ISSN: 2321-5178

Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology

(JoPET)

May - August 2014

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(ISSN: 2321–5178)

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Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance

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Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India

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Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,

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Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

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Varanasi, India

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Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra,

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STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

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Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.

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Former Director, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India.

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Rourkela, India.

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Chandigarh, India.

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Editorial Board

Dr. Vineet KumarDepartment of Chemical

Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.

Dr. Abhay Kumar Choubey

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum

Technology, Raebareli, India.

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department

of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Prof VirenderParkash SharmaDept of Petroleum Engineering School

of Mines Dhanbad – 826004 India.

Dr. Atul SharmaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Rae Bareli, U.P., India.

Dr. Reza RezaeeBob L. Herd Dept. of Petroleum

Engineering, Texas Tech University,Lubbock, TX 79409-3111, USA.

Dr. Mohammad RafiqulAwalBob L. Herd Dept. of Petroleum

Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3111, USA.,

United States.

Dr. Ajay Mandal

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India.

Associate Prof VameghRasouliDepartment of Petroleum Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.

Dr. MayankTyagiCraft & Hawkins Department of

Petroleum Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA.

Prof. Mohammed KamilChairman Department of Petroleum Studies Aligarh Muslim University,

Aligarh India.

Prof Hamid Ali Department of Petroleum Studies,

Aligarh Muslim University,AligarhIndia.

Dr. Ravi VadapalliResearch Scientist Adjunct Professor of

Petroleum Engineering Texas Tech University, Lubbock USA.

Editorial Board

Dr. Saman A Aryana Assistant Professor

Department of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering University of Wyoming

USA.

Dr. Kiran PatilProfessor Dept. of Petrochemical and

Petroleum Engineering MAEER's, Maharashtra Institute of Technology,

Pune, India.

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department

of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Dr. Hamid RahnemaAssistant Professor Department of

Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering The New Mexico Institute of Mining and

Technology USA.

Dr. Baojun BaiAssociate ProfessorGraduate Coordinator

Petroleum Engineering Missouri University of Science And Technology

USA.

Dr. Pradeep B JadhavProfessor and Head Department of

Petroleum EngineeringMaharashtra Institute of Technology

Pune, India.

Dr. Rakesh ChandraDepartment of Earth Sciences,

University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, (J&K)

India.

Dr. Upendra Singh YadavAssistant Professor & Head

Department of Petroleum Engineering,Dit University, Dehradun, India.

Dr. Somnath NandiAssociate Professor Dept. of Petroleum

and Petrochemical Engineering Maharashtra Institute of Technology,

Pune India.

Dr. Subrata Borgohain GogoiAssociate Professor & Head

Department of Petroleum Technology Dibrugarh University

Dibrugarh Assam.

Editorial Board

Ilham El-MonierMewbourne School of Petroleum and

Geological EngineeringThe University of Oklahoma.

Dr. Akhtar Rasool MirDepartment of Earth Sciences,

University of Kashmir,Srinagar , India

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department

of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Ala'a H. Al-MuhtasebAssociate Professor Department of

Petroleum and Chemical EngineeringFaculty of Engineering Sultan

Qaboos University Oman.

Ismail Mohd Saaid Department of Petroleum Engineering

University Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak

Malaysia.

Ashish M Gujrathi Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering

Sultan Qaboos UniversityOman.

Borkha Mech DasAssistant Professor

Deptt. of Petroleum TechnologyDibrugarh University

Dibrugarh, Assam.

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 4 Issue (2)] of Journal of

Petroleum Engineering & Technology (JoPET). The intension of JoPET is to create an atmosphere

that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Petroleum Engineering &

Technology.

The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by

eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoPET provides an outlet for Research findings and

reviews in areas of Petroleum Engineering & Technology found to be relevant for National and

International recent developments & research initiative.

The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for

the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and

research in the domain of Petroleum Engineering & Technology.

Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for

their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write-

ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With

regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality

Research/Reviesw findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. Recent Advances in Treating Oil Field Produced Water: A Review Subrata Borgohain Gogoi, Animesh Sarma Tamuli 1

2. Pressure Data Analysis and Multilayer Modeling of A Gas-Condensate Reservoir Fatema Akter Happy, Mohammad Shahedul Hossain, Arifur Rahman 7

3. The Effect of Methanol on 512 Methane Hydrate Cage Cluster – A Molecular Dynamics StudyPal S., Kundu T. K. 16

4. Improved Prediction of Fluid Contacts using Calibrated Material Balance ModelsOgbunude B. C., Emenike E., Ebuka A. 25

5. Underbalanced Drilling and Its Advancements: An OverviewSaxena A., Ojha K., Pathak A. K. 37

ContentsJournal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology

JoPET (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology ISSN: 2231-1785 (online), ISSN: 2321-5178 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Recent Advances in Treating Oil Field Produced

Water: A Review

Subrata Borgohain Gogoi*, Animesh Sarma Tamuli Department of Petroleum Technology, Dibrugarh University, Assam, India

Abstract Oil field produced water contains substantial quantity of oil and grease and other

suspended particles and therefore, it cannot be disposed off directly or cannot be injected

to the sub surface for secondary recovery purposes keeping in view of the environmental concerns. The water therefore has to be treated suitably. This article summarizes the

various advanced available technologies that can be used for treating the produced water

of Assam keeping in mind not only the safe disposal norms but also if the produced water has to be used as a source of fresh water.

Keywords: Produced water, advanced treatment technology, fresh water, membrane

technology, electrochemistry

JoPET (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology ISSN: 2231-1785 (online), ISSN: 2321-5178 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Pressure Data Analysis and Multilayer Modeling of

A Gas-Condensate Reservoir

Fatema Akter Happy*, Mohammad Shahedul Hossain, Arifur Rahman Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh

Abstract Kailastila gas field located at Golapgonj, Sylhet, is one of the largest gas fields in

Bangladesh. It produces a high amount of condensate along with natural gas. For the

high values of GOR, it may be treated as a wet gas at reservoir condition. Three main sand reservoirs are confirmed in this field (upper, middle and lower). In this study, it has

been shown that reservoir parameters of this gas field can be obtained for multilayered

rectangular reservoir with formation cross-flow using pressure and their semi-log derivative on a set of dimensionless-type curve. The effects of the reservoir parameters

such as permeability, skin, storage coefficient, and others such as reservoir areal extent and layering on the wellbore response and pressure are investigated. Shut-in pressures

are used in calculating permeability, skin factor, average reservoir pressure, wellbore

storage effect and other reservoir properties. The direction of the formation cross flow is determined, first by the layer permeability and later by the skin factor. Finally, it is

recommended to perform diagnostic analysis along with multilayer modeling to extract better results. Reservoir can also be considered as a multilayer cylindrical and can also

use these models for other fields.

Keywords: Pressure derivative analysis, Skin factor, Wellbore storage, Permeability,

Multilayer

JoPET (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology ISSN: 2231-1785 (online), ISSN: 2321-5178 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

The Effect of Methanol on 512

Methane Hydrate Cage

Cluster – A Molecular Dynamics Study

Pal S.1*, Kundu T. K.

2

1Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela,

Rourkela, India 2Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur,

Kharagpur, India

Abstract Molecular dynamic simulation study of methane hydrate cluster having 27 methane

encapsulated pentagonal dodecahedron (512

) hydrate cage with and without presence of

eight methanol molecules in supercell has been performed to evalute the effect of

methanol on the stability and formation of methane hydrate cluster. Methanol is found to act as an effective methane hydrate inhibitor below 30 atm pressure for 240 K and below

90 atm pressure for 250 K. The prediction by this molecular dynamics simulation study is found to be well corresponds with reported experimental results.

Keywords: Methane hydrate, Pentagonal dodecahedron, Gas hydrate inhibitor

JoPET (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology ISSN: 2231-1785 (online), ISSN: 2321-5178 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Improved Prediction of Fluid Contacts using Calibrated

Material Balance Models

Ogbunude B. C., Emenike E., Ebuka A. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

Abstract The demand for oil has been on the high in the recent past and will continue as search for

sustainable alternative energy sources intensifies. The exploration and exploitation of oil

from subsurface reservoirs have posed several environmental challenges which include flaring and improper water disposal to name a few, caused by excessive production of gas

and water. Hence, it is important to establish a reservoir performance monitoring scheme

that will ensure that appropriate fluids are produced from the reservoir within the economic producing life of each well-draining a given reservoir by monitoring the fluid

contact levels. Furthermore, appropriate reservoir monitoring will help to improve productivity and recovery of old wells, calibrate predictive reservoir models and identify

opportunities for optimum reservoir development. A key tool used in reservoir

performance monitoring is the post production log, particularly the Pulsed Neutron Capture (PNC) and Pulsed Neutron Spectroscopy (PNS) logs which make use of high

energy neutrons to determine the fluid contacts in the reservoir. This campaign however is very expensive; hence an alternative and less expensive method of determining and

predicting the present and future fluid contacts will be discussed. This involves using

calibrated material balance models to predict the fluid contacts based on the pore volume (voidage) replacement by the displacing fluid. This will help in generating fluid contacts

on a more frequent time interval.

Keywords: Fluid contacts, Reservoir, Material balance models

JoPET (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology ISSN: 2231-1785 (online), ISSN: 2321-5178 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Underbalanced Drilling and Its Advancements: An

Overview

Saxena A., Ojha K. *, Pathak A. K. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Abstract Ever increasing global energy demand associated with depletion of conventional

hydrocarbon resources drives exploration and production (E&P) industry to invent

advanced new technologies in frontier areas of drilling, production and reservoir engineering to enhance hydrocarbon production from unconventional resources or

depleted reservoirs. Demand to produce from a low pressure marginal reservoir and the

discoveries of naturally fractured reservoirs lead to the development of new drilling techniques like underbalanced drilling along with other technological advances.

Underbalanced drilling (UBD) technology can overcome a number of problems encountered during drilling, which is otherwise impossible with conventional

overbalanced drilling. However, in-depth understanding of the characteristic behavior of

different components during operation is an essential criteria for efficient application of this technology. In drilling operation, drilling fluid plays a very important role in

controlling the entire operation efficiently without any interruption or damage to the reservoir. Foam-based drilling fluid, one of the most favored techniques of UBD needs a

thorough study for its applicability and smooth functioning under bottom hole condition.

Foam fluid is very much unpredictable for its very sensitive rheological behavior, specifically for small variation in pressure, temperature, and composition along with

other parameters during drilling. Hence, utmost care should be taken for proper

designing of foam-based fluid, failing of which may negatively affect the process. Present paper deals with the developments of foam fluid as an efficient drilling fluid since its

inception, composition and rheology, merits and demerits, comparison with conventional fluids which will help the researchers working in the field to get the intensive information

without consulting a large literature.

Keywords: Underbalanced drilling, Foam, Formation damage, Differential sticking,

Fluid loss