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ISSN : 2349-1299(RRJoP)

Research & Reviews

A Journal of Pharmacology

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Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance

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Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.

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Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,

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STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

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Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.

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Former Director, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India.

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Engineering department, PEC University of Technology,

Chandigarh, India.

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Dr. Nayana UdupaManipal College of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, Manipal University Manipal, India.

Dr. Vedagiri SubhashiniJSS college of Pharmacy, JSS University,

India.

DR. Devang J. PandyaAssociate Professor at School of

Pharmacy, RK University, Rajkot, India.

Dr. Ajay KoomerDirector of Program Assessment for

Physician Assistant Program in Sullivan University College of Health Sciences,

United States.

Ashish RunthalaBirla Institute of Technology & Science,

Pilani, INDIA, India.

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Technology (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Hyderabad-

500607, India.

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PA, United States.

Ms. Maria Lourdes Ceballos CoronelAssociate Prof., Assistant Dean & Dept.

Chair Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Sullivan Univeristy, Lousiville,

United States.

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 4 Issue (2)] of Research &

Reviews : A Journal of Pharmacology. The intension of RRJoP is to create an atmosphere that

stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Pharmacology.

The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by

eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoP provides an outlet for Research findings and

reviews in areas of Pharmacology found to be relevant for National and International recent

developments & research initiative.

The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for

the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and

research in the domain of Pharmacology.

Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for

their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write-

ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With

regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality

Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. Comparison of Prescribing Pattern of Anti-hypertensive Drugs and the Level of Control Achieved in Type 2 Diabetes Patients between Primary and Tertiary Care Hospitals

Harsha K. P., Rani U. D., Varun H. V., Kamath S. G. 1

2. Ethanolic Root Extract of Jatropha curcas L. Relieves Muscle Pain in Rats Ameyaw E. O., Edem Kukuia K. K., Boampong J. N., Thomford A. K., Anane R. F., Tabiri I. Yaw A. I. 5

3. In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Calotropis ProceraPriya S., Jenifer S. 11

4. Short Review on Diabetes MellitusFirke S. D., Bafna P. S., Patil K. R. 15

ContentsResearch & Reviews : Journal of Pharmacology

RRJoP (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861 (online), ISSN: 2349-1299 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Comparison of Prescribing Pattern of Anti-hypertensive

Drugs and the Level of Control Achieved in Type 2

Diabetes Patients between Primary and Tertiary

Care Hospitals

Harsha K. P.*, Rani U. D., Varun H. V., Kamath S. G. Department of Pharmacology, SSIMS and RC, Davangere, Karnataka, India

Abstract Hypertension is a common co-morbidity of diabetes affecting majority of people with

diabetes, also a major risk factor for coronary vascular disease and microvascular

complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy. To compare prescribing pattern of

anti-hypertensive drugs and the level of control of hypertension achieved in type 2

diabetes patients in primary and tertiary care hospitals. Fifty patients each with type 2

diabetes and hypertension (fulfilling JNC 7 criteria for diagnosis of hypertension) attending the out-patient departments of primary and tertiary health care centers in

Bangalore were included in the study. Data regarding blood pressure and type of drugs used were collected. Two blood pressure readings were taken with a time span of 5 min

on each individual in sitting position. Average of the two readings was recorded. Only

34(68%) of patients were on treatment at primary care level where as 48(96%) were on treatment at tertiary care level. At the primary care level calcium channel blockers

(CCBs) 20(40%) were the most common drug used followed by Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) 8(16%). At tertiary care level ARBs 22(44%) were the most

commonly used drugs followed by ACE inhibitors 14(28%). Only 8(16%) were well

controlled in primary care level whereas 34(68%) were well controlled at tertiary care level. Prescribing pattern of anti-hypertensives and level of control of hypertension at

primary care level grossly deviates from available recommendations as compared to

tertiary care level.

Keywords: anti-hypertensive drugs, type 2 diabetes mellitus, prescribing patterns,

primary and tertiary health care levels

RRJoP (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861 (online), ISSN: 2349-1299 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Ethanolic Root Extract of Jatropha curcas L. Relieves

Muscle Pain in Rats

Ameyaw E. O.1 *, Edem Kukuia K. K.

3 , Kyei Samuel

2 ,Boampong J. N.

1, Thomford A. K.

1,

Anane R. F.1, Tabiri I.

1 Yaw A. I.

1

1Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University

of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana 2Department of Optometry, Faculty of Physical Science, University of Cape Coast,

Cape Coast, Ghana 3Department of Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences,

University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana 3Department of Pharmacology, University of Cape Coast Medical School, University of Cape Coast,

Cape Coast, Ghana

Abstract The roots of Jatropha curcas are used traditionally to treat pain. The present study

evaluated the analgesic property of ethanolic extract of Jatropha curcas (JAT) in acute

and chronic muscle pain models. Acute muscle hyperalgesia was induced by injecting 3% carrageenan into the gastrocnemius muscles of rats. Twelve hours after the injection,

baseline muscle hyperalgesia was measured and the rats were then treated orally with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day JAT; intraperitoneally with 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg/day morphine and

normal saline. A change in pain threshold was assessed with the grip strength

analgesimeter. The effect of JAT on chronic muscle hyperalgesia was evaluated by injecting 3% carrageenan into the gastrocnemius muscles of the separate groups of rats.

Two weeks later, baseline pain thresholds were measured and rats were treated with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day JAT; 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg/day morphine and normal saline. Pain

threshold was assessed again by measuring the latency to paw withdrawal in the

ipsilateral and contralateral paws. JAT and morphine increased the grip strength in the acute muscle hyperalgesia test. Chronic muscle hyperalgesia was also significantly

reduced by JAT and morphine. JAT relieves muscle pain in rats.

Keywords: hyperalgesia, muscle, carrageenan, kaolin

RRJoP (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861 (online), ISSN: 2349-1299 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Calotropis Procera

Priya S.1*, Jenifer S.

2

1Department of Biotechnology, S.T.E.T. Women’s College, Mannargudi, Tamil Nadu, India

2Department of Biotechnology, Bon Secours College for women, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract Antioxidant activity of root of Calotropis procera extract was evaluated in a series of in

vitro assay involving free radicals. IC50 values were determined. Extracts of I. coccinea

exhibited scavenging effect in concentration dependent manner in all in vitro method. IC50 of ethyl acetate extract was 48.43, 75.811 and 60.60 μg/ml for 2,2-

diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and nitric oxide scavenging, respectively. Ethyl acetate extract shows good in vitro antioxidant

activity compared to other extract.

Keywords: Calotropis procera, DPPH free radical, nitric oxide radical, hydrogen

peroxide scavenging

RRJoP (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861 (online), ISSN: 2349-1299 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Short Review on Diabetes Mellitus

Firke S. D.1, Bafna P. S.

2*, Patil K. R.

2

1R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India

2H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is fastly growing health problem worldwide. Present article discussed

about diabetes in general including its introduction, Pathophysiology, sign & symptoms

and some of currently available treatments and possible newer approaches briefly. One of major problem associated with present antidiabetics drugs are they possessing variety of

adverse effect which is ultimately diverting focus of researchers on newer approaches to treat both types of diabetes. In current review, we will review diabetes, present

antidiabetics drugs, and future treatment approaches having potentiality to control

symptoms as well as diabetes.

Keywords: diabetes, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, novel approaches in diabetes,

incretin