Research ArticleResponse of Sugarcane in a Red Ultisol to Phosphorus RatesPhosphorus Sources and Filter Cake

Gustavo Caione1 Renato de Mello Prado2 Cid Naudi Silva Campos2

Leandro Rosatto Moda2 Ricardo de Lima Vasconcelos2 and Joatildeo Martins Pizauro Juacutenior2

1Mato Grosso State University Alta Floresta MT Brazil2Sao Paulo State University Jaboticabal SP Brazil

Correspondence should be addressed to Gustavo Caione gustavocaioneagronomoengbr

Received 3 January 2015 Revised 14 April 2015 Accepted 15 April 2015

Academic Editor Paula B Andrade

Copyright copy 2015 Gustavo Caione et alThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

We evaluated the effect of phosphorus application rates from various sources and in the presence or absence of filter cake on soilphosphorus plant phosphorus changes in acid phosphatase activity and sugarcane productivity grown in Eutrophic Red UltisolThree P sources were used (triple superphosphate Araxa rock phosphate and Bayovar rock phosphate) and four application rates(0 90 180 and 360 kg haminus1 of P

2

O5

) in the presence or absence of filter cake (75 t haminus1 dry basis) The soil P the accumulatedplant P the leaf acid phosphatase activity and straw the stalk productivity the concentration of soluble solids in the juice (Brix)the juice sucrose content (Pol) and the purity were the parameters evaluated We found that P applications increased levels ofsoil leaf and juice phosphorus and led to higher phosphorus accumulation and greater stalk and straw productivity These levelswere highest in the presence of filter cake Acid phosphatase activity decreased with increasing plant phosphorus concentrationPhosphate fertilization did not show effect on sugarcane technological qualityWe concluded that P application regardless of sourceimproved phosphorus nutrition and increased productivity in sugarcane and when associated with filter cake reduced the needfor mineral fertilizer

1 Introduction

Phosphorus (P) is essential for the synthesis of adenosine tri-phosphate and numerous other phosphorylated compounds[1] This nutrient also enhances photosynthetic activity andincreases root development leading to increased nutrientuptake greater tillering and higher yield in sugarcane [2] Pdeficiencyin sugarcane induces biochemical change such thatleaf phosphatase acid activity is negatively correlated withaccumulated P [3] This relationship could be used for earlydiagnosis of phosphorus nutrition in sugarcane

Tropical soils have low available P due to low naturalavailability clay adsorption and precipitation with Fe and AlThus the efficiency of phosphorus fertilization in cultivatedsoils is considered low It is estimated that 85 to 90 ofinorganic P added to the soil becomes unavailable to plantsin the year of application [4] The amount of P remaining inbalanced solution after P application is called remaining P [5]

The concentration of remaining P depends on P applicationrate contact time [6] and the phosphate adsorption capacityof the soilThis final factor depends on the amount of organicmatter clay texture and clay mineralogy [7] Thus phospho-rus fertilization should bemanaged to improve absorption bythe plant decrease soil adsorption and consequently improvephosphorus usage by the crop

Some studies indicate that the association of mineralphosphate fertilizer with organic compost leads to higheravailable soil P [4 8ndash11] better plant absorption and greaterproductivity [12] Filter cake is an important organic compostand a by-product of sugar and ethanol plants that comes fromthe sugar clarification process and is composed of groundbagasse and decanted sludge One ton of ground sugarcaneproduces 30 to 40 kg of filter cake [13] As sugarcane pro-duction increases filter cake production also increases whichcan then be used to optimize crop fertilization Filter cake canpartially substitute mineral fertilizers [12 14ndash16] Specifically

Hindawi Publishing Corporatione Scientific World JournalVolume 2015 Article ID 405970 10 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015405970

2 The Scientific World Journal

0

50

100

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250

Prec

ipita

tion

(mm

)

Monthyear

May

2012

June

2012

July

2012

Augu

st2012

Sept

embe

r2012

Oct

ober

2012

Nov

embe

r2012

Dec

embe

r2012

Janu

ary2013

Febr

uary

2013

Mar

ch2013

April

2013

May

2013

June

2013

Har

vest

Leafsampling

Leaf

sam

plin

g

sam

plin

gSo

il

Plan

ting

Figure 1 Monthly accumulated precipitation during the experi-ment Source [38]

applications of this organic compost at 15 t haminus1 (wet basis)can reduce conventional chemical fertilization by 50 [17]Nevertheless there is little information about the effect of thiscompound on sugarcane when associated with P sources andP application rates

In general studies on increasing sugarcane productivityas a function of phosphate fertilization have shown varyingresults [2 13 17ndash22] However variations in the magnitude ofcrop response could depend on the P sources and applicationrates and the presence of organic compost Some studies showthat filter cake increases soil pH [12] which could favor highlysoluble P sources and limit lower solubility sources Otherauthors did not show the same effect [23]

We evaluated the effect of P application rate P sourceand the presence or absence of filter cake on soil P plant Pchanges in leaf acid phosphatase activity and productivity ofsugarcane plants grown in Ultisol

2 Material and Methods

21 Experimental Area The experiment was carried out inthe field and during the 20122013 growing season and waslocated in Catanduva Sao Paulo state Brazil (21∘0510158400710158401015840S48∘5410158402210158401015840W height 550m) The predominant climate of theregion is tropical rainy with dry winters (Aw Koppen)Figure 1 shows the precipitation data collected during theexperiment It can be seen that rainfall was well distributed(1385mm total) and that there were no water limitationsduring the sugarcane growth cycle

The soil in the experimental area was classified asEutrophic Red Ultisol [24] Twenty soil subsamples werecollected from the 0ndash20 cm layer Soil chemical analysis usingthe methodology of [25] showed the following pH (CaCl

2

) =55 organic matter = 12 g dmminus3 P (resin) = 5mg dmminus3 K+ =31mmolc dm

minus3 Ca2+ = 30mmolc dmminus3 Mg2+ = 13mmolc

dmminus3 H+ + Al3+ = 18mmolc dmminus3 sum of bases = 64mmolc

dmminus3 cation exchange capacity = 64 mmolc dmminus3 and base

saturation of 72 Fe2

O3

Al2

O3

and SiO2

levels (47 80

and 112) were measured according to the methodologydescribed by [26]

22 Experiment Setup and Crop Treatments The experimen-tal area received lime applications five months prior to thestart of the experiment Thus base saturation was adequatefor sugarcane cultivation [27] and thus unnecessary to correctfor soil acidity The soil was prepared conventionally byplowing and harrowing in March 2012 and then leveling (byharrowing) furrowing (030m depth) and planting in May2012

CTC 15 sugarcane was used This variety is classifiedas mediumlate cycle highly productive robust droughttolerant and adaptable to various production environments[28] The sugarcane stalks were manually cut into 3-bud setsplanted end to end at an average row density of fifteen budspermeter and then covered with a soil layer of approximately010m

Fertilization at planting was carried out according to therecommendations of [27] except for variations in P and filtercake in accordance with the treatments Treatments withoutfilter cake were balanced with N (assuming 30 of the total Ncontained in the filter cake) andK (assuming 100of the totalK contained in the filter cake) at levels equal to those suppliedby the filter cake Ca and Mg levels were high throughout theexperiment due to the liming

Fertilizers were mixed and then applied at the base ofthe furrows A nitrogen side dressing (50 kg haminus1 ammoniumnitrate) was applied 40 days after planting [27] Weeds werecontrolled with applications of tebuthiuron (12 L haminus1) ame-tryn (30 L haminus1) and MSMA (10 L haminus1) Pest and diseasetreatments were unnecessary

23 Treatments and Experimental Design The experimentwas set up in randomized blocks of 3 times 4 times 2 with threerepetitions representing 3 P sources triple superphosphate(41 soluble in 2 citric acid) Araxa rock phosphate (4soluble in 2 citric acid) and Bayovar rock phosphate (14soluble in 2 citric acid) four application rates of P

2

O5

(090 180 and 360 kg haminus1 of P

2

O5

soluble in 2 citric acid)in the presence or absence of organic compost (75 t haminus1 offilter cake dry basis)Theorganic compostwas obtained fromdecomposed filter cake and had the following chemical char-acteristics expressed in terms of dry matter at 60ndash65∘C andusing the methodology described by [29] N = 140 g kgminus1P = 92 g kgminus1 K = 34 g kgminus1 Ca = 253 g kgminus1 Mg =90 g kgminus1 S = 33 g kgminus1 B = 16mg kgminus1 Cu = 43mg kgminus1Fe = 9374mg kgminus1 Mn = 753mg kgminus1 and Zn = 70mg kgminus1Also it was determined the CN ratio and the pH value ofthe filter cake and the values were 121 and 82 respectivelyEach plot was performed by five rows of sugarcane with 15mlong by 15m between rows The useful area to collect datawas composed by the 13m of the three central rows

24 Evaluations Leaf samples (middle third of leaf +3excluding midrib) were taken 4 months after sprouting andused to evaluate the nutritional state and P level of the crop[30] At eight months when the crop was fully developed

The Scientific World Journal 3

leaf samples were collected again (middle third of the leaf+1) excluding midrib [27] Sample preparation and chemicalanalysis were conducted using themethodology described by[29]

Six months after commencement of the experiment soilsamples were taken at 12 random points in the middle threefurrows (0ndash02 and 02ndash04m deep) of each plot P levels inthe samples were determined by the resin method [25] andthe remainder method [6]

Another leaf sample was collected 8 months after sprout-ing (middle third of the leaf +1 excluding midrib) Thesesamples were stored in liquid nitrogen and then used toevaluate alternative nutrition biochemistry and acid phos-phatase activity using an adapted version of the method-ology described by [31] After thawing the leaves werehomogenized in Turrax homogenizer (OMNI model GLH-2511) in 100mM acetate buffer pH 55 and at a ratio of1 g of plant tissue to 10mL of buffer The homogenate wascentrifuged at 10000 g for 10 minutes at 4∘CThe supernatantwas then aliquoted frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored atminus70∘CThe aliquots were then used tomeasure the enzymaticactivity and protein concentration of the extract Proteinconcentration was determined by fluorescence using a Qubitfluorometer (Invitrogen) Manufacturer specifications werefollowed and bovine albumin serum was used as a stan-dard

Twelve months after sprouting stalk and straw (leavesand apical meristem) productivity number of millable stalksstalk diameter and stalk length were measured Stalk diame-ter (first internode above the stalk base) and length (after thecut) were determined from 10 stalks per plot Stalk numberwas determined from a 2m section in the center row of eachplot A three-meter section from each row was harvestedand the stalks (t haminus1) and straw (dry weight) were weighedseparately Samples were taken from each fraction and driedin a forced air oven (63ndash67∘C) until reaching a constantweight and dry mass After drying the samples were groundin a Willey mill and then P was measured in the stalks andstraw The results were then used to calculate accumulatedP in stalks and straw Juice samples were also collected andmeasured to determine P levelsThe samemethodology usedto determine P levels in the leaf samples was also used for thestalks straw and juice

During the sugarcane yield evaluation ten contiguousstalks were sampled from the central lines of the plots in orderto analyze sugarcane technological qualityThe concentrationof soluble solids in the juice (Brix) the juice sucrose content(Pol) and the purity were the parameters evaluated

25 Statistical Analysis The Sisvar application [32] was usedto calculate analysis of variance and perform 119865 tests A Tukeytest (119875 le 005) was used to compare variable P sourceand filter cake averages Polynomial regression analysis wasused to evaluate P application rates Microsoft Excel Starter2010 in Windows 7 Starter was used to produce the graphsFinally simple linear correlation tests between variables wereperformed using Assistat software version 76 beta [33]

3 Results

31 Soil and Plant Phosphorus from Phosphate FertilizationThe P availability in the soil at a depth of 00ndash020m deter-mined by the resin method showed significant interactionsbetween P source and filter cake and between applicationrates and filter cake (Table 1) In the presence of filter caketriple superphosphate produced higher soil P than eitherAraxa or Bayovar rock phosphate however all sourcesshowed high P content [27] regardless of the presence orabsence of filter cake (Figure 2(a)) Higher levels from triplesuperphosphate may be caused by higher pH from the filtercake [12] P levels were higher in the presence of filter cakethan in the absence regardless of source All P applicationrates produced higher P resin in the presence of filter cake(Figure 2(b)) Application rate had amore significant effect inthe presence of organic compost Specifically P level increasescaused by application rate increases were 44 higher in thepresence of cake than in its absence (Figure 2(c))

P-res at 02ndash04m was only affected by isolated factors(Table 1) Triple superphosphate produced higher availableP than Bayovar rock phosphate Nevertheless all P sourcesproduced available P levels within the accepted average rangeof 16 to 40mg dmminus3 [27] Soil P was higher in the presence offilter cake than in its absence Soil P increased linearly relativeto application rate regardless of the presence or absence offilter cake However in the presence of filter cake the slopeof the accumulated P line increased 39 for every unit of Papplied relative to the increase in accumulated P caused bythe application of P in the absence of filter cake (Figure 2(d))This result is similar to that obtained at the 00ndash02m depth

Application rate affected remaining P only at the 00ndash02mdepth (Table 1) and rates caused linear increases regard-less of the presence or absence of filter cake (Figure 2(e))

Leaf P at 4 and 8 months after sprouting was influencedby isolated factors but not by interactions (Table 1) Triplesuperphosphate produced higher P levels than Bayovar andAraxa rock phosphate at 4months but no differences betweensources were seen at 8 months This result reflects the greateravailable soil P (P resin) at 02ndash04m associated with thissource The presence of filter cake increased leaf P relativeto its absence at both 4 and 8 months This result is similarto the soil P result Increasing application rates caused linearincreases in leaf P with or without filter cake However leaf Pwas always higher in the presence of filter cake at both 4 and8 months (Figures 3(a) and 3(b))

Interaction existed between P sources and filter cakeand between application rates and filter cake regardingacid phosphatase activity (APase) (Table 1) Enzyme activitydid not differ among P sources in the presence filter cake(Figure 4(a)) Nonetheless triple superphosphate was associ-ated with lower enzyme activity in the absence of filter cakeThis result is related to higher available P in soil and leavesat four months given that these enzymes are less active withhigher cellular levels of inorganic P [34]

In the presence of filter cake enzyme activity was lowerwith the use of Araxa and Bayovar phosphates but unchangedwith triple superphosphate Filter cake caused lower enzymeactivity at P

2

O5

doses of 0 90 and 180 kg haminus1 but had

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Soil phosphorus determined by the resinmethod (P-res) and by the remaindermethod (P-rem) at depths of 00ndash02m and 02ndash04mleaf phosphorus at four months (P-4) and at eight months (P-8) after sprouting and acid phosphatase activity (APase) and juice phosphorus(P-juice) of sugarcane grown in Eutrophic Red Ultisol as a function of phosphate fertilization with source application rate and filter cake

P-res 00ndash02 P-res 02ndash04 P-rem 00ndash02 P-rem 02ndash04 P-4 P-8 APase P-juicemg dmminus3 g kgminus1 nmolminminus1mgminus1 mgLminus1

P sourcesAraxa 47 20ab 30 19 14b 17 23409 478Bayovar 45 18b 29 19 15b 17 23095 479Triple superphosphate 57 25a 30 18 16a 17 22840 493

P2O5 rates0 15 8 27 19 14 16 23467 37090 35 18 30 19 15 17 24027 489180 53 24 30 18 16 17 23244 532360 99 33 32 19 17 18 21726 537

Filter cakePresence 63 24 31 19 17 18 20795 495Absence 37 18 29 19 14 16 25434 472

119865 testSource 30ns 42lowast 01ns 02ns 98lowastlowast 02ns 04ns 04ns

Rate 1013lowastlowast 263lowastlowast 100lowastlowast 06ns 146lowastlowast 47lowastlowast 33lowast 225lowastlowast

Filter cake 546lowastlowast 83lowastlowast 39ns 20ns 810lowastlowast 623lowastlowast 732lowastlowast 21ns

Source times rate 21ns 14ns 01ns 09ns 22ns 12ns 15ns 04ns

Source times cake 47lowast 02ns 01ns 01ns 13ns 06ns 71lowastlowast 02ns

Rate times cake 45lowastlowast 10ns 02ns 04ns 27ns 09ns 166lowastlowast 04ns

Source times rate times cake 10ns 07ns 01ns 11ns 22ns 09ns 23ns 01ns

CV 299 404 106 65 89 47 100 137Averages followed by single letters are significantly different from other averages in the same column (Tukey test 119875 le 005) lowastlowast lowast and ns significant (119875 le001 119875 le 005) and insignificant (119865 test)

no effect on enzyme activity at 360 kg haminus1 (Figure 4(b))Thismay be because phosphate nutrition was not improved bythe presence of filter cake given the already high P levelsupplied at this application rate In the absence of filter cakeP applications caused linear reductions in APase activity(Figure 4(c)) whereas the presence of filter cake had no effecton enzyme activity This demonstrates that without any Papplication (0 rate) the presence of filter cake had alreadyreduced APase which seems reasonable given that filtercake alone supplied adequate P as indicated by leaf samples(18 g kgminus1 P) at eight months (Figure 3(b)) [27]

P applications increased P levels in the sugarcane juiceThe highest juice levels resulted from the 255 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

rate in the presence of filter cake and the 273 kg haminus1 P2

O5

inthe absence of filter cake (Figure 4(d))

32 Accumulated Shoot Phosphorus Stalk straw and totalaccumulated P were influenced by application rate andby filter cake but not by source or interactions betweenfactors (Table 2) The presence of filter cake produced higheraccumulated P in stalks and straw and 39 higher totalaccumulated P than in the absence of filter cake P appli-cations in the absence of filter cake caused linear increasesin accumulated stalk P (Figure 5(a)) At the highest rate245 kg haminus1 P was accumulated which was just 76 kg greaterthanwith no application (0 rate) In the presence of filter cake

P applications did not influence accumulated stalk P that wason average 288 kg haminus1 greater than the accumulation withthe highest application rate and in the absence of filter cakeThis result shows that even at the 0-application rate filtercake is an efficient P source for sugarcane

33 Production Productivity Components and SugarcaneTechnological Quality The production components (stalkheight and diameter) were not influenced by the treatmentshowever stalk number was influenced by P application rate(Table 2) The greatest numbers of stalks (17 and 16 stalksper meter) were obtained at 174 and 268 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

in thepresence and absence of filter cake (Figure 5(d)) Note thatwhen it was used filter cake the necessity of mineral P

2

O5

decreased by 94 kg haminus1 to obtain themaximum stalk numberin comparison to absence of filter cake

Only P application rate affected straw productivity(Table 2) which was 253 t haminus1 with 191 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

in thepresence of filter cake (Figure 5(e)) Application rate had noeffect on straw productivity in the absence of filter cake

P application rate and filter cake were the only factorsthat had an isolated effect on stalk productivity (Table 2)Productivity was 6 greater with filter cake than withoutThis increase in productivity reflects the higher soil P andplant P and lower APase caused by the presence of organiccompost relative to its absence

The Scientific World Journal 5

0

20

40

60

80

Presence AbsenceFilter cake

Araxa phosphateBayovar phosphate

Triple superphosphate

BaBa

Aa

AbAb

Ab

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

(a)

0

50

100

150

0 90 180 360

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

Presence of filter cakeAbsence of filter cake

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

(b)

0

25

50

75

100

125

0 90 180 360

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 202888 + 02731x

y (wo cake) = 72222 + 01899x

R2 = 098 F = 2108lowastlowast

R2 = 099 F = 1020lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 90 180 360

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 118365 + 00757x

y (wo cake) = 94931 + 00543x

R2 = 097 F = 513lowastlowast

R2 = 090 F = 264lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(d)

25

30

35

40

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

y (wo cake) = 2670 + 00152x

= 2838 + 00140x

P re

mai

ning

(mg d

mminus3)

R2 = 095 F = 125lowastlowast

R2 = 086 F = 148lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(e)

Figure 2Available phosphorus (P resin) in the soil at 00ndash02m as a function of phosphorus source andfilter cake (a) phosphorus applicationrate and filter cake (b and c) and depth 02ndash040m as a function of phosphorus application rate (d) and remaining phosphorus at 00ndash02mas a function of phosphorus application rate (e) Averages followed by single letters are significantly different (Tukey test 119875 le 005) Capitalletters compare P sources with the effect of filter cake Lowercase letters compare the effect of filter cake on each source lowastlowast significant(119875 = 001)

6 The Scientific World Journal

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

Leaf

P (g

kgminus

1)

y (wo cake) = 12289 + 0000945x

= 15733 + 0000593x

R2 = 086 F = 307lowastlowast

R2 = 074 F = 121lowastlowasty (w cake)

(a)

15

16

17

18

19

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

Leaf

P (g

kgminus

1)

y (wo cake) = 1600 + 0000282x

= 17622 + 0000205x

R2 = 075 F = 78lowastlowast

R2 = 083 F = 41lowasty (w cake)

(b)

Figure 3 Leaf phosphorus in sugarcane at four months (a) and at 8 months (b) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowast and lowastlowastsignificant at probabilities of 005 and 001 respectively

1500

1900

2300

2700

AbAb

Aa

Aa Aa

Ba

Presence AbsenceFilter cake

Araxa phosphateBayovar phosphate

Triple superphosphate

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

(a)

1500

2000

2500

3000

A

B

A

B

A

BA

A

0 90 180 360

Presence of filter cakeAbsence of filter cake

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

(b)

1500

2000

2500

3000

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

y (wo cake) = 2079 F = 09ns

R2 = 062 F = 232lowastlowast= 27622133 minus 13892xy (w cake)

(c)

10

30

50

70

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

R2 = 099 94lowastlowast= 402667 + 01224x minus 000024x2

R2 = 098 F = 114lowastlowasty (wo cake) = 35912 + 01419x minus 000026x2

Juic

e P (m

g Lminus1)

y (w cake)

(d)

Figure 4 Acid phosphatase activity (APase) as a function of P sources and filter cake (a) P application rates and filter cake (b and c) andsugarcane juice P as a function of P application rates (d) Averages followed by single letters are significantly different (Tukey test 119875 le 005)Capital letters compare P sources with the effect of filter cake Lowercase letters compare the effect of filter cake on each source lowastlowast and nssignificant (119875 = 001) and insignificant respectively

The Scientific World Journal 7

Table 2 Stalk phosphorus accumulation (P-stalk) in leaves and apical meristem (P-straw) total (P-total) length (SL) diameter (SD) stalknumber (SN) and the productivity of straw and stalks of sugarcane grown in Eutrophic Red Ultisol as a function of phosphate fertilizer withdifferent P sources P application rates and filter cake

P-stalks P-straw P-total SL SDSN

Straw Stalkskg haminus1 of P m mm t haminus1

P sourcesAraxa 248 131 379 34 285 15 212 2174Bayovar 235 128 363 34 287 15 213 2097Triple superphosphate 254 153 407 34 286 16 220 2210

P2O5 rates0 208 99 307 34 284 13 187 182090 252 137 389 34 286 17 223 2210180 259 169 428 35 285 16 242 2320360 263 144 407 33 288 16 208 2291

Filter cakePresence 289 150 439 34 286 16 223 2225Absence 203 125 328 34 286 15 207 2096

119865 testSource 13ns 26ns 29ns 05ns 01ns 04ns 02ns 13ns

Rate 64lowastlowast 86lowastlowast 124lowastlowast 18ns 05ns 59lowastlowast 35lowastlowast 160lowastlowast

Filter cake 730lowastlowast 66lowast 547lowastlowast 11ns 01ns 00ns 17ns 50lowast

Source times rate 05ns 06ns 05ns 02ns 03ns 11ns 07ns 10ns

Source times cake 05ns 06ns 10ns 10ns 08ns 02ns 06ns 01ns

Rate times cake 16ns 03ns 14ns 07ns 13ns 22ns 04ns 14ns

Source times rate times cake 07ns 06ns 07ns 11ns 03ns 05ns 04ns 01ns

CV 174 293 167 53 35 149 241 114lowastlowast lowast and ns significant (119875 le 001 119875 le 005) and insignificant respectively (119865 test)

P application rates with or without filter cake causedincreases in stalk productivity that fit a quadratic model(Figure 5(f)) The highest productivity (241 t haminus1) with filtercake was obtained with a P

2

O5

application of 230 kg haminus1Without filter cake an extra 35 kg or 265 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

wasneeded to reach amaximum of 239 t haminus1Therefore the highcorrelation coefficient (119903 = 078lowastlowast) of stalk number showedthat this variable had the greatest effect on productivity Totalaccumulated P had the second greatest effect underscoringthe importance of phosphate fertilization on increased pro-ductionThere was no effect of phosphate fertilization on theconcentration of soluble solids in the juice (Brix) (mean =169) on the juice sucrose content (Pol) (mean= 143) andalso on the purity (mean = 846)

4 Discussion

41 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilizers on Soil PhosphorusAvailable P was highest when P applications were made withfilter cake (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)) P availability in the soilis influenced by various factors such as soil texture claycontent clay type and soil organicmatterThus some authorsattribute increased P availability in the soil to combinedapplications of P and organic compost [4 8 9 11] Thequantity of P that remains in solution depends on thephosphate adsorption capacity of the soil which in turn

depends on the quantity of organic matter clay texture andclay mineralogy [7] and P application rate Lower organicmatter levels mean greater surface exposure for P adsorptionand consequent reductions in P-rem On the other handlower levels of poorly crystalized Fe andAl oxidesmean lowerP adsorption and greater P-rem [5] In the present studyincreases in available P with filter cake application can bemainly attributed to the P supplied by this organic compost(containing 92 g kgminus1 of P) The same effect was reported by[14] that observed soil P increases from 14 to 94mg kgminus1 afterapplications of filter cake exclusively (100 t haminus1) Increasesin soil P resulting from the exclusive use of filter cake wereobserved in a vertisol [14] and also from a combination offilter cake with sugarcane bagasse in aDystrophic Red-YellowOxisol (Typic Acrustox) [10] An application of filter cakeat 15 t haminus1 (wet basis) improved soil fertility [17] relativeto conventional chemical fertilization which is indicative ofgreater nutrient absorption by the plant and is reflected ingreater productivity

42 Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Plant PhosphorusHigher available soil P was associated with greater nutrientabsorption by the plants causing higher leaf P levels (Figures3(a) and 3(b)) lower APase activity (Figures 4(b) and 4(c))greater juice P levels (Figure 4(d)) and greater accumulation(Figures 5(a) 5(b) and 5(c)) Energy storage is consequently

8 The Scientific World Journal

10

20

30

40Ac

cum

ulat

ed st

alk

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 288 F = 09ns

y (wo cake) = 169400 + 00211x

R2 = 073 F = 156lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(a)

0

5

10

15

20

Accu

mul

ated

stra

w P

(kg h

aminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 116313 + 00532x minus 000012x2

R2 = 094 F = 59lowast

y (wo cake) = 78479 + 00719x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 102lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(b)

0

20

40

60

Tota

l acc

umul

ated

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 385930 + 00825x minus 000018x2

R2 = 099 F = 60lowast

y (wo cake) = 230313 + 01325x minus 000026x2

R2 = 099 F = 126lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

5

10

15

20

Stal

ks p

er m

eter

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 130151 + 00289x minus 0000054x2

R2 = 084 F = 41lowast

R2 = 058 F = 43lowast= 147454 + 00191x minus 0000055x2y (w cake)

y (wo cake)

(d)

0

8

16

24

32

Stra

w (t

haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 198155 minus 00572x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 65lowast

y (wo cake) = 207 F = 17ns

y (w cake)

(e)

100

150

200

250

Stal

k (t

haminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 19832 + 03724x minus 000081x2

R2 = 098 F = 81lowastlowast

y (wo cake) = 16889 + 05256x minus 000099x2

R2 = 098 F = 121lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(f)

Figure 5 Phosphorus accumulation in stalks (a) straw (b) and total (c) number of stalks per meter (d) and productivity of sugarcane straw(e) and stalks (f) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowastlowast lowast and ns significant at 001 005 and insignificant respectively

higher as P is essential for the synthesis of ATP and numerousother phosphorylated compounds [1] This causes improvedroot development tillering and production [2] The capacityfor triple superphosphate fertilization to increase availablesoil P plant absorption and sugarcane productivity was alsoshown in Dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (Typic Acrustox)[21] and Dystrophic Red-Yellow Ultisol [19] Combining

phosphate fertilizer with organic compost has been shownto result in increased phosphorus uptake by plants andhigher productivity [12] In the present study P applicationsincreased P levels in cane juice The same result has beenshown by other authors [35] Higher P levels in sugarcanejuice are important for commercial production because Phelps clarify cane juice

The Scientific World Journal 9

Increasing P applications caused linear increases in leaf P(Figures 3(a) and 3(b)) and linear reductions inAPase activity(Figure 4(c)) Nevertheless there was no significant correla-tion between APase activity and leaf P levels (119903 = 02 ns) Lowlevels of available P are reflected in plant enzymatic activityPlants respond to P deficiency with less efficient P usageand higher APase activity in leaves stems and roots [36]Phosphatases are associated with P remobilization in plantsTherefore increased activity of these enzymes has been linkedto low cellular levels of inorganic P [34 36] and a negativecorrelation between phosphatase activity and leaf P [37]

43 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Productivity andSugarcane Technological Quality Phosphorus levels espe-cially in the presence of filter cake increase levels of availablesoil P and plant uptake which is reflected in higher produc-tivity (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)) however they did not showeffect on sugarcane technological quality Several studies haveshown increases in sugarcane productivity as a function ofphosphate fertilization [2 13 17ndash22] Triple superphosphateapplied to the furrow during planting (100 kg of P

2

O5

)increased sugarcane productivity by 34 compared to a zero-application control [21] Reference [22] evaluated the isolatedeffect of P applications in Nigerian soils with low P levelsTsado et al [22] found that applications of 150 kg haminus1 ofP2

O5

in the form of rock phosphate led to the highest stalkproductivity 1025 t haminus1 whereas a control treatment led toproductivity of just 625 t haminus1

Phosphorus benefits sugarcane in many ways One wayis by improving tillering which has the greatest impact onsugarcane productivity [2 18 20] Reference [18] showedthat reducing mineral fertilization by 25 and adding filtercake at 15 t haminus1 can increase tillering by as much as 191with consequent increases in stalk productivity Authorsstate that the association between inorganic and organicfertilizers is very important for maintaining soil fertilityand obtaining high sugarcane yields Reference [14] onlyobserved an increase in productivity from 73 to 85 t haminus1

with an application of filter cake (100 t haminus1) This result wasconfirmed by the present study in which the presence offilter cake increased soil and plant P (Table 1) which led togreater nutrient accumulation and greater stalk productivity(Table 2)

Thus filter cake applications (10 t haminus1 wet basis) canreduce dependency on chemical fertilizers by asmuch as 25[23] Moreover if the filter cake is enriched (15 t haminus1 wetbasis) with Azotobacter and Bacillus megaterium productiv-ity can be increased by as much as 21 over chemical fertil-ization potentially reducing chemical fertilizer requirementsby 50 [17]

In general many results show the effect of phosphatefertilization on yield increment however the technologicalquality is less affected This fact can be explained by theinfluence of other yield factors making the evaluation offertilizers effects on those parameters difficult therefore itmight be related to genetic material [17 18]

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] E Epstein andA BloomNutricao mineral de plantas princıpiose perspectivas Editora Planta Londrina Brazil 2nd edition2006

[2] T C Devi M Bharathalakshmi M B G S Kumari and N VNaidu ldquoEffect of sources and levels of phosphorus with zinc onyield and quality of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 14 no 2 pp195ndash198 2012

[3] F C Silva and L C Basso ldquoAvaliacao da atividade lsquoin vivorsquo dafosfatase acida da folha na diagnose da nutricao fosforica emcana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 17 pp371ndash375 1993

[4] E M Gichangi P N S Mnkeni and P C Brookes ldquoEffects ofgoat manure and inorganic phosphate addition on soil inor-ganic and microbial biomass phosphorus fractions under labo-ratory incubation conditionsrdquo Soil Science and Plant Nutritionvol 55 no 6 pp 764ndash771 2009

[5] G K Donagemma H A Ruiz V H Alvarez V J C Ker andM P F Fontes ldquoFosforo remanescente em argila e silte retiradosde Latossolos apos pre-tratamentos na analise texturalrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 32 no 4 pp 1785ndash1791 2008

[6] V V H Alvarez R F Novais L E Dias and J A OliveiraldquoDeterminacao e uso do fosforo remanescenterdquo Boletim Infor-mativo SBCS vol 25 pp 27ndash32 2000

[7] R F Novais and T J Smyth Fosforo em solo e planta emcondicoes tropicais Universidade Federal de Vicosa VicosaBrazil 1999

[8] V R Santos G Moura Filho A W Albuquerque J P CostaC G Santos and A C Santos ldquoCrescimento e produtividadeagrıcola de cana-de-acucar em diferentes fontes de fosforordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 13no 4 pp 389ndash396 2009

[9] M Takeda T Nakamoto K Miyazawa T Murayama and HOkada ldquoPhosphorus availability and soil biological activity inan Andosol under compost application and winter cover crop-pingrdquo Applied Soil Ecology vol 42 no 2 pp 86ndash95 2009

[10] C C Lima ldquoDisponibilidade de fosforo para a cana-de-acucarem solo tratado com compostos organicos ricos em silıciordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15no 12 pp 1222ndash1227 2011

[11] T Krey N Vassilev C Baum and B Eichler-LobermannldquoEffects of long-term phosphorus application and plant-growthpromoting rhizobacteria on maize phosphorus nutrition underfield conditionsrdquo European Journal of Soil Biology vol 55 pp124ndash130 2013

[12] A B Almeida Junior CWNascimentoM F Sobral F B SilvaandW A Gomes ldquoFertilidade do solo e absorcao de nutrientesem cana-de-acucar fertilizada com torta de filtrordquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 no 10 pp1004ndash1013 2011

[13] D H Santos C S Tiritan J S Foloni and L B Fabris ldquoProd-utividade de cana-de-acucar sob adubacao com torta de filtroenriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropi-cal vol 40 no 4 pp 454ndash461 2010

[14] M T Elsayed M H Babiker M E Abdelmalik O N Mukhtarand D Montange ldquoImpact of filter mud applications on the

10 The Scientific World Journal

germination of sugarcane and small-seeded plants and on soiland sugarcane nitrogen contentsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol99 no 10 pp 4164ndash4168 2008

[15] D H Santos M A Silva C S Tiritan J S S Foloni and F REcher ldquoQualidade tecnologica da cana-de-acucar sob adubacaocom torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 pp 443ndash449 2011

[16] S-D Yang J-X Liu J Wu H-W Tan and Y-R Li ldquoEffects ofvinasse and press mud application on the biological propertiesof soils and productivity of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 15 no 2pp 152ndash158 2013

[17] C Shankaraiah and K N Kalyana Murthy ldquoEffect of enrichedpressmud cake on growth yield and quality of sugarcanerdquo SugarTech vol 7 no 2-3 pp 1ndash4 2005

[18] S M Bokhtiar G C Paul and K M Alam ldquoEffects of organicand inorganic fertilizer on growth yield and juice quality andresidual effects on ratoon crops of sugarcanerdquo Journal of PlantNutrition vol 31 no 10 pp 1832ndash1843 2008

[19] G H Korndorfer and S P Melo ldquoFontes de fosforo (fluidaou solida) na produtividade agrıcola e industrial da cana-de-acucarrdquo Ciencia e Agrotecnologia vol 33 no 1 pp 92ndash97 2009

[20] G Caione M T R Teixeira A Lange A F Silva and F MFernandes ldquoModos de aplicacao e doses de fosforo em cana-de-acucar forrageira cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho AmarelordquoRevista de Ciencias Agro-Ambientais vol 9 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2011

[21] G Caione F M Fernandes and A Lange ldquoEfeito residual defontes de fosforo nos atributos quımicos do solo nutricao e pro-dutividade de biomassa da cana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira deCiencias Agrarias vol 8 no 2 pp 189ndash196 2013

[22] P A Tsado B A Lawal C A Igwe M K A Adeboye A JOdofin and A A Adekambi ldquoEffects of sources and levels ofphosphorus on yield and quality of sugarcane in SouthernGuinea Savanna Zone of Nigeriardquo Agriculture Science Develop-ments vol 2 pp 25ndash27 2013

[23] P Rakkiyappan S Thangavelu R Malathi and R RadhamanildquoEffect of biocompost and enriched pressmud on sugarcaneyield and qualityrdquo Sugar Tech vol 3 no 3 pp 92ndash96 2001

[24] H G Santos P K T Jacomine L H C Anjos et al Eds Sis-tema Brasileiro de Classificacao de Solos Embrapa Solos Rio deJaneiro Brazil 3rd edition 2013

[25] B van Raij J C Andrade H Cantarella and J A QuaggioAnalise Quımica Para Avaliacao da Fertilidade de Solos Tropi-cais Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 2001

[26] A O Camargo A C Moniz J A Jorge and J M A SValadares Metodos de analise quımica mineralogica e fısica desolos do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas IAC CampinasBrazil 2009

[27] B van Raij and H Cantarella ldquoOutras culturas industriaisrdquo inRecomendacoes de adubacao e calagem para o estado de SaoPaulo B van Raij H Cantarella J A Quaggio and A M CFurlani Eds Boletim tecnico 100 pp 233ndash239 Instituto Agro-nomico Campinas Brazil 2nd edition 1997

[28] CTCmdashCentro de Tecnologia Canavieira Variedades CTC34 p 2012 httpwwwctcanavieiracombrdownloadsvarieda-des2012 FINALpdf

[29] O C Bataglia AM C Furlani J P F Teixeira P R Furlani andJ R Gallo ldquoMetodos de analise quımica de plantasrdquo BoletimTecnico 78 Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 1983

[30] E Malavolta G C Vitti and A S Oliveira Avaliacao do estadoNutricional das plantas princıpios e aplicacoes Associacao

Brasileira para Pesquisa da Potassa e do Fosfato PiracicabaBrazil 2nd edition 1997

[31] J M Pizauro C Curti P Ciancaglini and F A Leone ldquoKineticporperties of triton X-100 solubilized bone matriz-inducedalkaline phosphataserdquo Cellular and Molecular Biology vol 34no 5 pp 921ndash926 1988

[32] D F Ferreira ldquoSisvar a computer statistical analysis systemrdquoCiencia e Agrotecnologia vol 35 no 6 pp 1039ndash1042 2011

[33] F A S Silva and C A V Azevedo ldquoVersao do programa com-putacional Assistat para o sistema operacional WindowsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais vol 4 pp 71ndash782002

[34] G G Bozzo E L Dunn and W C Plaxton ldquoDifferential syn-thesis of phosphate-starvation inducible purple acid phospha-tase isozymes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) suspensioncells and seedlingsrdquo Plant Cell amp Environment vol 29 no 2 pp303ndash313 2006

[35] J R Pereira C M B Faria and L B Morgado ldquoEfeito de nıveise do resıduo de fosforo sobre a produtividade da cana-de-acucaremVertissolordquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 30 pp 43ndash48 1995

[36] F N Nunes R B Cantarutti R F Novais I R Silva M RTotola and BN Ribeiro ldquoAtividade de fosfatases em gramıneasforrageiras em resposta a disponibilidade de fosforo no solo e aaltura de corte das plantasrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solovol 32 no 5 pp 1899ndash1909 2008

[37] M Nanamori T Shinano J Wasaki T Yamamura I M Raoand M Osaki ldquoLow phosphorus tolerance mechanisms phos-phorus recycling and photosynthate partitioning in the tropicalforage grass Brachiaria hybrid cultivar mulato compared withricerdquoPlant andCell Physiology vol 45 no 4 pp 460ndash469 2004

[38] CIIAGROmdashCentro integrado de informacoes agrometeorolog-icas 2013 httpwwwciiagrospgovbr

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Nutrition and Metabolism

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Food ScienceInternational Journal of

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

AgricultureAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BiodiversityInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

2 The Scientific World Journal

0

50

100

150

200

250

Prec

ipita

tion

(mm

)

Monthyear

May

2012

June

2012

July

2012

Augu

st2012

Sept

embe

r2012

Oct

ober

2012

Nov

embe

r2012

Dec

embe

r2012

Janu

ary2013

Febr

uary

2013

Mar

ch2013

April

2013

May

2013

June

2013

Har

vest

Leafsampling

Leaf

sam

plin

g

sam

plin

gSo

il

Plan

ting

Figure 1 Monthly accumulated precipitation during the experi-ment Source [38]

applications of this organic compost at 15 t haminus1 (wet basis)can reduce conventional chemical fertilization by 50 [17]Nevertheless there is little information about the effect of thiscompound on sugarcane when associated with P sources andP application rates

In general studies on increasing sugarcane productivityas a function of phosphate fertilization have shown varyingresults [2 13 17ndash22] However variations in the magnitude ofcrop response could depend on the P sources and applicationrates and the presence of organic compost Some studies showthat filter cake increases soil pH [12] which could favor highlysoluble P sources and limit lower solubility sources Otherauthors did not show the same effect [23]

We evaluated the effect of P application rate P sourceand the presence or absence of filter cake on soil P plant Pchanges in leaf acid phosphatase activity and productivity ofsugarcane plants grown in Ultisol

2 Material and Methods

21 Experimental Area The experiment was carried out inthe field and during the 20122013 growing season and waslocated in Catanduva Sao Paulo state Brazil (21∘0510158400710158401015840S48∘5410158402210158401015840W height 550m) The predominant climate of theregion is tropical rainy with dry winters (Aw Koppen)Figure 1 shows the precipitation data collected during theexperiment It can be seen that rainfall was well distributed(1385mm total) and that there were no water limitationsduring the sugarcane growth cycle

The soil in the experimental area was classified asEutrophic Red Ultisol [24] Twenty soil subsamples werecollected from the 0ndash20 cm layer Soil chemical analysis usingthe methodology of [25] showed the following pH (CaCl

2

) =55 organic matter = 12 g dmminus3 P (resin) = 5mg dmminus3 K+ =31mmolc dm

minus3 Ca2+ = 30mmolc dmminus3 Mg2+ = 13mmolc

dmminus3 H+ + Al3+ = 18mmolc dmminus3 sum of bases = 64mmolc

dmminus3 cation exchange capacity = 64 mmolc dmminus3 and base

saturation of 72 Fe2

O3

Al2

O3

and SiO2

levels (47 80

and 112) were measured according to the methodologydescribed by [26]

22 Experiment Setup and Crop Treatments The experimen-tal area received lime applications five months prior to thestart of the experiment Thus base saturation was adequatefor sugarcane cultivation [27] and thus unnecessary to correctfor soil acidity The soil was prepared conventionally byplowing and harrowing in March 2012 and then leveling (byharrowing) furrowing (030m depth) and planting in May2012

CTC 15 sugarcane was used This variety is classifiedas mediumlate cycle highly productive robust droughttolerant and adaptable to various production environments[28] The sugarcane stalks were manually cut into 3-bud setsplanted end to end at an average row density of fifteen budspermeter and then covered with a soil layer of approximately010m

Fertilization at planting was carried out according to therecommendations of [27] except for variations in P and filtercake in accordance with the treatments Treatments withoutfilter cake were balanced with N (assuming 30 of the total Ncontained in the filter cake) andK (assuming 100of the totalK contained in the filter cake) at levels equal to those suppliedby the filter cake Ca and Mg levels were high throughout theexperiment due to the liming

Fertilizers were mixed and then applied at the base ofthe furrows A nitrogen side dressing (50 kg haminus1 ammoniumnitrate) was applied 40 days after planting [27] Weeds werecontrolled with applications of tebuthiuron (12 L haminus1) ame-tryn (30 L haminus1) and MSMA (10 L haminus1) Pest and diseasetreatments were unnecessary

23 Treatments and Experimental Design The experimentwas set up in randomized blocks of 3 times 4 times 2 with threerepetitions representing 3 P sources triple superphosphate(41 soluble in 2 citric acid) Araxa rock phosphate (4soluble in 2 citric acid) and Bayovar rock phosphate (14soluble in 2 citric acid) four application rates of P

2

O5

(090 180 and 360 kg haminus1 of P

2

O5

soluble in 2 citric acid)in the presence or absence of organic compost (75 t haminus1 offilter cake dry basis)Theorganic compostwas obtained fromdecomposed filter cake and had the following chemical char-acteristics expressed in terms of dry matter at 60ndash65∘C andusing the methodology described by [29] N = 140 g kgminus1P = 92 g kgminus1 K = 34 g kgminus1 Ca = 253 g kgminus1 Mg =90 g kgminus1 S = 33 g kgminus1 B = 16mg kgminus1 Cu = 43mg kgminus1Fe = 9374mg kgminus1 Mn = 753mg kgminus1 and Zn = 70mg kgminus1Also it was determined the CN ratio and the pH value ofthe filter cake and the values were 121 and 82 respectivelyEach plot was performed by five rows of sugarcane with 15mlong by 15m between rows The useful area to collect datawas composed by the 13m of the three central rows

24 Evaluations Leaf samples (middle third of leaf +3excluding midrib) were taken 4 months after sprouting andused to evaluate the nutritional state and P level of the crop[30] At eight months when the crop was fully developed

The Scientific World Journal 3

leaf samples were collected again (middle third of the leaf+1) excluding midrib [27] Sample preparation and chemicalanalysis were conducted using themethodology described by[29]

Six months after commencement of the experiment soilsamples were taken at 12 random points in the middle threefurrows (0ndash02 and 02ndash04m deep) of each plot P levels inthe samples were determined by the resin method [25] andthe remainder method [6]

Another leaf sample was collected 8 months after sprout-ing (middle third of the leaf +1 excluding midrib) Thesesamples were stored in liquid nitrogen and then used toevaluate alternative nutrition biochemistry and acid phos-phatase activity using an adapted version of the method-ology described by [31] After thawing the leaves werehomogenized in Turrax homogenizer (OMNI model GLH-2511) in 100mM acetate buffer pH 55 and at a ratio of1 g of plant tissue to 10mL of buffer The homogenate wascentrifuged at 10000 g for 10 minutes at 4∘CThe supernatantwas then aliquoted frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored atminus70∘CThe aliquots were then used tomeasure the enzymaticactivity and protein concentration of the extract Proteinconcentration was determined by fluorescence using a Qubitfluorometer (Invitrogen) Manufacturer specifications werefollowed and bovine albumin serum was used as a stan-dard

Twelve months after sprouting stalk and straw (leavesand apical meristem) productivity number of millable stalksstalk diameter and stalk length were measured Stalk diame-ter (first internode above the stalk base) and length (after thecut) were determined from 10 stalks per plot Stalk numberwas determined from a 2m section in the center row of eachplot A three-meter section from each row was harvestedand the stalks (t haminus1) and straw (dry weight) were weighedseparately Samples were taken from each fraction and driedin a forced air oven (63ndash67∘C) until reaching a constantweight and dry mass After drying the samples were groundin a Willey mill and then P was measured in the stalks andstraw The results were then used to calculate accumulatedP in stalks and straw Juice samples were also collected andmeasured to determine P levelsThe samemethodology usedto determine P levels in the leaf samples was also used for thestalks straw and juice

During the sugarcane yield evaluation ten contiguousstalks were sampled from the central lines of the plots in orderto analyze sugarcane technological qualityThe concentrationof soluble solids in the juice (Brix) the juice sucrose content(Pol) and the purity were the parameters evaluated

25 Statistical Analysis The Sisvar application [32] was usedto calculate analysis of variance and perform 119865 tests A Tukeytest (119875 le 005) was used to compare variable P sourceand filter cake averages Polynomial regression analysis wasused to evaluate P application rates Microsoft Excel Starter2010 in Windows 7 Starter was used to produce the graphsFinally simple linear correlation tests between variables wereperformed using Assistat software version 76 beta [33]

3 Results

31 Soil and Plant Phosphorus from Phosphate FertilizationThe P availability in the soil at a depth of 00ndash020m deter-mined by the resin method showed significant interactionsbetween P source and filter cake and between applicationrates and filter cake (Table 1) In the presence of filter caketriple superphosphate produced higher soil P than eitherAraxa or Bayovar rock phosphate however all sourcesshowed high P content [27] regardless of the presence orabsence of filter cake (Figure 2(a)) Higher levels from triplesuperphosphate may be caused by higher pH from the filtercake [12] P levels were higher in the presence of filter cakethan in the absence regardless of source All P applicationrates produced higher P resin in the presence of filter cake(Figure 2(b)) Application rate had amore significant effect inthe presence of organic compost Specifically P level increasescaused by application rate increases were 44 higher in thepresence of cake than in its absence (Figure 2(c))

P-res at 02ndash04m was only affected by isolated factors(Table 1) Triple superphosphate produced higher availableP than Bayovar rock phosphate Nevertheless all P sourcesproduced available P levels within the accepted average rangeof 16 to 40mg dmminus3 [27] Soil P was higher in the presence offilter cake than in its absence Soil P increased linearly relativeto application rate regardless of the presence or absence offilter cake However in the presence of filter cake the slopeof the accumulated P line increased 39 for every unit of Papplied relative to the increase in accumulated P caused bythe application of P in the absence of filter cake (Figure 2(d))This result is similar to that obtained at the 00ndash02m depth

Application rate affected remaining P only at the 00ndash02mdepth (Table 1) and rates caused linear increases regard-less of the presence or absence of filter cake (Figure 2(e))

Leaf P at 4 and 8 months after sprouting was influencedby isolated factors but not by interactions (Table 1) Triplesuperphosphate produced higher P levels than Bayovar andAraxa rock phosphate at 4months but no differences betweensources were seen at 8 months This result reflects the greateravailable soil P (P resin) at 02ndash04m associated with thissource The presence of filter cake increased leaf P relativeto its absence at both 4 and 8 months This result is similarto the soil P result Increasing application rates caused linearincreases in leaf P with or without filter cake However leaf Pwas always higher in the presence of filter cake at both 4 and8 months (Figures 3(a) and 3(b))

Interaction existed between P sources and filter cakeand between application rates and filter cake regardingacid phosphatase activity (APase) (Table 1) Enzyme activitydid not differ among P sources in the presence filter cake(Figure 4(a)) Nonetheless triple superphosphate was associ-ated with lower enzyme activity in the absence of filter cakeThis result is related to higher available P in soil and leavesat four months given that these enzymes are less active withhigher cellular levels of inorganic P [34]

In the presence of filter cake enzyme activity was lowerwith the use of Araxa and Bayovar phosphates but unchangedwith triple superphosphate Filter cake caused lower enzymeactivity at P

2

O5

doses of 0 90 and 180 kg haminus1 but had

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Soil phosphorus determined by the resinmethod (P-res) and by the remaindermethod (P-rem) at depths of 00ndash02m and 02ndash04mleaf phosphorus at four months (P-4) and at eight months (P-8) after sprouting and acid phosphatase activity (APase) and juice phosphorus(P-juice) of sugarcane grown in Eutrophic Red Ultisol as a function of phosphate fertilization with source application rate and filter cake

P-res 00ndash02 P-res 02ndash04 P-rem 00ndash02 P-rem 02ndash04 P-4 P-8 APase P-juicemg dmminus3 g kgminus1 nmolminminus1mgminus1 mgLminus1

P sourcesAraxa 47 20ab 30 19 14b 17 23409 478Bayovar 45 18b 29 19 15b 17 23095 479Triple superphosphate 57 25a 30 18 16a 17 22840 493

P2O5 rates0 15 8 27 19 14 16 23467 37090 35 18 30 19 15 17 24027 489180 53 24 30 18 16 17 23244 532360 99 33 32 19 17 18 21726 537

Filter cakePresence 63 24 31 19 17 18 20795 495Absence 37 18 29 19 14 16 25434 472

119865 testSource 30ns 42lowast 01ns 02ns 98lowastlowast 02ns 04ns 04ns

Rate 1013lowastlowast 263lowastlowast 100lowastlowast 06ns 146lowastlowast 47lowastlowast 33lowast 225lowastlowast

Filter cake 546lowastlowast 83lowastlowast 39ns 20ns 810lowastlowast 623lowastlowast 732lowastlowast 21ns

Source times rate 21ns 14ns 01ns 09ns 22ns 12ns 15ns 04ns

Source times cake 47lowast 02ns 01ns 01ns 13ns 06ns 71lowastlowast 02ns

Rate times cake 45lowastlowast 10ns 02ns 04ns 27ns 09ns 166lowastlowast 04ns

Source times rate times cake 10ns 07ns 01ns 11ns 22ns 09ns 23ns 01ns

CV 299 404 106 65 89 47 100 137Averages followed by single letters are significantly different from other averages in the same column (Tukey test 119875 le 005) lowastlowast lowast and ns significant (119875 le001 119875 le 005) and insignificant (119865 test)

no effect on enzyme activity at 360 kg haminus1 (Figure 4(b))Thismay be because phosphate nutrition was not improved bythe presence of filter cake given the already high P levelsupplied at this application rate In the absence of filter cakeP applications caused linear reductions in APase activity(Figure 4(c)) whereas the presence of filter cake had no effecton enzyme activity This demonstrates that without any Papplication (0 rate) the presence of filter cake had alreadyreduced APase which seems reasonable given that filtercake alone supplied adequate P as indicated by leaf samples(18 g kgminus1 P) at eight months (Figure 3(b)) [27]

P applications increased P levels in the sugarcane juiceThe highest juice levels resulted from the 255 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

rate in the presence of filter cake and the 273 kg haminus1 P2

O5

inthe absence of filter cake (Figure 4(d))

32 Accumulated Shoot Phosphorus Stalk straw and totalaccumulated P were influenced by application rate andby filter cake but not by source or interactions betweenfactors (Table 2) The presence of filter cake produced higheraccumulated P in stalks and straw and 39 higher totalaccumulated P than in the absence of filter cake P appli-cations in the absence of filter cake caused linear increasesin accumulated stalk P (Figure 5(a)) At the highest rate245 kg haminus1 P was accumulated which was just 76 kg greaterthanwith no application (0 rate) In the presence of filter cake

P applications did not influence accumulated stalk P that wason average 288 kg haminus1 greater than the accumulation withthe highest application rate and in the absence of filter cakeThis result shows that even at the 0-application rate filtercake is an efficient P source for sugarcane

33 Production Productivity Components and SugarcaneTechnological Quality The production components (stalkheight and diameter) were not influenced by the treatmentshowever stalk number was influenced by P application rate(Table 2) The greatest numbers of stalks (17 and 16 stalksper meter) were obtained at 174 and 268 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

in thepresence and absence of filter cake (Figure 5(d)) Note thatwhen it was used filter cake the necessity of mineral P

2

O5

decreased by 94 kg haminus1 to obtain themaximum stalk numberin comparison to absence of filter cake

Only P application rate affected straw productivity(Table 2) which was 253 t haminus1 with 191 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

in thepresence of filter cake (Figure 5(e)) Application rate had noeffect on straw productivity in the absence of filter cake

P application rate and filter cake were the only factorsthat had an isolated effect on stalk productivity (Table 2)Productivity was 6 greater with filter cake than withoutThis increase in productivity reflects the higher soil P andplant P and lower APase caused by the presence of organiccompost relative to its absence

The Scientific World Journal 5

0

20

40

60

80

Presence AbsenceFilter cake

Araxa phosphateBayovar phosphate

Triple superphosphate

BaBa

Aa

AbAb

Ab

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

(a)

0

50

100

150

0 90 180 360

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

Presence of filter cakeAbsence of filter cake

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

(b)

0

25

50

75

100

125

0 90 180 360

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 202888 + 02731x

y (wo cake) = 72222 + 01899x

R2 = 098 F = 2108lowastlowast

R2 = 099 F = 1020lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 90 180 360

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 118365 + 00757x

y (wo cake) = 94931 + 00543x

R2 = 097 F = 513lowastlowast

R2 = 090 F = 264lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(d)

25

30

35

40

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

y (wo cake) = 2670 + 00152x

= 2838 + 00140x

P re

mai

ning

(mg d

mminus3)

R2 = 095 F = 125lowastlowast

R2 = 086 F = 148lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(e)

Figure 2Available phosphorus (P resin) in the soil at 00ndash02m as a function of phosphorus source andfilter cake (a) phosphorus applicationrate and filter cake (b and c) and depth 02ndash040m as a function of phosphorus application rate (d) and remaining phosphorus at 00ndash02mas a function of phosphorus application rate (e) Averages followed by single letters are significantly different (Tukey test 119875 le 005) Capitalletters compare P sources with the effect of filter cake Lowercase letters compare the effect of filter cake on each source lowastlowast significant(119875 = 001)

6 The Scientific World Journal

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

Leaf

P (g

kgminus

1)

y (wo cake) = 12289 + 0000945x

= 15733 + 0000593x

R2 = 086 F = 307lowastlowast

R2 = 074 F = 121lowastlowasty (w cake)

(a)

15

16

17

18

19

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

Leaf

P (g

kgminus

1)

y (wo cake) = 1600 + 0000282x

= 17622 + 0000205x

R2 = 075 F = 78lowastlowast

R2 = 083 F = 41lowasty (w cake)

(b)

Figure 3 Leaf phosphorus in sugarcane at four months (a) and at 8 months (b) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowast and lowastlowastsignificant at probabilities of 005 and 001 respectively

1500

1900

2300

2700

AbAb

Aa

Aa Aa

Ba

Presence AbsenceFilter cake

Araxa phosphateBayovar phosphate

Triple superphosphate

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

(a)

1500

2000

2500

3000

A

B

A

B

A

BA

A

0 90 180 360

Presence of filter cakeAbsence of filter cake

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

(b)

1500

2000

2500

3000

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

y (wo cake) = 2079 F = 09ns

R2 = 062 F = 232lowastlowast= 27622133 minus 13892xy (w cake)

(c)

10

30

50

70

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

R2 = 099 94lowastlowast= 402667 + 01224x minus 000024x2

R2 = 098 F = 114lowastlowasty (wo cake) = 35912 + 01419x minus 000026x2

Juic

e P (m

g Lminus1)

y (w cake)

(d)

Figure 4 Acid phosphatase activity (APase) as a function of P sources and filter cake (a) P application rates and filter cake (b and c) andsugarcane juice P as a function of P application rates (d) Averages followed by single letters are significantly different (Tukey test 119875 le 005)Capital letters compare P sources with the effect of filter cake Lowercase letters compare the effect of filter cake on each source lowastlowast and nssignificant (119875 = 001) and insignificant respectively

The Scientific World Journal 7

Table 2 Stalk phosphorus accumulation (P-stalk) in leaves and apical meristem (P-straw) total (P-total) length (SL) diameter (SD) stalknumber (SN) and the productivity of straw and stalks of sugarcane grown in Eutrophic Red Ultisol as a function of phosphate fertilizer withdifferent P sources P application rates and filter cake

P-stalks P-straw P-total SL SDSN

Straw Stalkskg haminus1 of P m mm t haminus1

P sourcesAraxa 248 131 379 34 285 15 212 2174Bayovar 235 128 363 34 287 15 213 2097Triple superphosphate 254 153 407 34 286 16 220 2210

P2O5 rates0 208 99 307 34 284 13 187 182090 252 137 389 34 286 17 223 2210180 259 169 428 35 285 16 242 2320360 263 144 407 33 288 16 208 2291

Filter cakePresence 289 150 439 34 286 16 223 2225Absence 203 125 328 34 286 15 207 2096

119865 testSource 13ns 26ns 29ns 05ns 01ns 04ns 02ns 13ns

Rate 64lowastlowast 86lowastlowast 124lowastlowast 18ns 05ns 59lowastlowast 35lowastlowast 160lowastlowast

Filter cake 730lowastlowast 66lowast 547lowastlowast 11ns 01ns 00ns 17ns 50lowast

Source times rate 05ns 06ns 05ns 02ns 03ns 11ns 07ns 10ns

Source times cake 05ns 06ns 10ns 10ns 08ns 02ns 06ns 01ns

Rate times cake 16ns 03ns 14ns 07ns 13ns 22ns 04ns 14ns

Source times rate times cake 07ns 06ns 07ns 11ns 03ns 05ns 04ns 01ns

CV 174 293 167 53 35 149 241 114lowastlowast lowast and ns significant (119875 le 001 119875 le 005) and insignificant respectively (119865 test)

P application rates with or without filter cake causedincreases in stalk productivity that fit a quadratic model(Figure 5(f)) The highest productivity (241 t haminus1) with filtercake was obtained with a P

2

O5

application of 230 kg haminus1Without filter cake an extra 35 kg or 265 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

wasneeded to reach amaximum of 239 t haminus1Therefore the highcorrelation coefficient (119903 = 078lowastlowast) of stalk number showedthat this variable had the greatest effect on productivity Totalaccumulated P had the second greatest effect underscoringthe importance of phosphate fertilization on increased pro-ductionThere was no effect of phosphate fertilization on theconcentration of soluble solids in the juice (Brix) (mean =169) on the juice sucrose content (Pol) (mean= 143) andalso on the purity (mean = 846)

4 Discussion

41 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilizers on Soil PhosphorusAvailable P was highest when P applications were made withfilter cake (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)) P availability in the soilis influenced by various factors such as soil texture claycontent clay type and soil organicmatterThus some authorsattribute increased P availability in the soil to combinedapplications of P and organic compost [4 8 9 11] Thequantity of P that remains in solution depends on thephosphate adsorption capacity of the soil which in turn

depends on the quantity of organic matter clay texture andclay mineralogy [7] and P application rate Lower organicmatter levels mean greater surface exposure for P adsorptionand consequent reductions in P-rem On the other handlower levels of poorly crystalized Fe andAl oxidesmean lowerP adsorption and greater P-rem [5] In the present studyincreases in available P with filter cake application can bemainly attributed to the P supplied by this organic compost(containing 92 g kgminus1 of P) The same effect was reported by[14] that observed soil P increases from 14 to 94mg kgminus1 afterapplications of filter cake exclusively (100 t haminus1) Increasesin soil P resulting from the exclusive use of filter cake wereobserved in a vertisol [14] and also from a combination offilter cake with sugarcane bagasse in aDystrophic Red-YellowOxisol (Typic Acrustox) [10] An application of filter cakeat 15 t haminus1 (wet basis) improved soil fertility [17] relativeto conventional chemical fertilization which is indicative ofgreater nutrient absorption by the plant and is reflected ingreater productivity

42 Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Plant PhosphorusHigher available soil P was associated with greater nutrientabsorption by the plants causing higher leaf P levels (Figures3(a) and 3(b)) lower APase activity (Figures 4(b) and 4(c))greater juice P levels (Figure 4(d)) and greater accumulation(Figures 5(a) 5(b) and 5(c)) Energy storage is consequently

8 The Scientific World Journal

10

20

30

40Ac

cum

ulat

ed st

alk

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 288 F = 09ns

y (wo cake) = 169400 + 00211x

R2 = 073 F = 156lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(a)

0

5

10

15

20

Accu

mul

ated

stra

w P

(kg h

aminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 116313 + 00532x minus 000012x2

R2 = 094 F = 59lowast

y (wo cake) = 78479 + 00719x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 102lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(b)

0

20

40

60

Tota

l acc

umul

ated

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 385930 + 00825x minus 000018x2

R2 = 099 F = 60lowast

y (wo cake) = 230313 + 01325x minus 000026x2

R2 = 099 F = 126lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

5

10

15

20

Stal

ks p

er m

eter

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 130151 + 00289x minus 0000054x2

R2 = 084 F = 41lowast

R2 = 058 F = 43lowast= 147454 + 00191x minus 0000055x2y (w cake)

y (wo cake)

(d)

0

8

16

24

32

Stra

w (t

haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 198155 minus 00572x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 65lowast

y (wo cake) = 207 F = 17ns

y (w cake)

(e)

100

150

200

250

Stal

k (t

haminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 19832 + 03724x minus 000081x2

R2 = 098 F = 81lowastlowast

y (wo cake) = 16889 + 05256x minus 000099x2

R2 = 098 F = 121lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(f)

Figure 5 Phosphorus accumulation in stalks (a) straw (b) and total (c) number of stalks per meter (d) and productivity of sugarcane straw(e) and stalks (f) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowastlowast lowast and ns significant at 001 005 and insignificant respectively

higher as P is essential for the synthesis of ATP and numerousother phosphorylated compounds [1] This causes improvedroot development tillering and production [2] The capacityfor triple superphosphate fertilization to increase availablesoil P plant absorption and sugarcane productivity was alsoshown in Dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (Typic Acrustox)[21] and Dystrophic Red-Yellow Ultisol [19] Combining

phosphate fertilizer with organic compost has been shownto result in increased phosphorus uptake by plants andhigher productivity [12] In the present study P applicationsincreased P levels in cane juice The same result has beenshown by other authors [35] Higher P levels in sugarcanejuice are important for commercial production because Phelps clarify cane juice

The Scientific World Journal 9

Increasing P applications caused linear increases in leaf P(Figures 3(a) and 3(b)) and linear reductions inAPase activity(Figure 4(c)) Nevertheless there was no significant correla-tion between APase activity and leaf P levels (119903 = 02 ns) Lowlevels of available P are reflected in plant enzymatic activityPlants respond to P deficiency with less efficient P usageand higher APase activity in leaves stems and roots [36]Phosphatases are associated with P remobilization in plantsTherefore increased activity of these enzymes has been linkedto low cellular levels of inorganic P [34 36] and a negativecorrelation between phosphatase activity and leaf P [37]

43 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Productivity andSugarcane Technological Quality Phosphorus levels espe-cially in the presence of filter cake increase levels of availablesoil P and plant uptake which is reflected in higher produc-tivity (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)) however they did not showeffect on sugarcane technological quality Several studies haveshown increases in sugarcane productivity as a function ofphosphate fertilization [2 13 17ndash22] Triple superphosphateapplied to the furrow during planting (100 kg of P

2

O5

)increased sugarcane productivity by 34 compared to a zero-application control [21] Reference [22] evaluated the isolatedeffect of P applications in Nigerian soils with low P levelsTsado et al [22] found that applications of 150 kg haminus1 ofP2

O5

in the form of rock phosphate led to the highest stalkproductivity 1025 t haminus1 whereas a control treatment led toproductivity of just 625 t haminus1

Phosphorus benefits sugarcane in many ways One wayis by improving tillering which has the greatest impact onsugarcane productivity [2 18 20] Reference [18] showedthat reducing mineral fertilization by 25 and adding filtercake at 15 t haminus1 can increase tillering by as much as 191with consequent increases in stalk productivity Authorsstate that the association between inorganic and organicfertilizers is very important for maintaining soil fertilityand obtaining high sugarcane yields Reference [14] onlyobserved an increase in productivity from 73 to 85 t haminus1

with an application of filter cake (100 t haminus1) This result wasconfirmed by the present study in which the presence offilter cake increased soil and plant P (Table 1) which led togreater nutrient accumulation and greater stalk productivity(Table 2)

Thus filter cake applications (10 t haminus1 wet basis) canreduce dependency on chemical fertilizers by asmuch as 25[23] Moreover if the filter cake is enriched (15 t haminus1 wetbasis) with Azotobacter and Bacillus megaterium productiv-ity can be increased by as much as 21 over chemical fertil-ization potentially reducing chemical fertilizer requirementsby 50 [17]

In general many results show the effect of phosphatefertilization on yield increment however the technologicalquality is less affected This fact can be explained by theinfluence of other yield factors making the evaluation offertilizers effects on those parameters difficult therefore itmight be related to genetic material [17 18]

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] E Epstein andA BloomNutricao mineral de plantas princıpiose perspectivas Editora Planta Londrina Brazil 2nd edition2006

[2] T C Devi M Bharathalakshmi M B G S Kumari and N VNaidu ldquoEffect of sources and levels of phosphorus with zinc onyield and quality of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 14 no 2 pp195ndash198 2012

[3] F C Silva and L C Basso ldquoAvaliacao da atividade lsquoin vivorsquo dafosfatase acida da folha na diagnose da nutricao fosforica emcana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 17 pp371ndash375 1993

[4] E M Gichangi P N S Mnkeni and P C Brookes ldquoEffects ofgoat manure and inorganic phosphate addition on soil inor-ganic and microbial biomass phosphorus fractions under labo-ratory incubation conditionsrdquo Soil Science and Plant Nutritionvol 55 no 6 pp 764ndash771 2009

[5] G K Donagemma H A Ruiz V H Alvarez V J C Ker andM P F Fontes ldquoFosforo remanescente em argila e silte retiradosde Latossolos apos pre-tratamentos na analise texturalrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 32 no 4 pp 1785ndash1791 2008

[6] V V H Alvarez R F Novais L E Dias and J A OliveiraldquoDeterminacao e uso do fosforo remanescenterdquo Boletim Infor-mativo SBCS vol 25 pp 27ndash32 2000

[7] R F Novais and T J Smyth Fosforo em solo e planta emcondicoes tropicais Universidade Federal de Vicosa VicosaBrazil 1999

[8] V R Santos G Moura Filho A W Albuquerque J P CostaC G Santos and A C Santos ldquoCrescimento e produtividadeagrıcola de cana-de-acucar em diferentes fontes de fosforordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 13no 4 pp 389ndash396 2009

[9] M Takeda T Nakamoto K Miyazawa T Murayama and HOkada ldquoPhosphorus availability and soil biological activity inan Andosol under compost application and winter cover crop-pingrdquo Applied Soil Ecology vol 42 no 2 pp 86ndash95 2009

[10] C C Lima ldquoDisponibilidade de fosforo para a cana-de-acucarem solo tratado com compostos organicos ricos em silıciordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15no 12 pp 1222ndash1227 2011

[11] T Krey N Vassilev C Baum and B Eichler-LobermannldquoEffects of long-term phosphorus application and plant-growthpromoting rhizobacteria on maize phosphorus nutrition underfield conditionsrdquo European Journal of Soil Biology vol 55 pp124ndash130 2013

[12] A B Almeida Junior CWNascimentoM F Sobral F B SilvaandW A Gomes ldquoFertilidade do solo e absorcao de nutrientesem cana-de-acucar fertilizada com torta de filtrordquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 no 10 pp1004ndash1013 2011

[13] D H Santos C S Tiritan J S Foloni and L B Fabris ldquoProd-utividade de cana-de-acucar sob adubacao com torta de filtroenriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropi-cal vol 40 no 4 pp 454ndash461 2010

[14] M T Elsayed M H Babiker M E Abdelmalik O N Mukhtarand D Montange ldquoImpact of filter mud applications on the

10 The Scientific World Journal

germination of sugarcane and small-seeded plants and on soiland sugarcane nitrogen contentsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol99 no 10 pp 4164ndash4168 2008

[15] D H Santos M A Silva C S Tiritan J S S Foloni and F REcher ldquoQualidade tecnologica da cana-de-acucar sob adubacaocom torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 pp 443ndash449 2011

[16] S-D Yang J-X Liu J Wu H-W Tan and Y-R Li ldquoEffects ofvinasse and press mud application on the biological propertiesof soils and productivity of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 15 no 2pp 152ndash158 2013

[17] C Shankaraiah and K N Kalyana Murthy ldquoEffect of enrichedpressmud cake on growth yield and quality of sugarcanerdquo SugarTech vol 7 no 2-3 pp 1ndash4 2005

[18] S M Bokhtiar G C Paul and K M Alam ldquoEffects of organicand inorganic fertilizer on growth yield and juice quality andresidual effects on ratoon crops of sugarcanerdquo Journal of PlantNutrition vol 31 no 10 pp 1832ndash1843 2008

[19] G H Korndorfer and S P Melo ldquoFontes de fosforo (fluidaou solida) na produtividade agrıcola e industrial da cana-de-acucarrdquo Ciencia e Agrotecnologia vol 33 no 1 pp 92ndash97 2009

[20] G Caione M T R Teixeira A Lange A F Silva and F MFernandes ldquoModos de aplicacao e doses de fosforo em cana-de-acucar forrageira cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho AmarelordquoRevista de Ciencias Agro-Ambientais vol 9 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2011

[21] G Caione F M Fernandes and A Lange ldquoEfeito residual defontes de fosforo nos atributos quımicos do solo nutricao e pro-dutividade de biomassa da cana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira deCiencias Agrarias vol 8 no 2 pp 189ndash196 2013

[22] P A Tsado B A Lawal C A Igwe M K A Adeboye A JOdofin and A A Adekambi ldquoEffects of sources and levels ofphosphorus on yield and quality of sugarcane in SouthernGuinea Savanna Zone of Nigeriardquo Agriculture Science Develop-ments vol 2 pp 25ndash27 2013

[23] P Rakkiyappan S Thangavelu R Malathi and R RadhamanildquoEffect of biocompost and enriched pressmud on sugarcaneyield and qualityrdquo Sugar Tech vol 3 no 3 pp 92ndash96 2001

[24] H G Santos P K T Jacomine L H C Anjos et al Eds Sis-tema Brasileiro de Classificacao de Solos Embrapa Solos Rio deJaneiro Brazil 3rd edition 2013

[25] B van Raij J C Andrade H Cantarella and J A QuaggioAnalise Quımica Para Avaliacao da Fertilidade de Solos Tropi-cais Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 2001

[26] A O Camargo A C Moniz J A Jorge and J M A SValadares Metodos de analise quımica mineralogica e fısica desolos do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas IAC CampinasBrazil 2009

[27] B van Raij and H Cantarella ldquoOutras culturas industriaisrdquo inRecomendacoes de adubacao e calagem para o estado de SaoPaulo B van Raij H Cantarella J A Quaggio and A M CFurlani Eds Boletim tecnico 100 pp 233ndash239 Instituto Agro-nomico Campinas Brazil 2nd edition 1997

[28] CTCmdashCentro de Tecnologia Canavieira Variedades CTC34 p 2012 httpwwwctcanavieiracombrdownloadsvarieda-des2012 FINALpdf

[29] O C Bataglia AM C Furlani J P F Teixeira P R Furlani andJ R Gallo ldquoMetodos de analise quımica de plantasrdquo BoletimTecnico 78 Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 1983

[30] E Malavolta G C Vitti and A S Oliveira Avaliacao do estadoNutricional das plantas princıpios e aplicacoes Associacao

Brasileira para Pesquisa da Potassa e do Fosfato PiracicabaBrazil 2nd edition 1997

[31] J M Pizauro C Curti P Ciancaglini and F A Leone ldquoKineticporperties of triton X-100 solubilized bone matriz-inducedalkaline phosphataserdquo Cellular and Molecular Biology vol 34no 5 pp 921ndash926 1988

[32] D F Ferreira ldquoSisvar a computer statistical analysis systemrdquoCiencia e Agrotecnologia vol 35 no 6 pp 1039ndash1042 2011

[33] F A S Silva and C A V Azevedo ldquoVersao do programa com-putacional Assistat para o sistema operacional WindowsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais vol 4 pp 71ndash782002

[34] G G Bozzo E L Dunn and W C Plaxton ldquoDifferential syn-thesis of phosphate-starvation inducible purple acid phospha-tase isozymes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) suspensioncells and seedlingsrdquo Plant Cell amp Environment vol 29 no 2 pp303ndash313 2006

[35] J R Pereira C M B Faria and L B Morgado ldquoEfeito de nıveise do resıduo de fosforo sobre a produtividade da cana-de-acucaremVertissolordquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 30 pp 43ndash48 1995

[36] F N Nunes R B Cantarutti R F Novais I R Silva M RTotola and BN Ribeiro ldquoAtividade de fosfatases em gramıneasforrageiras em resposta a disponibilidade de fosforo no solo e aaltura de corte das plantasrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solovol 32 no 5 pp 1899ndash1909 2008

[37] M Nanamori T Shinano J Wasaki T Yamamura I M Raoand M Osaki ldquoLow phosphorus tolerance mechanisms phos-phorus recycling and photosynthate partitioning in the tropicalforage grass Brachiaria hybrid cultivar mulato compared withricerdquoPlant andCell Physiology vol 45 no 4 pp 460ndash469 2004

[38] CIIAGROmdashCentro integrado de informacoes agrometeorolog-icas 2013 httpwwwciiagrospgovbr

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Nutrition and Metabolism

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Food ScienceInternational Journal of

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

AgricultureAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BiodiversityInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

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Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

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Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World Journal 3

leaf samples were collected again (middle third of the leaf+1) excluding midrib [27] Sample preparation and chemicalanalysis were conducted using themethodology described by[29]

Six months after commencement of the experiment soilsamples were taken at 12 random points in the middle threefurrows (0ndash02 and 02ndash04m deep) of each plot P levels inthe samples were determined by the resin method [25] andthe remainder method [6]

Another leaf sample was collected 8 months after sprout-ing (middle third of the leaf +1 excluding midrib) Thesesamples were stored in liquid nitrogen and then used toevaluate alternative nutrition biochemistry and acid phos-phatase activity using an adapted version of the method-ology described by [31] After thawing the leaves werehomogenized in Turrax homogenizer (OMNI model GLH-2511) in 100mM acetate buffer pH 55 and at a ratio of1 g of plant tissue to 10mL of buffer The homogenate wascentrifuged at 10000 g for 10 minutes at 4∘CThe supernatantwas then aliquoted frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored atminus70∘CThe aliquots were then used tomeasure the enzymaticactivity and protein concentration of the extract Proteinconcentration was determined by fluorescence using a Qubitfluorometer (Invitrogen) Manufacturer specifications werefollowed and bovine albumin serum was used as a stan-dard

Twelve months after sprouting stalk and straw (leavesand apical meristem) productivity number of millable stalksstalk diameter and stalk length were measured Stalk diame-ter (first internode above the stalk base) and length (after thecut) were determined from 10 stalks per plot Stalk numberwas determined from a 2m section in the center row of eachplot A three-meter section from each row was harvestedand the stalks (t haminus1) and straw (dry weight) were weighedseparately Samples were taken from each fraction and driedin a forced air oven (63ndash67∘C) until reaching a constantweight and dry mass After drying the samples were groundin a Willey mill and then P was measured in the stalks andstraw The results were then used to calculate accumulatedP in stalks and straw Juice samples were also collected andmeasured to determine P levelsThe samemethodology usedto determine P levels in the leaf samples was also used for thestalks straw and juice

During the sugarcane yield evaluation ten contiguousstalks were sampled from the central lines of the plots in orderto analyze sugarcane technological qualityThe concentrationof soluble solids in the juice (Brix) the juice sucrose content(Pol) and the purity were the parameters evaluated

25 Statistical Analysis The Sisvar application [32] was usedto calculate analysis of variance and perform 119865 tests A Tukeytest (119875 le 005) was used to compare variable P sourceand filter cake averages Polynomial regression analysis wasused to evaluate P application rates Microsoft Excel Starter2010 in Windows 7 Starter was used to produce the graphsFinally simple linear correlation tests between variables wereperformed using Assistat software version 76 beta [33]

3 Results

31 Soil and Plant Phosphorus from Phosphate FertilizationThe P availability in the soil at a depth of 00ndash020m deter-mined by the resin method showed significant interactionsbetween P source and filter cake and between applicationrates and filter cake (Table 1) In the presence of filter caketriple superphosphate produced higher soil P than eitherAraxa or Bayovar rock phosphate however all sourcesshowed high P content [27] regardless of the presence orabsence of filter cake (Figure 2(a)) Higher levels from triplesuperphosphate may be caused by higher pH from the filtercake [12] P levels were higher in the presence of filter cakethan in the absence regardless of source All P applicationrates produced higher P resin in the presence of filter cake(Figure 2(b)) Application rate had amore significant effect inthe presence of organic compost Specifically P level increasescaused by application rate increases were 44 higher in thepresence of cake than in its absence (Figure 2(c))

P-res at 02ndash04m was only affected by isolated factors(Table 1) Triple superphosphate produced higher availableP than Bayovar rock phosphate Nevertheless all P sourcesproduced available P levels within the accepted average rangeof 16 to 40mg dmminus3 [27] Soil P was higher in the presence offilter cake than in its absence Soil P increased linearly relativeto application rate regardless of the presence or absence offilter cake However in the presence of filter cake the slopeof the accumulated P line increased 39 for every unit of Papplied relative to the increase in accumulated P caused bythe application of P in the absence of filter cake (Figure 2(d))This result is similar to that obtained at the 00ndash02m depth

Application rate affected remaining P only at the 00ndash02mdepth (Table 1) and rates caused linear increases regard-less of the presence or absence of filter cake (Figure 2(e))

Leaf P at 4 and 8 months after sprouting was influencedby isolated factors but not by interactions (Table 1) Triplesuperphosphate produced higher P levels than Bayovar andAraxa rock phosphate at 4months but no differences betweensources were seen at 8 months This result reflects the greateravailable soil P (P resin) at 02ndash04m associated with thissource The presence of filter cake increased leaf P relativeto its absence at both 4 and 8 months This result is similarto the soil P result Increasing application rates caused linearincreases in leaf P with or without filter cake However leaf Pwas always higher in the presence of filter cake at both 4 and8 months (Figures 3(a) and 3(b))

Interaction existed between P sources and filter cakeand between application rates and filter cake regardingacid phosphatase activity (APase) (Table 1) Enzyme activitydid not differ among P sources in the presence filter cake(Figure 4(a)) Nonetheless triple superphosphate was associ-ated with lower enzyme activity in the absence of filter cakeThis result is related to higher available P in soil and leavesat four months given that these enzymes are less active withhigher cellular levels of inorganic P [34]

In the presence of filter cake enzyme activity was lowerwith the use of Araxa and Bayovar phosphates but unchangedwith triple superphosphate Filter cake caused lower enzymeactivity at P

2

O5

doses of 0 90 and 180 kg haminus1 but had

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Soil phosphorus determined by the resinmethod (P-res) and by the remaindermethod (P-rem) at depths of 00ndash02m and 02ndash04mleaf phosphorus at four months (P-4) and at eight months (P-8) after sprouting and acid phosphatase activity (APase) and juice phosphorus(P-juice) of sugarcane grown in Eutrophic Red Ultisol as a function of phosphate fertilization with source application rate and filter cake

P-res 00ndash02 P-res 02ndash04 P-rem 00ndash02 P-rem 02ndash04 P-4 P-8 APase P-juicemg dmminus3 g kgminus1 nmolminminus1mgminus1 mgLminus1

P sourcesAraxa 47 20ab 30 19 14b 17 23409 478Bayovar 45 18b 29 19 15b 17 23095 479Triple superphosphate 57 25a 30 18 16a 17 22840 493

P2O5 rates0 15 8 27 19 14 16 23467 37090 35 18 30 19 15 17 24027 489180 53 24 30 18 16 17 23244 532360 99 33 32 19 17 18 21726 537

Filter cakePresence 63 24 31 19 17 18 20795 495Absence 37 18 29 19 14 16 25434 472

119865 testSource 30ns 42lowast 01ns 02ns 98lowastlowast 02ns 04ns 04ns

Rate 1013lowastlowast 263lowastlowast 100lowastlowast 06ns 146lowastlowast 47lowastlowast 33lowast 225lowastlowast

Filter cake 546lowastlowast 83lowastlowast 39ns 20ns 810lowastlowast 623lowastlowast 732lowastlowast 21ns

Source times rate 21ns 14ns 01ns 09ns 22ns 12ns 15ns 04ns

Source times cake 47lowast 02ns 01ns 01ns 13ns 06ns 71lowastlowast 02ns

Rate times cake 45lowastlowast 10ns 02ns 04ns 27ns 09ns 166lowastlowast 04ns

Source times rate times cake 10ns 07ns 01ns 11ns 22ns 09ns 23ns 01ns

CV 299 404 106 65 89 47 100 137Averages followed by single letters are significantly different from other averages in the same column (Tukey test 119875 le 005) lowastlowast lowast and ns significant (119875 le001 119875 le 005) and insignificant (119865 test)

no effect on enzyme activity at 360 kg haminus1 (Figure 4(b))Thismay be because phosphate nutrition was not improved bythe presence of filter cake given the already high P levelsupplied at this application rate In the absence of filter cakeP applications caused linear reductions in APase activity(Figure 4(c)) whereas the presence of filter cake had no effecton enzyme activity This demonstrates that without any Papplication (0 rate) the presence of filter cake had alreadyreduced APase which seems reasonable given that filtercake alone supplied adequate P as indicated by leaf samples(18 g kgminus1 P) at eight months (Figure 3(b)) [27]

P applications increased P levels in the sugarcane juiceThe highest juice levels resulted from the 255 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

rate in the presence of filter cake and the 273 kg haminus1 P2

O5

inthe absence of filter cake (Figure 4(d))

32 Accumulated Shoot Phosphorus Stalk straw and totalaccumulated P were influenced by application rate andby filter cake but not by source or interactions betweenfactors (Table 2) The presence of filter cake produced higheraccumulated P in stalks and straw and 39 higher totalaccumulated P than in the absence of filter cake P appli-cations in the absence of filter cake caused linear increasesin accumulated stalk P (Figure 5(a)) At the highest rate245 kg haminus1 P was accumulated which was just 76 kg greaterthanwith no application (0 rate) In the presence of filter cake

P applications did not influence accumulated stalk P that wason average 288 kg haminus1 greater than the accumulation withthe highest application rate and in the absence of filter cakeThis result shows that even at the 0-application rate filtercake is an efficient P source for sugarcane

33 Production Productivity Components and SugarcaneTechnological Quality The production components (stalkheight and diameter) were not influenced by the treatmentshowever stalk number was influenced by P application rate(Table 2) The greatest numbers of stalks (17 and 16 stalksper meter) were obtained at 174 and 268 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

in thepresence and absence of filter cake (Figure 5(d)) Note thatwhen it was used filter cake the necessity of mineral P

2

O5

decreased by 94 kg haminus1 to obtain themaximum stalk numberin comparison to absence of filter cake

Only P application rate affected straw productivity(Table 2) which was 253 t haminus1 with 191 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

in thepresence of filter cake (Figure 5(e)) Application rate had noeffect on straw productivity in the absence of filter cake

P application rate and filter cake were the only factorsthat had an isolated effect on stalk productivity (Table 2)Productivity was 6 greater with filter cake than withoutThis increase in productivity reflects the higher soil P andplant P and lower APase caused by the presence of organiccompost relative to its absence

The Scientific World Journal 5

0

20

40

60

80

Presence AbsenceFilter cake

Araxa phosphateBayovar phosphate

Triple superphosphate

BaBa

Aa

AbAb

Ab

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

(a)

0

50

100

150

0 90 180 360

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

Presence of filter cakeAbsence of filter cake

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

(b)

0

25

50

75

100

125

0 90 180 360

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 202888 + 02731x

y (wo cake) = 72222 + 01899x

R2 = 098 F = 2108lowastlowast

R2 = 099 F = 1020lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 90 180 360

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 118365 + 00757x

y (wo cake) = 94931 + 00543x

R2 = 097 F = 513lowastlowast

R2 = 090 F = 264lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(d)

25

30

35

40

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

y (wo cake) = 2670 + 00152x

= 2838 + 00140x

P re

mai

ning

(mg d

mminus3)

R2 = 095 F = 125lowastlowast

R2 = 086 F = 148lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(e)

Figure 2Available phosphorus (P resin) in the soil at 00ndash02m as a function of phosphorus source andfilter cake (a) phosphorus applicationrate and filter cake (b and c) and depth 02ndash040m as a function of phosphorus application rate (d) and remaining phosphorus at 00ndash02mas a function of phosphorus application rate (e) Averages followed by single letters are significantly different (Tukey test 119875 le 005) Capitalletters compare P sources with the effect of filter cake Lowercase letters compare the effect of filter cake on each source lowastlowast significant(119875 = 001)

6 The Scientific World Journal

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

Leaf

P (g

kgminus

1)

y (wo cake) = 12289 + 0000945x

= 15733 + 0000593x

R2 = 086 F = 307lowastlowast

R2 = 074 F = 121lowastlowasty (w cake)

(a)

15

16

17

18

19

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

Leaf

P (g

kgminus

1)

y (wo cake) = 1600 + 0000282x

= 17622 + 0000205x

R2 = 075 F = 78lowastlowast

R2 = 083 F = 41lowasty (w cake)

(b)

Figure 3 Leaf phosphorus in sugarcane at four months (a) and at 8 months (b) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowast and lowastlowastsignificant at probabilities of 005 and 001 respectively

1500

1900

2300

2700

AbAb

Aa

Aa Aa

Ba

Presence AbsenceFilter cake

Araxa phosphateBayovar phosphate

Triple superphosphate

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

(a)

1500

2000

2500

3000

A

B

A

B

A

BA

A

0 90 180 360

Presence of filter cakeAbsence of filter cake

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

(b)

1500

2000

2500

3000

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

y (wo cake) = 2079 F = 09ns

R2 = 062 F = 232lowastlowast= 27622133 minus 13892xy (w cake)

(c)

10

30

50

70

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

R2 = 099 94lowastlowast= 402667 + 01224x minus 000024x2

R2 = 098 F = 114lowastlowasty (wo cake) = 35912 + 01419x minus 000026x2

Juic

e P (m

g Lminus1)

y (w cake)

(d)

Figure 4 Acid phosphatase activity (APase) as a function of P sources and filter cake (a) P application rates and filter cake (b and c) andsugarcane juice P as a function of P application rates (d) Averages followed by single letters are significantly different (Tukey test 119875 le 005)Capital letters compare P sources with the effect of filter cake Lowercase letters compare the effect of filter cake on each source lowastlowast and nssignificant (119875 = 001) and insignificant respectively

The Scientific World Journal 7

Table 2 Stalk phosphorus accumulation (P-stalk) in leaves and apical meristem (P-straw) total (P-total) length (SL) diameter (SD) stalknumber (SN) and the productivity of straw and stalks of sugarcane grown in Eutrophic Red Ultisol as a function of phosphate fertilizer withdifferent P sources P application rates and filter cake

P-stalks P-straw P-total SL SDSN

Straw Stalkskg haminus1 of P m mm t haminus1

P sourcesAraxa 248 131 379 34 285 15 212 2174Bayovar 235 128 363 34 287 15 213 2097Triple superphosphate 254 153 407 34 286 16 220 2210

P2O5 rates0 208 99 307 34 284 13 187 182090 252 137 389 34 286 17 223 2210180 259 169 428 35 285 16 242 2320360 263 144 407 33 288 16 208 2291

Filter cakePresence 289 150 439 34 286 16 223 2225Absence 203 125 328 34 286 15 207 2096

119865 testSource 13ns 26ns 29ns 05ns 01ns 04ns 02ns 13ns

Rate 64lowastlowast 86lowastlowast 124lowastlowast 18ns 05ns 59lowastlowast 35lowastlowast 160lowastlowast

Filter cake 730lowastlowast 66lowast 547lowastlowast 11ns 01ns 00ns 17ns 50lowast

Source times rate 05ns 06ns 05ns 02ns 03ns 11ns 07ns 10ns

Source times cake 05ns 06ns 10ns 10ns 08ns 02ns 06ns 01ns

Rate times cake 16ns 03ns 14ns 07ns 13ns 22ns 04ns 14ns

Source times rate times cake 07ns 06ns 07ns 11ns 03ns 05ns 04ns 01ns

CV 174 293 167 53 35 149 241 114lowastlowast lowast and ns significant (119875 le 001 119875 le 005) and insignificant respectively (119865 test)

P application rates with or without filter cake causedincreases in stalk productivity that fit a quadratic model(Figure 5(f)) The highest productivity (241 t haminus1) with filtercake was obtained with a P

2

O5

application of 230 kg haminus1Without filter cake an extra 35 kg or 265 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

wasneeded to reach amaximum of 239 t haminus1Therefore the highcorrelation coefficient (119903 = 078lowastlowast) of stalk number showedthat this variable had the greatest effect on productivity Totalaccumulated P had the second greatest effect underscoringthe importance of phosphate fertilization on increased pro-ductionThere was no effect of phosphate fertilization on theconcentration of soluble solids in the juice (Brix) (mean =169) on the juice sucrose content (Pol) (mean= 143) andalso on the purity (mean = 846)

4 Discussion

41 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilizers on Soil PhosphorusAvailable P was highest when P applications were made withfilter cake (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)) P availability in the soilis influenced by various factors such as soil texture claycontent clay type and soil organicmatterThus some authorsattribute increased P availability in the soil to combinedapplications of P and organic compost [4 8 9 11] Thequantity of P that remains in solution depends on thephosphate adsorption capacity of the soil which in turn

depends on the quantity of organic matter clay texture andclay mineralogy [7] and P application rate Lower organicmatter levels mean greater surface exposure for P adsorptionand consequent reductions in P-rem On the other handlower levels of poorly crystalized Fe andAl oxidesmean lowerP adsorption and greater P-rem [5] In the present studyincreases in available P with filter cake application can bemainly attributed to the P supplied by this organic compost(containing 92 g kgminus1 of P) The same effect was reported by[14] that observed soil P increases from 14 to 94mg kgminus1 afterapplications of filter cake exclusively (100 t haminus1) Increasesin soil P resulting from the exclusive use of filter cake wereobserved in a vertisol [14] and also from a combination offilter cake with sugarcane bagasse in aDystrophic Red-YellowOxisol (Typic Acrustox) [10] An application of filter cakeat 15 t haminus1 (wet basis) improved soil fertility [17] relativeto conventional chemical fertilization which is indicative ofgreater nutrient absorption by the plant and is reflected ingreater productivity

42 Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Plant PhosphorusHigher available soil P was associated with greater nutrientabsorption by the plants causing higher leaf P levels (Figures3(a) and 3(b)) lower APase activity (Figures 4(b) and 4(c))greater juice P levels (Figure 4(d)) and greater accumulation(Figures 5(a) 5(b) and 5(c)) Energy storage is consequently

8 The Scientific World Journal

10

20

30

40Ac

cum

ulat

ed st

alk

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 288 F = 09ns

y (wo cake) = 169400 + 00211x

R2 = 073 F = 156lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(a)

0

5

10

15

20

Accu

mul

ated

stra

w P

(kg h

aminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 116313 + 00532x minus 000012x2

R2 = 094 F = 59lowast

y (wo cake) = 78479 + 00719x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 102lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(b)

0

20

40

60

Tota

l acc

umul

ated

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 385930 + 00825x minus 000018x2

R2 = 099 F = 60lowast

y (wo cake) = 230313 + 01325x minus 000026x2

R2 = 099 F = 126lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

5

10

15

20

Stal

ks p

er m

eter

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 130151 + 00289x minus 0000054x2

R2 = 084 F = 41lowast

R2 = 058 F = 43lowast= 147454 + 00191x minus 0000055x2y (w cake)

y (wo cake)

(d)

0

8

16

24

32

Stra

w (t

haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 198155 minus 00572x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 65lowast

y (wo cake) = 207 F = 17ns

y (w cake)

(e)

100

150

200

250

Stal

k (t

haminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 19832 + 03724x minus 000081x2

R2 = 098 F = 81lowastlowast

y (wo cake) = 16889 + 05256x minus 000099x2

R2 = 098 F = 121lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(f)

Figure 5 Phosphorus accumulation in stalks (a) straw (b) and total (c) number of stalks per meter (d) and productivity of sugarcane straw(e) and stalks (f) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowastlowast lowast and ns significant at 001 005 and insignificant respectively

higher as P is essential for the synthesis of ATP and numerousother phosphorylated compounds [1] This causes improvedroot development tillering and production [2] The capacityfor triple superphosphate fertilization to increase availablesoil P plant absorption and sugarcane productivity was alsoshown in Dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (Typic Acrustox)[21] and Dystrophic Red-Yellow Ultisol [19] Combining

phosphate fertilizer with organic compost has been shownto result in increased phosphorus uptake by plants andhigher productivity [12] In the present study P applicationsincreased P levels in cane juice The same result has beenshown by other authors [35] Higher P levels in sugarcanejuice are important for commercial production because Phelps clarify cane juice

The Scientific World Journal 9

Increasing P applications caused linear increases in leaf P(Figures 3(a) and 3(b)) and linear reductions inAPase activity(Figure 4(c)) Nevertheless there was no significant correla-tion between APase activity and leaf P levels (119903 = 02 ns) Lowlevels of available P are reflected in plant enzymatic activityPlants respond to P deficiency with less efficient P usageand higher APase activity in leaves stems and roots [36]Phosphatases are associated with P remobilization in plantsTherefore increased activity of these enzymes has been linkedto low cellular levels of inorganic P [34 36] and a negativecorrelation between phosphatase activity and leaf P [37]

43 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Productivity andSugarcane Technological Quality Phosphorus levels espe-cially in the presence of filter cake increase levels of availablesoil P and plant uptake which is reflected in higher produc-tivity (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)) however they did not showeffect on sugarcane technological quality Several studies haveshown increases in sugarcane productivity as a function ofphosphate fertilization [2 13 17ndash22] Triple superphosphateapplied to the furrow during planting (100 kg of P

2

O5

)increased sugarcane productivity by 34 compared to a zero-application control [21] Reference [22] evaluated the isolatedeffect of P applications in Nigerian soils with low P levelsTsado et al [22] found that applications of 150 kg haminus1 ofP2

O5

in the form of rock phosphate led to the highest stalkproductivity 1025 t haminus1 whereas a control treatment led toproductivity of just 625 t haminus1

Phosphorus benefits sugarcane in many ways One wayis by improving tillering which has the greatest impact onsugarcane productivity [2 18 20] Reference [18] showedthat reducing mineral fertilization by 25 and adding filtercake at 15 t haminus1 can increase tillering by as much as 191with consequent increases in stalk productivity Authorsstate that the association between inorganic and organicfertilizers is very important for maintaining soil fertilityand obtaining high sugarcane yields Reference [14] onlyobserved an increase in productivity from 73 to 85 t haminus1

with an application of filter cake (100 t haminus1) This result wasconfirmed by the present study in which the presence offilter cake increased soil and plant P (Table 1) which led togreater nutrient accumulation and greater stalk productivity(Table 2)

Thus filter cake applications (10 t haminus1 wet basis) canreduce dependency on chemical fertilizers by asmuch as 25[23] Moreover if the filter cake is enriched (15 t haminus1 wetbasis) with Azotobacter and Bacillus megaterium productiv-ity can be increased by as much as 21 over chemical fertil-ization potentially reducing chemical fertilizer requirementsby 50 [17]

In general many results show the effect of phosphatefertilization on yield increment however the technologicalquality is less affected This fact can be explained by theinfluence of other yield factors making the evaluation offertilizers effects on those parameters difficult therefore itmight be related to genetic material [17 18]

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] E Epstein andA BloomNutricao mineral de plantas princıpiose perspectivas Editora Planta Londrina Brazil 2nd edition2006

[2] T C Devi M Bharathalakshmi M B G S Kumari and N VNaidu ldquoEffect of sources and levels of phosphorus with zinc onyield and quality of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 14 no 2 pp195ndash198 2012

[3] F C Silva and L C Basso ldquoAvaliacao da atividade lsquoin vivorsquo dafosfatase acida da folha na diagnose da nutricao fosforica emcana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 17 pp371ndash375 1993

[4] E M Gichangi P N S Mnkeni and P C Brookes ldquoEffects ofgoat manure and inorganic phosphate addition on soil inor-ganic and microbial biomass phosphorus fractions under labo-ratory incubation conditionsrdquo Soil Science and Plant Nutritionvol 55 no 6 pp 764ndash771 2009

[5] G K Donagemma H A Ruiz V H Alvarez V J C Ker andM P F Fontes ldquoFosforo remanescente em argila e silte retiradosde Latossolos apos pre-tratamentos na analise texturalrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 32 no 4 pp 1785ndash1791 2008

[6] V V H Alvarez R F Novais L E Dias and J A OliveiraldquoDeterminacao e uso do fosforo remanescenterdquo Boletim Infor-mativo SBCS vol 25 pp 27ndash32 2000

[7] R F Novais and T J Smyth Fosforo em solo e planta emcondicoes tropicais Universidade Federal de Vicosa VicosaBrazil 1999

[8] V R Santos G Moura Filho A W Albuquerque J P CostaC G Santos and A C Santos ldquoCrescimento e produtividadeagrıcola de cana-de-acucar em diferentes fontes de fosforordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 13no 4 pp 389ndash396 2009

[9] M Takeda T Nakamoto K Miyazawa T Murayama and HOkada ldquoPhosphorus availability and soil biological activity inan Andosol under compost application and winter cover crop-pingrdquo Applied Soil Ecology vol 42 no 2 pp 86ndash95 2009

[10] C C Lima ldquoDisponibilidade de fosforo para a cana-de-acucarem solo tratado com compostos organicos ricos em silıciordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15no 12 pp 1222ndash1227 2011

[11] T Krey N Vassilev C Baum and B Eichler-LobermannldquoEffects of long-term phosphorus application and plant-growthpromoting rhizobacteria on maize phosphorus nutrition underfield conditionsrdquo European Journal of Soil Biology vol 55 pp124ndash130 2013

[12] A B Almeida Junior CWNascimentoM F Sobral F B SilvaandW A Gomes ldquoFertilidade do solo e absorcao de nutrientesem cana-de-acucar fertilizada com torta de filtrordquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 no 10 pp1004ndash1013 2011

[13] D H Santos C S Tiritan J S Foloni and L B Fabris ldquoProd-utividade de cana-de-acucar sob adubacao com torta de filtroenriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropi-cal vol 40 no 4 pp 454ndash461 2010

[14] M T Elsayed M H Babiker M E Abdelmalik O N Mukhtarand D Montange ldquoImpact of filter mud applications on the

10 The Scientific World Journal

germination of sugarcane and small-seeded plants and on soiland sugarcane nitrogen contentsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol99 no 10 pp 4164ndash4168 2008

[15] D H Santos M A Silva C S Tiritan J S S Foloni and F REcher ldquoQualidade tecnologica da cana-de-acucar sob adubacaocom torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 pp 443ndash449 2011

[16] S-D Yang J-X Liu J Wu H-W Tan and Y-R Li ldquoEffects ofvinasse and press mud application on the biological propertiesof soils and productivity of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 15 no 2pp 152ndash158 2013

[17] C Shankaraiah and K N Kalyana Murthy ldquoEffect of enrichedpressmud cake on growth yield and quality of sugarcanerdquo SugarTech vol 7 no 2-3 pp 1ndash4 2005

[18] S M Bokhtiar G C Paul and K M Alam ldquoEffects of organicand inorganic fertilizer on growth yield and juice quality andresidual effects on ratoon crops of sugarcanerdquo Journal of PlantNutrition vol 31 no 10 pp 1832ndash1843 2008

[19] G H Korndorfer and S P Melo ldquoFontes de fosforo (fluidaou solida) na produtividade agrıcola e industrial da cana-de-acucarrdquo Ciencia e Agrotecnologia vol 33 no 1 pp 92ndash97 2009

[20] G Caione M T R Teixeira A Lange A F Silva and F MFernandes ldquoModos de aplicacao e doses de fosforo em cana-de-acucar forrageira cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho AmarelordquoRevista de Ciencias Agro-Ambientais vol 9 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2011

[21] G Caione F M Fernandes and A Lange ldquoEfeito residual defontes de fosforo nos atributos quımicos do solo nutricao e pro-dutividade de biomassa da cana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira deCiencias Agrarias vol 8 no 2 pp 189ndash196 2013

[22] P A Tsado B A Lawal C A Igwe M K A Adeboye A JOdofin and A A Adekambi ldquoEffects of sources and levels ofphosphorus on yield and quality of sugarcane in SouthernGuinea Savanna Zone of Nigeriardquo Agriculture Science Develop-ments vol 2 pp 25ndash27 2013

[23] P Rakkiyappan S Thangavelu R Malathi and R RadhamanildquoEffect of biocompost and enriched pressmud on sugarcaneyield and qualityrdquo Sugar Tech vol 3 no 3 pp 92ndash96 2001

[24] H G Santos P K T Jacomine L H C Anjos et al Eds Sis-tema Brasileiro de Classificacao de Solos Embrapa Solos Rio deJaneiro Brazil 3rd edition 2013

[25] B van Raij J C Andrade H Cantarella and J A QuaggioAnalise Quımica Para Avaliacao da Fertilidade de Solos Tropi-cais Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 2001

[26] A O Camargo A C Moniz J A Jorge and J M A SValadares Metodos de analise quımica mineralogica e fısica desolos do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas IAC CampinasBrazil 2009

[27] B van Raij and H Cantarella ldquoOutras culturas industriaisrdquo inRecomendacoes de adubacao e calagem para o estado de SaoPaulo B van Raij H Cantarella J A Quaggio and A M CFurlani Eds Boletim tecnico 100 pp 233ndash239 Instituto Agro-nomico Campinas Brazil 2nd edition 1997

[28] CTCmdashCentro de Tecnologia Canavieira Variedades CTC34 p 2012 httpwwwctcanavieiracombrdownloadsvarieda-des2012 FINALpdf

[29] O C Bataglia AM C Furlani J P F Teixeira P R Furlani andJ R Gallo ldquoMetodos de analise quımica de plantasrdquo BoletimTecnico 78 Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 1983

[30] E Malavolta G C Vitti and A S Oliveira Avaliacao do estadoNutricional das plantas princıpios e aplicacoes Associacao

Brasileira para Pesquisa da Potassa e do Fosfato PiracicabaBrazil 2nd edition 1997

[31] J M Pizauro C Curti P Ciancaglini and F A Leone ldquoKineticporperties of triton X-100 solubilized bone matriz-inducedalkaline phosphataserdquo Cellular and Molecular Biology vol 34no 5 pp 921ndash926 1988

[32] D F Ferreira ldquoSisvar a computer statistical analysis systemrdquoCiencia e Agrotecnologia vol 35 no 6 pp 1039ndash1042 2011

[33] F A S Silva and C A V Azevedo ldquoVersao do programa com-putacional Assistat para o sistema operacional WindowsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais vol 4 pp 71ndash782002

[34] G G Bozzo E L Dunn and W C Plaxton ldquoDifferential syn-thesis of phosphate-starvation inducible purple acid phospha-tase isozymes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) suspensioncells and seedlingsrdquo Plant Cell amp Environment vol 29 no 2 pp303ndash313 2006

[35] J R Pereira C M B Faria and L B Morgado ldquoEfeito de nıveise do resıduo de fosforo sobre a produtividade da cana-de-acucaremVertissolordquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 30 pp 43ndash48 1995

[36] F N Nunes R B Cantarutti R F Novais I R Silva M RTotola and BN Ribeiro ldquoAtividade de fosfatases em gramıneasforrageiras em resposta a disponibilidade de fosforo no solo e aaltura de corte das plantasrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solovol 32 no 5 pp 1899ndash1909 2008

[37] M Nanamori T Shinano J Wasaki T Yamamura I M Raoand M Osaki ldquoLow phosphorus tolerance mechanisms phos-phorus recycling and photosynthate partitioning in the tropicalforage grass Brachiaria hybrid cultivar mulato compared withricerdquoPlant andCell Physiology vol 45 no 4 pp 460ndash469 2004

[38] CIIAGROmdashCentro integrado de informacoes agrometeorolog-icas 2013 httpwwwciiagrospgovbr

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Soil phosphorus determined by the resinmethod (P-res) and by the remaindermethod (P-rem) at depths of 00ndash02m and 02ndash04mleaf phosphorus at four months (P-4) and at eight months (P-8) after sprouting and acid phosphatase activity (APase) and juice phosphorus(P-juice) of sugarcane grown in Eutrophic Red Ultisol as a function of phosphate fertilization with source application rate and filter cake

P-res 00ndash02 P-res 02ndash04 P-rem 00ndash02 P-rem 02ndash04 P-4 P-8 APase P-juicemg dmminus3 g kgminus1 nmolminminus1mgminus1 mgLminus1

P sourcesAraxa 47 20ab 30 19 14b 17 23409 478Bayovar 45 18b 29 19 15b 17 23095 479Triple superphosphate 57 25a 30 18 16a 17 22840 493

P2O5 rates0 15 8 27 19 14 16 23467 37090 35 18 30 19 15 17 24027 489180 53 24 30 18 16 17 23244 532360 99 33 32 19 17 18 21726 537

Filter cakePresence 63 24 31 19 17 18 20795 495Absence 37 18 29 19 14 16 25434 472

119865 testSource 30ns 42lowast 01ns 02ns 98lowastlowast 02ns 04ns 04ns

Rate 1013lowastlowast 263lowastlowast 100lowastlowast 06ns 146lowastlowast 47lowastlowast 33lowast 225lowastlowast

Filter cake 546lowastlowast 83lowastlowast 39ns 20ns 810lowastlowast 623lowastlowast 732lowastlowast 21ns

Source times rate 21ns 14ns 01ns 09ns 22ns 12ns 15ns 04ns

Source times cake 47lowast 02ns 01ns 01ns 13ns 06ns 71lowastlowast 02ns

Rate times cake 45lowastlowast 10ns 02ns 04ns 27ns 09ns 166lowastlowast 04ns

Source times rate times cake 10ns 07ns 01ns 11ns 22ns 09ns 23ns 01ns

CV 299 404 106 65 89 47 100 137Averages followed by single letters are significantly different from other averages in the same column (Tukey test 119875 le 005) lowastlowast lowast and ns significant (119875 le001 119875 le 005) and insignificant (119865 test)

no effect on enzyme activity at 360 kg haminus1 (Figure 4(b))Thismay be because phosphate nutrition was not improved bythe presence of filter cake given the already high P levelsupplied at this application rate In the absence of filter cakeP applications caused linear reductions in APase activity(Figure 4(c)) whereas the presence of filter cake had no effecton enzyme activity This demonstrates that without any Papplication (0 rate) the presence of filter cake had alreadyreduced APase which seems reasonable given that filtercake alone supplied adequate P as indicated by leaf samples(18 g kgminus1 P) at eight months (Figure 3(b)) [27]

P applications increased P levels in the sugarcane juiceThe highest juice levels resulted from the 255 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

rate in the presence of filter cake and the 273 kg haminus1 P2

O5

inthe absence of filter cake (Figure 4(d))

32 Accumulated Shoot Phosphorus Stalk straw and totalaccumulated P were influenced by application rate andby filter cake but not by source or interactions betweenfactors (Table 2) The presence of filter cake produced higheraccumulated P in stalks and straw and 39 higher totalaccumulated P than in the absence of filter cake P appli-cations in the absence of filter cake caused linear increasesin accumulated stalk P (Figure 5(a)) At the highest rate245 kg haminus1 P was accumulated which was just 76 kg greaterthanwith no application (0 rate) In the presence of filter cake

P applications did not influence accumulated stalk P that wason average 288 kg haminus1 greater than the accumulation withthe highest application rate and in the absence of filter cakeThis result shows that even at the 0-application rate filtercake is an efficient P source for sugarcane

33 Production Productivity Components and SugarcaneTechnological Quality The production components (stalkheight and diameter) were not influenced by the treatmentshowever stalk number was influenced by P application rate(Table 2) The greatest numbers of stalks (17 and 16 stalksper meter) were obtained at 174 and 268 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

in thepresence and absence of filter cake (Figure 5(d)) Note thatwhen it was used filter cake the necessity of mineral P

2

O5

decreased by 94 kg haminus1 to obtain themaximum stalk numberin comparison to absence of filter cake

Only P application rate affected straw productivity(Table 2) which was 253 t haminus1 with 191 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

in thepresence of filter cake (Figure 5(e)) Application rate had noeffect on straw productivity in the absence of filter cake

P application rate and filter cake were the only factorsthat had an isolated effect on stalk productivity (Table 2)Productivity was 6 greater with filter cake than withoutThis increase in productivity reflects the higher soil P andplant P and lower APase caused by the presence of organiccompost relative to its absence

The Scientific World Journal 5

0

20

40

60

80

Presence AbsenceFilter cake

Araxa phosphateBayovar phosphate

Triple superphosphate

BaBa

Aa

AbAb

Ab

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

(a)

0

50

100

150

0 90 180 360

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

Presence of filter cakeAbsence of filter cake

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

(b)

0

25

50

75

100

125

0 90 180 360

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 202888 + 02731x

y (wo cake) = 72222 + 01899x

R2 = 098 F = 2108lowastlowast

R2 = 099 F = 1020lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 90 180 360

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 118365 + 00757x

y (wo cake) = 94931 + 00543x

R2 = 097 F = 513lowastlowast

R2 = 090 F = 264lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(d)

25

30

35

40

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

y (wo cake) = 2670 + 00152x

= 2838 + 00140x

P re

mai

ning

(mg d

mminus3)

R2 = 095 F = 125lowastlowast

R2 = 086 F = 148lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(e)

Figure 2Available phosphorus (P resin) in the soil at 00ndash02m as a function of phosphorus source andfilter cake (a) phosphorus applicationrate and filter cake (b and c) and depth 02ndash040m as a function of phosphorus application rate (d) and remaining phosphorus at 00ndash02mas a function of phosphorus application rate (e) Averages followed by single letters are significantly different (Tukey test 119875 le 005) Capitalletters compare P sources with the effect of filter cake Lowercase letters compare the effect of filter cake on each source lowastlowast significant(119875 = 001)

6 The Scientific World Journal

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

Leaf

P (g

kgminus

1)

y (wo cake) = 12289 + 0000945x

= 15733 + 0000593x

R2 = 086 F = 307lowastlowast

R2 = 074 F = 121lowastlowasty (w cake)

(a)

15

16

17

18

19

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

Leaf

P (g

kgminus

1)

y (wo cake) = 1600 + 0000282x

= 17622 + 0000205x

R2 = 075 F = 78lowastlowast

R2 = 083 F = 41lowasty (w cake)

(b)

Figure 3 Leaf phosphorus in sugarcane at four months (a) and at 8 months (b) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowast and lowastlowastsignificant at probabilities of 005 and 001 respectively

1500

1900

2300

2700

AbAb

Aa

Aa Aa

Ba

Presence AbsenceFilter cake

Araxa phosphateBayovar phosphate

Triple superphosphate

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

(a)

1500

2000

2500

3000

A

B

A

B

A

BA

A

0 90 180 360

Presence of filter cakeAbsence of filter cake

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

(b)

1500

2000

2500

3000

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

y (wo cake) = 2079 F = 09ns

R2 = 062 F = 232lowastlowast= 27622133 minus 13892xy (w cake)

(c)

10

30

50

70

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

R2 = 099 94lowastlowast= 402667 + 01224x minus 000024x2

R2 = 098 F = 114lowastlowasty (wo cake) = 35912 + 01419x minus 000026x2

Juic

e P (m

g Lminus1)

y (w cake)

(d)

Figure 4 Acid phosphatase activity (APase) as a function of P sources and filter cake (a) P application rates and filter cake (b and c) andsugarcane juice P as a function of P application rates (d) Averages followed by single letters are significantly different (Tukey test 119875 le 005)Capital letters compare P sources with the effect of filter cake Lowercase letters compare the effect of filter cake on each source lowastlowast and nssignificant (119875 = 001) and insignificant respectively

The Scientific World Journal 7

Table 2 Stalk phosphorus accumulation (P-stalk) in leaves and apical meristem (P-straw) total (P-total) length (SL) diameter (SD) stalknumber (SN) and the productivity of straw and stalks of sugarcane grown in Eutrophic Red Ultisol as a function of phosphate fertilizer withdifferent P sources P application rates and filter cake

P-stalks P-straw P-total SL SDSN

Straw Stalkskg haminus1 of P m mm t haminus1

P sourcesAraxa 248 131 379 34 285 15 212 2174Bayovar 235 128 363 34 287 15 213 2097Triple superphosphate 254 153 407 34 286 16 220 2210

P2O5 rates0 208 99 307 34 284 13 187 182090 252 137 389 34 286 17 223 2210180 259 169 428 35 285 16 242 2320360 263 144 407 33 288 16 208 2291

Filter cakePresence 289 150 439 34 286 16 223 2225Absence 203 125 328 34 286 15 207 2096

119865 testSource 13ns 26ns 29ns 05ns 01ns 04ns 02ns 13ns

Rate 64lowastlowast 86lowastlowast 124lowastlowast 18ns 05ns 59lowastlowast 35lowastlowast 160lowastlowast

Filter cake 730lowastlowast 66lowast 547lowastlowast 11ns 01ns 00ns 17ns 50lowast

Source times rate 05ns 06ns 05ns 02ns 03ns 11ns 07ns 10ns

Source times cake 05ns 06ns 10ns 10ns 08ns 02ns 06ns 01ns

Rate times cake 16ns 03ns 14ns 07ns 13ns 22ns 04ns 14ns

Source times rate times cake 07ns 06ns 07ns 11ns 03ns 05ns 04ns 01ns

CV 174 293 167 53 35 149 241 114lowastlowast lowast and ns significant (119875 le 001 119875 le 005) and insignificant respectively (119865 test)

P application rates with or without filter cake causedincreases in stalk productivity that fit a quadratic model(Figure 5(f)) The highest productivity (241 t haminus1) with filtercake was obtained with a P

2

O5

application of 230 kg haminus1Without filter cake an extra 35 kg or 265 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

wasneeded to reach amaximum of 239 t haminus1Therefore the highcorrelation coefficient (119903 = 078lowastlowast) of stalk number showedthat this variable had the greatest effect on productivity Totalaccumulated P had the second greatest effect underscoringthe importance of phosphate fertilization on increased pro-ductionThere was no effect of phosphate fertilization on theconcentration of soluble solids in the juice (Brix) (mean =169) on the juice sucrose content (Pol) (mean= 143) andalso on the purity (mean = 846)

4 Discussion

41 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilizers on Soil PhosphorusAvailable P was highest when P applications were made withfilter cake (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)) P availability in the soilis influenced by various factors such as soil texture claycontent clay type and soil organicmatterThus some authorsattribute increased P availability in the soil to combinedapplications of P and organic compost [4 8 9 11] Thequantity of P that remains in solution depends on thephosphate adsorption capacity of the soil which in turn

depends on the quantity of organic matter clay texture andclay mineralogy [7] and P application rate Lower organicmatter levels mean greater surface exposure for P adsorptionand consequent reductions in P-rem On the other handlower levels of poorly crystalized Fe andAl oxidesmean lowerP adsorption and greater P-rem [5] In the present studyincreases in available P with filter cake application can bemainly attributed to the P supplied by this organic compost(containing 92 g kgminus1 of P) The same effect was reported by[14] that observed soil P increases from 14 to 94mg kgminus1 afterapplications of filter cake exclusively (100 t haminus1) Increasesin soil P resulting from the exclusive use of filter cake wereobserved in a vertisol [14] and also from a combination offilter cake with sugarcane bagasse in aDystrophic Red-YellowOxisol (Typic Acrustox) [10] An application of filter cakeat 15 t haminus1 (wet basis) improved soil fertility [17] relativeto conventional chemical fertilization which is indicative ofgreater nutrient absorption by the plant and is reflected ingreater productivity

42 Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Plant PhosphorusHigher available soil P was associated with greater nutrientabsorption by the plants causing higher leaf P levels (Figures3(a) and 3(b)) lower APase activity (Figures 4(b) and 4(c))greater juice P levels (Figure 4(d)) and greater accumulation(Figures 5(a) 5(b) and 5(c)) Energy storage is consequently

8 The Scientific World Journal

10

20

30

40Ac

cum

ulat

ed st

alk

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 288 F = 09ns

y (wo cake) = 169400 + 00211x

R2 = 073 F = 156lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(a)

0

5

10

15

20

Accu

mul

ated

stra

w P

(kg h

aminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 116313 + 00532x minus 000012x2

R2 = 094 F = 59lowast

y (wo cake) = 78479 + 00719x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 102lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(b)

0

20

40

60

Tota

l acc

umul

ated

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 385930 + 00825x minus 000018x2

R2 = 099 F = 60lowast

y (wo cake) = 230313 + 01325x minus 000026x2

R2 = 099 F = 126lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

5

10

15

20

Stal

ks p

er m

eter

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 130151 + 00289x minus 0000054x2

R2 = 084 F = 41lowast

R2 = 058 F = 43lowast= 147454 + 00191x minus 0000055x2y (w cake)

y (wo cake)

(d)

0

8

16

24

32

Stra

w (t

haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 198155 minus 00572x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 65lowast

y (wo cake) = 207 F = 17ns

y (w cake)

(e)

100

150

200

250

Stal

k (t

haminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 19832 + 03724x minus 000081x2

R2 = 098 F = 81lowastlowast

y (wo cake) = 16889 + 05256x minus 000099x2

R2 = 098 F = 121lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(f)

Figure 5 Phosphorus accumulation in stalks (a) straw (b) and total (c) number of stalks per meter (d) and productivity of sugarcane straw(e) and stalks (f) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowastlowast lowast and ns significant at 001 005 and insignificant respectively

higher as P is essential for the synthesis of ATP and numerousother phosphorylated compounds [1] This causes improvedroot development tillering and production [2] The capacityfor triple superphosphate fertilization to increase availablesoil P plant absorption and sugarcane productivity was alsoshown in Dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (Typic Acrustox)[21] and Dystrophic Red-Yellow Ultisol [19] Combining

phosphate fertilizer with organic compost has been shownto result in increased phosphorus uptake by plants andhigher productivity [12] In the present study P applicationsincreased P levels in cane juice The same result has beenshown by other authors [35] Higher P levels in sugarcanejuice are important for commercial production because Phelps clarify cane juice

The Scientific World Journal 9

Increasing P applications caused linear increases in leaf P(Figures 3(a) and 3(b)) and linear reductions inAPase activity(Figure 4(c)) Nevertheless there was no significant correla-tion between APase activity and leaf P levels (119903 = 02 ns) Lowlevels of available P are reflected in plant enzymatic activityPlants respond to P deficiency with less efficient P usageand higher APase activity in leaves stems and roots [36]Phosphatases are associated with P remobilization in plantsTherefore increased activity of these enzymes has been linkedto low cellular levels of inorganic P [34 36] and a negativecorrelation between phosphatase activity and leaf P [37]

43 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Productivity andSugarcane Technological Quality Phosphorus levels espe-cially in the presence of filter cake increase levels of availablesoil P and plant uptake which is reflected in higher produc-tivity (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)) however they did not showeffect on sugarcane technological quality Several studies haveshown increases in sugarcane productivity as a function ofphosphate fertilization [2 13 17ndash22] Triple superphosphateapplied to the furrow during planting (100 kg of P

2

O5

)increased sugarcane productivity by 34 compared to a zero-application control [21] Reference [22] evaluated the isolatedeffect of P applications in Nigerian soils with low P levelsTsado et al [22] found that applications of 150 kg haminus1 ofP2

O5

in the form of rock phosphate led to the highest stalkproductivity 1025 t haminus1 whereas a control treatment led toproductivity of just 625 t haminus1

Phosphorus benefits sugarcane in many ways One wayis by improving tillering which has the greatest impact onsugarcane productivity [2 18 20] Reference [18] showedthat reducing mineral fertilization by 25 and adding filtercake at 15 t haminus1 can increase tillering by as much as 191with consequent increases in stalk productivity Authorsstate that the association between inorganic and organicfertilizers is very important for maintaining soil fertilityand obtaining high sugarcane yields Reference [14] onlyobserved an increase in productivity from 73 to 85 t haminus1

with an application of filter cake (100 t haminus1) This result wasconfirmed by the present study in which the presence offilter cake increased soil and plant P (Table 1) which led togreater nutrient accumulation and greater stalk productivity(Table 2)

Thus filter cake applications (10 t haminus1 wet basis) canreduce dependency on chemical fertilizers by asmuch as 25[23] Moreover if the filter cake is enriched (15 t haminus1 wetbasis) with Azotobacter and Bacillus megaterium productiv-ity can be increased by as much as 21 over chemical fertil-ization potentially reducing chemical fertilizer requirementsby 50 [17]

In general many results show the effect of phosphatefertilization on yield increment however the technologicalquality is less affected This fact can be explained by theinfluence of other yield factors making the evaluation offertilizers effects on those parameters difficult therefore itmight be related to genetic material [17 18]

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] E Epstein andA BloomNutricao mineral de plantas princıpiose perspectivas Editora Planta Londrina Brazil 2nd edition2006

[2] T C Devi M Bharathalakshmi M B G S Kumari and N VNaidu ldquoEffect of sources and levels of phosphorus with zinc onyield and quality of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 14 no 2 pp195ndash198 2012

[3] F C Silva and L C Basso ldquoAvaliacao da atividade lsquoin vivorsquo dafosfatase acida da folha na diagnose da nutricao fosforica emcana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 17 pp371ndash375 1993

[4] E M Gichangi P N S Mnkeni and P C Brookes ldquoEffects ofgoat manure and inorganic phosphate addition on soil inor-ganic and microbial biomass phosphorus fractions under labo-ratory incubation conditionsrdquo Soil Science and Plant Nutritionvol 55 no 6 pp 764ndash771 2009

[5] G K Donagemma H A Ruiz V H Alvarez V J C Ker andM P F Fontes ldquoFosforo remanescente em argila e silte retiradosde Latossolos apos pre-tratamentos na analise texturalrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 32 no 4 pp 1785ndash1791 2008

[6] V V H Alvarez R F Novais L E Dias and J A OliveiraldquoDeterminacao e uso do fosforo remanescenterdquo Boletim Infor-mativo SBCS vol 25 pp 27ndash32 2000

[7] R F Novais and T J Smyth Fosforo em solo e planta emcondicoes tropicais Universidade Federal de Vicosa VicosaBrazil 1999

[8] V R Santos G Moura Filho A W Albuquerque J P CostaC G Santos and A C Santos ldquoCrescimento e produtividadeagrıcola de cana-de-acucar em diferentes fontes de fosforordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 13no 4 pp 389ndash396 2009

[9] M Takeda T Nakamoto K Miyazawa T Murayama and HOkada ldquoPhosphorus availability and soil biological activity inan Andosol under compost application and winter cover crop-pingrdquo Applied Soil Ecology vol 42 no 2 pp 86ndash95 2009

[10] C C Lima ldquoDisponibilidade de fosforo para a cana-de-acucarem solo tratado com compostos organicos ricos em silıciordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15no 12 pp 1222ndash1227 2011

[11] T Krey N Vassilev C Baum and B Eichler-LobermannldquoEffects of long-term phosphorus application and plant-growthpromoting rhizobacteria on maize phosphorus nutrition underfield conditionsrdquo European Journal of Soil Biology vol 55 pp124ndash130 2013

[12] A B Almeida Junior CWNascimentoM F Sobral F B SilvaandW A Gomes ldquoFertilidade do solo e absorcao de nutrientesem cana-de-acucar fertilizada com torta de filtrordquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 no 10 pp1004ndash1013 2011

[13] D H Santos C S Tiritan J S Foloni and L B Fabris ldquoProd-utividade de cana-de-acucar sob adubacao com torta de filtroenriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropi-cal vol 40 no 4 pp 454ndash461 2010

[14] M T Elsayed M H Babiker M E Abdelmalik O N Mukhtarand D Montange ldquoImpact of filter mud applications on the

10 The Scientific World Journal

germination of sugarcane and small-seeded plants and on soiland sugarcane nitrogen contentsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol99 no 10 pp 4164ndash4168 2008

[15] D H Santos M A Silva C S Tiritan J S S Foloni and F REcher ldquoQualidade tecnologica da cana-de-acucar sob adubacaocom torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 pp 443ndash449 2011

[16] S-D Yang J-X Liu J Wu H-W Tan and Y-R Li ldquoEffects ofvinasse and press mud application on the biological propertiesof soils and productivity of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 15 no 2pp 152ndash158 2013

[17] C Shankaraiah and K N Kalyana Murthy ldquoEffect of enrichedpressmud cake on growth yield and quality of sugarcanerdquo SugarTech vol 7 no 2-3 pp 1ndash4 2005

[18] S M Bokhtiar G C Paul and K M Alam ldquoEffects of organicand inorganic fertilizer on growth yield and juice quality andresidual effects on ratoon crops of sugarcanerdquo Journal of PlantNutrition vol 31 no 10 pp 1832ndash1843 2008

[19] G H Korndorfer and S P Melo ldquoFontes de fosforo (fluidaou solida) na produtividade agrıcola e industrial da cana-de-acucarrdquo Ciencia e Agrotecnologia vol 33 no 1 pp 92ndash97 2009

[20] G Caione M T R Teixeira A Lange A F Silva and F MFernandes ldquoModos de aplicacao e doses de fosforo em cana-de-acucar forrageira cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho AmarelordquoRevista de Ciencias Agro-Ambientais vol 9 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2011

[21] G Caione F M Fernandes and A Lange ldquoEfeito residual defontes de fosforo nos atributos quımicos do solo nutricao e pro-dutividade de biomassa da cana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira deCiencias Agrarias vol 8 no 2 pp 189ndash196 2013

[22] P A Tsado B A Lawal C A Igwe M K A Adeboye A JOdofin and A A Adekambi ldquoEffects of sources and levels ofphosphorus on yield and quality of sugarcane in SouthernGuinea Savanna Zone of Nigeriardquo Agriculture Science Develop-ments vol 2 pp 25ndash27 2013

[23] P Rakkiyappan S Thangavelu R Malathi and R RadhamanildquoEffect of biocompost and enriched pressmud on sugarcaneyield and qualityrdquo Sugar Tech vol 3 no 3 pp 92ndash96 2001

[24] H G Santos P K T Jacomine L H C Anjos et al Eds Sis-tema Brasileiro de Classificacao de Solos Embrapa Solos Rio deJaneiro Brazil 3rd edition 2013

[25] B van Raij J C Andrade H Cantarella and J A QuaggioAnalise Quımica Para Avaliacao da Fertilidade de Solos Tropi-cais Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 2001

[26] A O Camargo A C Moniz J A Jorge and J M A SValadares Metodos de analise quımica mineralogica e fısica desolos do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas IAC CampinasBrazil 2009

[27] B van Raij and H Cantarella ldquoOutras culturas industriaisrdquo inRecomendacoes de adubacao e calagem para o estado de SaoPaulo B van Raij H Cantarella J A Quaggio and A M CFurlani Eds Boletim tecnico 100 pp 233ndash239 Instituto Agro-nomico Campinas Brazil 2nd edition 1997

[28] CTCmdashCentro de Tecnologia Canavieira Variedades CTC34 p 2012 httpwwwctcanavieiracombrdownloadsvarieda-des2012 FINALpdf

[29] O C Bataglia AM C Furlani J P F Teixeira P R Furlani andJ R Gallo ldquoMetodos de analise quımica de plantasrdquo BoletimTecnico 78 Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 1983

[30] E Malavolta G C Vitti and A S Oliveira Avaliacao do estadoNutricional das plantas princıpios e aplicacoes Associacao

Brasileira para Pesquisa da Potassa e do Fosfato PiracicabaBrazil 2nd edition 1997

[31] J M Pizauro C Curti P Ciancaglini and F A Leone ldquoKineticporperties of triton X-100 solubilized bone matriz-inducedalkaline phosphataserdquo Cellular and Molecular Biology vol 34no 5 pp 921ndash926 1988

[32] D F Ferreira ldquoSisvar a computer statistical analysis systemrdquoCiencia e Agrotecnologia vol 35 no 6 pp 1039ndash1042 2011

[33] F A S Silva and C A V Azevedo ldquoVersao do programa com-putacional Assistat para o sistema operacional WindowsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais vol 4 pp 71ndash782002

[34] G G Bozzo E L Dunn and W C Plaxton ldquoDifferential syn-thesis of phosphate-starvation inducible purple acid phospha-tase isozymes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) suspensioncells and seedlingsrdquo Plant Cell amp Environment vol 29 no 2 pp303ndash313 2006

[35] J R Pereira C M B Faria and L B Morgado ldquoEfeito de nıveise do resıduo de fosforo sobre a produtividade da cana-de-acucaremVertissolordquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 30 pp 43ndash48 1995

[36] F N Nunes R B Cantarutti R F Novais I R Silva M RTotola and BN Ribeiro ldquoAtividade de fosfatases em gramıneasforrageiras em resposta a disponibilidade de fosforo no solo e aaltura de corte das plantasrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solovol 32 no 5 pp 1899ndash1909 2008

[37] M Nanamori T Shinano J Wasaki T Yamamura I M Raoand M Osaki ldquoLow phosphorus tolerance mechanisms phos-phorus recycling and photosynthate partitioning in the tropicalforage grass Brachiaria hybrid cultivar mulato compared withricerdquoPlant andCell Physiology vol 45 no 4 pp 460ndash469 2004

[38] CIIAGROmdashCentro integrado de informacoes agrometeorolog-icas 2013 httpwwwciiagrospgovbr

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Nutrition and Metabolism

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Food ScienceInternational Journal of

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

AgricultureAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BiodiversityInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World Journal 5

0

20

40

60

80

Presence AbsenceFilter cake

Araxa phosphateBayovar phosphate

Triple superphosphate

BaBa

Aa

AbAb

Ab

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

(a)

0

50

100

150

0 90 180 360

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

Presence of filter cakeAbsence of filter cake

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

(b)

0

25

50

75

100

125

0 90 180 360

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 202888 + 02731x

y (wo cake) = 72222 + 01899x

R2 = 098 F = 2108lowastlowast

R2 = 099 F = 1020lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 90 180 360

P re

sin (m

g dm

minus3)

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 118365 + 00757x

y (wo cake) = 94931 + 00543x

R2 = 097 F = 513lowastlowast

R2 = 090 F = 264lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(d)

25

30

35

40

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

y (wo cake) = 2670 + 00152x

= 2838 + 00140x

P re

mai

ning

(mg d

mminus3)

R2 = 095 F = 125lowastlowast

R2 = 086 F = 148lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(e)

Figure 2Available phosphorus (P resin) in the soil at 00ndash02m as a function of phosphorus source andfilter cake (a) phosphorus applicationrate and filter cake (b and c) and depth 02ndash040m as a function of phosphorus application rate (d) and remaining phosphorus at 00ndash02mas a function of phosphorus application rate (e) Averages followed by single letters are significantly different (Tukey test 119875 le 005) Capitalletters compare P sources with the effect of filter cake Lowercase letters compare the effect of filter cake on each source lowastlowast significant(119875 = 001)

6 The Scientific World Journal

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

Leaf

P (g

kgminus

1)

y (wo cake) = 12289 + 0000945x

= 15733 + 0000593x

R2 = 086 F = 307lowastlowast

R2 = 074 F = 121lowastlowasty (w cake)

(a)

15

16

17

18

19

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

Leaf

P (g

kgminus

1)

y (wo cake) = 1600 + 0000282x

= 17622 + 0000205x

R2 = 075 F = 78lowastlowast

R2 = 083 F = 41lowasty (w cake)

(b)

Figure 3 Leaf phosphorus in sugarcane at four months (a) and at 8 months (b) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowast and lowastlowastsignificant at probabilities of 005 and 001 respectively

1500

1900

2300

2700

AbAb

Aa

Aa Aa

Ba

Presence AbsenceFilter cake

Araxa phosphateBayovar phosphate

Triple superphosphate

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

(a)

1500

2000

2500

3000

A

B

A

B

A

BA

A

0 90 180 360

Presence of filter cakeAbsence of filter cake

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

(b)

1500

2000

2500

3000

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

y (wo cake) = 2079 F = 09ns

R2 = 062 F = 232lowastlowast= 27622133 minus 13892xy (w cake)

(c)

10

30

50

70

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

R2 = 099 94lowastlowast= 402667 + 01224x minus 000024x2

R2 = 098 F = 114lowastlowasty (wo cake) = 35912 + 01419x minus 000026x2

Juic

e P (m

g Lminus1)

y (w cake)

(d)

Figure 4 Acid phosphatase activity (APase) as a function of P sources and filter cake (a) P application rates and filter cake (b and c) andsugarcane juice P as a function of P application rates (d) Averages followed by single letters are significantly different (Tukey test 119875 le 005)Capital letters compare P sources with the effect of filter cake Lowercase letters compare the effect of filter cake on each source lowastlowast and nssignificant (119875 = 001) and insignificant respectively

The Scientific World Journal 7

Table 2 Stalk phosphorus accumulation (P-stalk) in leaves and apical meristem (P-straw) total (P-total) length (SL) diameter (SD) stalknumber (SN) and the productivity of straw and stalks of sugarcane grown in Eutrophic Red Ultisol as a function of phosphate fertilizer withdifferent P sources P application rates and filter cake

P-stalks P-straw P-total SL SDSN

Straw Stalkskg haminus1 of P m mm t haminus1

P sourcesAraxa 248 131 379 34 285 15 212 2174Bayovar 235 128 363 34 287 15 213 2097Triple superphosphate 254 153 407 34 286 16 220 2210

P2O5 rates0 208 99 307 34 284 13 187 182090 252 137 389 34 286 17 223 2210180 259 169 428 35 285 16 242 2320360 263 144 407 33 288 16 208 2291

Filter cakePresence 289 150 439 34 286 16 223 2225Absence 203 125 328 34 286 15 207 2096

119865 testSource 13ns 26ns 29ns 05ns 01ns 04ns 02ns 13ns

Rate 64lowastlowast 86lowastlowast 124lowastlowast 18ns 05ns 59lowastlowast 35lowastlowast 160lowastlowast

Filter cake 730lowastlowast 66lowast 547lowastlowast 11ns 01ns 00ns 17ns 50lowast

Source times rate 05ns 06ns 05ns 02ns 03ns 11ns 07ns 10ns

Source times cake 05ns 06ns 10ns 10ns 08ns 02ns 06ns 01ns

Rate times cake 16ns 03ns 14ns 07ns 13ns 22ns 04ns 14ns

Source times rate times cake 07ns 06ns 07ns 11ns 03ns 05ns 04ns 01ns

CV 174 293 167 53 35 149 241 114lowastlowast lowast and ns significant (119875 le 001 119875 le 005) and insignificant respectively (119865 test)

P application rates with or without filter cake causedincreases in stalk productivity that fit a quadratic model(Figure 5(f)) The highest productivity (241 t haminus1) with filtercake was obtained with a P

2

O5

application of 230 kg haminus1Without filter cake an extra 35 kg or 265 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

wasneeded to reach amaximum of 239 t haminus1Therefore the highcorrelation coefficient (119903 = 078lowastlowast) of stalk number showedthat this variable had the greatest effect on productivity Totalaccumulated P had the second greatest effect underscoringthe importance of phosphate fertilization on increased pro-ductionThere was no effect of phosphate fertilization on theconcentration of soluble solids in the juice (Brix) (mean =169) on the juice sucrose content (Pol) (mean= 143) andalso on the purity (mean = 846)

4 Discussion

41 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilizers on Soil PhosphorusAvailable P was highest when P applications were made withfilter cake (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)) P availability in the soilis influenced by various factors such as soil texture claycontent clay type and soil organicmatterThus some authorsattribute increased P availability in the soil to combinedapplications of P and organic compost [4 8 9 11] Thequantity of P that remains in solution depends on thephosphate adsorption capacity of the soil which in turn

depends on the quantity of organic matter clay texture andclay mineralogy [7] and P application rate Lower organicmatter levels mean greater surface exposure for P adsorptionand consequent reductions in P-rem On the other handlower levels of poorly crystalized Fe andAl oxidesmean lowerP adsorption and greater P-rem [5] In the present studyincreases in available P with filter cake application can bemainly attributed to the P supplied by this organic compost(containing 92 g kgminus1 of P) The same effect was reported by[14] that observed soil P increases from 14 to 94mg kgminus1 afterapplications of filter cake exclusively (100 t haminus1) Increasesin soil P resulting from the exclusive use of filter cake wereobserved in a vertisol [14] and also from a combination offilter cake with sugarcane bagasse in aDystrophic Red-YellowOxisol (Typic Acrustox) [10] An application of filter cakeat 15 t haminus1 (wet basis) improved soil fertility [17] relativeto conventional chemical fertilization which is indicative ofgreater nutrient absorption by the plant and is reflected ingreater productivity

42 Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Plant PhosphorusHigher available soil P was associated with greater nutrientabsorption by the plants causing higher leaf P levels (Figures3(a) and 3(b)) lower APase activity (Figures 4(b) and 4(c))greater juice P levels (Figure 4(d)) and greater accumulation(Figures 5(a) 5(b) and 5(c)) Energy storage is consequently

8 The Scientific World Journal

10

20

30

40Ac

cum

ulat

ed st

alk

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 288 F = 09ns

y (wo cake) = 169400 + 00211x

R2 = 073 F = 156lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(a)

0

5

10

15

20

Accu

mul

ated

stra

w P

(kg h

aminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 116313 + 00532x minus 000012x2

R2 = 094 F = 59lowast

y (wo cake) = 78479 + 00719x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 102lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(b)

0

20

40

60

Tota

l acc

umul

ated

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 385930 + 00825x minus 000018x2

R2 = 099 F = 60lowast

y (wo cake) = 230313 + 01325x minus 000026x2

R2 = 099 F = 126lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

5

10

15

20

Stal

ks p

er m

eter

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 130151 + 00289x minus 0000054x2

R2 = 084 F = 41lowast

R2 = 058 F = 43lowast= 147454 + 00191x minus 0000055x2y (w cake)

y (wo cake)

(d)

0

8

16

24

32

Stra

w (t

haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 198155 minus 00572x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 65lowast

y (wo cake) = 207 F = 17ns

y (w cake)

(e)

100

150

200

250

Stal

k (t

haminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 19832 + 03724x minus 000081x2

R2 = 098 F = 81lowastlowast

y (wo cake) = 16889 + 05256x minus 000099x2

R2 = 098 F = 121lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(f)

Figure 5 Phosphorus accumulation in stalks (a) straw (b) and total (c) number of stalks per meter (d) and productivity of sugarcane straw(e) and stalks (f) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowastlowast lowast and ns significant at 001 005 and insignificant respectively

higher as P is essential for the synthesis of ATP and numerousother phosphorylated compounds [1] This causes improvedroot development tillering and production [2] The capacityfor triple superphosphate fertilization to increase availablesoil P plant absorption and sugarcane productivity was alsoshown in Dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (Typic Acrustox)[21] and Dystrophic Red-Yellow Ultisol [19] Combining

phosphate fertilizer with organic compost has been shownto result in increased phosphorus uptake by plants andhigher productivity [12] In the present study P applicationsincreased P levels in cane juice The same result has beenshown by other authors [35] Higher P levels in sugarcanejuice are important for commercial production because Phelps clarify cane juice

The Scientific World Journal 9

Increasing P applications caused linear increases in leaf P(Figures 3(a) and 3(b)) and linear reductions inAPase activity(Figure 4(c)) Nevertheless there was no significant correla-tion between APase activity and leaf P levels (119903 = 02 ns) Lowlevels of available P are reflected in plant enzymatic activityPlants respond to P deficiency with less efficient P usageand higher APase activity in leaves stems and roots [36]Phosphatases are associated with P remobilization in plantsTherefore increased activity of these enzymes has been linkedto low cellular levels of inorganic P [34 36] and a negativecorrelation between phosphatase activity and leaf P [37]

43 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Productivity andSugarcane Technological Quality Phosphorus levels espe-cially in the presence of filter cake increase levels of availablesoil P and plant uptake which is reflected in higher produc-tivity (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)) however they did not showeffect on sugarcane technological quality Several studies haveshown increases in sugarcane productivity as a function ofphosphate fertilization [2 13 17ndash22] Triple superphosphateapplied to the furrow during planting (100 kg of P

2

O5

)increased sugarcane productivity by 34 compared to a zero-application control [21] Reference [22] evaluated the isolatedeffect of P applications in Nigerian soils with low P levelsTsado et al [22] found that applications of 150 kg haminus1 ofP2

O5

in the form of rock phosphate led to the highest stalkproductivity 1025 t haminus1 whereas a control treatment led toproductivity of just 625 t haminus1

Phosphorus benefits sugarcane in many ways One wayis by improving tillering which has the greatest impact onsugarcane productivity [2 18 20] Reference [18] showedthat reducing mineral fertilization by 25 and adding filtercake at 15 t haminus1 can increase tillering by as much as 191with consequent increases in stalk productivity Authorsstate that the association between inorganic and organicfertilizers is very important for maintaining soil fertilityand obtaining high sugarcane yields Reference [14] onlyobserved an increase in productivity from 73 to 85 t haminus1

with an application of filter cake (100 t haminus1) This result wasconfirmed by the present study in which the presence offilter cake increased soil and plant P (Table 1) which led togreater nutrient accumulation and greater stalk productivity(Table 2)

Thus filter cake applications (10 t haminus1 wet basis) canreduce dependency on chemical fertilizers by asmuch as 25[23] Moreover if the filter cake is enriched (15 t haminus1 wetbasis) with Azotobacter and Bacillus megaterium productiv-ity can be increased by as much as 21 over chemical fertil-ization potentially reducing chemical fertilizer requirementsby 50 [17]

In general many results show the effect of phosphatefertilization on yield increment however the technologicalquality is less affected This fact can be explained by theinfluence of other yield factors making the evaluation offertilizers effects on those parameters difficult therefore itmight be related to genetic material [17 18]

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] E Epstein andA BloomNutricao mineral de plantas princıpiose perspectivas Editora Planta Londrina Brazil 2nd edition2006

[2] T C Devi M Bharathalakshmi M B G S Kumari and N VNaidu ldquoEffect of sources and levels of phosphorus with zinc onyield and quality of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 14 no 2 pp195ndash198 2012

[3] F C Silva and L C Basso ldquoAvaliacao da atividade lsquoin vivorsquo dafosfatase acida da folha na diagnose da nutricao fosforica emcana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 17 pp371ndash375 1993

[4] E M Gichangi P N S Mnkeni and P C Brookes ldquoEffects ofgoat manure and inorganic phosphate addition on soil inor-ganic and microbial biomass phosphorus fractions under labo-ratory incubation conditionsrdquo Soil Science and Plant Nutritionvol 55 no 6 pp 764ndash771 2009

[5] G K Donagemma H A Ruiz V H Alvarez V J C Ker andM P F Fontes ldquoFosforo remanescente em argila e silte retiradosde Latossolos apos pre-tratamentos na analise texturalrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 32 no 4 pp 1785ndash1791 2008

[6] V V H Alvarez R F Novais L E Dias and J A OliveiraldquoDeterminacao e uso do fosforo remanescenterdquo Boletim Infor-mativo SBCS vol 25 pp 27ndash32 2000

[7] R F Novais and T J Smyth Fosforo em solo e planta emcondicoes tropicais Universidade Federal de Vicosa VicosaBrazil 1999

[8] V R Santos G Moura Filho A W Albuquerque J P CostaC G Santos and A C Santos ldquoCrescimento e produtividadeagrıcola de cana-de-acucar em diferentes fontes de fosforordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 13no 4 pp 389ndash396 2009

[9] M Takeda T Nakamoto K Miyazawa T Murayama and HOkada ldquoPhosphorus availability and soil biological activity inan Andosol under compost application and winter cover crop-pingrdquo Applied Soil Ecology vol 42 no 2 pp 86ndash95 2009

[10] C C Lima ldquoDisponibilidade de fosforo para a cana-de-acucarem solo tratado com compostos organicos ricos em silıciordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15no 12 pp 1222ndash1227 2011

[11] T Krey N Vassilev C Baum and B Eichler-LobermannldquoEffects of long-term phosphorus application and plant-growthpromoting rhizobacteria on maize phosphorus nutrition underfield conditionsrdquo European Journal of Soil Biology vol 55 pp124ndash130 2013

[12] A B Almeida Junior CWNascimentoM F Sobral F B SilvaandW A Gomes ldquoFertilidade do solo e absorcao de nutrientesem cana-de-acucar fertilizada com torta de filtrordquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 no 10 pp1004ndash1013 2011

[13] D H Santos C S Tiritan J S Foloni and L B Fabris ldquoProd-utividade de cana-de-acucar sob adubacao com torta de filtroenriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropi-cal vol 40 no 4 pp 454ndash461 2010

[14] M T Elsayed M H Babiker M E Abdelmalik O N Mukhtarand D Montange ldquoImpact of filter mud applications on the

10 The Scientific World Journal

germination of sugarcane and small-seeded plants and on soiland sugarcane nitrogen contentsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol99 no 10 pp 4164ndash4168 2008

[15] D H Santos M A Silva C S Tiritan J S S Foloni and F REcher ldquoQualidade tecnologica da cana-de-acucar sob adubacaocom torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 pp 443ndash449 2011

[16] S-D Yang J-X Liu J Wu H-W Tan and Y-R Li ldquoEffects ofvinasse and press mud application on the biological propertiesof soils and productivity of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 15 no 2pp 152ndash158 2013

[17] C Shankaraiah and K N Kalyana Murthy ldquoEffect of enrichedpressmud cake on growth yield and quality of sugarcanerdquo SugarTech vol 7 no 2-3 pp 1ndash4 2005

[18] S M Bokhtiar G C Paul and K M Alam ldquoEffects of organicand inorganic fertilizer on growth yield and juice quality andresidual effects on ratoon crops of sugarcanerdquo Journal of PlantNutrition vol 31 no 10 pp 1832ndash1843 2008

[19] G H Korndorfer and S P Melo ldquoFontes de fosforo (fluidaou solida) na produtividade agrıcola e industrial da cana-de-acucarrdquo Ciencia e Agrotecnologia vol 33 no 1 pp 92ndash97 2009

[20] G Caione M T R Teixeira A Lange A F Silva and F MFernandes ldquoModos de aplicacao e doses de fosforo em cana-de-acucar forrageira cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho AmarelordquoRevista de Ciencias Agro-Ambientais vol 9 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2011

[21] G Caione F M Fernandes and A Lange ldquoEfeito residual defontes de fosforo nos atributos quımicos do solo nutricao e pro-dutividade de biomassa da cana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira deCiencias Agrarias vol 8 no 2 pp 189ndash196 2013

[22] P A Tsado B A Lawal C A Igwe M K A Adeboye A JOdofin and A A Adekambi ldquoEffects of sources and levels ofphosphorus on yield and quality of sugarcane in SouthernGuinea Savanna Zone of Nigeriardquo Agriculture Science Develop-ments vol 2 pp 25ndash27 2013

[23] P Rakkiyappan S Thangavelu R Malathi and R RadhamanildquoEffect of biocompost and enriched pressmud on sugarcaneyield and qualityrdquo Sugar Tech vol 3 no 3 pp 92ndash96 2001

[24] H G Santos P K T Jacomine L H C Anjos et al Eds Sis-tema Brasileiro de Classificacao de Solos Embrapa Solos Rio deJaneiro Brazil 3rd edition 2013

[25] B van Raij J C Andrade H Cantarella and J A QuaggioAnalise Quımica Para Avaliacao da Fertilidade de Solos Tropi-cais Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 2001

[26] A O Camargo A C Moniz J A Jorge and J M A SValadares Metodos de analise quımica mineralogica e fısica desolos do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas IAC CampinasBrazil 2009

[27] B van Raij and H Cantarella ldquoOutras culturas industriaisrdquo inRecomendacoes de adubacao e calagem para o estado de SaoPaulo B van Raij H Cantarella J A Quaggio and A M CFurlani Eds Boletim tecnico 100 pp 233ndash239 Instituto Agro-nomico Campinas Brazil 2nd edition 1997

[28] CTCmdashCentro de Tecnologia Canavieira Variedades CTC34 p 2012 httpwwwctcanavieiracombrdownloadsvarieda-des2012 FINALpdf

[29] O C Bataglia AM C Furlani J P F Teixeira P R Furlani andJ R Gallo ldquoMetodos de analise quımica de plantasrdquo BoletimTecnico 78 Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 1983

[30] E Malavolta G C Vitti and A S Oliveira Avaliacao do estadoNutricional das plantas princıpios e aplicacoes Associacao

Brasileira para Pesquisa da Potassa e do Fosfato PiracicabaBrazil 2nd edition 1997

[31] J M Pizauro C Curti P Ciancaglini and F A Leone ldquoKineticporperties of triton X-100 solubilized bone matriz-inducedalkaline phosphataserdquo Cellular and Molecular Biology vol 34no 5 pp 921ndash926 1988

[32] D F Ferreira ldquoSisvar a computer statistical analysis systemrdquoCiencia e Agrotecnologia vol 35 no 6 pp 1039ndash1042 2011

[33] F A S Silva and C A V Azevedo ldquoVersao do programa com-putacional Assistat para o sistema operacional WindowsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais vol 4 pp 71ndash782002

[34] G G Bozzo E L Dunn and W C Plaxton ldquoDifferential syn-thesis of phosphate-starvation inducible purple acid phospha-tase isozymes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) suspensioncells and seedlingsrdquo Plant Cell amp Environment vol 29 no 2 pp303ndash313 2006

[35] J R Pereira C M B Faria and L B Morgado ldquoEfeito de nıveise do resıduo de fosforo sobre a produtividade da cana-de-acucaremVertissolordquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 30 pp 43ndash48 1995

[36] F N Nunes R B Cantarutti R F Novais I R Silva M RTotola and BN Ribeiro ldquoAtividade de fosfatases em gramıneasforrageiras em resposta a disponibilidade de fosforo no solo e aaltura de corte das plantasrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solovol 32 no 5 pp 1899ndash1909 2008

[37] M Nanamori T Shinano J Wasaki T Yamamura I M Raoand M Osaki ldquoLow phosphorus tolerance mechanisms phos-phorus recycling and photosynthate partitioning in the tropicalforage grass Brachiaria hybrid cultivar mulato compared withricerdquoPlant andCell Physiology vol 45 no 4 pp 460ndash469 2004

[38] CIIAGROmdashCentro integrado de informacoes agrometeorolog-icas 2013 httpwwwciiagrospgovbr

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Nutrition and Metabolism

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Food ScienceInternational Journal of

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

AgricultureAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BiodiversityInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

6 The Scientific World Journal

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

Leaf

P (g

kgminus

1)

y (wo cake) = 12289 + 0000945x

= 15733 + 0000593x

R2 = 086 F = 307lowastlowast

R2 = 074 F = 121lowastlowasty (w cake)

(a)

15

16

17

18

19

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

Leaf

P (g

kgminus

1)

y (wo cake) = 1600 + 0000282x

= 17622 + 0000205x

R2 = 075 F = 78lowastlowast

R2 = 083 F = 41lowasty (w cake)

(b)

Figure 3 Leaf phosphorus in sugarcane at four months (a) and at 8 months (b) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowast and lowastlowastsignificant at probabilities of 005 and 001 respectively

1500

1900

2300

2700

AbAb

Aa

Aa Aa

Ba

Presence AbsenceFilter cake

Araxa phosphateBayovar phosphate

Triple superphosphate

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

(a)

1500

2000

2500

3000

A

B

A

B

A

BA

A

0 90 180 360

Presence of filter cakeAbsence of filter cake

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

(b)

1500

2000

2500

3000

APa

se ac

tivity

(nm

ol m

inminus1

mgminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

y (wo cake) = 2079 F = 09ns

R2 = 062 F = 232lowastlowast= 27622133 minus 13892xy (w cake)

(c)

10

30

50

70

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

R2 = 099 94lowastlowast= 402667 + 01224x minus 000024x2

R2 = 098 F = 114lowastlowasty (wo cake) = 35912 + 01419x minus 000026x2

Juic

e P (m

g Lminus1)

y (w cake)

(d)

Figure 4 Acid phosphatase activity (APase) as a function of P sources and filter cake (a) P application rates and filter cake (b and c) andsugarcane juice P as a function of P application rates (d) Averages followed by single letters are significantly different (Tukey test 119875 le 005)Capital letters compare P sources with the effect of filter cake Lowercase letters compare the effect of filter cake on each source lowastlowast and nssignificant (119875 = 001) and insignificant respectively

The Scientific World Journal 7

Table 2 Stalk phosphorus accumulation (P-stalk) in leaves and apical meristem (P-straw) total (P-total) length (SL) diameter (SD) stalknumber (SN) and the productivity of straw and stalks of sugarcane grown in Eutrophic Red Ultisol as a function of phosphate fertilizer withdifferent P sources P application rates and filter cake

P-stalks P-straw P-total SL SDSN

Straw Stalkskg haminus1 of P m mm t haminus1

P sourcesAraxa 248 131 379 34 285 15 212 2174Bayovar 235 128 363 34 287 15 213 2097Triple superphosphate 254 153 407 34 286 16 220 2210

P2O5 rates0 208 99 307 34 284 13 187 182090 252 137 389 34 286 17 223 2210180 259 169 428 35 285 16 242 2320360 263 144 407 33 288 16 208 2291

Filter cakePresence 289 150 439 34 286 16 223 2225Absence 203 125 328 34 286 15 207 2096

119865 testSource 13ns 26ns 29ns 05ns 01ns 04ns 02ns 13ns

Rate 64lowastlowast 86lowastlowast 124lowastlowast 18ns 05ns 59lowastlowast 35lowastlowast 160lowastlowast

Filter cake 730lowastlowast 66lowast 547lowastlowast 11ns 01ns 00ns 17ns 50lowast

Source times rate 05ns 06ns 05ns 02ns 03ns 11ns 07ns 10ns

Source times cake 05ns 06ns 10ns 10ns 08ns 02ns 06ns 01ns

Rate times cake 16ns 03ns 14ns 07ns 13ns 22ns 04ns 14ns

Source times rate times cake 07ns 06ns 07ns 11ns 03ns 05ns 04ns 01ns

CV 174 293 167 53 35 149 241 114lowastlowast lowast and ns significant (119875 le 001 119875 le 005) and insignificant respectively (119865 test)

P application rates with or without filter cake causedincreases in stalk productivity that fit a quadratic model(Figure 5(f)) The highest productivity (241 t haminus1) with filtercake was obtained with a P

2

O5

application of 230 kg haminus1Without filter cake an extra 35 kg or 265 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

wasneeded to reach amaximum of 239 t haminus1Therefore the highcorrelation coefficient (119903 = 078lowastlowast) of stalk number showedthat this variable had the greatest effect on productivity Totalaccumulated P had the second greatest effect underscoringthe importance of phosphate fertilization on increased pro-ductionThere was no effect of phosphate fertilization on theconcentration of soluble solids in the juice (Brix) (mean =169) on the juice sucrose content (Pol) (mean= 143) andalso on the purity (mean = 846)

4 Discussion

41 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilizers on Soil PhosphorusAvailable P was highest when P applications were made withfilter cake (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)) P availability in the soilis influenced by various factors such as soil texture claycontent clay type and soil organicmatterThus some authorsattribute increased P availability in the soil to combinedapplications of P and organic compost [4 8 9 11] Thequantity of P that remains in solution depends on thephosphate adsorption capacity of the soil which in turn

depends on the quantity of organic matter clay texture andclay mineralogy [7] and P application rate Lower organicmatter levels mean greater surface exposure for P adsorptionand consequent reductions in P-rem On the other handlower levels of poorly crystalized Fe andAl oxidesmean lowerP adsorption and greater P-rem [5] In the present studyincreases in available P with filter cake application can bemainly attributed to the P supplied by this organic compost(containing 92 g kgminus1 of P) The same effect was reported by[14] that observed soil P increases from 14 to 94mg kgminus1 afterapplications of filter cake exclusively (100 t haminus1) Increasesin soil P resulting from the exclusive use of filter cake wereobserved in a vertisol [14] and also from a combination offilter cake with sugarcane bagasse in aDystrophic Red-YellowOxisol (Typic Acrustox) [10] An application of filter cakeat 15 t haminus1 (wet basis) improved soil fertility [17] relativeto conventional chemical fertilization which is indicative ofgreater nutrient absorption by the plant and is reflected ingreater productivity

42 Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Plant PhosphorusHigher available soil P was associated with greater nutrientabsorption by the plants causing higher leaf P levels (Figures3(a) and 3(b)) lower APase activity (Figures 4(b) and 4(c))greater juice P levels (Figure 4(d)) and greater accumulation(Figures 5(a) 5(b) and 5(c)) Energy storage is consequently

8 The Scientific World Journal

10

20

30

40Ac

cum

ulat

ed st

alk

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 288 F = 09ns

y (wo cake) = 169400 + 00211x

R2 = 073 F = 156lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(a)

0

5

10

15

20

Accu

mul

ated

stra

w P

(kg h

aminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 116313 + 00532x minus 000012x2

R2 = 094 F = 59lowast

y (wo cake) = 78479 + 00719x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 102lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(b)

0

20

40

60

Tota

l acc

umul

ated

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 385930 + 00825x minus 000018x2

R2 = 099 F = 60lowast

y (wo cake) = 230313 + 01325x minus 000026x2

R2 = 099 F = 126lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

5

10

15

20

Stal

ks p

er m

eter

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 130151 + 00289x minus 0000054x2

R2 = 084 F = 41lowast

R2 = 058 F = 43lowast= 147454 + 00191x minus 0000055x2y (w cake)

y (wo cake)

(d)

0

8

16

24

32

Stra

w (t

haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 198155 minus 00572x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 65lowast

y (wo cake) = 207 F = 17ns

y (w cake)

(e)

100

150

200

250

Stal

k (t

haminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 19832 + 03724x minus 000081x2

R2 = 098 F = 81lowastlowast

y (wo cake) = 16889 + 05256x minus 000099x2

R2 = 098 F = 121lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(f)

Figure 5 Phosphorus accumulation in stalks (a) straw (b) and total (c) number of stalks per meter (d) and productivity of sugarcane straw(e) and stalks (f) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowastlowast lowast and ns significant at 001 005 and insignificant respectively

higher as P is essential for the synthesis of ATP and numerousother phosphorylated compounds [1] This causes improvedroot development tillering and production [2] The capacityfor triple superphosphate fertilization to increase availablesoil P plant absorption and sugarcane productivity was alsoshown in Dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (Typic Acrustox)[21] and Dystrophic Red-Yellow Ultisol [19] Combining

phosphate fertilizer with organic compost has been shownto result in increased phosphorus uptake by plants andhigher productivity [12] In the present study P applicationsincreased P levels in cane juice The same result has beenshown by other authors [35] Higher P levels in sugarcanejuice are important for commercial production because Phelps clarify cane juice

The Scientific World Journal 9

Increasing P applications caused linear increases in leaf P(Figures 3(a) and 3(b)) and linear reductions inAPase activity(Figure 4(c)) Nevertheless there was no significant correla-tion between APase activity and leaf P levels (119903 = 02 ns) Lowlevels of available P are reflected in plant enzymatic activityPlants respond to P deficiency with less efficient P usageand higher APase activity in leaves stems and roots [36]Phosphatases are associated with P remobilization in plantsTherefore increased activity of these enzymes has been linkedto low cellular levels of inorganic P [34 36] and a negativecorrelation between phosphatase activity and leaf P [37]

43 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Productivity andSugarcane Technological Quality Phosphorus levels espe-cially in the presence of filter cake increase levels of availablesoil P and plant uptake which is reflected in higher produc-tivity (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)) however they did not showeffect on sugarcane technological quality Several studies haveshown increases in sugarcane productivity as a function ofphosphate fertilization [2 13 17ndash22] Triple superphosphateapplied to the furrow during planting (100 kg of P

2

O5

)increased sugarcane productivity by 34 compared to a zero-application control [21] Reference [22] evaluated the isolatedeffect of P applications in Nigerian soils with low P levelsTsado et al [22] found that applications of 150 kg haminus1 ofP2

O5

in the form of rock phosphate led to the highest stalkproductivity 1025 t haminus1 whereas a control treatment led toproductivity of just 625 t haminus1

Phosphorus benefits sugarcane in many ways One wayis by improving tillering which has the greatest impact onsugarcane productivity [2 18 20] Reference [18] showedthat reducing mineral fertilization by 25 and adding filtercake at 15 t haminus1 can increase tillering by as much as 191with consequent increases in stalk productivity Authorsstate that the association between inorganic and organicfertilizers is very important for maintaining soil fertilityand obtaining high sugarcane yields Reference [14] onlyobserved an increase in productivity from 73 to 85 t haminus1

with an application of filter cake (100 t haminus1) This result wasconfirmed by the present study in which the presence offilter cake increased soil and plant P (Table 1) which led togreater nutrient accumulation and greater stalk productivity(Table 2)

Thus filter cake applications (10 t haminus1 wet basis) canreduce dependency on chemical fertilizers by asmuch as 25[23] Moreover if the filter cake is enriched (15 t haminus1 wetbasis) with Azotobacter and Bacillus megaterium productiv-ity can be increased by as much as 21 over chemical fertil-ization potentially reducing chemical fertilizer requirementsby 50 [17]

In general many results show the effect of phosphatefertilization on yield increment however the technologicalquality is less affected This fact can be explained by theinfluence of other yield factors making the evaluation offertilizers effects on those parameters difficult therefore itmight be related to genetic material [17 18]

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] E Epstein andA BloomNutricao mineral de plantas princıpiose perspectivas Editora Planta Londrina Brazil 2nd edition2006

[2] T C Devi M Bharathalakshmi M B G S Kumari and N VNaidu ldquoEffect of sources and levels of phosphorus with zinc onyield and quality of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 14 no 2 pp195ndash198 2012

[3] F C Silva and L C Basso ldquoAvaliacao da atividade lsquoin vivorsquo dafosfatase acida da folha na diagnose da nutricao fosforica emcana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 17 pp371ndash375 1993

[4] E M Gichangi P N S Mnkeni and P C Brookes ldquoEffects ofgoat manure and inorganic phosphate addition on soil inor-ganic and microbial biomass phosphorus fractions under labo-ratory incubation conditionsrdquo Soil Science and Plant Nutritionvol 55 no 6 pp 764ndash771 2009

[5] G K Donagemma H A Ruiz V H Alvarez V J C Ker andM P F Fontes ldquoFosforo remanescente em argila e silte retiradosde Latossolos apos pre-tratamentos na analise texturalrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 32 no 4 pp 1785ndash1791 2008

[6] V V H Alvarez R F Novais L E Dias and J A OliveiraldquoDeterminacao e uso do fosforo remanescenterdquo Boletim Infor-mativo SBCS vol 25 pp 27ndash32 2000

[7] R F Novais and T J Smyth Fosforo em solo e planta emcondicoes tropicais Universidade Federal de Vicosa VicosaBrazil 1999

[8] V R Santos G Moura Filho A W Albuquerque J P CostaC G Santos and A C Santos ldquoCrescimento e produtividadeagrıcola de cana-de-acucar em diferentes fontes de fosforordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 13no 4 pp 389ndash396 2009

[9] M Takeda T Nakamoto K Miyazawa T Murayama and HOkada ldquoPhosphorus availability and soil biological activity inan Andosol under compost application and winter cover crop-pingrdquo Applied Soil Ecology vol 42 no 2 pp 86ndash95 2009

[10] C C Lima ldquoDisponibilidade de fosforo para a cana-de-acucarem solo tratado com compostos organicos ricos em silıciordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15no 12 pp 1222ndash1227 2011

[11] T Krey N Vassilev C Baum and B Eichler-LobermannldquoEffects of long-term phosphorus application and plant-growthpromoting rhizobacteria on maize phosphorus nutrition underfield conditionsrdquo European Journal of Soil Biology vol 55 pp124ndash130 2013

[12] A B Almeida Junior CWNascimentoM F Sobral F B SilvaandW A Gomes ldquoFertilidade do solo e absorcao de nutrientesem cana-de-acucar fertilizada com torta de filtrordquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 no 10 pp1004ndash1013 2011

[13] D H Santos C S Tiritan J S Foloni and L B Fabris ldquoProd-utividade de cana-de-acucar sob adubacao com torta de filtroenriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropi-cal vol 40 no 4 pp 454ndash461 2010

[14] M T Elsayed M H Babiker M E Abdelmalik O N Mukhtarand D Montange ldquoImpact of filter mud applications on the

10 The Scientific World Journal

germination of sugarcane and small-seeded plants and on soiland sugarcane nitrogen contentsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol99 no 10 pp 4164ndash4168 2008

[15] D H Santos M A Silva C S Tiritan J S S Foloni and F REcher ldquoQualidade tecnologica da cana-de-acucar sob adubacaocom torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 pp 443ndash449 2011

[16] S-D Yang J-X Liu J Wu H-W Tan and Y-R Li ldquoEffects ofvinasse and press mud application on the biological propertiesof soils and productivity of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 15 no 2pp 152ndash158 2013

[17] C Shankaraiah and K N Kalyana Murthy ldquoEffect of enrichedpressmud cake on growth yield and quality of sugarcanerdquo SugarTech vol 7 no 2-3 pp 1ndash4 2005

[18] S M Bokhtiar G C Paul and K M Alam ldquoEffects of organicand inorganic fertilizer on growth yield and juice quality andresidual effects on ratoon crops of sugarcanerdquo Journal of PlantNutrition vol 31 no 10 pp 1832ndash1843 2008

[19] G H Korndorfer and S P Melo ldquoFontes de fosforo (fluidaou solida) na produtividade agrıcola e industrial da cana-de-acucarrdquo Ciencia e Agrotecnologia vol 33 no 1 pp 92ndash97 2009

[20] G Caione M T R Teixeira A Lange A F Silva and F MFernandes ldquoModos de aplicacao e doses de fosforo em cana-de-acucar forrageira cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho AmarelordquoRevista de Ciencias Agro-Ambientais vol 9 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2011

[21] G Caione F M Fernandes and A Lange ldquoEfeito residual defontes de fosforo nos atributos quımicos do solo nutricao e pro-dutividade de biomassa da cana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira deCiencias Agrarias vol 8 no 2 pp 189ndash196 2013

[22] P A Tsado B A Lawal C A Igwe M K A Adeboye A JOdofin and A A Adekambi ldquoEffects of sources and levels ofphosphorus on yield and quality of sugarcane in SouthernGuinea Savanna Zone of Nigeriardquo Agriculture Science Develop-ments vol 2 pp 25ndash27 2013

[23] P Rakkiyappan S Thangavelu R Malathi and R RadhamanildquoEffect of biocompost and enriched pressmud on sugarcaneyield and qualityrdquo Sugar Tech vol 3 no 3 pp 92ndash96 2001

[24] H G Santos P K T Jacomine L H C Anjos et al Eds Sis-tema Brasileiro de Classificacao de Solos Embrapa Solos Rio deJaneiro Brazil 3rd edition 2013

[25] B van Raij J C Andrade H Cantarella and J A QuaggioAnalise Quımica Para Avaliacao da Fertilidade de Solos Tropi-cais Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 2001

[26] A O Camargo A C Moniz J A Jorge and J M A SValadares Metodos de analise quımica mineralogica e fısica desolos do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas IAC CampinasBrazil 2009

[27] B van Raij and H Cantarella ldquoOutras culturas industriaisrdquo inRecomendacoes de adubacao e calagem para o estado de SaoPaulo B van Raij H Cantarella J A Quaggio and A M CFurlani Eds Boletim tecnico 100 pp 233ndash239 Instituto Agro-nomico Campinas Brazil 2nd edition 1997

[28] CTCmdashCentro de Tecnologia Canavieira Variedades CTC34 p 2012 httpwwwctcanavieiracombrdownloadsvarieda-des2012 FINALpdf

[29] O C Bataglia AM C Furlani J P F Teixeira P R Furlani andJ R Gallo ldquoMetodos de analise quımica de plantasrdquo BoletimTecnico 78 Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 1983

[30] E Malavolta G C Vitti and A S Oliveira Avaliacao do estadoNutricional das plantas princıpios e aplicacoes Associacao

Brasileira para Pesquisa da Potassa e do Fosfato PiracicabaBrazil 2nd edition 1997

[31] J M Pizauro C Curti P Ciancaglini and F A Leone ldquoKineticporperties of triton X-100 solubilized bone matriz-inducedalkaline phosphataserdquo Cellular and Molecular Biology vol 34no 5 pp 921ndash926 1988

[32] D F Ferreira ldquoSisvar a computer statistical analysis systemrdquoCiencia e Agrotecnologia vol 35 no 6 pp 1039ndash1042 2011

[33] F A S Silva and C A V Azevedo ldquoVersao do programa com-putacional Assistat para o sistema operacional WindowsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais vol 4 pp 71ndash782002

[34] G G Bozzo E L Dunn and W C Plaxton ldquoDifferential syn-thesis of phosphate-starvation inducible purple acid phospha-tase isozymes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) suspensioncells and seedlingsrdquo Plant Cell amp Environment vol 29 no 2 pp303ndash313 2006

[35] J R Pereira C M B Faria and L B Morgado ldquoEfeito de nıveise do resıduo de fosforo sobre a produtividade da cana-de-acucaremVertissolordquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 30 pp 43ndash48 1995

[36] F N Nunes R B Cantarutti R F Novais I R Silva M RTotola and BN Ribeiro ldquoAtividade de fosfatases em gramıneasforrageiras em resposta a disponibilidade de fosforo no solo e aaltura de corte das plantasrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solovol 32 no 5 pp 1899ndash1909 2008

[37] M Nanamori T Shinano J Wasaki T Yamamura I M Raoand M Osaki ldquoLow phosphorus tolerance mechanisms phos-phorus recycling and photosynthate partitioning in the tropicalforage grass Brachiaria hybrid cultivar mulato compared withricerdquoPlant andCell Physiology vol 45 no 4 pp 460ndash469 2004

[38] CIIAGROmdashCentro integrado de informacoes agrometeorolog-icas 2013 httpwwwciiagrospgovbr

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Nutrition and Metabolism

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Food ScienceInternational Journal of

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

AgricultureAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BiodiversityInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World Journal 7

Table 2 Stalk phosphorus accumulation (P-stalk) in leaves and apical meristem (P-straw) total (P-total) length (SL) diameter (SD) stalknumber (SN) and the productivity of straw and stalks of sugarcane grown in Eutrophic Red Ultisol as a function of phosphate fertilizer withdifferent P sources P application rates and filter cake

P-stalks P-straw P-total SL SDSN

Straw Stalkskg haminus1 of P m mm t haminus1

P sourcesAraxa 248 131 379 34 285 15 212 2174Bayovar 235 128 363 34 287 15 213 2097Triple superphosphate 254 153 407 34 286 16 220 2210

P2O5 rates0 208 99 307 34 284 13 187 182090 252 137 389 34 286 17 223 2210180 259 169 428 35 285 16 242 2320360 263 144 407 33 288 16 208 2291

Filter cakePresence 289 150 439 34 286 16 223 2225Absence 203 125 328 34 286 15 207 2096

119865 testSource 13ns 26ns 29ns 05ns 01ns 04ns 02ns 13ns

Rate 64lowastlowast 86lowastlowast 124lowastlowast 18ns 05ns 59lowastlowast 35lowastlowast 160lowastlowast

Filter cake 730lowastlowast 66lowast 547lowastlowast 11ns 01ns 00ns 17ns 50lowast

Source times rate 05ns 06ns 05ns 02ns 03ns 11ns 07ns 10ns

Source times cake 05ns 06ns 10ns 10ns 08ns 02ns 06ns 01ns

Rate times cake 16ns 03ns 14ns 07ns 13ns 22ns 04ns 14ns

Source times rate times cake 07ns 06ns 07ns 11ns 03ns 05ns 04ns 01ns

CV 174 293 167 53 35 149 241 114lowastlowast lowast and ns significant (119875 le 001 119875 le 005) and insignificant respectively (119865 test)

P application rates with or without filter cake causedincreases in stalk productivity that fit a quadratic model(Figure 5(f)) The highest productivity (241 t haminus1) with filtercake was obtained with a P

2

O5

application of 230 kg haminus1Without filter cake an extra 35 kg or 265 kg haminus1 P

2

O5

wasneeded to reach amaximum of 239 t haminus1Therefore the highcorrelation coefficient (119903 = 078lowastlowast) of stalk number showedthat this variable had the greatest effect on productivity Totalaccumulated P had the second greatest effect underscoringthe importance of phosphate fertilization on increased pro-ductionThere was no effect of phosphate fertilization on theconcentration of soluble solids in the juice (Brix) (mean =169) on the juice sucrose content (Pol) (mean= 143) andalso on the purity (mean = 846)

4 Discussion

41 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilizers on Soil PhosphorusAvailable P was highest when P applications were made withfilter cake (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)) P availability in the soilis influenced by various factors such as soil texture claycontent clay type and soil organicmatterThus some authorsattribute increased P availability in the soil to combinedapplications of P and organic compost [4 8 9 11] Thequantity of P that remains in solution depends on thephosphate adsorption capacity of the soil which in turn

depends on the quantity of organic matter clay texture andclay mineralogy [7] and P application rate Lower organicmatter levels mean greater surface exposure for P adsorptionand consequent reductions in P-rem On the other handlower levels of poorly crystalized Fe andAl oxidesmean lowerP adsorption and greater P-rem [5] In the present studyincreases in available P with filter cake application can bemainly attributed to the P supplied by this organic compost(containing 92 g kgminus1 of P) The same effect was reported by[14] that observed soil P increases from 14 to 94mg kgminus1 afterapplications of filter cake exclusively (100 t haminus1) Increasesin soil P resulting from the exclusive use of filter cake wereobserved in a vertisol [14] and also from a combination offilter cake with sugarcane bagasse in aDystrophic Red-YellowOxisol (Typic Acrustox) [10] An application of filter cakeat 15 t haminus1 (wet basis) improved soil fertility [17] relativeto conventional chemical fertilization which is indicative ofgreater nutrient absorption by the plant and is reflected ingreater productivity

42 Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Plant PhosphorusHigher available soil P was associated with greater nutrientabsorption by the plants causing higher leaf P levels (Figures3(a) and 3(b)) lower APase activity (Figures 4(b) and 4(c))greater juice P levels (Figure 4(d)) and greater accumulation(Figures 5(a) 5(b) and 5(c)) Energy storage is consequently

8 The Scientific World Journal

10

20

30

40Ac

cum

ulat

ed st

alk

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 288 F = 09ns

y (wo cake) = 169400 + 00211x

R2 = 073 F = 156lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(a)

0

5

10

15

20

Accu

mul

ated

stra

w P

(kg h

aminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 116313 + 00532x minus 000012x2

R2 = 094 F = 59lowast

y (wo cake) = 78479 + 00719x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 102lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(b)

0

20

40

60

Tota

l acc

umul

ated

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 385930 + 00825x minus 000018x2

R2 = 099 F = 60lowast

y (wo cake) = 230313 + 01325x minus 000026x2

R2 = 099 F = 126lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

5

10

15

20

Stal

ks p

er m

eter

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 130151 + 00289x minus 0000054x2

R2 = 084 F = 41lowast

R2 = 058 F = 43lowast= 147454 + 00191x minus 0000055x2y (w cake)

y (wo cake)

(d)

0

8

16

24

32

Stra

w (t

haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 198155 minus 00572x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 65lowast

y (wo cake) = 207 F = 17ns

y (w cake)

(e)

100

150

200

250

Stal

k (t

haminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 19832 + 03724x minus 000081x2

R2 = 098 F = 81lowastlowast

y (wo cake) = 16889 + 05256x minus 000099x2

R2 = 098 F = 121lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(f)

Figure 5 Phosphorus accumulation in stalks (a) straw (b) and total (c) number of stalks per meter (d) and productivity of sugarcane straw(e) and stalks (f) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowastlowast lowast and ns significant at 001 005 and insignificant respectively

higher as P is essential for the synthesis of ATP and numerousother phosphorylated compounds [1] This causes improvedroot development tillering and production [2] The capacityfor triple superphosphate fertilization to increase availablesoil P plant absorption and sugarcane productivity was alsoshown in Dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (Typic Acrustox)[21] and Dystrophic Red-Yellow Ultisol [19] Combining

phosphate fertilizer with organic compost has been shownto result in increased phosphorus uptake by plants andhigher productivity [12] In the present study P applicationsincreased P levels in cane juice The same result has beenshown by other authors [35] Higher P levels in sugarcanejuice are important for commercial production because Phelps clarify cane juice

The Scientific World Journal 9

Increasing P applications caused linear increases in leaf P(Figures 3(a) and 3(b)) and linear reductions inAPase activity(Figure 4(c)) Nevertheless there was no significant correla-tion between APase activity and leaf P levels (119903 = 02 ns) Lowlevels of available P are reflected in plant enzymatic activityPlants respond to P deficiency with less efficient P usageand higher APase activity in leaves stems and roots [36]Phosphatases are associated with P remobilization in plantsTherefore increased activity of these enzymes has been linkedto low cellular levels of inorganic P [34 36] and a negativecorrelation between phosphatase activity and leaf P [37]

43 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Productivity andSugarcane Technological Quality Phosphorus levels espe-cially in the presence of filter cake increase levels of availablesoil P and plant uptake which is reflected in higher produc-tivity (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)) however they did not showeffect on sugarcane technological quality Several studies haveshown increases in sugarcane productivity as a function ofphosphate fertilization [2 13 17ndash22] Triple superphosphateapplied to the furrow during planting (100 kg of P

2

O5

)increased sugarcane productivity by 34 compared to a zero-application control [21] Reference [22] evaluated the isolatedeffect of P applications in Nigerian soils with low P levelsTsado et al [22] found that applications of 150 kg haminus1 ofP2

O5

in the form of rock phosphate led to the highest stalkproductivity 1025 t haminus1 whereas a control treatment led toproductivity of just 625 t haminus1

Phosphorus benefits sugarcane in many ways One wayis by improving tillering which has the greatest impact onsugarcane productivity [2 18 20] Reference [18] showedthat reducing mineral fertilization by 25 and adding filtercake at 15 t haminus1 can increase tillering by as much as 191with consequent increases in stalk productivity Authorsstate that the association between inorganic and organicfertilizers is very important for maintaining soil fertilityand obtaining high sugarcane yields Reference [14] onlyobserved an increase in productivity from 73 to 85 t haminus1

with an application of filter cake (100 t haminus1) This result wasconfirmed by the present study in which the presence offilter cake increased soil and plant P (Table 1) which led togreater nutrient accumulation and greater stalk productivity(Table 2)

Thus filter cake applications (10 t haminus1 wet basis) canreduce dependency on chemical fertilizers by asmuch as 25[23] Moreover if the filter cake is enriched (15 t haminus1 wetbasis) with Azotobacter and Bacillus megaterium productiv-ity can be increased by as much as 21 over chemical fertil-ization potentially reducing chemical fertilizer requirementsby 50 [17]

In general many results show the effect of phosphatefertilization on yield increment however the technologicalquality is less affected This fact can be explained by theinfluence of other yield factors making the evaluation offertilizers effects on those parameters difficult therefore itmight be related to genetic material [17 18]

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] E Epstein andA BloomNutricao mineral de plantas princıpiose perspectivas Editora Planta Londrina Brazil 2nd edition2006

[2] T C Devi M Bharathalakshmi M B G S Kumari and N VNaidu ldquoEffect of sources and levels of phosphorus with zinc onyield and quality of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 14 no 2 pp195ndash198 2012

[3] F C Silva and L C Basso ldquoAvaliacao da atividade lsquoin vivorsquo dafosfatase acida da folha na diagnose da nutricao fosforica emcana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 17 pp371ndash375 1993

[4] E M Gichangi P N S Mnkeni and P C Brookes ldquoEffects ofgoat manure and inorganic phosphate addition on soil inor-ganic and microbial biomass phosphorus fractions under labo-ratory incubation conditionsrdquo Soil Science and Plant Nutritionvol 55 no 6 pp 764ndash771 2009

[5] G K Donagemma H A Ruiz V H Alvarez V J C Ker andM P F Fontes ldquoFosforo remanescente em argila e silte retiradosde Latossolos apos pre-tratamentos na analise texturalrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 32 no 4 pp 1785ndash1791 2008

[6] V V H Alvarez R F Novais L E Dias and J A OliveiraldquoDeterminacao e uso do fosforo remanescenterdquo Boletim Infor-mativo SBCS vol 25 pp 27ndash32 2000

[7] R F Novais and T J Smyth Fosforo em solo e planta emcondicoes tropicais Universidade Federal de Vicosa VicosaBrazil 1999

[8] V R Santos G Moura Filho A W Albuquerque J P CostaC G Santos and A C Santos ldquoCrescimento e produtividadeagrıcola de cana-de-acucar em diferentes fontes de fosforordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 13no 4 pp 389ndash396 2009

[9] M Takeda T Nakamoto K Miyazawa T Murayama and HOkada ldquoPhosphorus availability and soil biological activity inan Andosol under compost application and winter cover crop-pingrdquo Applied Soil Ecology vol 42 no 2 pp 86ndash95 2009

[10] C C Lima ldquoDisponibilidade de fosforo para a cana-de-acucarem solo tratado com compostos organicos ricos em silıciordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15no 12 pp 1222ndash1227 2011

[11] T Krey N Vassilev C Baum and B Eichler-LobermannldquoEffects of long-term phosphorus application and plant-growthpromoting rhizobacteria on maize phosphorus nutrition underfield conditionsrdquo European Journal of Soil Biology vol 55 pp124ndash130 2013

[12] A B Almeida Junior CWNascimentoM F Sobral F B SilvaandW A Gomes ldquoFertilidade do solo e absorcao de nutrientesem cana-de-acucar fertilizada com torta de filtrordquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 no 10 pp1004ndash1013 2011

[13] D H Santos C S Tiritan J S Foloni and L B Fabris ldquoProd-utividade de cana-de-acucar sob adubacao com torta de filtroenriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropi-cal vol 40 no 4 pp 454ndash461 2010

[14] M T Elsayed M H Babiker M E Abdelmalik O N Mukhtarand D Montange ldquoImpact of filter mud applications on the

10 The Scientific World Journal

germination of sugarcane and small-seeded plants and on soiland sugarcane nitrogen contentsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol99 no 10 pp 4164ndash4168 2008

[15] D H Santos M A Silva C S Tiritan J S S Foloni and F REcher ldquoQualidade tecnologica da cana-de-acucar sob adubacaocom torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 pp 443ndash449 2011

[16] S-D Yang J-X Liu J Wu H-W Tan and Y-R Li ldquoEffects ofvinasse and press mud application on the biological propertiesof soils and productivity of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 15 no 2pp 152ndash158 2013

[17] C Shankaraiah and K N Kalyana Murthy ldquoEffect of enrichedpressmud cake on growth yield and quality of sugarcanerdquo SugarTech vol 7 no 2-3 pp 1ndash4 2005

[18] S M Bokhtiar G C Paul and K M Alam ldquoEffects of organicand inorganic fertilizer on growth yield and juice quality andresidual effects on ratoon crops of sugarcanerdquo Journal of PlantNutrition vol 31 no 10 pp 1832ndash1843 2008

[19] G H Korndorfer and S P Melo ldquoFontes de fosforo (fluidaou solida) na produtividade agrıcola e industrial da cana-de-acucarrdquo Ciencia e Agrotecnologia vol 33 no 1 pp 92ndash97 2009

[20] G Caione M T R Teixeira A Lange A F Silva and F MFernandes ldquoModos de aplicacao e doses de fosforo em cana-de-acucar forrageira cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho AmarelordquoRevista de Ciencias Agro-Ambientais vol 9 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2011

[21] G Caione F M Fernandes and A Lange ldquoEfeito residual defontes de fosforo nos atributos quımicos do solo nutricao e pro-dutividade de biomassa da cana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira deCiencias Agrarias vol 8 no 2 pp 189ndash196 2013

[22] P A Tsado B A Lawal C A Igwe M K A Adeboye A JOdofin and A A Adekambi ldquoEffects of sources and levels ofphosphorus on yield and quality of sugarcane in SouthernGuinea Savanna Zone of Nigeriardquo Agriculture Science Develop-ments vol 2 pp 25ndash27 2013

[23] P Rakkiyappan S Thangavelu R Malathi and R RadhamanildquoEffect of biocompost and enriched pressmud on sugarcaneyield and qualityrdquo Sugar Tech vol 3 no 3 pp 92ndash96 2001

[24] H G Santos P K T Jacomine L H C Anjos et al Eds Sis-tema Brasileiro de Classificacao de Solos Embrapa Solos Rio deJaneiro Brazil 3rd edition 2013

[25] B van Raij J C Andrade H Cantarella and J A QuaggioAnalise Quımica Para Avaliacao da Fertilidade de Solos Tropi-cais Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 2001

[26] A O Camargo A C Moniz J A Jorge and J M A SValadares Metodos de analise quımica mineralogica e fısica desolos do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas IAC CampinasBrazil 2009

[27] B van Raij and H Cantarella ldquoOutras culturas industriaisrdquo inRecomendacoes de adubacao e calagem para o estado de SaoPaulo B van Raij H Cantarella J A Quaggio and A M CFurlani Eds Boletim tecnico 100 pp 233ndash239 Instituto Agro-nomico Campinas Brazil 2nd edition 1997

[28] CTCmdashCentro de Tecnologia Canavieira Variedades CTC34 p 2012 httpwwwctcanavieiracombrdownloadsvarieda-des2012 FINALpdf

[29] O C Bataglia AM C Furlani J P F Teixeira P R Furlani andJ R Gallo ldquoMetodos de analise quımica de plantasrdquo BoletimTecnico 78 Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 1983

[30] E Malavolta G C Vitti and A S Oliveira Avaliacao do estadoNutricional das plantas princıpios e aplicacoes Associacao

Brasileira para Pesquisa da Potassa e do Fosfato PiracicabaBrazil 2nd edition 1997

[31] J M Pizauro C Curti P Ciancaglini and F A Leone ldquoKineticporperties of triton X-100 solubilized bone matriz-inducedalkaline phosphataserdquo Cellular and Molecular Biology vol 34no 5 pp 921ndash926 1988

[32] D F Ferreira ldquoSisvar a computer statistical analysis systemrdquoCiencia e Agrotecnologia vol 35 no 6 pp 1039ndash1042 2011

[33] F A S Silva and C A V Azevedo ldquoVersao do programa com-putacional Assistat para o sistema operacional WindowsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais vol 4 pp 71ndash782002

[34] G G Bozzo E L Dunn and W C Plaxton ldquoDifferential syn-thesis of phosphate-starvation inducible purple acid phospha-tase isozymes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) suspensioncells and seedlingsrdquo Plant Cell amp Environment vol 29 no 2 pp303ndash313 2006

[35] J R Pereira C M B Faria and L B Morgado ldquoEfeito de nıveise do resıduo de fosforo sobre a produtividade da cana-de-acucaremVertissolordquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 30 pp 43ndash48 1995

[36] F N Nunes R B Cantarutti R F Novais I R Silva M RTotola and BN Ribeiro ldquoAtividade de fosfatases em gramıneasforrageiras em resposta a disponibilidade de fosforo no solo e aaltura de corte das plantasrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solovol 32 no 5 pp 1899ndash1909 2008

[37] M Nanamori T Shinano J Wasaki T Yamamura I M Raoand M Osaki ldquoLow phosphorus tolerance mechanisms phos-phorus recycling and photosynthate partitioning in the tropicalforage grass Brachiaria hybrid cultivar mulato compared withricerdquoPlant andCell Physiology vol 45 no 4 pp 460ndash469 2004

[38] CIIAGROmdashCentro integrado de informacoes agrometeorolog-icas 2013 httpwwwciiagrospgovbr

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Nutrition and Metabolism

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Food ScienceInternational Journal of

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

AgricultureAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BiodiversityInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

8 The Scientific World Journal

10

20

30

40Ac

cum

ulat

ed st

alk

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 288 F = 09ns

y (wo cake) = 169400 + 00211x

R2 = 073 F = 156lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(a)

0

5

10

15

20

Accu

mul

ated

stra

w P

(kg h

aminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 116313 + 00532x minus 000012x2

R2 = 094 F = 59lowast

y (wo cake) = 78479 + 00719x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 102lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(b)

0

20

40

60

Tota

l acc

umul

ated

P (k

g haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 385930 + 00825x minus 000018x2

R2 = 099 F = 60lowast

y (wo cake) = 230313 + 01325x minus 000026x2

R2 = 099 F = 126lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(c)

5

10

15

20

Stal

ks p

er m

eter

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 130151 + 00289x minus 0000054x2

R2 = 084 F = 41lowast

R2 = 058 F = 43lowast= 147454 + 00191x minus 0000055x2y (w cake)

y (wo cake)

(d)

0

8

16

24

32

Stra

w (t

haminus

1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 198155 minus 00572x minus 000015x2

R2 = 099 F = 65lowast

y (wo cake) = 207 F = 17ns

y (w cake)

(e)

100

150

200

250

Stal

k (t

haminus1)

0 90 180 360

P2O5 rates (kg haminus1)

= 19832 + 03724x minus 000081x2

R2 = 098 F = 81lowastlowast

y (wo cake) = 16889 + 05256x minus 000099x2

R2 = 098 F = 121lowastlowast

y (w cake)

(f)

Figure 5 Phosphorus accumulation in stalks (a) straw (b) and total (c) number of stalks per meter (d) and productivity of sugarcane straw(e) and stalks (f) as a function of phosphorus application rate lowastlowast lowast and ns significant at 001 005 and insignificant respectively

higher as P is essential for the synthesis of ATP and numerousother phosphorylated compounds [1] This causes improvedroot development tillering and production [2] The capacityfor triple superphosphate fertilization to increase availablesoil P plant absorption and sugarcane productivity was alsoshown in Dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (Typic Acrustox)[21] and Dystrophic Red-Yellow Ultisol [19] Combining

phosphate fertilizer with organic compost has been shownto result in increased phosphorus uptake by plants andhigher productivity [12] In the present study P applicationsincreased P levels in cane juice The same result has beenshown by other authors [35] Higher P levels in sugarcanejuice are important for commercial production because Phelps clarify cane juice

The Scientific World Journal 9

Increasing P applications caused linear increases in leaf P(Figures 3(a) and 3(b)) and linear reductions inAPase activity(Figure 4(c)) Nevertheless there was no significant correla-tion between APase activity and leaf P levels (119903 = 02 ns) Lowlevels of available P are reflected in plant enzymatic activityPlants respond to P deficiency with less efficient P usageand higher APase activity in leaves stems and roots [36]Phosphatases are associated with P remobilization in plantsTherefore increased activity of these enzymes has been linkedto low cellular levels of inorganic P [34 36] and a negativecorrelation between phosphatase activity and leaf P [37]

43 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Productivity andSugarcane Technological Quality Phosphorus levels espe-cially in the presence of filter cake increase levels of availablesoil P and plant uptake which is reflected in higher produc-tivity (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)) however they did not showeffect on sugarcane technological quality Several studies haveshown increases in sugarcane productivity as a function ofphosphate fertilization [2 13 17ndash22] Triple superphosphateapplied to the furrow during planting (100 kg of P

2

O5

)increased sugarcane productivity by 34 compared to a zero-application control [21] Reference [22] evaluated the isolatedeffect of P applications in Nigerian soils with low P levelsTsado et al [22] found that applications of 150 kg haminus1 ofP2

O5

in the form of rock phosphate led to the highest stalkproductivity 1025 t haminus1 whereas a control treatment led toproductivity of just 625 t haminus1

Phosphorus benefits sugarcane in many ways One wayis by improving tillering which has the greatest impact onsugarcane productivity [2 18 20] Reference [18] showedthat reducing mineral fertilization by 25 and adding filtercake at 15 t haminus1 can increase tillering by as much as 191with consequent increases in stalk productivity Authorsstate that the association between inorganic and organicfertilizers is very important for maintaining soil fertilityand obtaining high sugarcane yields Reference [14] onlyobserved an increase in productivity from 73 to 85 t haminus1

with an application of filter cake (100 t haminus1) This result wasconfirmed by the present study in which the presence offilter cake increased soil and plant P (Table 1) which led togreater nutrient accumulation and greater stalk productivity(Table 2)

Thus filter cake applications (10 t haminus1 wet basis) canreduce dependency on chemical fertilizers by asmuch as 25[23] Moreover if the filter cake is enriched (15 t haminus1 wetbasis) with Azotobacter and Bacillus megaterium productiv-ity can be increased by as much as 21 over chemical fertil-ization potentially reducing chemical fertilizer requirementsby 50 [17]

In general many results show the effect of phosphatefertilization on yield increment however the technologicalquality is less affected This fact can be explained by theinfluence of other yield factors making the evaluation offertilizers effects on those parameters difficult therefore itmight be related to genetic material [17 18]

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] E Epstein andA BloomNutricao mineral de plantas princıpiose perspectivas Editora Planta Londrina Brazil 2nd edition2006

[2] T C Devi M Bharathalakshmi M B G S Kumari and N VNaidu ldquoEffect of sources and levels of phosphorus with zinc onyield and quality of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 14 no 2 pp195ndash198 2012

[3] F C Silva and L C Basso ldquoAvaliacao da atividade lsquoin vivorsquo dafosfatase acida da folha na diagnose da nutricao fosforica emcana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 17 pp371ndash375 1993

[4] E M Gichangi P N S Mnkeni and P C Brookes ldquoEffects ofgoat manure and inorganic phosphate addition on soil inor-ganic and microbial biomass phosphorus fractions under labo-ratory incubation conditionsrdquo Soil Science and Plant Nutritionvol 55 no 6 pp 764ndash771 2009

[5] G K Donagemma H A Ruiz V H Alvarez V J C Ker andM P F Fontes ldquoFosforo remanescente em argila e silte retiradosde Latossolos apos pre-tratamentos na analise texturalrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 32 no 4 pp 1785ndash1791 2008

[6] V V H Alvarez R F Novais L E Dias and J A OliveiraldquoDeterminacao e uso do fosforo remanescenterdquo Boletim Infor-mativo SBCS vol 25 pp 27ndash32 2000

[7] R F Novais and T J Smyth Fosforo em solo e planta emcondicoes tropicais Universidade Federal de Vicosa VicosaBrazil 1999

[8] V R Santos G Moura Filho A W Albuquerque J P CostaC G Santos and A C Santos ldquoCrescimento e produtividadeagrıcola de cana-de-acucar em diferentes fontes de fosforordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 13no 4 pp 389ndash396 2009

[9] M Takeda T Nakamoto K Miyazawa T Murayama and HOkada ldquoPhosphorus availability and soil biological activity inan Andosol under compost application and winter cover crop-pingrdquo Applied Soil Ecology vol 42 no 2 pp 86ndash95 2009

[10] C C Lima ldquoDisponibilidade de fosforo para a cana-de-acucarem solo tratado com compostos organicos ricos em silıciordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15no 12 pp 1222ndash1227 2011

[11] T Krey N Vassilev C Baum and B Eichler-LobermannldquoEffects of long-term phosphorus application and plant-growthpromoting rhizobacteria on maize phosphorus nutrition underfield conditionsrdquo European Journal of Soil Biology vol 55 pp124ndash130 2013

[12] A B Almeida Junior CWNascimentoM F Sobral F B SilvaandW A Gomes ldquoFertilidade do solo e absorcao de nutrientesem cana-de-acucar fertilizada com torta de filtrordquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 no 10 pp1004ndash1013 2011

[13] D H Santos C S Tiritan J S Foloni and L B Fabris ldquoProd-utividade de cana-de-acucar sob adubacao com torta de filtroenriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropi-cal vol 40 no 4 pp 454ndash461 2010

[14] M T Elsayed M H Babiker M E Abdelmalik O N Mukhtarand D Montange ldquoImpact of filter mud applications on the

10 The Scientific World Journal

germination of sugarcane and small-seeded plants and on soiland sugarcane nitrogen contentsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol99 no 10 pp 4164ndash4168 2008

[15] D H Santos M A Silva C S Tiritan J S S Foloni and F REcher ldquoQualidade tecnologica da cana-de-acucar sob adubacaocom torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 pp 443ndash449 2011

[16] S-D Yang J-X Liu J Wu H-W Tan and Y-R Li ldquoEffects ofvinasse and press mud application on the biological propertiesof soils and productivity of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 15 no 2pp 152ndash158 2013

[17] C Shankaraiah and K N Kalyana Murthy ldquoEffect of enrichedpressmud cake on growth yield and quality of sugarcanerdquo SugarTech vol 7 no 2-3 pp 1ndash4 2005

[18] S M Bokhtiar G C Paul and K M Alam ldquoEffects of organicand inorganic fertilizer on growth yield and juice quality andresidual effects on ratoon crops of sugarcanerdquo Journal of PlantNutrition vol 31 no 10 pp 1832ndash1843 2008

[19] G H Korndorfer and S P Melo ldquoFontes de fosforo (fluidaou solida) na produtividade agrıcola e industrial da cana-de-acucarrdquo Ciencia e Agrotecnologia vol 33 no 1 pp 92ndash97 2009

[20] G Caione M T R Teixeira A Lange A F Silva and F MFernandes ldquoModos de aplicacao e doses de fosforo em cana-de-acucar forrageira cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho AmarelordquoRevista de Ciencias Agro-Ambientais vol 9 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2011

[21] G Caione F M Fernandes and A Lange ldquoEfeito residual defontes de fosforo nos atributos quımicos do solo nutricao e pro-dutividade de biomassa da cana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira deCiencias Agrarias vol 8 no 2 pp 189ndash196 2013

[22] P A Tsado B A Lawal C A Igwe M K A Adeboye A JOdofin and A A Adekambi ldquoEffects of sources and levels ofphosphorus on yield and quality of sugarcane in SouthernGuinea Savanna Zone of Nigeriardquo Agriculture Science Develop-ments vol 2 pp 25ndash27 2013

[23] P Rakkiyappan S Thangavelu R Malathi and R RadhamanildquoEffect of biocompost and enriched pressmud on sugarcaneyield and qualityrdquo Sugar Tech vol 3 no 3 pp 92ndash96 2001

[24] H G Santos P K T Jacomine L H C Anjos et al Eds Sis-tema Brasileiro de Classificacao de Solos Embrapa Solos Rio deJaneiro Brazil 3rd edition 2013

[25] B van Raij J C Andrade H Cantarella and J A QuaggioAnalise Quımica Para Avaliacao da Fertilidade de Solos Tropi-cais Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 2001

[26] A O Camargo A C Moniz J A Jorge and J M A SValadares Metodos de analise quımica mineralogica e fısica desolos do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas IAC CampinasBrazil 2009

[27] B van Raij and H Cantarella ldquoOutras culturas industriaisrdquo inRecomendacoes de adubacao e calagem para o estado de SaoPaulo B van Raij H Cantarella J A Quaggio and A M CFurlani Eds Boletim tecnico 100 pp 233ndash239 Instituto Agro-nomico Campinas Brazil 2nd edition 1997

[28] CTCmdashCentro de Tecnologia Canavieira Variedades CTC34 p 2012 httpwwwctcanavieiracombrdownloadsvarieda-des2012 FINALpdf

[29] O C Bataglia AM C Furlani J P F Teixeira P R Furlani andJ R Gallo ldquoMetodos de analise quımica de plantasrdquo BoletimTecnico 78 Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 1983

[30] E Malavolta G C Vitti and A S Oliveira Avaliacao do estadoNutricional das plantas princıpios e aplicacoes Associacao

Brasileira para Pesquisa da Potassa e do Fosfato PiracicabaBrazil 2nd edition 1997

[31] J M Pizauro C Curti P Ciancaglini and F A Leone ldquoKineticporperties of triton X-100 solubilized bone matriz-inducedalkaline phosphataserdquo Cellular and Molecular Biology vol 34no 5 pp 921ndash926 1988

[32] D F Ferreira ldquoSisvar a computer statistical analysis systemrdquoCiencia e Agrotecnologia vol 35 no 6 pp 1039ndash1042 2011

[33] F A S Silva and C A V Azevedo ldquoVersao do programa com-putacional Assistat para o sistema operacional WindowsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais vol 4 pp 71ndash782002

[34] G G Bozzo E L Dunn and W C Plaxton ldquoDifferential syn-thesis of phosphate-starvation inducible purple acid phospha-tase isozymes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) suspensioncells and seedlingsrdquo Plant Cell amp Environment vol 29 no 2 pp303ndash313 2006

[35] J R Pereira C M B Faria and L B Morgado ldquoEfeito de nıveise do resıduo de fosforo sobre a produtividade da cana-de-acucaremVertissolordquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 30 pp 43ndash48 1995

[36] F N Nunes R B Cantarutti R F Novais I R Silva M RTotola and BN Ribeiro ldquoAtividade de fosfatases em gramıneasforrageiras em resposta a disponibilidade de fosforo no solo e aaltura de corte das plantasrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solovol 32 no 5 pp 1899ndash1909 2008

[37] M Nanamori T Shinano J Wasaki T Yamamura I M Raoand M Osaki ldquoLow phosphorus tolerance mechanisms phos-phorus recycling and photosynthate partitioning in the tropicalforage grass Brachiaria hybrid cultivar mulato compared withricerdquoPlant andCell Physiology vol 45 no 4 pp 460ndash469 2004

[38] CIIAGROmdashCentro integrado de informacoes agrometeorolog-icas 2013 httpwwwciiagrospgovbr

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Nutrition and Metabolism

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Food ScienceInternational Journal of

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

AgricultureAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BiodiversityInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World Journal 9

Increasing P applications caused linear increases in leaf P(Figures 3(a) and 3(b)) and linear reductions inAPase activity(Figure 4(c)) Nevertheless there was no significant correla-tion between APase activity and leaf P levels (119903 = 02 ns) Lowlevels of available P are reflected in plant enzymatic activityPlants respond to P deficiency with less efficient P usageand higher APase activity in leaves stems and roots [36]Phosphatases are associated with P remobilization in plantsTherefore increased activity of these enzymes has been linkedto low cellular levels of inorganic P [34 36] and a negativecorrelation between phosphatase activity and leaf P [37]

43 The Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Productivity andSugarcane Technological Quality Phosphorus levels espe-cially in the presence of filter cake increase levels of availablesoil P and plant uptake which is reflected in higher produc-tivity (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)) however they did not showeffect on sugarcane technological quality Several studies haveshown increases in sugarcane productivity as a function ofphosphate fertilization [2 13 17ndash22] Triple superphosphateapplied to the furrow during planting (100 kg of P

2

O5

)increased sugarcane productivity by 34 compared to a zero-application control [21] Reference [22] evaluated the isolatedeffect of P applications in Nigerian soils with low P levelsTsado et al [22] found that applications of 150 kg haminus1 ofP2

O5

in the form of rock phosphate led to the highest stalkproductivity 1025 t haminus1 whereas a control treatment led toproductivity of just 625 t haminus1

Phosphorus benefits sugarcane in many ways One wayis by improving tillering which has the greatest impact onsugarcane productivity [2 18 20] Reference [18] showedthat reducing mineral fertilization by 25 and adding filtercake at 15 t haminus1 can increase tillering by as much as 191with consequent increases in stalk productivity Authorsstate that the association between inorganic and organicfertilizers is very important for maintaining soil fertilityand obtaining high sugarcane yields Reference [14] onlyobserved an increase in productivity from 73 to 85 t haminus1

with an application of filter cake (100 t haminus1) This result wasconfirmed by the present study in which the presence offilter cake increased soil and plant P (Table 1) which led togreater nutrient accumulation and greater stalk productivity(Table 2)

Thus filter cake applications (10 t haminus1 wet basis) canreduce dependency on chemical fertilizers by asmuch as 25[23] Moreover if the filter cake is enriched (15 t haminus1 wetbasis) with Azotobacter and Bacillus megaterium productiv-ity can be increased by as much as 21 over chemical fertil-ization potentially reducing chemical fertilizer requirementsby 50 [17]

In general many results show the effect of phosphatefertilization on yield increment however the technologicalquality is less affected This fact can be explained by theinfluence of other yield factors making the evaluation offertilizers effects on those parameters difficult therefore itmight be related to genetic material [17 18]

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] E Epstein andA BloomNutricao mineral de plantas princıpiose perspectivas Editora Planta Londrina Brazil 2nd edition2006

[2] T C Devi M Bharathalakshmi M B G S Kumari and N VNaidu ldquoEffect of sources and levels of phosphorus with zinc onyield and quality of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 14 no 2 pp195ndash198 2012

[3] F C Silva and L C Basso ldquoAvaliacao da atividade lsquoin vivorsquo dafosfatase acida da folha na diagnose da nutricao fosforica emcana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 17 pp371ndash375 1993

[4] E M Gichangi P N S Mnkeni and P C Brookes ldquoEffects ofgoat manure and inorganic phosphate addition on soil inor-ganic and microbial biomass phosphorus fractions under labo-ratory incubation conditionsrdquo Soil Science and Plant Nutritionvol 55 no 6 pp 764ndash771 2009

[5] G K Donagemma H A Ruiz V H Alvarez V J C Ker andM P F Fontes ldquoFosforo remanescente em argila e silte retiradosde Latossolos apos pre-tratamentos na analise texturalrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Ciencia do Solo vol 32 no 4 pp 1785ndash1791 2008

[6] V V H Alvarez R F Novais L E Dias and J A OliveiraldquoDeterminacao e uso do fosforo remanescenterdquo Boletim Infor-mativo SBCS vol 25 pp 27ndash32 2000

[7] R F Novais and T J Smyth Fosforo em solo e planta emcondicoes tropicais Universidade Federal de Vicosa VicosaBrazil 1999

[8] V R Santos G Moura Filho A W Albuquerque J P CostaC G Santos and A C Santos ldquoCrescimento e produtividadeagrıcola de cana-de-acucar em diferentes fontes de fosforordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 13no 4 pp 389ndash396 2009

[9] M Takeda T Nakamoto K Miyazawa T Murayama and HOkada ldquoPhosphorus availability and soil biological activity inan Andosol under compost application and winter cover crop-pingrdquo Applied Soil Ecology vol 42 no 2 pp 86ndash95 2009

[10] C C Lima ldquoDisponibilidade de fosforo para a cana-de-acucarem solo tratado com compostos organicos ricos em silıciordquoRevista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15no 12 pp 1222ndash1227 2011

[11] T Krey N Vassilev C Baum and B Eichler-LobermannldquoEffects of long-term phosphorus application and plant-growthpromoting rhizobacteria on maize phosphorus nutrition underfield conditionsrdquo European Journal of Soil Biology vol 55 pp124ndash130 2013

[12] A B Almeida Junior CWNascimentoM F Sobral F B SilvaandW A Gomes ldquoFertilidade do solo e absorcao de nutrientesem cana-de-acucar fertilizada com torta de filtrordquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 no 10 pp1004ndash1013 2011

[13] D H Santos C S Tiritan J S Foloni and L B Fabris ldquoProd-utividade de cana-de-acucar sob adubacao com torta de filtroenriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropi-cal vol 40 no 4 pp 454ndash461 2010

[14] M T Elsayed M H Babiker M E Abdelmalik O N Mukhtarand D Montange ldquoImpact of filter mud applications on the

10 The Scientific World Journal

germination of sugarcane and small-seeded plants and on soiland sugarcane nitrogen contentsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol99 no 10 pp 4164ndash4168 2008

[15] D H Santos M A Silva C S Tiritan J S S Foloni and F REcher ldquoQualidade tecnologica da cana-de-acucar sob adubacaocom torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 pp 443ndash449 2011

[16] S-D Yang J-X Liu J Wu H-W Tan and Y-R Li ldquoEffects ofvinasse and press mud application on the biological propertiesof soils and productivity of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 15 no 2pp 152ndash158 2013

[17] C Shankaraiah and K N Kalyana Murthy ldquoEffect of enrichedpressmud cake on growth yield and quality of sugarcanerdquo SugarTech vol 7 no 2-3 pp 1ndash4 2005

[18] S M Bokhtiar G C Paul and K M Alam ldquoEffects of organicand inorganic fertilizer on growth yield and juice quality andresidual effects on ratoon crops of sugarcanerdquo Journal of PlantNutrition vol 31 no 10 pp 1832ndash1843 2008

[19] G H Korndorfer and S P Melo ldquoFontes de fosforo (fluidaou solida) na produtividade agrıcola e industrial da cana-de-acucarrdquo Ciencia e Agrotecnologia vol 33 no 1 pp 92ndash97 2009

[20] G Caione M T R Teixeira A Lange A F Silva and F MFernandes ldquoModos de aplicacao e doses de fosforo em cana-de-acucar forrageira cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho AmarelordquoRevista de Ciencias Agro-Ambientais vol 9 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2011

[21] G Caione F M Fernandes and A Lange ldquoEfeito residual defontes de fosforo nos atributos quımicos do solo nutricao e pro-dutividade de biomassa da cana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira deCiencias Agrarias vol 8 no 2 pp 189ndash196 2013

[22] P A Tsado B A Lawal C A Igwe M K A Adeboye A JOdofin and A A Adekambi ldquoEffects of sources and levels ofphosphorus on yield and quality of sugarcane in SouthernGuinea Savanna Zone of Nigeriardquo Agriculture Science Develop-ments vol 2 pp 25ndash27 2013

[23] P Rakkiyappan S Thangavelu R Malathi and R RadhamanildquoEffect of biocompost and enriched pressmud on sugarcaneyield and qualityrdquo Sugar Tech vol 3 no 3 pp 92ndash96 2001

[24] H G Santos P K T Jacomine L H C Anjos et al Eds Sis-tema Brasileiro de Classificacao de Solos Embrapa Solos Rio deJaneiro Brazil 3rd edition 2013

[25] B van Raij J C Andrade H Cantarella and J A QuaggioAnalise Quımica Para Avaliacao da Fertilidade de Solos Tropi-cais Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 2001

[26] A O Camargo A C Moniz J A Jorge and J M A SValadares Metodos de analise quımica mineralogica e fısica desolos do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas IAC CampinasBrazil 2009

[27] B van Raij and H Cantarella ldquoOutras culturas industriaisrdquo inRecomendacoes de adubacao e calagem para o estado de SaoPaulo B van Raij H Cantarella J A Quaggio and A M CFurlani Eds Boletim tecnico 100 pp 233ndash239 Instituto Agro-nomico Campinas Brazil 2nd edition 1997

[28] CTCmdashCentro de Tecnologia Canavieira Variedades CTC34 p 2012 httpwwwctcanavieiracombrdownloadsvarieda-des2012 FINALpdf

[29] O C Bataglia AM C Furlani J P F Teixeira P R Furlani andJ R Gallo ldquoMetodos de analise quımica de plantasrdquo BoletimTecnico 78 Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 1983

[30] E Malavolta G C Vitti and A S Oliveira Avaliacao do estadoNutricional das plantas princıpios e aplicacoes Associacao

Brasileira para Pesquisa da Potassa e do Fosfato PiracicabaBrazil 2nd edition 1997

[31] J M Pizauro C Curti P Ciancaglini and F A Leone ldquoKineticporperties of triton X-100 solubilized bone matriz-inducedalkaline phosphataserdquo Cellular and Molecular Biology vol 34no 5 pp 921ndash926 1988

[32] D F Ferreira ldquoSisvar a computer statistical analysis systemrdquoCiencia e Agrotecnologia vol 35 no 6 pp 1039ndash1042 2011

[33] F A S Silva and C A V Azevedo ldquoVersao do programa com-putacional Assistat para o sistema operacional WindowsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais vol 4 pp 71ndash782002

[34] G G Bozzo E L Dunn and W C Plaxton ldquoDifferential syn-thesis of phosphate-starvation inducible purple acid phospha-tase isozymes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) suspensioncells and seedlingsrdquo Plant Cell amp Environment vol 29 no 2 pp303ndash313 2006

[35] J R Pereira C M B Faria and L B Morgado ldquoEfeito de nıveise do resıduo de fosforo sobre a produtividade da cana-de-acucaremVertissolordquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 30 pp 43ndash48 1995

[36] F N Nunes R B Cantarutti R F Novais I R Silva M RTotola and BN Ribeiro ldquoAtividade de fosfatases em gramıneasforrageiras em resposta a disponibilidade de fosforo no solo e aaltura de corte das plantasrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solovol 32 no 5 pp 1899ndash1909 2008

[37] M Nanamori T Shinano J Wasaki T Yamamura I M Raoand M Osaki ldquoLow phosphorus tolerance mechanisms phos-phorus recycling and photosynthate partitioning in the tropicalforage grass Brachiaria hybrid cultivar mulato compared withricerdquoPlant andCell Physiology vol 45 no 4 pp 460ndash469 2004

[38] CIIAGROmdashCentro integrado de informacoes agrometeorolog-icas 2013 httpwwwciiagrospgovbr

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Nutrition and Metabolism

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Food ScienceInternational Journal of

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

AgricultureAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BiodiversityInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

10 The Scientific World Journal

germination of sugarcane and small-seeded plants and on soiland sugarcane nitrogen contentsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol99 no 10 pp 4164ndash4168 2008

[15] D H Santos M A Silva C S Tiritan J S S Foloni and F REcher ldquoQualidade tecnologica da cana-de-acucar sob adubacaocom torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato soluvelrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Engenharia Agrıcola e Ambiental vol 15 pp 443ndash449 2011

[16] S-D Yang J-X Liu J Wu H-W Tan and Y-R Li ldquoEffects ofvinasse and press mud application on the biological propertiesof soils and productivity of sugarcanerdquo Sugar Tech vol 15 no 2pp 152ndash158 2013

[17] C Shankaraiah and K N Kalyana Murthy ldquoEffect of enrichedpressmud cake on growth yield and quality of sugarcanerdquo SugarTech vol 7 no 2-3 pp 1ndash4 2005

[18] S M Bokhtiar G C Paul and K M Alam ldquoEffects of organicand inorganic fertilizer on growth yield and juice quality andresidual effects on ratoon crops of sugarcanerdquo Journal of PlantNutrition vol 31 no 10 pp 1832ndash1843 2008

[19] G H Korndorfer and S P Melo ldquoFontes de fosforo (fluidaou solida) na produtividade agrıcola e industrial da cana-de-acucarrdquo Ciencia e Agrotecnologia vol 33 no 1 pp 92ndash97 2009

[20] G Caione M T R Teixeira A Lange A F Silva and F MFernandes ldquoModos de aplicacao e doses de fosforo em cana-de-acucar forrageira cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho AmarelordquoRevista de Ciencias Agro-Ambientais vol 9 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2011

[21] G Caione F M Fernandes and A Lange ldquoEfeito residual defontes de fosforo nos atributos quımicos do solo nutricao e pro-dutividade de biomassa da cana-de-acucarrdquoRevista Brasileira deCiencias Agrarias vol 8 no 2 pp 189ndash196 2013

[22] P A Tsado B A Lawal C A Igwe M K A Adeboye A JOdofin and A A Adekambi ldquoEffects of sources and levels ofphosphorus on yield and quality of sugarcane in SouthernGuinea Savanna Zone of Nigeriardquo Agriculture Science Develop-ments vol 2 pp 25ndash27 2013

[23] P Rakkiyappan S Thangavelu R Malathi and R RadhamanildquoEffect of biocompost and enriched pressmud on sugarcaneyield and qualityrdquo Sugar Tech vol 3 no 3 pp 92ndash96 2001

[24] H G Santos P K T Jacomine L H C Anjos et al Eds Sis-tema Brasileiro de Classificacao de Solos Embrapa Solos Rio deJaneiro Brazil 3rd edition 2013

[25] B van Raij J C Andrade H Cantarella and J A QuaggioAnalise Quımica Para Avaliacao da Fertilidade de Solos Tropi-cais Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 2001

[26] A O Camargo A C Moniz J A Jorge and J M A SValadares Metodos de analise quımica mineralogica e fısica desolos do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas IAC CampinasBrazil 2009

[27] B van Raij and H Cantarella ldquoOutras culturas industriaisrdquo inRecomendacoes de adubacao e calagem para o estado de SaoPaulo B van Raij H Cantarella J A Quaggio and A M CFurlani Eds Boletim tecnico 100 pp 233ndash239 Instituto Agro-nomico Campinas Brazil 2nd edition 1997

[28] CTCmdashCentro de Tecnologia Canavieira Variedades CTC34 p 2012 httpwwwctcanavieiracombrdownloadsvarieda-des2012 FINALpdf

[29] O C Bataglia AM C Furlani J P F Teixeira P R Furlani andJ R Gallo ldquoMetodos de analise quımica de plantasrdquo BoletimTecnico 78 Instituto Agronomico Campinas Brazil 1983

[30] E Malavolta G C Vitti and A S Oliveira Avaliacao do estadoNutricional das plantas princıpios e aplicacoes Associacao

Brasileira para Pesquisa da Potassa e do Fosfato PiracicabaBrazil 2nd edition 1997

[31] J M Pizauro C Curti P Ciancaglini and F A Leone ldquoKineticporperties of triton X-100 solubilized bone matriz-inducedalkaline phosphataserdquo Cellular and Molecular Biology vol 34no 5 pp 921ndash926 1988

[32] D F Ferreira ldquoSisvar a computer statistical analysis systemrdquoCiencia e Agrotecnologia vol 35 no 6 pp 1039ndash1042 2011

[33] F A S Silva and C A V Azevedo ldquoVersao do programa com-putacional Assistat para o sistema operacional WindowsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais vol 4 pp 71ndash782002

[34] G G Bozzo E L Dunn and W C Plaxton ldquoDifferential syn-thesis of phosphate-starvation inducible purple acid phospha-tase isozymes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) suspensioncells and seedlingsrdquo Plant Cell amp Environment vol 29 no 2 pp303ndash313 2006

[35] J R Pereira C M B Faria and L B Morgado ldquoEfeito de nıveise do resıduo de fosforo sobre a produtividade da cana-de-acucaremVertissolordquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 30 pp 43ndash48 1995

[36] F N Nunes R B Cantarutti R F Novais I R Silva M RTotola and BN Ribeiro ldquoAtividade de fosfatases em gramıneasforrageiras em resposta a disponibilidade de fosforo no solo e aaltura de corte das plantasrdquoRevista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solovol 32 no 5 pp 1899ndash1909 2008

[37] M Nanamori T Shinano J Wasaki T Yamamura I M Raoand M Osaki ldquoLow phosphorus tolerance mechanisms phos-phorus recycling and photosynthate partitioning in the tropicalforage grass Brachiaria hybrid cultivar mulato compared withricerdquoPlant andCell Physiology vol 45 no 4 pp 460ndash469 2004

[38] CIIAGROmdashCentro integrado de informacoes agrometeorolog-icas 2013 httpwwwciiagrospgovbr

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Nutrition and Metabolism

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Food ScienceInternational Journal of

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

AgricultureAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BiodiversityInternational Journal of

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ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GenomicsInternational Journal of

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Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

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Nutrition and Metabolism

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Food ScienceInternational Journal of

Agronomy

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Microbiology

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

AgricultureAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BiodiversityInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014