reviewing literature louise livesey academic skills adviser this workshop will: −explain what...
TRANSCRIPT
Reviewing Literature
Louise Livesey
Academic Skills Adviser
This workshop will: − Explain what completing a review of literature involves− Offer tips on how to manage the reviewing process− Show you basic strategies for taking a critical
approach to literature at degree-level.
The Plan
1. Why review literature? What’s the point?
2. How to begin: tips for the first steps of reviewing
3. Managing your reviewing
4. Working critically with the literature.
Activity 1: Why are you asked to review literature?Work as a pair or small group, and agree on a list of all the reasons why someone would be asked to review literature in their field of study/future profession.
• To check your research has not been done before so you do not waste your time.
• For ideas on how to approach your research, what methods are appropriate to obtain the type of information you want (NOT the answers you want!)
• Justifies the reason for your research – to show there is a gap in the field.
• To ensure you have a full understanding of the subject.
1.Why review literature?What’s the point?
Reviewing the literature gives you and your marker…
- A landscape of knowledge and key issues (Bell, 2005)
- It ‘locates’ your topic within a much larger field of information (Blaxter et al., 2006):
- It is “…a small piece in a complicated jigsaw puzzle; it does not stand alone.” (Ridley, 2008: 5).
The product…
Writing up a finished literature review
The process…Doing the reviewing
It is 2 things (Ridley, 2008: 2):
1.Why review literature?What’s the point?
2.How to begin: tips for the first steps of reviewing
Where do I
start?
Reading lists
Published literature reviews
Textbooks
Lecture materials
Dissertations & theses
Topic-specific databases
2.How to begin: tips for the first steps of reviewing
CataloguesSummonGoogle Scholar
General web search
The proposed topic of your research: plagiarism trends in higher education
Core search terms & searching criteria: plagiarism; HE; higher education; university; academic misconduct; academic malpractice.Journals only / 2000 onwards / HE only / quantitative studies onlySearched: Terms or combinations of
terms searched forResults of search (e.g. articles or books located)
Date of search
ERIC plagiarism + HE 21 - Larkham & Manns (2002); Ercegovac & Richardson (2004)…
23/09/14
Summon plagiarism + HE OR university
11 - 23/09/14
Google Scholar trends+plagiarism 7 - 24/09/14
• Be efficient – longer pieces of work review more literature before selecting. Keep track of your searches.
Adapted from Ridley (2008: 43)
2.How to begin: tips for the first steps of reviewing
Reviewing is about more than just reading
Reviewing
Appraising
Analysing Evaluating
Comparing
Selecting
3.Managing your reviewing
Once you have found potentially useful papers…
Preliminary reading and analysis
Scan all of the abstracts, executive summaries or chapter summaries first
Jot down your first impressions of each source – why might it be useful at this early stage?
Can you make any (early) rudimentary observations, comparisons or classifications? What are they?
Are there any patterns emerging? Are there any questions emerging?
Can you already discard some sources and follow-up on others?
3.Managing your reviewing
Focused in-depth reading
Look at:
- findings and their conclusions
- theory and its evidence
- documents and their supporting data…
asking questions to ‘interrogate’ them.
Go systematically through the sources you have decided to read.
Apply a set of questions or a process to the literature. Take
notes.
Take bibliographic reference information as you go.
Aim to do your reviewing ‘little and often’.
3.Managing your reviewing
4.Working criticallywith the literature
• The difference between exploratory and focused (Ridley, 2008).
• Take notes / map the text / annotate – TRANSFORM it (Cottrell, 2005).
4.Working criticallywith the literature
Try ‘different’ readings of different groups of texts.
Eating Disorders
Men and Masculinity
Body Image
Experiments
InterviewsRCTs
4.Working criticallywith the literature
Abstract > conclusions > introduction > findings/results
Applying similar
steps to all/most
literature you find
1. What is the purpose of the study?
2. What is the scope of the study?
3. What is the focus of the study?
4. What are the units of analysis?
5. What is the sampling strategy?
6. What types of data were collected?
7. How were the data managed?
8. What analytical approach was used?
9. How is validity addressed in the study?
10. When did the study occur?
11. How is the study justified?
12. How are ethical issues handled?
13. How are logistics handled?
(Hart, 1998: 49)
4.Working criticallywith the literature
What do we think a critiquing tool is?
(Cottrell, 2005)
TALKING POINT
Activity 2: Using a critiquing tool What is the blank example’s strengths and weaknesses?
Reading
WritingSearching
5. Summary of the literature review process
Specifying title and section headings for the lit review
Writing and revisiting drafts of your written lit review
Developing your argument: identifying source texts to support each step in your argument
This is the subject of anotherof our workshopsNote-taking,
summaries, informal writing
Developing categories and themes for the reading
Identifying theories, terminology, concepts, policy and methodology
Exploring ideas around the topic
Locating previous research in the area
Formulating research questions
Justifying research problem or issueto be investigated Adapted from Ridley (2008: 81)
Bell, J. (2005) Doing Your Research Project. 4th ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press
Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. & Tight, M. (2006) How to Research. 3rd ed. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Cottrell, S. (2005) Critical Thinking Skills. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hart, C. (1998) Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Ridley, D. (2008) The Literature Review: a Step-by-Step Guide for Students. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Student Services. (2014) Why do I have to have a literature review? Brisbane St. Lucia: University of Queensland. [online] Available at:
http://www.uq.edu.au/student-services/phdwriting/phfaq23.html [Accessed 16.10.2014]
Thomas, G. (2013) How to do your Research Project. 2nd ed. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
References:
Academic Skills Advice
• What do we do? Support undergraduate students with their academic skills by running clinics and workshops, having bookable appointment slots, and enabling students to access Instant Advice.
• When can you come for help? Everyday both face to face and on-line
• How do you get in touch? Email: [email protected] or website www.brad.ac.uk/academic-skills
• Where are we? Chesham Building B0.23• Who are we? Michael and Helen specialise in Maths
Support; Lucy and Russell advise students on study skills; and I (Louise) deliver the workshops