadsplan led to very dense
development especially in the
city's core and provided regular
open spaces and public squares.
Industrial Period
Hobrecht Plan 1862
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Hobrecht Plan 1862
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Hobrecht Plan area and built-
up areas by 1860
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8 private railway companies
built rail lines between Berlin
and other German cities
tied to a long distance rail
system by a railway ring only
when it became necessary for
military reasons
The city grew into the rural
areas alongside the newsuburban road and rail routes at
the end of the 19th century
concentric growth was replaced
by radial growth.
Mid 19th Century
Berlins railway system, 1902
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Jansen Plan 1910
The moat and fortifications of
the 17th
century are nowoccupied by the S-Bahn (took
place in 1922)
1910- one of the first urban
planning competitions included
the draft of a radial system with
green wedges
Access is more than 26
radial speed railways, which are
connected by belt lines. For road
transport, a radially
oriented network consists of
five main roads will be provided.
20th Century
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Greater Berlin Act
Greater Berlin Act- law passed
by the Prussian government in
1920 that greatly expanded thesize of Berlin into 20 boroughs
Berlin acquired 7 towns:
Charlottenburg, Kpenick, Lichte
nberg,Neuklln, Schneberg,
Spandau and Wilmersdorf, ineffect, acquiring also green areas
Photo: Map showing new merged territories
to Berlin, 1920 (Old Berlin indicated in
purple)
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Zoning Plan 1925
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Adolf Hitler wanted a new city
plan for Berlin to create a world
capital called Germania
Hitler wanted a north-south axis
Planning themes: garden cities,
town extension plans
Albert Speer- proposed a general
zoning ordinance with a main axis
as the backbone of the new
urban shape
Work started in 1930 but
stopped in 1942
Nazi and WW II
Speer Plan and Model 1939 (Southern part of the main axis)
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Speer Plan 1939
Existing d
Plannedc
Plannedd
Old villag
Green Ar
Sports fa
IndustriaRe-plann
Axes ring
Railroad
Existing p
Schedule
Fasttrack
Waterwa
Oldcity l
Newcity
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Speer Plan 1939
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Speer Plan 1939
Major Roads
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Berlin was one of the most
important targets for thebombing war
Not much construction has been
made due to World War II
A lot of buildings in Berlin were
destroyed including the
Brandenburg Gate
Nazi and WW II
Devastation of Berlin after the war
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Devils Mountain
(Teufelsberg)- one
of the hills
constructed from the
rubble left by WW II
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Opportunity to modernize the
urban form of Berlin
2 different groups to plan Berlin:
a) Collective- car-friendly
b) Zehlendorf District Council-
transport networks and open
spaces
Post war
Collective Plan 1946
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Zehlendorfer Plan 1946
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Bonatz/ Moest 1946
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1948
Germany and Berlin were divided
into four sectors
Soviet sector- East Berlin (GDR)
other 3- West Berlin (FRG)
The rest of Germany was divided
the same way due to the Cold War
Resulted to the creation of 2
Germanies
West Berlin became an enclave to
East Germany and Bonn became
the capital of west Germany
East Berlin became the capital of
East Germany
Division
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1961- Berlin Wall wasconstructed, physically separating
East and West Berlin. Even roads
and railways were blocked.
The Berlin Wall was 155km (96
miles) long and 3.6m (11.86 ft)
high with 302 watchtowers.
Division
Berlin Wall
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West Berlinreunified urban layout, continuingthe discussion on much the same linesas before and after World War II
Green space policy, based largely onthe early open space plan and thepost-war concept of the car-friendlycity
Urban development concentrated onthe inner-urban situation, providingspecific working concepts for theredevelopment of both buildings anddistricts
Detailed concepts were displayed atthe International Building Exhibitionof 1987
Land Use and Zoning of West Berlin, 1972
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Building and
Land Use Plan
1961 (West)
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East Berlindemographic problems associated
with the GDR general housing policy,
concentrating as it did on industriallocations and the inner cities
Concentrated on industrial mass
production of flats and buildings on
the urban fringe.
Hellersdorf Largest prefabricated
housing estate with 150, 000 flats
East Berlin Plan 1964-1970
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General Development Planning (East)
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General
Development Plan
1989
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Challenge: connect
infrastructures of former East and
West Berlin
The German Parliament voted to
move the capital back to Berlin
Important development projects
during the 1990's were adjacent
new government district on the
bank of the Spree river
Most of the existing buildings
were restored or renovated
In 1999, the restored Reichstag
building was used for the
parliaments first meeting
Recent Years
Restored Reichstag Building
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General
Development Plan
1994
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Redevelopment of Potsdamer
Platz was another major project
that bridged the eastern andwestern parts of the city and
showcased new ideas in
architecture and urban design.
Reduced the number of
boroughs from 23 to 12 to make
the city more cost effective
Recent Years
Potsdamer Platz
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23 Boroughs ofBerlin (2000)
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12 Boroughs ofBerlin (2005)
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Joint State Planning
Department- joint planning
for Berlin and BrandenburgJoint Planning Framework:
Decentralization
Rail network with rapid transit
links
Well-protected natural parks
Berlin Star- model of urban devt
along the S-bahn lines into the
surrounding country side
Recent Years
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U- and S-Bahn
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General
Development Plan
2004
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Open Space Plan
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END
Sources
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SourcesCultures of the World: Germany. Time Books international: Singapore, 1995.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62055/Berlin/21636/Physical-and-human-geography
http://baerentouren.de/berlin_graphics.html (Old pictures)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_Berlin (Old maps) http://www.historicmapsrestored.com/international/europe/berlin1833.html (old maps)
http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/basisdaten_stadtentwicklung/monitoring/index.shtml
http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/fnp/en/historie/index.shtml (land use maps)
http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/google_map_Berlin.htm
http://www.umich.edu/~csfound/545/1997/sca/DOCUMENT.html
http://www.newberlin.org/government/departments/community-development/gislis-services/maps/zo
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checked/topic/62055/Berlin/21636/Physical-and-human-geographyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62055/Berlin/21636/Physical-and-human-geographyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62055/Berlin/21636/Physical-and-human-geography