REPORT ON UC, UTI, BUN, REPORT ON UC, UTI, BUN, CATH, and WATERCATH, and WATER

By: Temitope OlubodeBy: Temitope Olubode

URINE CULTURE (UC)URINE CULTURE (UC)

A urine culture is a test to find and identify germs (usually bacteria) in urine

• A urine sample is kept under conditions that allow bacteria and other organisms to grow

• If few organisms grow, the test is negative• If organisms grow in numbers large

enough to indicate an infection, the culture is positive

Why It Is DoneWhy It Is Done

A urine culture may be done to:• Find the cause of a urinary tract infection (UTI)• Make decisions about the best treatment for a

UTI, called sensitivity testingFind out whether treatment for a UTI worked

• A clean-catch midstream urine sample for testing

• The first urine of the day is preferred because bacterial levels will be higher

What Affects the TestWhat Affects the Test

• Taking antibiotics or just finished taking them

• Taking water pills (diuretics) or drinking a large amount of liquid, (This may dilute your urine and reduce the number of bacteria in the sample)

• Taking a lot of vitamin C

URINARY TRACT INFECTION URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)(UTI)

• A urinary tract infection is a bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary tract. The main etiologic agent is Escherichia coli

Types f UTI’sTypes f UTI’s

• Acute cystitis ( bladder infection)

• Pyelonephritis (infection of the upper urinary tract or kidney)

Symptoms of UTISymptoms of UTI

• Cloudy or bloody urine, which may have a foul odor

• Low fever (not everyone will have a fever)

• Pain or burning with urination

• Pressure or cramping in the lower abdomen or back

• Strong need to urinate often, even right after the bladder has been emptied

Causes of Urinary Tract Causes of Urinary Tract InfectionsInfections

• The most common cause of UTIs are bacteria from the bowel that live on the skin near the rectum.

• Sexual intercourse • Female anatomy can make women more prone

to urinary tract infections • Waiting too long to urinate • Other factors that also may increase a woman's

risk of developing UTI include pregnancy, menopause or diabetes

Diagnosis of UTIDiagnosis of UTI

• The number of bacteria and white blood cells in a urine sample is the basis for diagnosing urinary tract infections.

• Urine is examined under a microscope and cultured in a substance that promotes the growth of bacteria.

• A pelvic exam also may be necessary

Treatments of UTITreatments of UTI

• Antibiotics taken by mouth are usually recommended because there is a risk that the infection can spread to the kidneys.

• Commonly used antibiotics include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, Augmentin, doxycycline, and fluoroquinolones

• Your doctor may also recommend drugs to relieve the burning pain and urgent need to urinate

BLOOD UREA NITROGENBLOOD UREA NITROGEN

• A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from the waste product urea

• Urea is made in the liver when protein is broken down in your body and passed out of your body in the urine

Why It Is DoneWhy It Is Done

A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test is done to:

• See if your kidneys are working normally

• See if your kidney disease is getting worse

• See if treatment of your kidney disease is working

CATHETERIZATIONCATHETERIZATION

• In urinary catheterization, or "cathing" for short, a plastic tube known as a urinary catheter that is gently slid into a patient's bladder via his or her urethra

• Catheterization allows the patient's urine to drain freely from the bladder for collection, or to inject liquids used for treatment or diagnosis of bladder conditions

Types of cathertersTypes of catherters

• Foley catheter (indwelling urinary catheter)is retained by means of a balloon at the tip which is inflated with sterile water

• Robinson catheter is a flexible catheter used for short term drainage of urine. Unlike the Foley catheter, it has no balloon on its tip and therefore cannot stay in place unaided

• A Coudé catheter is designed with a curved tip that makes it easier to pass through the curvature of the prostatic urethra

• A hematuria (or haematuria) catheter is a type of Foley catheter used for Post-TURP hemostasis

• An external Texas or condom catheter is used for incontinent males and carries a lower risk of infection than an indwelling catheter

Sex differencesSex differences

• In males, the catheter tube is inserted into the urinary tract through the penis

• In females, the catheter is inserted into the urethral meatus, after a cleansing using povidone-iodine

Combating infectionsCombating infections

• Everyday care of catheter and drainage bag is important to reduce the risk of infection Such precautions include:

• Cleansing the urethral area (area where catheter exits body) and the catheter itself

• Disconnecting drainage bag from catheter only with clean hands

• Keeping drainage bag connector as clean as possible and cleansing the drainage bag periodically

• Drinking sufficient liquid to produce at least two liters of urine daily

Effects of long term useEffects of long term use

• The duration of cathetarization can have significance for the patient

• Incontinent patients commonly are catheterized to reduce their cost of care

• Llong-term catheterization carries a significant risk of urinary tract infection

• Other long term complications may include blood infections (sepsis), urethral injury, skin breakdown, bladder stones, and blood in the urine (hematuria)

• After many years of catheter use, bladder cancer may also develop

WATER (H2O)WATER (H2O)

• Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O:

• one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom

• Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state, water vapor or steam

Chemical and physical Chemical and physical properties of waterproperties of water

• Water is a tasteless, Odorless • Liquid at standard temperature and pressure• The color of water is intrinsically, a very slight blue hue,

although it appears colorless in small quantities• Water is transparent, and thus aquatic plants can live

within the water because sunlight can reach them. • Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface, and is vital

for all known forms of life On Earth• Water on Earth moves continually through a cycle of

evaporation or transpiration (evapotranspiration), precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea

Role of WaterRole of Water

• Water plays an important role in the world economy, as it functions as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation Approximately 70% of freshwater is consumed by agriculture

• Clean drinking water is essential to human and other lifeforms

REFERENCES:REFERENCES:

• www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/urine-culture

• www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/urine-culture

• http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blood-urea-nitrogen

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_catheterization

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water