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APPENDIX - VI
REPORT ON FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT
IN INDIA
Prepared by
Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development of the
Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India, New Delhi
June, 2016
“The global fuel cell market is estimated to reach
US$5.20 billion by 2019, with a projected
CAGR of 14.7%, signifying a substantial
increase in demand, during the next five years”**
“Asia Pacific region including China and India
will have the major share”
** “Fuel Cell Technology Market by Type, by Application and Geography - Global Trends and
Forecasts to 2019” by Markets and Markets (published in September 2014).
(http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/pmxvbg/fuel_cell)
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Subject Page No.
I Composition of Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell
Development I
II Terms of Reference Ii
III Details of Meetings Iii
1 Executive Summary 1
2 Introduction 13
3
3.0 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
(Low Temperature And High Temperature)
3.1 International Activity
3.2 National Status
3.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to bridge the gap
21
22
30
40
4
4.0 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
4.1 International Activity
4.2 National Status
4.3 Gap Analysis and Strategy to bridge the gap
47
48
48
49
5
5.0 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
5.1 International Activity
5.2 National Status
5.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to bridge the gap
52
53
54
58
6
6.0 Direct Methanol / Ethanol Fuel Cell
6.1 International Activity
6.2 National Status
6.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to Bridge the Gap
61
62
63
65
7
7.0 Different Types of Bio-fuel Cell
7.1 Working Principle of Bio-fuel cells
7.2 Microbial Fuel Cell
7.3 Enzymatic bio-fuel cell
7.4 Miniature enzymatic bio-fuel cell
7.5 International Status
7.6 National Status
7.7 Applications of bio-fuel cells
7.8 Conclusions
67
68
68
71
72
74
75
76
77
8
8.0 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
8.1 International Activity
8.2 National Status
79
80
80
9
9.0 Alkaline Fuel Cell
9.1 International Activity
9.2 National Status
9.3 Proposed National Plan
81
82
82
82
10
10.0 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Technology Features
84
85
87
11
11.0 Micro Fuel Cell
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Technology Features
89
90
90
12 Funding Pattern by Different Agencies / Countries 91
13 Action Plan, Financial Projection and Time
Schedule of Activities
97
14 Conclusions and Recommendations 100
Annexures 115
15 Annexure I (Bibliography) 116
16 Annexure II (Portfolio of Publications and Patents on
Fuel Cell Related Areas of the Important Research
Groups of this Country)
121
i
I. Composition of the Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell
Development
1. Dr. H. S. Maiti, Former Director, CGCRI & Prof. NIT Rourkela -
Chairman
2. Ms. Varsha Joshi, Joint Secretary / Shri A. K. Dhussa, Adviser
(December, 2013 to March, 2015) / Dr. BibekBandyopadhyay,
Adviser (upto December, 2013), MNRE
3. Dr. Deep Prakash, SO/G, Energy Conversion Materials Section,
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai
4. Shri M. R. Pawar, AGM (FCR), Corporate BHEL R&D, Hyderabad
5. Dr. R. S. Hastak, Outstanding Scientist and Director, Naval Materials
Research Laboratory (NMRL), Defence Research Development
Organization,Amarnath
6. Dr. Ashish Lele, National Chemical Laboratory, Council of Scientific &
Industrial Research, Pune
7. Dr. K. S. Dhathathreyan, Centre for Fuel Cell Technology (ARCI),
Chennai
8. Shri Shailendra Sharma, Non-Ferrous Technology Development
Centre, Hyderabad
9. Dr. K. Vijaymohanan, Director, Central Electro-Chemical Research
Institute, Karaikudi
10. Prof. S. Basu, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
11. Dr. R. N. Basu, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute,
Kolkata
12. Dr. Nawal Kishor Mal, Senior Scientist / Dr. Rajiv Kumar, Chief
Scientist (Retired on 31.07.2014), Tata Chemicals, Pune
13. Shri Alok Sharma, Deputy Chief General Manager, Alternate Energy,
IOCL R&D, Faridabad
14. Dr. R. R. Sonde, Executive Vice President, Thermax India Ltd., Pune
- Representative of Confederation of Indian Industry
ii
II. Terms of Reference
1. To specify different kinds of fuel cell systems with technical
parameters relevant for various applications in India.
2. To review R & D status of fuel cell technologies in the country and to
identify the gap with reference to the international status.
3. To suggest strategy to fill-up the gaps and quickly develop in-house
technologies with involvement of industries or acquiring technologies
from abroad.
4. To identify applications for demonstration of technologies developed
globally under Indian field conditions and suggest policy measures for
deployment of such technologies in the country.
5. To identify institutes to be supported for augmenting infrastructure for
development and testing of fuel cells including setting-up of Centre(s)
of Excellence and suggest specific support to be provided.
6. To suggest strategy for undertaking collaborative projects among
leading Indian academic institutions, research organizations and
industry in the area of fuel cells.
7. To re-visit National Hydrogen Energy Road Map with reference to fuel
cell technologies.
iii
III. Details of the Meetings of Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell
Development in India
The first meeting of the Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development in
India was organized on 29.11.2012, in which presentations were made by the
expert members of the Sub-Committee in their areas of specialization and
discussions were held subsequently. The expert members provided input
materials for preparing the draft report. The input materials were presented in
the second meeting held on 02.09.2013. Based on the input material, the
report on Fuel Cell Development in India was drafted and presented in the 2nd
meeting of the Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells held
on 11.06.2014. The Steering Committee recommended constituting an Expert
Group to prepare a list of focus areas within the areas identified for National
Mission Projects, for which R&D proposals may be invited and supported by
the Ministry for the time being. This Group met on 02.09.2014 and identified
the focus areas within the areas identified for National Mission Projects, for
which R&D proposals were invited to support by the Ministry. The finality of
the report was discussed in the 3rd meeting of the Steering Committee on
Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells held on 26.03.2015. The Steering
Committee gave some suggestions, which were discussed in the meeting of
Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development held on 22.05.2015 to incorporate
in the report. The Steering Committee further requested the Chairpersons of
all the five Sub-Committees to meet and discuss uniformity of the reports and
alignment of outcome of the reports. Accordingly, the report was again
modified based on the suggestions given / decisions taken in the meetings of
the Chairpersons of the Sub-Committees held on 11.09.2015, 16.12.2015 and
18.01.2016.
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2
1.0 Executive Summary
1.1 The need for developing appropriate technologies for harnessing
renewable and/ or alternate sources of energy have gained significant
importance globally, including in India, in view of increasing use of fossil fuels
both for power generation and transportation with consequent environmental
concerns on one hand and depleting reserves on the other. In this context,
fuel cell technology, which can address these issues, is attracting a
considerable attention.
1.2 A fuel cell is an electro-chemical device that converts chemical energy
of a fuel into electricity and produces heat & water. The fuel cells using
different electrolytes operate at different temperatures. Fuel Cell developed so
far are Low and High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
(LT- & HT-PEMFC), Direct Methanol & Ethanol Fuel Cell (DMFC & DEFC),
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC), Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC), Molten
Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). A few more
fuel cells e.g. Bio-fuel cell (BFC), MEMS based micro fuel cell (MFC) and
Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) are at different stages of development. The
operating conditions, fuel capability, performance characteristics including
conversion efficiency and application potentiality of these fuel cells are quite
different.
1.3 Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has the potential to
be deployed in portable, small capacity power generation and transportation
applications. These fuel cells have high power density and can be operated at
low and high temperatures at variable loads. The LT-PEMFC can be easily
started-up and stopped at low temperatures -35 to 400C and thus currently a
leading technology for deployment in the light and heavy duty vehicles. To
resolve the issues of LT-PEMFC such as requirement of pure hydrogen due
to low tolerance of Pt (a costly noble metal) catalyst to CO and humidification
of membrane for migration of protons from anode to cathode, HT-PEMFC,
which operates in the temperature range of 120-1800C are being developed.
1.3.1 PEMFC technology has been developed to the commercialization
stage in many countries like Canada, USA, Japan, Germany etc. As per
Industry Review, the shipment of PEMFC units dominated in 2011 for the
stationary and transport applications. In India a large number of groups are
engaged in the research, development and demonstration activities of
PEMFC but it has not reached the stage of commercialization. A few
organizations like CFCT-ARCI, CSIR-Network Labs, NMRL, VSSC, BHEL are
engaged in complete development of PEMFC system. Engineering input and
infrastructure for producing such system in large numbers for trials /
demonstration are lacking. These activities rely on pressurized bottled
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hydrogen procured at high cost. On site hydrogen generation units (reformers)
operating on commercial fuels such as LPG, methanol or natural gas are not
available in the country, which again restrict the technology development
process.
1.3.2 Development of HT-PEMFC continues but with limited number of
commercial deployments so far.In Denmark a 3 kW system has been
demonstrated. Another 5 kW unit hasbeendeveloped for telecom application.
Danpowerfrom Denmark has recently announced that they can supply the
high temperature membrane in larger sizes and quantities. Prefabricated
MEAs are also available from limited suppliers. Important attraction of this fuel
cell is the tolerance of up to 3% CO in the fuel (hydrogen) and the possibility
of using combined cycle system for heat recovery. Further developments in
HT-PEMFC are awaited.
1.3.3 Globally, it is expected that Power supply system of 25 lakh telecom
towers will be converted to fuel cell based power system by 2020 and
potential of global market for stationary fuel cells will reach 50 GW by 2020.
All the major automotive manufacturers have a fuel cell vehicle either in
developmental or in testing stage. Some of them will start large scale fleet
operation from 2015. In India, development of fuel cells is not reached to the
stage, at which they may be taken up for manufacturing. Therefore, a strategy
is required at national level to address the issues like balance of system
development, system integration, manufacturing R&D for fabrication of repeat
components and their demonstration. Other issues like power density at a
given cost, weight, and life time, which have commercial importance, are also
to be taken up for further R&D.
1.4 The phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) operates in the temperature
range of 190 to 2200C and hence is capable to use reformed hydrocarbon
fuels or biogas with less than 2% CO. These fuel cells have been used widely
for different stationary power generation applications in the range of 100 - 400
kW. The electrical efficiency of PAFC is about 40% and combined heat and
power efficiency is around 85%. These systems were used in military
applications in USA. M/s Toshiba and M/s Fuji electric Japan developed this
technology for power generation with online reformer based initially on
propane/LPG and later on CNG / landfill gases with a life time of more than
45000 hours. In India, PAFC a system of 50 kW capacities was developed by
the Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. (BHEL) sometime back. Unfortunately, the
work could not be taken up further, because of non-availability of carbon
paper at that time. BHEL also imported, installed and operated a 200kW
PAFC unit from M/s Toshiba Corporation of Japan with LPG as the primary
fuel. Later, Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath also
developed such systems of 1-15 kW capacity and demonstrated successfully
4
for field applications. The technology has been transferred to M/s Thermax
Ltd, Pune and around 24 numbers of 3kw units have been manufactured for
DRDO’s captive use. This is the only example of a successful indigenous
production of fuel units in India even though on a buy-back
arrangement.Presently NMRL is engaged in development of underwater
power solutions together with improved versions of field powering for remote
and sensitive areas.
1.5 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) in which an aqueous solution of KOH is used
as the electrolyte, is a low cost technology because of its components are
made from inexpensive materials. It can be operated in the temperature range
-400C to 1200C. It is a reliable source of electricity generation leading to
higher energy efficiency i.e. up to 60%. AFC was initially used to provide
electric power and drinking water in Apollo spacecrafts.However, AFC
operating with air on the cathode suffers from CO2 contamination and reduces
output and also enhances the cost. In addition the problem of an appropriate
electrode material is still to be solved.Presently there is a large effort to
develop anion exchange polymeric membrane, which can replace the
aqueous potassium hydroxide hitherto used. It can be deployed in various
other applications such as telecommunication towers, scooters, auto-
rickshaws, cars, boats, household inverters, etc. So far there has not been
any technology development effort in this country even though limited basic
research has been carried out by a few academicians.
1.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC), which uses methanol, a product of
renewable sources, as fuel. It is in liquid state at normal temperature and can
easily be stored and transported. This fuel cell is best suited to applications
requiring power less than 100 W like computerized notebooks, mobile
phones, military equipment and such other electronic devices. SPIC Science
Foundation, Chennai was the first in the country to demonstrate a 250 watt
stack in early 2000. Later CSIR–CECRI designed, developed and evaluated
for continuous operation of a 50 watt stack. R&D is being continued for
further improvements. The researchers have shifted their focus to use ethanol
in place of methanol due to methanol being lower in molecule size (tendency
to crossover more than ethanol), having low boiling point (more loss), being
toxic in nature and has comparatively low energy density. IIT, Delhi
developed a 3 W stack using Nafionmembrane and a novel bi/tri metallic
catalyst with a performance of 50-70 mW/cm2.
1.7 The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) uses solid, nonporous metal oxide
electrolytes like yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) together with oxide based
electrodes. There are two forms depending on the operating temperature.
High temperature ones operates in the rage 800 – 10000C while the
intermediate temperature ones operate in the range 550-8000C. For high
5
temperature variety internal reforming is possible. Fuels like gasoline, alcohol,
natural gas, biogas etc. can be reformed internally on the anode surface
producing hydrogen. This hydrogen generates electricity in the fuel cell.
External reforming is required for intermediate operating temperatures.
SOFCs have been developed in two different designs i.e. tubular and planar
types. Both have their merits and de-merits in their fabrication and operation.
Initial development by Westinghouse or Siemens-Westinghouse was centered
on high temperature tubular type and up to 200kW units have been
demonstrated with natural gas as the fuel. Most of the recent developments
are in the area of intermediate temperature one. Several institutes and
commercial houses across the countries like USA, Canada, Germany, UK,
Denmark, Australia, and Japan have demonstrated the operation of a large
number of units up to 25kW capacity with planar configuration. High power
density relatively low temperatures of operation are the two most attractive
features of the planar design. Commercialization of SOFC technology
particularly for stationary power generation seems to be viable as many
prototype demonstration units are operating for a considerable length of time.
In India, R&D activity on materials development for SOFC technology followed
by stack development and testing have been in progress for more than two
decades and has just reached a stage of technology demonstration on a
relatively large scale. CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata has recently demonstrated a
500W anode supported stack with planar configuration using ferritic steel as
the bipolar plate. Efforts are on for further scale-up in association with an
industrial collaborator. Another major effort in development of the 3rd
generation technology (metal supported SOFC) has been underway since
2012, by NFTDC, Hyderabad in collaboration with University of Cambridge,
UK, for development up to the level of a SOFC stack. This project is funded
by DST-RCUK (as part of the Indo-UK, UKIERI program).Several other
institutions of the country have also developed the R&D capability on different
aspects of the technology. Monolithically integrated micro-SOFC can replace
Li-batteries for certain type of applications.
1.8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) uses an alkali metal carbonate as
the electrolyte in the molten phase. Most common electrolyte is the eutectic
mixture of Li2CO3 and K2CO3 in the ratio of 62 to 38 mole% and operates at a
temperature of about 6500C. The higher operating temperature provides the
opportunity for achieving higher overall system efficiencies and greater
flexibility to the choice of fuels. Unlike other fuel cells MCFC anode can
oxidize carbon monoxide in the fuel to carbon dioxide through electrochemical
reaction. However, the limitation associated with MCFC is the management of
carbon dioxide produced as product of combustion. The high operating
temperature imposes limitations and constraints in selection of suitable
materials of construction for long time operations. MCFCs can be used with
both external and internal reformers. Recently, field tests of a 2 MW internal
6
reforming system at the city of Santa Clara, California and 250 kW external
reforming by San Diego Gas and Electric, California have been demonstrated
and a 280 kW system hasstarted up in Germany. A 1 MW system has also
been installed at Kawagoe, Japan. Extensive developments are still required
before commercial applications become a reality. In India not much
development activity has been undertaken so far on MCFC except an attempt
by CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudifor the development in laboratory scale of multi-cell
stack. TERI, New Delhi also carried out a small demonstration project based
on an imported MCFC unit with financial support from MNRE.
1.9 Bio-fuel Cell (BFC): The fuel cells, which convert biochemical energy to
electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction by usingdifferent forms
of bio-catalysts, are normally referred to as “Bio-fuel Cells”. There are two
major types of Biological fuel cells (or Bio-fuel cells): 1) Microbial fuel cells
employ living cells such as microorganisms as the catalyst for the
electrochemical reaction and 2) Enzymetic bio-fuel cells, which use different
enzymes to catalyze the redox reaction of the fuels. The range of substrates
for BFCs is unlimited and depends on the biocatalysts being used to drive the
reactions to generate power. The production / consumption cycle of bio-fuels
is considered to be carbon neutral and, in principle, more sustainable than
that of conventional fuel cells. Moreover, biocatalysts could offer significant
cost advantages over traditional precious-metal catalysts through economies
of scale. The most important advantage is wastewater treatment with
production of energy. However, the magnitude of power reported so far in
BFC is several orders less than the conventional chemical fuel cells. The
potential areas for its power application are portable electronics, biomedical
instruments, environmental studies, military and space research etc. In India,
many institutions are active in this area. Their primary focus is to develop
suitable electrodes materials or tweak the microorganism. Mediator-less and
membrane-less MFCs have been demonstrated in laboratory scale. In India
many small groups are active in the area of microbial fuel cells (several
reviews have been published by Indian groups in the last ten years) but the
primary focus is to develop suitable electrodes materials or tweak the
microorganism. Mediator-less and membrane-less MFCs have been
demonstrated by a couple of groups and proof-of-concept demos have been
carried out at IICT, IIT-Khargpur, CECRIand NTU although this is an area
where India could do substantially better given our strengths in chemical,
biochemical and microbial engineering together with interdisciplinary
capability.
1.10 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) converts fuel (granulated carbon
powder ranging from 10 to 1000 nm sizes) to electricity directly with a
maximum electrical efficiency up to 70% (with 100% theoretical efficiency).
The systems, which may operate on low grade abundant fuels derived from
7
coal, municipal and refinery waste products or bio-mass are under
development. The byproduct is nearly pure CO2, which can be stored and
used for commercial purpose leading to zero emission. The program is
developing the next generation of high temperature fuel cells.The cell design,
materials development program and fabrication technologies have specifically
focused on developing a device that can be easily up-scaled. This has led to
the use of conventional ceramic processing routes but novel cell designs and
materials to fabricate cells that can be easily stacked, connected electrically
and operated continuously on solid fuels for extended periods of time with
minimal degradation. Several laboratories in USA and Australia are active in
the development of such a device that can easily be scaled up. No work in
this area is reported so far from India.
1.11 Micro fuel cells (MFCs) are the miniature form of either PEMFC or
DMFC or SOFC and have the potential to replace batteries as they offer high
power densities, considerably longer operational & stand-by times, shorter
recharging time, simple balance of plant, and a passive operation. Micro fuel
cells are ideal for use in portable electronic devices (fuel cell on a chip). As
per CSIRO, Australia if these are mass produced; they can be delivered at
low cost and cover large volume markets. Such micro-fuel cells and
disposable methanol cartridges have been developed for mobile devices.
Polymer electrolyte micro fuel cells can be used in 3D printing, which is
effectively carried out on a large area. There is an ever increasing demand for
more powerful, compact and longer power modules for portable electronic
devices for leisure, communication and computing. Low cost lithographic
techniques have been developed for fluid flow micro channels. Other features
include self-air-breathing or stack-powered air supply, 100% fuel utilization, no
air or hydrogen humidification, ambient temperature operation, low catalyst
loading, life time over 20,000 hrs. The other type based on monolithically
integrated SOFC on a Si ship is also very important as planar configurations
can be effected using modern manufacturing processes to make Li-batteries
obsolete for certain type of applications. Unfortunately, there is no tangible
activity in India and therefore there may be an opportunity to initiate
preliminary work.
1.12 Governments in many countries are providing support at various levels
like research & development, demonstration and deployment of fuel cell
systems not only to research laboratories but also to industries.Severalbillion
dollars have been spent by various Governments in promoting fuel cell
research and development at different levels over several decades.
Investment by industries has also been quite substantial. In contrast, Indian
funding has been significantly low; MNRE, DRDO, CSRI, DST, BRNS, DSIR
being the major contributors. A fewIndian Industries are also quite keen in fuel
cell technology development and demonstration. During the last 10 years
8
MNRE spent around Rs.25 Crore on fuel cell research. CSIR also spent
around a similar amount during this period. In addition DST and DSIR
contributed around Rs.5 Crore each for the similar purpose. DRDO has so far
invested around Rs.50 Crore and plans invest another Rs. 100 Crore in near
future. Exact amount spent by DAE is not available at this stage but likely to
be of the order of Rs.50 Crore during the last 10 years.
1.13 In order to revisit the “Hydrogen Energy Road Map” prepared in 2007,
the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy constituted a Steering Committee
on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells in 2012 under the Chairmanship of Dr. K
Kasturirangan, the then Member (Science) Planning Commission,
Government of India to advise the Ministry and steer overall activities and its
five Sub-Committees on various aspects of hydrogen energy and fuel cells for
in-depth analysis. The Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development is one of
them, which met thrice under the Chairmanship of Dr. H.S. Maiti, Former
Director, Central Glass and Ceramic Institute, Kolkata and currently INAE
Distinguished Professor, Govt. College of Engineering and Ceramic
Technology, Kolkata to thrash out various issues pertaining to the indigenous
development of complete fuel cell systems and their commercialization in the
country.
1.14 Major Recommendations:
1.14.1 Basic Strategy
Identification of Mission Mode projects, which may be implemented by
pulling together resources from different governmental agencies.
Prioritization of technology development and field level demonstration
activities in comparison to normal laboratory development.
Focus should be provided for manufacturing both at the assembly line
level and also indigenization of the critical components.
Identification of critical applications where Fuel cells can play a
dominant role and develop the appropriate Fuel Cell technology for
these applications.
Promotion of critical mass of projects and identification of areas
requiring funding both to set-up manufacturing facility as well as initial
deployment through Viability Gap Funding (VGF) and R&D funding
mechanisms.
9
Identification of the USP like Combined Heat & Power (CHP) integrated
with the Fuel Cells which provide an enhancement in efficiency, a
quantum more than the current state-of-the-art.
Keeping the strategic sector apart, one may create two consortia for
telecom and CHP and the consortia should include institutions, industry
and project developers. The first consortium may be on low to medium
temperature PAFC / PEM while the second consortium could be
around SOFC.
Provide significant emphasis on quantifiable targets and deliverables
together with enhanced professionalism in project monitoring and
management.
1.14.2 Classification of Projects
a) After a careful analysis, the Sub-Committee suggests that all the
institutions involved/ interested to work in this area may be brought
together to put their efforts in a coherent and cohesive manner and by
pooling together all the resources available with them to achieve a
common goal i.e. development of specific fuel cell systems in the shortest
possible span of time. It recommends that the Government of India may
support the projects in three categories viz. (i) Mission Mode Projects (ii)
Research & Developmental Projects and (iii) Research Projects
(knowledge base generation).
Based on the application potentiality as well as available expertise in the
country, the types of fuel cells identified for Indigenous development of the
technology in Mission Mode(Category I) are:
i) HT-PEMFC with combined cycle (Joint Lead Institutes: CSIR-NCL,
Pune and CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi)
ii) LT- PEMFC (Lead Institutes: CFCT, Chennai and/or CSIR-CECRI,
Karaikudi/ BHEL R&D, Hyderabad)
iii) Planar SOFC (Lead Institute: CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata)
iv) PAFC /for civilian applications only (Lead Institute NMRL, DRDO,
Ambernath and/or BHEL R&D, Hyderabad)
All national mission projects must have industry collaboration.
The areas for conducting Research and Development (Category II)
activities have also been identified, which are:
a) DMFC/ DEFC
b) MCFC
c) BFC
Industry collaboration is preferred but not essential for this category of
projects.
10
Basic/ Fundamental Research Projects (Category III) may be
sponsored preferably to the academic institutions/ universities and IITs for
all other varieties of fuel cells including AFC and Direct carbon fuel cell
(DCFC).
No lead institution is identified for the last two categories of projects.
Projects may be approved based on the merit of the proposals.
b) Under the Mission Mode Projects, development of stand-alone systems of
following capacities may be taken up in a phase-wise manner:
• 1-5 kW for back-up power supply unit for urban households,
• 3-5 kW for telecom towers,
• 3-10 kW for small trucks,
• 10-15 kW for medium trucks,
• 25 -50 kW for large trucks and submarine application and
• 50-120 kW for buses
In the first phase, the projects may be targeted for development and
demonstration of minimum 5 units each type of systems of capacities 1, 3
& 5 kW with a minimum of 50% indigenized components.
Particularly for the PEMFC units, targeted electrical efficiency would
be 37-40%; minimum 1000 h operational life and less than 10 mV / 1000 h
degradation; to be operated with bottled hydrogen and air may be taken up
initially. During the development, manufacturing techniques should also be
mastered.
Recognizing the fact that the all ceramic fuel cell namely SOFC will
be primarily used in stationary applications as distributed power sources,
the targeted capacities should be in the higher range. In this case the
suggested specifications may as follows:
Capacities :5, 15 and 25kW
Minimum power density :1.5W/cm2
Operating temperature :8000C (max)
Fuels to be used :Impure hydrogen/Natural gas/Biogas
Fuel Utilization :70% (min)
Minimum life span :40,000hrs
Imported components :50% (max)
c) All Mission Mode projects are to be inter-institutional with industry
participation. One of the institutes may be identified as a nodal Institute
and would be made responsible for the ultimate delivery of the project
objectives. MNRE may take proactive measures to identify the projects
and seek “Expression of Interest (EOI)” from the identified lead institutes in
11
association with Indian industries. Foreign collaboration, if required may
also be accepted.
d) Financial Outlay: An overall budget provision of around Rs.750
Croresmay be made available for a period of next 7 years (till 2022)
for technology development and research on all categories of the activity
mentioned above; 80% of which may be earmarked for mission mode
projects (category I), 10% for Research and Development projects
(category II) and 10% for knowledge base generation (category III). As a
part of the mission mode activity, it would be essential to establish a
“Centralized Fuel Cell Testing Facility” for independent evaluation of all the
fuel cell units proposed to be developed under the programme.
e) Pure hydrogen is required for the operation of LT-PEMFC. Since
transportation of bottled hydrogen makes hydrogen costly, on-site
hydrogen generation is preferred but the imported reformers are very
expensive. It is therefore suggested that hydrogen generation projects
should also be supported simultaneously with the fuel cell development
projects. Chlor-alkali Industries and other industries where hydrogen is
available as by-product should be encouraged to install large fuel cells
stacks (50 kW or more) in their premises. Incentives could be provided for
public-private partnership for such installations.
f) In addition, development of appropriate technologies for generation,
storage and transportation of the fuels, in particular pure hydrogen have to
be give due emphasis to match with the requirements of the above
mentioned fuel cells. According to a rough estimate overall requirement of
1,500 million liters hydrogen may be required for the proposed
developmental programme. It is expected that the same will be taken care
of by other sub-committees specifically constituted for this purpose.
1.15 Policies, Procedures and Legislation:
For each Mission Mode project a consortium may be formed consisting
of R&D groups, academia and industry (both manufacturer and user)
and representatives from the funding agencies.
While the lead Institutes may be decided by the ministry (as
recommended above), identification of the other participants may be
done through news paper advertisement of “Expression of Interest”
followed by selection by an “Expert Group” to be constituted by the
Ministry.
Projects need to be formulated with sufficient micro-detailing in terms
of technical specification, target and time frame.
12
Rigorous monitoring and risk management together with mid-course
correction, if required, should be an integral part of project
management in order to keep the projects on track.
Important but uncertain activities may be duplicated if required.
For projects other than mission mode, industry participation may not be
essential. However, micro detailing and rigorous monitoring have to be
ensured.
Provision of fore-closing a project should be practiced as and when
necessary.
1.15.1 Virtual Fuel Cell Institute (VFCI):
In order to ensure implementation of all these policies and procedures,
a strong and fully-empowered R&D management group is essential at the
level of the ministry. It is therefore proposed to establish a “Virtual Fuel Cell
Institute (VFCI)” to coordinate all the activities related to country’s Fuel Cell
Development Programme” It will help bringing together all the concerned
stakeholders such as Ministries, Departments, academicians, researchers
and industry under one umbrella to work together and pool their resources.
The Institute may function through a strong “Advisory Committee” with
representatives from different stake holders.
1.15.2: Modality of establishing the VFCI and its modus-operandi may be
decided by MNRE in consultation with other departments/ agencies if
required.
13
INTRODUCTION
14
2.0 Introduction
2.1 All over the world, including India, the need for the development of an
alternate energy sector, which is becoming increasingly important not only
due to our need to reduce dependence of rapidly exhausting fossil fuels, but
also due to increasing global concern about the environmental consequences
of the uses of fossil fuels in generation of electricity and for the propulsion of
vehicles. There are more than 1 billion automobiles in use worldwide,
satisfying many needs for mobility in daily life. The automotive industry is
therefore one of the largest economic forces globally employing huge people
force and generating a value chain in excess of $3 trillion per year. As a
consequence of this colossal industry, the large number of automobiles in use
has caused and continues to cause a series of major issues in our society as
follows:
2.2 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—the transportation sector
contributes ~13.1% of GHG emissions worldwide (5 billion tonnes of CO2 per
year). More than two thirds of transport-related GHG emissions originate from
road transport. Reducing the GHG emissions of automobiles has thus
become a national and international priority. Air pollution—tailpipe emissions
are responsible for several debilitating respiratory conditions, in particular the
particulate emissions from diesel vehicles. The increasing number of diesel
vehicles on roads would further worsen air quality. Oil depletion—oil reserves
are projected to only last 40–50 years with current technology and usage.
Transport is already responsible for large share of the oil use and this share
continues to increase. Energy security—India dependence on foreign sources
for its oil and reserves of conventional oil are concentrated largely in politically
unstable regions; dependency on fossil fuels for transportation therefore
needs to be reduced in the country. According to the United Nations, world
population reached 7 Billion on October 31, 2011and is expected to reach 8
billion in the spring of 2024 & 9 billion by 2050. This will obviously have an
important impact on climate change, food security and energy security. The
development of alternative fuels to petrol and diesel has therefore been an
ongoing effort since the 1970s, initially in response to the oil shocks and
concerns over urban air pollution. Efforts have gained momentum more
recently as the volatility of oil prices and stability of supplies, not to mention
the consequences of global climate change, have risen up political agendas
the world over. Hydrogen has emerged as environment friendly alternate fuel.
A number of devices / systems have been developed / are under development
for power generation / transportation applications with hydrogen as fuel. Fuel
cells are low-carbon technologies and have already been recognized to
address all the above issues related to GHG emissions, air pollution, energy
security etc. and are thus rapidly advancing in global technology and industrial
domain Today, fuel cells are widely considered to be efficient and nonpolluting
15
power sources offering much higher energy densities and energy efficiencies
than any other current energy storage devices. Further, the fuel cells like
other small-scale generation systems such as wind turbine, photovoltaic,
micro-turbines, etc. play an important role to meet the consumers demand
using the concepts of distributed generation. The term distribution generation
means any small-scale generation is located near to the customers rather
than central or remote locations. Survey showed that at the end of year 2005
the total loss over the transmission, distribution and transformers in India was
about 32.15 %. The major benefits of distributed generation systems (DGS)
are saving in losses over the long transmission and distribution lines,
installation cost, local voltage regulation, and ability to add a small unit instead
of a larger one during peak load conditions. Among the different distributed
generation systems greatest attention is being paid to the fuel cell because it
has the capability of providing both heat and power. Fuel cells are therefore
considered as promising energy devices for the transport, mobile and
stationary sectors.
2.3 The fuel cell has its own importance, as it is an energy conversion
device that converts chemical energy of a gaseous / liquid /solid fuel into
electrical energy by electrochemical reaction. In this device electrolyte (non-
conductive to electrons and conductive to charged species) is sandwiched by
the two electrodes (cathode and anode). Hydrogen, when fed to anode, splits
into proton and electron in presence of catalyst. The electrons flow through
conductor and charged species pass through electrolyte membrane to
cathode, where they combine with oxygen to produce heat and water as
byproducts. The water, so produced, does not have any pollution footprint. It
is environmentally benign. Fuel cells operating with hydrogen as the fuel do
not produce any gaseous pollutants like CO2, CO, NOx, SOx etc., which are
normally released by conventional power plants.Efforts are being pursued
over the globe to enhance the efficiency of fuel cells and coupling with
devices to utilize the waste heat for energy conservation. Therefore, owing to
the advantages associated with fuel cell technology, security of electricity can
be ensured in future, which is also expected to induce a new era of ‘hydrogen
economy’.
2.4 Fuel Cells are a family of most efficient energy conversion devices in
which the chemical energy stored in a fuel is converted to electricity by a
single step electrochemical reaction. This is in contrast to a thermal power
plant in which conversion takes place through a multistep process.
2.5 Fuel cells differ from conventional electrochemical cells and batteries.
Both technologies involve the conversion of potential chemical energy into
electricity. But while a conventional cell or battery employs reactions among
metals and electrolytes whose chemical nature changes over time, the fuel
16
cell actually consumes its fuel, leaving nothing but an empty reservoir or
cartridge.A common example of conventional electrochemical technology is
the lead-acid automotive battery. Another is the lithium-ion battery. Some
conventional cells and batteries can be recharged by connection to an
external source of current. Others must be discarded when they are spent. A
fuel cell, in contrast, is replenished merely be refilling its reservoir, or by
removing the spent fuel cartridge and replacing it with a fresh one. While the
recharging process for a conventional cell or battery can take hours, replacing
a fuel cartridge takes only seconds.
2.6 Hydrogen may be obtained by reforming various gaseous fuels like
producer gas, biogas from organic waste or other biomass, natural gas,
liquefied petroleum gas and liquid fuels like methanol, ethanol etc.
2.7 Various kinds of fuel cells have been developed over the past few
decades. They are classified primarily by the kind of electrolyte they employ.
This classification determines the kind of electro-chemical reactions that take
place in the cell, the kind of catalysts required, the temperature range in which
the cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. Important types of fuel
cell under development are: Low and high temperature Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cells (LT- & HT-PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
(DMFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC),
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC), Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). In
addition, there are a few types of more recent origin, which have also gained
significant importance in recent years. These are MEMS based micro-fuel
cells (MFC) for powering the micro-electronic devices, bio-fuel cells (BFC),
which uses micro-organisms as the catalyst for the redox reaction and solid
carbon fuel cell (DCFC) in which solid carbon can be used as the fuel. The
electrochemical reaction of different fuel cells, the nature of the electrolyte and
the fuel used in the important types of fuel cell are schematically presented in
Fig. 1.Details of a typical PEM based fuel cell are presented in Fig. 2. In
addition to the fuel cell stack composed of several single cells (number
depends on the desired power to be delivered) a fuel cell power source
consists of fuel tank (with or without reformer), source of oxidant (air or
oxygen), power conditioner (DC/AC convertor) waste heat exchanger,
exhaust system etc. The schematic layout of such a power plant is presented
in Fig.3. Summary of the characteristics of the important types of fuel cells,
their operating conditions and application potentialities are presented in
atabular for in Table 1.
17
Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the electrochemical cell used in
different types of fuel cells
(http://www.fuelcells.org/uploads/FuelCellTypes.jpg)
Fig. 2: Details of a PEM based fuel cell.
18
Fig. 3: Schematics of a complete fuel cell power pack.
Table 1: Characteristics of Important Fuel Cell Types
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyt
e
Operatin
g
Tempera
ture
Typical
Stack
Size
Electrica
l
Efficienc
y (LHV)
Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Low
Temperatu
re Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(LT-PEM)
Per-fluoro-
sulfonic
acid
(Nafion®)
~80°C <1 kW–
200 kW
60%
direct H2
40%
reformed
fuel
Backup
power
Portable
power
Distributed
generation
Transportati
on
Specialty
vehicles
Solid electrolyte
reduces
corrosion and
electrolyte
management
problems
Low
temperature
Quick start-up
Expensive
catalysts
Sensitive to
fuel impurities
(tolerant up to
only 20ppm
CO and 1ppm
Sulphur)
High
Temperatu
re Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(HT-PEM)
Acid doped
PBI
100 –
180oC
<1 kW–
100 kW
Better
than LT-
PEMFC
particularl
y under
CHP
mode
Portable
power
Distributed
generation
Transportati
on
Specialty
vehicles
Solid
electrolyte
reduces
corrosion and
electrolyte
management
problems
No
humidification
of electrolyte
Les sensitive
to fuel
impurities
(tolerant up to
Destabilization
and high cost
of electrolyte
19
3% CO and
20ppm
Sulphur))
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous
potassium
hydroxide
soaked in a
porous
matrix, or
alkaline
polymer
membrane
<100°C 1–100 kW 60%
Military
Space
Backup
power
Transportati
on
Wider range of
stable
materials
allows lower
cost
components
Low
temperature
Quick start-up
Sensitive to
CO2 in fuel and
air
Electrolyte
management
(aqueous)
Electrolyte
conductivity
(polymer)
Phosphori
c Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric
acid
soaked in a
porous
matrix or
imbibed in
a polymer
membrane
150°–
200°C
400 kW,
100 kW
module
(liquid
PAFC);
<10 kW
(polymer
membran
e)
40% Distributed
generation
Suitable for
CHP
Increased
tolerance to
fuel impurities
Expensive
catalysts
Long start-up
time
Sulfur
sensitivity
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Molten
lithium,
sodium,
and/or
potassium
carbonates,
soaked in a
porous
matrix
600°–
700°C
300 kW–3
MW,
300 kW
module
50%
Electric
utility
Distributed
generation
High
efficiency
Fuel flexibility
Suitable for
CHP
Hybrid/gas
turbine cycle
High
temperature
corrosion and
breakdown of
cell
components
Long start-up
time
Low power
density
Solid
Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria
stabilized
zirconia
500°–
1,000°C
1 kW–2
MW 60%
Auxiliary
power
Electric
utility
Distributed
generation
High
efficiency
Fuel
flexibility
Solid
electrolyte
Suitable for
CHP
Hybrid/gas
turbine cycle
High
temperature
corrosion and
breakdown of
cell
components
Long start-up
time
Limited
number of
shutdowns
2.8 Global production and shipment of different types and applications of fuel
cells till 2011 with projection for 2012 are presented in the following
histograms (Fig. 4 & Fig. 5):
20
Fig.4: Global production and shipment of different types of fuel cells till
2011 and projected for 2012.
Fig.5: Global production and shipment for different applications of fuel cells
till 2011 and projected for 2012.
2.9 Details of global research and development, technology demonstration
and commercialization activities vis-à-vis Indian status in respect of all the
different types of fuel cells mentioned above are presented in the following
sections for a comprehensive understanding of the status of fuel cell
technology as a whole.
21
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE
FUEL CELL (LOW TEMPERATURE
AND HIGH TEMPERATURE)
22
3.0 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (Low Temperature
and High Temperature)
3.1 International Activity:
Among the various types of fuel cells, PEMFC is reported to have
reached acceptable level of technology development. These developments
have come from changes made from originally developed poly
tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) bonded electrodes to direct transfer method to use
of some proprietary processes such as nano structured electrodes and
membrane. The maturity level is also indicated by the reduction in spending
on R&D by companies in advanced countries on this type of fuel cells. Bulk of
the R&D spending in recent times is on improving the manufacturability of
these systems. PEMFCs have been demonstrated in a variety of applications
(portable, stationary and transportation). In a report published in 2009-10, by
Pike Research, USA, it is stated that the stationary fuel cell market
experienced 60% year-over-year growth in unit shipments between 2009 and
2010. The Clean-tech Market Intelligence (another US based consultancy
firm) forecasts that sales volumes will continue to expand at an impressive
pace over the next several years, surpassing 1.2 million units annually by
2017. In a new report published in 2012-2013 from Pike Research the number
of stationary fuel cells shipped annually will grow from 21,000 in 2012 to more
than 350,000 by 2022. The Navigant report also indicates that over the past
year, the stationary fuel cell industry has experienced healthy growth due to a
surge in U.S. and foreign governments’ interest in reliable and resilient energy
sources. The sector is now at a point where, if, all government policy relevant
to stationary fuel cells was carried out, the global market potential would
surpassed 3 GW in 2013, and increasing to more than 50 GW by
2020. Further as per Pike research, nearly 2.5 million telecom towers will be
supported by fuel cell based back-up power system across the globe by 2020.
According to The Fuel Cell Today Industry Review 2012, PEMFC
dominated in terms of unit shipment in 2011, because of its usefulness in
diversified market segments most notably in small stationary and in
transportation applications as well as in consumer electronics applications
(DMFC). The growth was 87.2% (cf. 2010). Attempts to reduce the cost
component of platinum commonly used as electro catalysts in these fuel cells
are being aggressively pursued. In a major project launched in Canada in
2012, which involves several industries and with $8.1 million funds aims to
reduce the platinum content by 80% in automotive fuel cells. The first
prototype is expected to be ready in 5 years. In Japan N. E. Chemcat, a
catalyst manufacturing company is reported to have plans to acquire the core-
shell catalyst technology with ultra-low platinum from Brookhaven National
Laboratory for use in electric vehicle. Toyota Motor Corp., the biggest seller of
23
hybrid cars announced in 2010 that it had cut expenses to make the vehicles
by reducing platinum use to about one-third the previous level. Toyota and
GM now use about 30 grams of platinum per fuel-cell vehicle and aim to
reduce it to about 10 grams. Although alternatives are being investigated,
platinum would continue to play a significant role in PEMFC owing to its high
activity and durability. Green recycling methods to recover platinum are also
being pursued for sustainability. A UK project ($7.2 million) involving Johnson
Matthey Fuel Cells was launched in February 2012 to find methods for the
recovery of high-value materials from membrane electrode assemblies
(MEAs). Optimization of stack size for specific end use is another method
being researched for cost reduction e.g. the Japanese Ene–Farm program,
which used 1 kW PEMFC stacks originally are being reduced to 750 watts,
which is considered a better for Japanese homes.
Development of HT-PEMFC continues but with only a very small
number of commercial deployments so far. A large number of papers are
being published on high temperature membranes many of them without any
convincing results. In a recent paper, researchers in Japan have developed a
novel PEMFC that shows high durability (>400,000 cycles) together with high
power density (252 mW/cm2) at high temperature of 1200C under a non-
humidified condition. In order to prevent acid leaching from the HT-PEMFC
system, this group used poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA) in place of PA
because PVPA is a polymeric acid and is stably bound to the PBIs via
multipoint acid-base reactions.
Fuel cell Energy, USA demonstrated a HT-PEMFC System (540 kW
with ATR and logistic fuels) for ship board power generation in 2009. This
system used phosphoric acid doped PBI. In 2007, Volkswagen reported some
of their work on HT-PEMFCs for transport application. Enerfuel in Denmark
has demonstrated a 3 kW HT-PEMFC. Dantherm is reported to be developing
a 5 kW HT-PEMFC for telecom applications. Leaching of electrolyte and thus
durability has been a major concern. A power density of 100 mWcm-2 at
1600C was obtained when using a commercial HTPEMCELTEC-P1000 MEA
produced by BASF. Global Energy Corporation Inc, GEI, is another company
which has developed a 500 watts HT-PEMFC stack using BASF membrane.
Dominovas Energy’s Fuel cell division has also reported to be working on HT-
PEMFC. Advent sells small size membranes for high temperature fuel cells.
Helbio S.A. in Patras, Greece has received an order from a major Greek
telecommunications company for a 5 kW Fuel Cell Power System operating
on commercial propane. The system will be equipped with a HT-PEMFC and
will be designed for unattended system operation in remote location without
the need for external power input.
24
DoE, USA has set several technical targets for the membrane, catalyst
coated membrane for both stationary and automobile applications of which a
very few of them have been met so far.
All the major automotive manufacturers have a fuel cell vehicle either in
development or in testing. New models are being introduced regularly.
According to a report published by Pike Research, USA, a part of Navigant’s
Energy Practice published in 2009, the global commercial sales of fuel cell
vehicles (FCVs) will reach the key milestone of 1 million vehicles by 2020,
with a cumulative 1.2 million vehicles sold by the end of that year generating
$16.9 billion in annual revenue. The fuel cell car market is now in the ramp-up
phase and commercialization is anticipated by automakers to happen around
2015. Pike Research’s analysis indicates that, during the pre-
commercialization period from 2010 to 2014, approximately 10,000 FCVs will
be deployed. Following that phase, the firm forecasts that 57,000 FCVs will be
sold in 2015, with sales volumes ramping to 390,000 vehicles annually by
2020. The growth trends in Asia-Pacific region are going to outcast the North
America and the Western European regions. This large demand is expected
in the countries like Japan, Korea, China and India. Bulk of fuel cell vehicles
use PEMFC and most have hydrogen stored in composite cylinders.
Honda and Toyota have already begun leasing vehicles in California
and Japan. Seven major global automotive OEMs – Daimler, Ford, GM,
Honda, Hyundai, Nissan, and Toyota have co - signed a MoU in September
2009, signaling their intent to commercialize a significant number of FCEV
from 2015. Hyundai Motor introduced its Tucson ix FCEV equipped with its
newest 100-kilowatt (kW) fuel cell system recently. Hyundai will test 50 new
Tucson ix FCEVs as part of the second phase of the Korean Government
Validation Program and plans to begin mass production in 2015. Nissan
showcased NewTeRRA Fuel Cell Concept at Paris Motor Show 2012: The
TeRRA is designed as an evolution of the company’s popular Juke and
Qashqai crossover SUVs. It has three electric motors, one to power the front
wheels and an in-wheel motor in each of the rear wheels; Hyundai-Kia Motors
also signed a MoU with key hydrogen stakeholders from the Nordic countries,
Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland to collaborate on market deployment
of FCEVs.
Over the past six years, more than 20 cities around the world have, or
are currently, demonstrating fuel cell or hydrogen powered buses in their
transit fleets. Most demonstrations involve individual cities and transit
agencies, but some have been multi-city demonstrations. These include
Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE) – Multi city demo (since
2003, Ballard powered buses have operated for more than 78,000
hours delivering over four million passengers to their destinations)
25
Ecological City Transport System (ECTOS) based in Reykjavik, Ireland
Sustainable Transport Energy Perth (STEP) programme in Perth,
Western Australia
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses for Urban Transport in Brazil
Japan’s Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Programme
National Fuel Cell Bus Technology Development Programme (USA)
and
China programme – Multi city demonstrations.
Most demonstrations reported better than expected performance and
strong passenger acceptance. The buses performed well across a wide
range of operating conditions: Hilly and flat terrain, hot, and cold temperatures
& high and low-speed duty cycles. Bus availability, an indicator of vehicle
reliability, was greater than 90% in many programs (CUTE, ECTOS, STEP,
and HyFLEET fuel cell bus trials). This was higher than expected. There were
no major safety issues over millions of miles of vehicle service and thousands
of vehicle fueling. The drivers preferred fuel cell buses to CNG or diesel,
noting their smooth ride, ease of operation, strong acceleration, and ability to
maneuver well in traffic. Fuel cell bus drivers were less tired at the end of their
shifts, mainly because the buses produced significantly less noise than diesel
or CNG. 75% of surveyed passengers reported a quieter ride. Most
participants found that the buses were easily incorporated into revenue
service, with some accommodation for increased vehicle weight and height
and longer fueling times. Most participants noted that developing fuel cell bus
maintenance facilities was not as challenging as expected. The current CHIC
(Clean Hydrogen In European Cities) project is building upon previous work
by the CUTE and Phase 1 of CHIC plans to roll-out a total of 26 buses across
four countries: London (UK), Oslo (Norway), Milan and Bolzano (Italy), and
Aargau/St. Gallen (Switzerland). In London, five buses are already in
operation and Transport for London (TfL). Similar programmes are being
executed in USA, Canada, Japan and China. Toyota Motor Corporation
(TMC) and Hino Motors, Ltd. (Hino) are planning to Provide Fuel-cell Bus for
Tokyo Airport Routes.
Another application area for PEMFC, which is expected to boost the
revenue of the fuel cell companies, is the fuel cell powered material handling
equipment for large warehouse operations. Several demonstration
programmes have already shown a cost benefit and convenient hydrogen
refueling. Fuel cell based forklifts have been employed in warehouses and
distribution centers. USA is the world leader in deployment of fuel cell based
forklifts and more than 1500 units have been deployed at various locations.
Fuel cell stacks of various capacities are deployed in forklifts.
Hydrogenics - 12 kW fuel cell hybrid power packs into two Hyster Class
forklifts.
26
Nissan (2006) - 9 kW PEM fuel cells using compressed hydrogen as
the fuel.
Tropical Green technologies -10 kW PEM fuel cell stack / MH system
Toyota Industries Corporation – 30 kW fuel cell stack and can lift a
maximum of 2,500 kilograms.
Plug Power - different types of forklifts and utility trucks.
HydrogenicsHyPX™ Fuel Cell Power Packs,
Nuvera’sthe Power Edge,
Proton Motor Fuel Cells
OorjaProtonics’ OorjaPacs a methanol-fueled fuel cell that continuously
trickle-charges an onboard battery, while the unit is in operation or
parked, have also been demonstrated in several fuel cell based
forklifts.
Noveltek, Taiwan has developed a forklift in collaboration with Nan-Ya.
Another niche area for PEMFC application is use in locomotives. In a
recent development in Denmark, a Hydrogen Train Project has been
announced which would use 150 kW PEMFC stack. In South Africa, Anglo
American Platinum Limited along with its project collaborators Vehicle
Projects, Trident South Africa, and Battery Electric, unveiled its fuel cell-
powered mine locomotive prototype using a Ballard Power Systems fuel cell.
The partnership will construct five fuel cell locomotives to be tested for
underground use at one of Anglo American Platinum’s mines.
PEMFC are also being tested for application in aerospace industries.
The application domain includes novel on-board systems, truck auxiliary
power units (APUs), ground power units, primary and emergency power, road
vehicles, and gate handling equipment such as conveyors, fuel trucks,
catering vehicles, water trucks, and mobile lighting, on board energy systems
for aircraft, galley operations, in-flight entertainment, peak power, and other
applications. In military the application include power for engine restart; on-
ground Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC); electric and
pneumatic power; and cargo door operations. Fuel cells may also represent
the best alternative for efficient processing of bio aviation fuels presently
under development. Boeing and Japanese aircraft engine manufacturer IHI
Corp researching regenerative fuel cells to power aircraft electrical systems.
The in-flight testing was expected by the end of 2013. The companies
anticipate FCs could be used on aircraft as early as 2018, reducing amount of
jet fuel used for power generation by ~14%. Boeing Fuel cell airplane
demonstrator developed by Boeing Research and Technology ( B,R&T),
Europe which uses 20 kW PEMFC from M/s Intelligent energy has been
successfully tested. Boeing has long term plans for fuel cells, which besides
using PEMFC presently include use of HT-PEMFC and SOFC in the long run.
Airbus industries along with German Aerospace Center
27
(DeutschesZentrumfürLuft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) have also demonstrated fuel
cells in some applications. In one of its efforts, use of a fuel cell-powered
electric nose wheel, this will save fuel while significantly reducing airport noise
has been developed. The fuel cell-powered electric nose wheel reduces the
emissions produced by aircraft at airports by up to 27%, and noise levels
during taxiing by up to 100%. Aircraft fitted with this nose wheel will be able to
approach their apron locations travelling in both forward and reverse
directions, as well as taxi to their take-off positions without needing towing
vehicles or using their main engines.
There are reports of plans to use of fuel cells in Green Sea Ports. The
type of application envisaged are on-board ship power, a fuel cell system
could generate prime power or could propel the ship into port at low speeds
prior to docking. In addition, fuel cells could replace batteries and diesel
generators used for emergency power and on-board electronics, shore power
for cargo and cruise ships (auxiliary diesel engines that provide power to
docked ships contribute heavily to the pollution levels at ports). Fuel cell can
replace these diesel engines. FCEVs can replace yard tractors, heavy-duty
trucks, and passenger cars used at the port facility. Fuel cells can also be
installed as APU on heavy-duty trucks, to supply grid-independent power and
backup power for security, rail transport (fuel cells can be used as auxiliary or
primary power in rail locomotives), refrigeration for containers (the contents of
some containers need to be kept at a controlled temperature) and container
cranes (the offloading of cargo from docked ships is typically powered by a
diesel engine generator near the top of the crane or, more commonly, by
electric power onshore. A fuel cell could replace or supplement either).
A report on global policies update has been published by International
Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE) in 2011.
Summary of the national level policies as stated in the report are given below:
S.
No.
Country Policy
1 China “1,000+ Green Vehicles in each City” since 2009. Till
2011, 25 cities had joined this program.
Hybrid vehicle will receive the subsidies.
2 Norway No tax or value added tax (compared to the high
taxation of the conventional cars in Norway).
Access to bus lanes.
Free use of (public) toll roads
Significantly reduced annual car taxes.
Free parking in public places
No fuel tax or carbon tax on hydrogen as a fuel
(compared to high taxes on fossil fuels)
28
3 Japan Installation over 10,000 stationary residential combined
heat and power fuel cells with 50% subsidy on the cost of
the equipment and installation - Since 2009.
4 Iceland Tax based on documented CO2 emissions and fuel origin
- Motor vehicles will no longer be taxed based on engine
size or total weight since 1 January 2011.
5 Germany Motor vehicle tax exemption until December 15, 2015 for
vehicles with CO2 emissions below 50 grams per
kilometre.
6 Korea 1. 1 million green homes with various renewable energy
facilities in residential areas by 2020.
2. The government has a target of 100,000 1-kW fuel
cell units by 2020 and has subsidies of up to 80% of
installation costs between 2010 and 2011, decreasing
to 50% from 2013 to 2015.
3. Long-term and low-interest loans for the customers or
manufacturers of commercialized fuel cells.
4. 10% tax-deduction system for fuel cell power plants.
7 Australia 1. Fund for clean energy and energy efficiency proposal
– Australian $10 billion by “Clean Energy Finance”.
2. $200 million in grants to support business investment
in renewable energy, low emission technology and
energy efficiency.
3. $2.5 million in funding for hydrogen projects with a
commencement date in 2010 by Australian Research
Council (ARC).
8 United
States
1. Investment Tax Credits (ITC) for fuel cell systems
through 2016 valued at up to $3,000 per kW installed
at businesses and $3,334 per kW installed in joint
occupancy residential dwellings. •
2. From 2009 to 2011, over $27 million for grants in lieu
of tax credits were provided to companies with
insufficient tax liability to apply for the ITC.
3. The hydrogen fuelling facility tax credit provides up to
30% or $30,000 for fuelling stations construction.
9 European
Union
(EU)
1. €1 billion was contributed from the EU Sixth
Framework Programme (FP6) budget to support R&D
and demonstration activities of hydrogen and fuel cell
technologies.
2. From 2008 to 2013, the EU will devote €470 million
from the EU Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)
budget to support R&D and demonstration activities of
hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
3. Currently, there are 44 on-going projects (with
29
cumulative grants of approximately €100 million)
engaging some 250 different partners.
4. Twenty seven additional projects of the 2010 call
(estimated grants of €89 million) should start by the
end of 2011.
10 United
Kingdom
1. A Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) provides incentives for the
deployment of small scale renewable energy
generation up to 5 MW.
2. The FIT also supports the deployment of residential
fuel cell CHP systems of up to 2 kW regardless of fuel
type, because of their carbon saving potential.
3. This measure is a pilot limited to the first 30,000
systems, and with a review after the first 10,000
installations.
4. Motorists purchasing a qualifying ultra-low emission
car can receive a grant of 25 percent towards the cost
of the vehicle, up to a maximum of £5,000.
5. Under current policy, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles may
also receive a zero Vehicle Excise Duty rating.
6. Vehicles with CO2 emissions below 100 grams per
kilometre pay zero under standard rates of Vehicle
Excise Duty.
7. Vehicles with CO2 emissions of 130 grams per
kilometre or less pay zero under first year rates.
Major commercial players in PEMFC are given below. Besides these
players, the auto industry players like Honda, Toyota and Nissan are reported
to have developed their own fuel cells stacks although most of them used
Ballard stacks in earlier development of FCEV.
Sr.
No.
Company Country Manufactur-
ing capacity
Technology Capacity
range in
kW
1 Ballard Canada 20000 stacks
per year
(about 150
MW)
PEM 2 to 11
2 ClearEdge
Power
US 6000 units PEM 5 to 25
3 Intelligent
Energy
UK NA PEM 3 to 5
4 Hydrogenics Canada 160 MW per
year
PEM 4 to 12
30
5 MicroCell US 3 MW PEM 0.5 to 3
6 NedStack Nederlan
d
3000 stacks PEM 1 to 10
7 Nuvera US 3000 stacks PEM 5 to 30
8 ReliOn US NA PEM 0.1 to
2.5
9 Horizon Singapor
e
1000 stacks PEM 0.1 to 3
10 OorjaProtoni
cs
US NA DMFC
5
3.2 National Status
The last few years has seen considerable research activity in hydrogen
fuel cells in India mainly via R&D work sponsored by the MNRE, DST, CSIR
etc. PEM Fuel cell uses a large range of materials. Such materials are electro
catalysts, catalyst support, gas diffusion media, micro porous materials,
hydrophobic materials, hydrophilic materials, different types of carbon and
binders, electrolyte, sealants, conducting coating materials.
The R& D activities encompass a wide variety of issues including
developing novel materials, durability, modeling etc. However there are very
few organizations involved in stack and system developments. The number of
Indian industries engaged in developing fuel cell technology in the country is
also few, although many have international collaboration for application
demonstration. A brief status and nature of work being done by various
organizations are given below:
3.2.1 Research Groups and Nature of Work
Organizations Nature of work
IIT-M, NCCR, IIT-B, IIT-G, IIT-K, IIT-Kh
, IIT-R, IIT-H, IISc, BESU, CSIR-
CECRI, CSIR-NCL, CSIR-NPL, CFCT-
ARCI, CIPET, CSIR-CSMCRI, BITS-
Goa, TU, AIIST, PSGIAS, Anna
University, UoH, DTU and many other
Universities
• Basic Science ,
• Catalysts, Membrane, Bipolar
plate
• Modeling
BHEL, CSIR-CECRI, CFCT-ARCI, IIT-
B, SSF (closed), ISRO Labs & Def.
labs,
• Stack and System,
• Application demonstration
Tata, M&M, TVS, REVA, NMRL, Some
CSIR labs , IITs , BPCL ,RIL
• System integration using bought
out stacks for demonstration
• Demonstration of indigenously
31
built fuel cells
• Application Simulation studies
ARCI, CSIR-NCL, CSIR-CECRI, CSIR-
NPL, Arora Matthey, Falcon Graphite,
TCIC
• Materials ( large scale )
3.2.2 Research and Development on Catalysts
Organizations
Nature of work
IITM, NCCR, CSIR-NCL,
CSIR-CECRI, IISc, BESU,
IITD, IITB, CFCT-ARCI,
NMRL, TCIC, Alagappa
Univ., and many
Universities and Colleges
Pt on Carbon
Pt- alloy (Co, Ni, Ru , Rh) on carbon
Other Noble metals like Au, Pd with
Oxides like MnO2 , RuO2, ZnO
Non Noble metal catalysts such as Metal
carbides, oxide supported catalysts like
Pt on WO3/ TiO2/SnO2,
Oxide additives as add-on
Cu-Ni-Alloy catalyst, conducting polymer
containing catalyst
Nanostructured tungsten and titanium
based electro-catalysts
Rh and their Selenides for ORR
Shape dependent electro catalyst
High aspect ratio nano-scale
multifunctional materials
Platinum-cobalt alloy nanoparticles
decorated functionalized multi-walled
carbon nanotubes, dispersed on nitrogen
doped graphene
Pt/clay/Nafionnano-composite for ORR
Pt Nanoparticle-dispersed graphene-
wrapped MWNT composites
Graphene-supported Pd–Ru nanoparticles
Pt–MoOx-carbon nanotube redox couple
based electro-catalyst
Platinum-Polyaniline composite
Highly active catalyst by newer methods
32
3.2.3 Research and Development on Catalyst Support
Organizations
Nature of work
IIT-M, NCCR, CFCT-ARCI,
CSIR-NCL, CSIR- CECRI,
BESU, ARI-Pune, JN
Centre and many other
universities
Modified CNT ,
Microporous CNT
Oxides
Metal carbides , different carbons,
Ti mesh substrate
Graphene
Nitrogen doped graphene and hybrid carbon
nanostructures
Nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon
nanocoils
Multi Walled Carbon Nano tubular coils
Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon with
graphite walls
Nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon
nanocoils
3.2.4 Research and Development on Membranes
Organizations
Nature of work
CSIR-CSMCRI,CSIR-
CECRI, ANNA Univ.,
CSIR-NCL, UoH, CFCT-
ARCI, NMRL, CIPET, IICT,
BHU, BIT, AIIST, IIT-D and
many other groups
Nafion Based Membranes
- Nafion Composites
- Organic–inorganic composite membranes
(Nafion with silica, MZP and MTP )
- Poly electrolyte complexes of Nafion and
Poly (oxyethylene) bisamine
Fluorinated Polymers
- Fluorinated poly (arylenes ether sulfones)
containing pendant
- Sulfonic acid groups
- Fluorinated poly(ether imide) copolymers
with controlled degree of sulfonation
PVA based polymers
- inter penetrating with PSSA
- Incorporation of mordenite (MOR) in the
33
above
- Stabilized forms of phosphomolybdic acid,
phosphotungstic acid and silicotungstic
acid incorporated into PVA cross-linked
polymers
- Novel mixed-matrix membranes sodium
alginate (NaAlg) with PVA and
certainheteropolyacids (HPAs), such as
PMoA, PWA and SWA.
High temp. Polymers - PBI, SPEEK
- Cross-linked SPEEK - reactive organo clay
nano-composite
- Phosphonated multiwall carbon nanotube-
polybenzimidazole composites
- Novel blends of PBI and Poly(vinyl-1,2,4-
triazole)
- SPEEK/ethylene glycol/ polyhedral
oligosilsesquioxane hybrid membranes
- SPEEK and Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate
based semi interpenetrating network
membranes
- Heat treated SPEEK/diol membrane
High temp. Polymers –Others
- Anhydrous Proton Conducting Hybrid
Membrane Electrolytes for High
Temperature (>1000C) PEM
- Aprotic ionic liquid doped anhydrous proton
conducting polymer electrolyte
membrane
- Polysulfone / clay nanocomposite
membranes
- Multilayered sulphonatedpolysulfone / silica
composite membranes
Other types of Polymers
- SPSEBS/PSU blends - blending SPSEBS
(Sulfonated poly styrene ethylene butylene
polystyrene) with Boron phosphate
(BPO4)
- Organic–inorganic nano-composite
polymer electrolyte membranes
- Zwitterionic silica copolymer based cross-
34
linked organic–inorganic hybrid polymer
electrolyte membranes
- Carbon nanotubes rooted montmorillonite
(CNT-MM) reinforced nano-composite
membrane
- Domain size manipulation by sulfonic acid-
func. MWCNTs
- Functionalized CNT based composite
polymer electrolytes
- Minimally hydrated polymers, replace
water with ‘proton mobility facilitator
3.2.5 Research and Development on Other
Components/Materials/Issues
Components /
Materials / Issues
Organizations Nature of work
Bipolar plates CFCT-ARCI, CSIR-NPL,
CSIR-NCL, SSF, NMRL,
IIT-B, TU, IITG, IITK,
VSSC, DTU
Resin impregnated,
resin bonded,
exfoliated graphite,
metal, PCB
Carbon substrate CSIR-NPL, CFCT-ARCI,
NMRL
PAN, modified rayon,
carbon composites
GDL CFCT-ARCI, CSIR-CECRI,
CSIR-NPL, IIT-M,
Bharathiyar University
Studies on micro
porous layer, method of
fabrication, effect of
additives, impedance
analysis
Operation methods CSIR-CECRI, CFCT-ARCI Dead end mode
operation
Fuel Impurities CFCT-ARCI, AU with SVCE Effect of impurities in
gas feed
Durability CFCT-ARCI, CSIR-CECRI,
IIT-M
Single cells & stack,
composite membrane,
GDL
3.2.6 Other Studies
Study Organizations
Flow field modeling IIT-M, IIT-G, IIT-H, NMRL, CFCT-
ARCI
Heat and mass transfer modeling IIT-M
Cathode reactant supply modeling CFCT-ARCI with IITM
35
and design
Operation IIT-B, CFCT-ARCI
Control system modeling IIT-M, IIT-B, SSN College of Engg.,
CFCT-ARCI with Anna University
Power electronic modeling IIT-B, Anna University with CFCT-
ARCI, SSN, IISER-Kolkata
Electrochemical Modeling IIT-M , IIT-D, IISER Pune, NIT-W,
AU-Vizag, CFCT-ARCI, IIT-M,
IITM (cyl. cathode), IIT-M (multiple
layer), Bharathiyar University
Electrical conductivity IIT-G, BARC
System integration modeling with wind
energy etc.,
MN-NIT, BESU, IIT-B, IIT-K
Stack Modeling CFCT-ARCI, IIT-B
Statistical analysis, Artificial Neural
Network
CFCT-ARCI with ISI, CSIR-NCL ,
CFCT-ARCI
Molecular Dynamics CSIR-NCL with IISER-Pune
3.2.7 Technology Demonstration
1. SPIC Science Foundation was the first institution in India to have
developed and demonstrated PEMFC in different applications. In 2000,
SSF had demonstrated fuel cells in UPS and transport applications. They
had developed complete process know-how for most of the components
used in PEMFC. Few years back they demonstrated 5 kW UPS based on
PEMFC. However, this group is not active presently.
2. BHEL R & D Developed a 3 KW PEM Fuel cell stack comprising of 1 kW
modules and demonstrated the same at BPCL. Recently they have
initiated work on HT-PEMFC using commercial MEA and also
indigenously developed membrane. Their experience in PAFC would be
highly useful in these developments. By September 2013, BHEL R&D
had planned to develop several 1 kW HT-PEMFC.
3. A CSIR Team comprising of CSIR-CECRI, CSIR-NCL and CSIR-NPL
have been jointly conducting research on PEMFC development and
developed a self-supported 1 kW fuel cell stack using many indigenously
developed components. The technology for one of the components
(carbon paper) has been transferred to an Indian Company. Besides
developing the main components of PEMFC the programme also focused
on measuring the performance of the components in single cells and in
stacks. Performance of MEAs is comparable to commercially available
36
MEAs. This team also developed and demonstrated a 250 Watts HT-
PEMFC stack built with several indigenously developed components.
Besides technology development, fundamental research by the team in
the areas of electro catalysis, membrane science, carbon materials and
stack engineering has resulted ~ 50 papers in journals of high impact
factors, completion of 12 PhD dissertations and filing of 10 patents by the
team across the three laboratories. Novel ideas on hybrid catalysts for
oxygen reduction reactions, new PBI copolymers, non-infringing routes to
synthesis of PBI monomers, new gas diffusion layers of high conductivity
and porosity and stacks of improved pressure distribution have been
developed.
4. Based on the developments summarized above, CSIR is setting up a test
bed for demonstrating and validating 3 kW LT-stacks for targeting a
PEMFC based back-up power supply for telecom towers. Reliance
Industries Ltd (RIL) is major industrial partner in this activity. Recent
research has shown that the performance of the HT-MEA developed in
CSIR is superior to the performance of commercial HT-MEAs. CSIR has
created strong IP portfolio in this area and the team will work towards the
demonstration and validation of a 1 kW HT-PEMFC stack based on
indigenous MEAs. In the near future, CSIR will create an Innovation
Centre on fuel cells in order to consolidate its resources and activities in
this area. The Innovation Centre will focus on R&D to develop the next
generation PEMFC systems, application development and vendor
development. It will strengthen the consortium of industries with a view to
demonstrate applications and establish manufacturing base within the
country.
5. IIT-M has demonstrated a bicycle powered by imported PEMFC.
6. VSSC, Thiruvananthapuram is reported to have developed a PEM fuel
cell using metallic bipolar plates. A major developmental programme is
also being planned.
7. NMRL has developed membranes for use in HT-PEMFC, which are
being tested in stack.
8. Centre for Fuel Cell Technology at ARCI developed and demonstrated
PEMFC in various capacities ranging from few hundred watts to 10 kW
modules. These stacks have been integrated with various balance of
systems. Grid Independent Power Supply systems in the range 1 kW to
20 kW have been developed and demonstrated. Recently the Centre
completed a 20 kW PEMFC system demonstration. CFCT has also
demonstrated their fuel cells in transportation applications as a range
37
extender in 3 wheeler and 4 wheeler electric vehicles along with battery
banks and has developed a fuel cell powered “Go-kart”. CFCT-ARCI has
developed process know-how for most of the components of fuel cell and
several balance of systems including controls and power converters. The
technology for making bipolar plate was transferred to an industry.
Besides these technology developments, the scientific personnel at
CFCT-ARCI have published nearly 80 papers in international journals
and have filed 20 patents.
9. DRDO is developing PEMFC power system for submarine application. In
the initial trails stacks from Ballard will be used.
10. DSIR has sanctioned a project to M/s ELPROS to develop PEMFC
systems.
11. NEAH Power Systems, Inc., a leading company in the development of
fuel cells for the military and portable electronic devices announced that it
has signed a letter of intent to explore acquisition or merger plans with
EKO Vehicles of Bangalore, Private Limited, India.
12. Nissan Renault operates a R&D centre working on PEMFC in Chennai.
13. GM R&D India Science Lab., GE’s John F Welch Technology Centre &
Mercedes-Benz Research & Development India Pvt. Ltd. (MBRDI) is
reported to have some hydrogen R&D programs in Bengaluru.
14. Other major PEMFC developers like Hydrogenics is also reported to be
interacting with some Indian Industries.
3.1.1 Industry Activities
The Indian Industries participation continues to be lukewarm. Some
companies are involved in demonstration notably in telecom sector. Hydrogen
supply is the major bottle neck that is hampering large scale deployment of
fuel cells in the country. By-product hydrogen from chlor-alkali units is being
targeted by many groups. However, this source can be counted to only a
limited extent for fuel cell applications as there is huge demand for this
hydrogen from different industries. The activities reported are summarized
below:
1. Tata Teleservices alongwith US based M/s Plug power made efforts for
installing and maintaining fuel cell systems as back-up power supply for
telecom towers. The other partner was M/s Hindustan Petroleum
Corporation Limited (HPCL). A few systems were installed in India. Later
38
M/s Plug Power decided to be in the area of application of fuel cell in
forklifts only and withdrawn their activities from India.
2. ACME Telepower Group had a tie-up with Canada based M/s Ballard
Power systems and M/S Idatech for fuel cell installation in telecom
sector. As per latest developments M/s Ballard has taken over M/s
Idatech and have tie-up with Dantherm. Dantherm are reported to be
working with Delta and installed 30 fuel cell systems in various telecom
towers located in Madhya Pradesh in association with Aditya Birla group.
3. Intelligent Energy, UK has started a business in India and planning to
install several PEMFC in telecom sector.
4. Altergy and ReliOn are also targeting India for fuel cell application in
telecommunication towers.
5. Electro Power Systems, based in Turin, Italy, launched its ElectroSelfTM
UPS product in India in December 2010. The ElectroSelfTM is a self-
recharging backup power system integrating a fuel cell and electrolyser
and requiring only minimal maintenance in the form of a water top-up
once a year. The company installed two systems for demonstration.
6. IOC R&D besides setting up the hydrogen fuelling station has also
planned to create fuel cell testing facilities, which would help in
establishing the country specific regulations, codes and standards
through the validation of testing procedures and measurement
methodologies for the performance assessment of fuel cells. It will also
have a reference function in the Indian Hydrogen Energy Roadmap for
pre-competitive research and performance verification. By building a
state-of-the-art fuel cell testing facility, Indian Oil R&D will have a foot-
hold in framing the fuel specification, infrastructure requirements, and can
facilitate the development and harmonization of fuel cell testing
procedures in transport and stationary applications considering the Indian
conditions. The facility may allow the comprehensive testing and
performance evaluation of PEM & solid Oxide fuel cells, stacks and
systems in terms of energy efficiency, durability, reliability and emissions
at a scale of up to 100 kW.
7. IOC is planning to have PEMFC based fork lift for demonstration at R&D
centre. Further, they have signed MOC with Tata Motors for joint
demonstration of FC buses to ply in the Faridabad region.
8. Tata Motors are reported to have developed a range of hydrogen fuel
cell-powered buses and light trucks. TATA and ISRO are partnering a
39
fuel cell bus demonstration programme in India using Ballard Fuel cell
stacks. The first vehicle was displayed at the Auto Expo in N. Delhi in
2012. IOCL and TATA Motors are reported to be establishing a hydrogen
fuelling station in Faridabad in Haryana to demonstrate two fuel cell
buses developed by Tata Motors, which uses fuel cell stacks from M/s
Ballard. They are also planning to set up a major hydrogen dispensing
station at Sanand, Gujarat for the technology demonstration of the fuel
cell buses being developed by them.
9. REVA electric Car Company has demonstrated fuel cell powered
passenger car using Ballard stacks.
10. Reliance is reported to be the industrial partner in the NMTLI project
with Team – CSIR
11. M/s Falcon Graphites, a small scale company in Hyderabad has
commenced large scale production of bipolar plates based on technology
developed by CFCT-ARCI.
12. The technology for carbon paper developed by NPL has been transferred
to HEG Limited Noida, which is expected to begin production soon.
13. M/s Arora Matthey, Kolkata has been a major supplier of electro catalysts
in India.
14. Sai Energy in Chennai is becoming a major supplier of fuel cell materials
and components.
15. Sai Energy, Chennai is also reported to be partnering Tata Chemical
Innovation Centre (TCIC) in developing fuel cell stacks, which use
catalysts developed by TCIC.
16. Sai Energy-Anabond consortium in Chennai is reported to have joined
hands with Team-CSIR for demonstrating PEMFC stacks in different
applications.
17. TCIC is working to develop a non-nafion / or substantially reduced use of
nafion MEA part of PEMFC, aiming to develop both novel catalyst and
membrane to decrease the cost of MEA to an affordable level for
stationary applications. TCIC in short duration has developed the 500 W
stack and aimed to develop 5 kW stack in 2013 mainly using own
catalyst and other locally available FC components as prototypes for field
trial at telecom tower for testing their durability & stability using hydrogen.
40
18. M/s Thermax, Pune may soon enter into an agreement with NCL &
CECRI (CSIR) for prototype manufacturing of HT-PEMFC to be used in
combined cooling and power (CCP) mode based on a vapour adsorption
technique.The targeted capacity of the stack is 5kWe.
19. M/s KPIT Technologies, Pune is in the process of making an agreement
with NCL (CSIR) to develop LT-PEMFC stacks of 8-10kW capacity for
application in automotive in which fuel cell power will be supplemented by
a combination of supercapacitors and lithium ion battery and the fuel will
be enriched with oxygen.
3.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to bridge the gap
3.3.1 Gap Analysis
Globally, PEMFC has numerous applications including stationary
power generation (centralized and decentralized), transportation
(automobiles, railways, aeroplanes, ships), back-up power supply (telecom
towers, residences, commercial places), material handling applications
(forklifts for warehouses and locomotives for mines), auxiliary power units for
trucks, locomotives, aeroplanes, ships) portable applications (lap top charger,
mobile charger) and micro-power supply to electronic equipment. New
applications are continuously on increase. According to Fuel Cell industry
Review in 2011 around 2,77,700 units of PEMFC were shipped by various
countries.
A number of industries in USA, Canada, UK, Germany, Australia,
Japan, Italy etc. are manufacturing these products for various applications
and meeting the domestic demand and exporting their products to various
countries. Further as per Pike research, the number of stationary fuel cells
shipped annually will cross 3,50,000 numbers by 2022. Power supply system
used in 25 lakh telecom towers will be converted to fuel cell based power
system across the globe by 2020. It is expected that potential of global
market for stationary fuel cells will reach to 50 GW by 2020. These countries
are exporting the various products based on PEMFC to all over world. All the
major automotive manufacturers have a fuel cell vehicle either in
developmental or in testing stage. Pike research analysis indicates that
57,000 fuel cell vehicles will be sold in 2015, which will increase to 3,90,000
vehicles annually by 2020.
In India, research institutions are more focused on materials
development and modeling, whereas CSIR, DST,defence and space research
laboratories are engaged in the development of complete PEMFC including
stacks. However, some labs are reported to have imported fuel cell stacks for
41
carrying out integration studies. Demonstration of PEMFC requires large
number of stacks at reasonable cost. No engineering efforts have been put for
the manufacture of stacks / systems so far (Except PAFC stacks by Thermax
particularly for the strategic sector for which economic consideration has not
been an important parameter). There is still no mechanism in place to make
large number of stacks / systems for demonstration on a large scale so as to
establish an optimized manufacturing technology. In addition, hydrogen is
also not available at reasonable cost to run continuously these stacks /
systems, which are being researched / demonstrated. Testing of fuel cells at
sites, where hydrogen is easily available such as chlor-alkali units, is urgently
required to make further improvements in the indigenously developed
systems. The chlor-alkali units are not very warm to this idea. In addition,
compact reformer development (methanol / natural gas / LPG) in the country
has not taken place. Several groups have developed catalysts for such
reformation and also for PROX and other purification chains. NMRL is
reported to have developed a fuel reformer, but is not available to others.
Some institutions are reported to have imported small capacity reformers and
are in the process of integrating the same with fuel cell stacks. The cost of the
imported reformer is very high.
Several membranes are reported to have been developed in the
country. However, most of these membrane developments are restricted to
small size membrane with the notable exception of the membranes (PBI
membrane for HT-PEMFC, Nafion composite membrane for LT-PEMFC and
membrane for DMFC) developed by a few national laboratories. The process
of making these membranes is still manual and only small sized sheets can
be made. No long term testing of these membranes in fuel cells has been
reported from Indian Laboratories. A large number of catalysts have been
developed in the country and tested in half/single cell. However, the
laboratories engaged in fuel cell stack development are using standard
commercial catalysts. Bipolar plates have also been developed indigenously
by CFCT-ARCI, CSIR lab and VSSC and technology has also been
transferred to Industry by CFCT-ARCI.
HT-PEMFC seems more promising than LT-PEMFC, as they can
tolerate more CO impurity in the hydrogen feed and can be useful in CHP/
CCP applications. It has many potential drawbacks including increased
degradation, leaching of acid and incompatibility with current state-of-the-art
fuel cell materials. In this type of fuel cell, the choice of membrane material
determines the other fuel cell component material composition. Novel
research is required in all aspects of the fuel cell components so that they can
meet stringent durability requirements for various applications. Selective
research should be supported with tangible goals.
42
There is an urgent need to initiate projects in mission mode on stacks /
systems building and their demonstration involving academic institutions to
address specific issues. The project should aim to identify Indian laboratories
to scale up these materials and building stacks/complete system. A clear
distinction needs to be made between academic research and applied
research with suitable funding for the applied research. There is a need for
aggressive research programs with more thrust on applied research, analysis
of the achievements in materials developed so far and take forward the
promising ones to large scale preparation. It should focus on performance
improvement at the systems level and take up programs with multiple partners
(intra or inter institutions) with interlocked objectives/tasks. These institutions
should initiate major programs on stack assembly engineering & system
integration using available materials and understand the dynamics. Major
programs should be started on BoS development (air moving devices, thermal
management devices, motors, pumps, all with low power requirement, high
efficiency inverters and converters), system development and integration of
the components. Merit of such programs should include power density at
given cost, weight, lifetime and manufacturing R&D for fabrication of repeat
components.
3.3.2 Strategy to Bridge the Gap
3.3.2.1 Basic Strategy
LT-PEMFC technology has been demonstrated but durability studies at
component and long term performance of the cell have not carried out. Most
of the results reported are based on electrochemical studies. Only a few
groups are working on stack and system development. Efforts for the
manufacturing R&D were not made. Large number of research groups
engaged in hydrogen research and trained man power availability is on the
increase. System level development is very low. Hydrogen infrastructure is
very poor. Financial support for basic research is high, which needs to be
necessarily linked with applied research / technology development. Industry
participation is poor. With increased demand on energy requirement for both
transport and stationary power, business opportunity is high and scope of
advanced R&D as well. Further delay in technology development will lead to
International players flooding their products in Indian market, legging behind
the domestic industries. Research may be continued for the development of
low cost durable membranes, increased tolerance for impurities in feed,
reduction in catalyst cost, improvement in durability and performance
improvement of low temperature and high temperature PEMFC. Thus, there is
need for vertical research instead of horizontal research. FocusedR&D may
be initiated under the following areas:
High-throughput catalyst synthesis and basic characterization
43
Reduction in catalyst loading on electrodes
Manufacturing processes and materials for fuel cell systems.
Development of diagnostic techniques to help optimize cost/lifetime of
fuel cell systems to aid commercialization
Low-cost purification systems for hydrogen reformers
Accelerated life testing of components and systems
Standards and regulations related to deployment of systems
Design scalable, high-throughput fabrication processes for high-
performance MEAs.
In line quality control for production
High-Speed Sealing of Cell Components and Cell Stacks
Controlling the thickness and conformity of the catalyst layers as they
are deposited on the membranes.
Expand the operating range of MEAs (temperature, relative humidity,
tolerance to air, fuel and system-derived impurities) and improve
durability with cycling
Develop sustainable MEA designs that incorporate recycling /
reclamation of catalysts and membranes and/or re-use of cell
components.
Non-noble metal catalysts in combination with new hydrocarbon
membrane
(operated at a higher temperature e.g., 150-200 oC)
Corrosion stability of support materials
Development of cost effective Fuel cell control systems, inverters and
converters
Efficient Thermal management for managing low grade heat
Standardization of testing procedures to ensure common platform for
all results.
Machine-vision based inspection
Information-driven manufacturing processes
Automated fuel cell stack assembly process
Mapping of electrode catalyst loading using suitable techniques such
as X-Ray Florescence
Degradation Signature Identification for Stack Operation Diagnostic
(Design)
Address the vehicular PEM fuel cell performance issues affected by
hydrogen fuel contaminants.
Generate database from which alternate solutions may result e.g.,
development of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) that are
contaminant immune and regenerative procedures for mea’s using low
/ inferior quality hydrogen gas
environmental testing of fuel cell systems
Transient tests for accelerated load profiles
44
o Continuous idle to full load tests
o Continuous half load to full load tests
o Fast deceleration tests
Investigating the electrical, thermal and environmental performance of
the fuel cells over a wide range of power loads
3.3.2.2 Identification of the application areas
PEM fuel cells (LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) are ideally suited for
application requiring less than 100 kW in stationary / distributed power
generation. The quick start-up and low temperature operation of LT-PEMFC is
ideally suited for strategic sectors. The stationary application does not require
stringent volume / weight issues normally associated with transportation
application. Initial application could be in niche areas such as
telecommunication towers in remote areas. Currently, back-up power to these
towers is provided by batteries for the short-duration and noisy and low-
efficiency DG sets for long duration. In some locations where there is no gird
connectivity, they are run completely on DG sets. With the Telecom
Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)’s directive of 2012 is to power 50% of all
rural telecom base station towers and 33% of all urban towers in the country
by hybrid solutions within 5-years, there is a huge impetus for the deployment
of fuel cells for such applications. Hybrid solutions involve a combination of
renewable energy sources, such as hydrogen fuel cells, and grid electricity.
Natural extension is to IT companies, hotels, shopping malls, remote
areas like meteorological stations eventually reaching common households as
back-up power units.
PEMFC is ideally suited for transportation application. However fuel
cell stacks for transportation application requires meeting stringent size and
weight targets. The first step could be to develop PEMFC for application
Materials handling Devices such as forklifts. The specification targets for this
application can be met. Application in transport especially cargo handling
trucks (Small, Medium, Large) could be the next application followed by use in
buses. The other applications may be in refrigerated trucks for dairy products
/ short life food commodities, sea ports and rail yards.
Other niche areas like airports, sea ports can also be addressed.
3.3.2.3 National Targets
The success of achieving the targets depends on selecting the projects
for support for development of PEMFC (LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) in India.
The funding agencies should consider calling for proposals for specific
45
development instead of total fuel cell stack development alone. This would
bring in more working groups. Special attempts should be made for the
development of fuel cell stacks for transportation application. If possible a
distinction needs to be made between these two application regimes and
thus the targets. Projects should be initiated on developing test benches for
use in evaluating the fuel cell stacks. Presently, most of the project proposals
include cost of an imported test bench which constitutes a substantial part of
the project cost. The following targets can be set for development of PEMFC
(LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) systems for different applications:
(i) Capacity vis-à-vis Application Targets
Telecom towers 3-5 kW
Urban households 1-5 kW
Small trucks 3-10 kW
Medium trucks 10-15 kW
Large trucks 25 -50 kW
Submarine application and buses 50-120 kW
(ii) Development Targets
Different groups in the country have already demonstrated up to 25kW
of LT-PEMFC stacks whereas for HT-PEMFC the development, including the
membranes, is mostly at its initial stage. Not more than 1kW stack has been
demonstrated so far. However, considering the advantages of HT-PEMFC
over the LT-PEMFC particularly in terms of higher CO tolerance by the former
and the possibility combined heat and power or combined cooling and power,
it is proposed to pursue the development of HT-PEMFC more aggressively
than LT-PEMFC in this country. Accordingly, the following time targets may be
fixed for the development and deployment of these fuel cells:
Fuel Cell
Type
Phase-I (2016-
2018)
Phase II (2019-
20)
Phase-III (2021-
2022)
HT-PEMFC
Up to 5kW Up to 25kW Up to 50kW
LT-PEMFC
Up to 25kW Up to 50kW Up to 120kW
The efficiency target may be 37-40% for the phase-I, which may be
enhanced to ~50% by the end of phase-III.
46
All the units should be capable of cold start down to a temperature of at
least -20oC.
Precise cost targets are difficult to be fixed at this stage. However, an
approximate cost target of Rs.2.5 lakh/kW for LT-PEMFC systems of more
than 5 kW capacity with a durability of 5000h (stationary application) could be
aimed at during the first phase. The system should comprise of stack, air
supply units, thermal and humid units, power electronics, sensors and control
units using a maximum of 30% imported components. In the second phase,
the target may be Rs.2.5 lakh/kW with completely indigenous components.
However, the ultimate target at the end of Phase-III could beRs.50,000/kW,
with adaptation of best practices in manufacturing. One of the global
projections based on a very high volume production (500,000 units per year)
is as follows:
Fig. 7: Cost Estimate of PEMFC Fuel Cells over the years.
Another very important criterion is the power density of the stack. The
target may be 1kW/L during the first phase to be enhanced to 2kW/L at the
end of phase-III from the current level of ~200W/L.
In order to reach the targets mentioned above, several key materials
and components e.g. membrane, GDL, monomer dispersions, and catalysts
may continue to be imported, at least for some more time.Efforts need to be
put in to ease their import as well as enable their manufacturing in the
country, on an urgent basis.Importing of several key machines will also be
essential to proceed with automation to achieve the cost targets mentioned
above,
47
PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL
48
4.0 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
4.1 International Activity
PAFC systems were initially developed for military applications in the
decade of seventies in USA. Spurred by the initial success, the technology is
further developed for commercial applications by companies such as M/s
UTC, USA. A packaged module of around 250kW using PAFC for power
generation with online reformer based on propane/LPG was tried in different
parts of the world. The technology was also used and further developed by
companies such as M/s Toshiba and M/s. Fuji electric Japan.
Commercial plants ranging up to several hundreds of kilowatts with a
fuel processor (reformer) are being developed and have shown PAFC life to
be more than 45000 operational hours and more than 85% availability of the
plant during its entire life cycle. These plants were accomplished using
CNG/LPG/ land fill gases as the primary fuel that got converted to hydrogen
rich reformer gas by the online fuel processor. Such commercial plants are
available for outright purchase and the units being modular may be easily
transported. Multiple units can be used to meet higher demand. The systems
developed are mainly for catering to base load onsite power generation and
can be operated continuously.
Companies such as M/s UTC have also developed a variant for
operating city buses with a PAFC unit along with methanol reformer as an
onboard Hydrogen source. The buses mounted with PAFC and reformer
systems were demonstrated successfully at Georgetown, USA.
4.2 National Status
Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. Corporate R&D has carried out lot of
research work in development of PAFC stacks. In this regard, a 2x25 kW unit
was developed and operated using Hydrogen from the Chlor -alkali industries.
Further, BHEL (R&D) procured a 200kW PAFC unit from M/s Toshiba that
uses LPG as the primary fuel and was installed and operated successfully by
BHEL (R&D) engineers. This activity was discontinued due to problem of
leaching of electrolyte (phosphoric acid) and maintenance issues.
Naval Materials research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, one of
DRDO’s Naval cluster laboratories undertook a long term PAFC development
plan in the early nineties. Initial efforts focused on development of all
materials & related technologies necessary for PAFC technology, which was
then, transformed to willing industry partners. Accordingly, PAFC stacks
49
ranging from 1kW to few kWs have been developed and produced through
industry for tests & evaluation.
NMRL has also developed other accessories such as fuel processors
viz, compact, planar methanol reformers and Borohydride hydrolyzers
coupled with power electronics to feed conditioned power solutions for
defence applications. Products such as onsite, mobile/transportable power
generators ranging from 1kW to 15 kW were developed and demonstrated
successfully for field applications with very low signatures.
The laboratory has finally transferred the technology to M/s Thermax
Ltd, Pune,who have set up a manufacturing facility for PAFC based on a
technology developed by NMRL (DRDO)and have already manufactured and
supplied to DRDO (through a buy-back arrangement) 24 units of 3kW stacks
for their strategic applications. The facility is provided with all sub-
manufacturing modules to manufacture electrodes from basic raw materials,
assemble them in the form of fuel cell stacks and conduct elaborate testing of
each stack for meeting the strict quality control requirements of NMRL
necessary for defence establishments. A large scale skilled manpower for
manufacture of fuel cells is also being built in the process.
This is so far the only example of a successful indigenous
production of fuel units in India even though on a buy-back
arrangement.Presently NMRL is engaged in the development of underwater
power solutions together with improved versions of field powering for remote
and sensitive areas.
4.3 Gap Analysis and Technology Road Map
With the initiatives taken by NMRL and Thermax Ltd., India has already
taken the very first and the most important step for commercialization of fuel
cell technology in this country. Even though this particular type of fuel cell has
certain inherent drawbacks such as use of corrosive electrolyte together with
expensive platinum catalyst in relatively large quantities, the technology can
still be pursued in the country particularly for large capacity (MW scale)
distributed stationary power plants in the civilian sector till alternative fuel cells
of the same scale are available for deployment.
4.3.1 Identification of Potential Application Areas
Land based applications are distributed power for remote area,
sensitive location and tent city application. Marine applications are underwater
powering and all electric ship propulsion civilian spinoffs applications are high
50
efficiency power generators for distributed applications, Hydrogen grid area
powering, powering of large transport vehicles etc.
4.3.2 National Targets in next 10 years
(i) Land based distributed power systems for forward area power using
local energy harvesting with civil spinoffs:
(a) Broad spectrum fuel processor technologies viz, diesel
reforming, CNG/LPG reforming, Bio-ethanol reforming and direct
Hydrogen feed from solar/wind power systems including hybrids
with fuel cell power plants.
(b) Deployment of an aggregate of around 10 MW of PAFC field
generators of various capacities for defence applications, static
and field mobile platforms, distributed power generation.
(ii) Lowering of production cost with technology development for cheaper
components of the fuel cell plants to lower the PAFC cost to less than
Rs 30,000/kW inclusive of accessories.
(iii) Underwater and marine propulsion applications for defence use.
4.3.3 Technology Gaps
(i) Low cost PAFC catalyst: Research on development of low noble metal
content catalyst, structured inter digitated electrodes, improved
support etc.
(ii) Fuel processor technology for broad spectrum fuel: Technology for
compact diesel fuel processor along with multi-purpose reformers for
various fuels like Dimethyl ether (DME), ethanol, CNG etc.
4.3.4 Development Plan
The time frame for different capacities for PAFC systems may be as follows:
Fuel Cell
Type
Phase-I (2016-
2018)
Phase II (2019-
20)
Phase-III (2021-
2022)
PAFC Up to 50kW Up to 100 kW Up to 250 kW
(i) Primary technology development initiatives may be taken by DRDO
research groups through technical projects. These groups will be
responsible for the development of the basic technology.
51
(ii) In-house R&D will be carried out based on strong research areas and
core competence of DRDO. Research work as per requirement and
expertise will be outsourced to Indian Research organizations as sub-
projects.
(iii) Mature Technologies if available abroad will be assimilated through
technology transfer to DRDO project group or to DRDO nominated
industry partner as applicable.
(iv) Assimilation of technology for system development: A core group
inside DRDO to hold the know-how and know-whys of the
technologies developed and will be responsible for transferring the
technologies to Indian industries for realization of the products for the
user. DIITM at DRDO Hqrs in association with FICCI may be the
main interface with Indian Industries.
(v) Business plan to realize system is as per DRDO’s rule viz to transfer
the technologies to relevant industry through technical report, training
and support to develop the equipment and infrastructure. ToT fees
with commitment to effect supplies for DRDO & Indian Armed Forces
will be decided by DIITM.
4.3.5 Challenges towards PAFC Technology Commercialization
(i) High cost of production of PAFC is primary impediment towards its
commercialization.
(ii) The fuel infrastructure that is mostly for fossil fuel need to be
upgraded to enable renewable fuel usage. Additionally, fuel
processors to adapt fossil fuel to be inducted for operational flexibility
and better marketability.
(iii) There are various restrictions to use fuel cell power plants that need
expensive and complicated control systems. Rugged PAFC
technology with minimal operational restrictions needs to be
developed & commercialized to meet the market expectations.
52
SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL
53
5.0 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
5.1 International Activity
Research on SOFC has reached to a reasonably matured stage,
particularly in the advanced countries like USA, Canada, Germany, UK,
Denmark, Australia, Japan etc., where commercialization of the technology
seems to be viable through prototype demonstration as well as installation of
systems, particularly for residential and transport applications. The technology
development so far has been realized through major programmes such as
Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA), USA, Framework program
on SOFC (Europe), NEDO (Japan) etc. One of the key features of all such
programmes has been the industry-institute participation with clear cut
objectives and deliverables to achieve the final goal. As an outcome of these
programmes, several industries have built up their capabilities to develop the
technology. The following companies are active in SOFC development and
demonstration in recent years.
Westinghouse and Siemens were pioneers in SOFC development.
However there seems to no activity reported by these companies in recent
years. The prominent players presently are: Accumentrics, Bloom Energy,
Delphi, Protonex , Ultra Electronics AMI, Lockheed Martin, Versa Power,
FCE( USA), Ceres Power (UK), LG Fuel cell systems ( South Korea),
Elogenis, Convion/Wartsila (Finland), Hexis AG (Swiss), SOFC power
ApA,(Italy), Staxera-Sunfire, Germany, Topsøe Fuel Cell (Denmark), Kyocera,
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan), Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited (Australia).
Acumetrics with Sumitomo in Japan has developed micro tubular
anode supported SOFC. They have built 1 kW micro-CHP system for the
home. Bloom Energy has seen fastest growth in SOFC deployment. They
have already deployed a large number of SOFC systems (Planar design) in
100 kW range at Google, Coca-Cola and Bank of America and eBay. Bloom
Energy have some R&D and production activity in India also. Delphi is
focusing on SOFC solution (anode supported planar design) for APU
application in Volvo trucks. They are also participating in the Integrated
Gasification Fuel Cells Power Plant (IGFC) project with UTRC. Protonex,
which acquired Mesoscopic Devices LLC develops SOFC systems based on
tubular-cell technology for portable and mobile applications. Ultra Electronics
AMI is engaged in developing small SOFC systems in the power range 250-
300 watts, which operate on propane, butane and LPG. Lokheed Martins
program is on integrating SOFC with solar panels. Versa Power, which also
has Fuel cell Energy, a leading company in MCFC is working on SOFC-GT
systems with an ultimate aim of 250 kW and above with integrated coal
54
gasification. Ceres Power develops micro-CHP SOFC systems (metal
supported structures) for the residential sector and for energy security
applications. Elcogenics has demonstrated 1 kW IT-SOFC system, which is
based on anode supported cells. Hexisdeveloped planar SOFC-based CHP
units for stationary applications with electrical power requirements below 10
kW, which integrates a catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) reactor. The cell
design is unique flow field design. The LG Fuel cell system (SOFC-μGT)
based on the technology from Rolls Royce technology is also being positioned
for use in integrated coal gasification plants with sizes greater than 100
MW.SOFCpower SpA develops anode supported SOFC (1 kW) for micro
CHP applications. The Staxera SOFC stacks (4.5 kW) use ferritic bipolar
plates and electrolyte supported cell configuration. Topsøe Fuel Cell, focuses
on the development of residential micro-CHP and auxiliary power units with
SOFC planar anode-supported technology (1-5 kW), Topsøe with Wärtsilä
have installed 20 kW SOFC, which uses land fill gas. They plan to scale this
to 250 KW system eventually. Convion/Wärtsilä are reported to have
developed and commercialized 50 kW and larger SOFC products for
distributed power generation markets. Kyocera is developing micro-CHP
systems (750-1000 watts) for ‘ENEFARM’ program and is collaborating with a
number of companies like Osaka gas, Toyota, JX Nippon Oil in these
demonstrations. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has a long experience in SOFC.
They demonstrated a pressurized 21 kW SOFC in 1998. They also
demonstrated a SOFC-micro CHP (75 kW) in 2004, which has been now
scaled up to 229 MW. Their mono block technology with planar cell includes
internal reforming. Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited manufactures and markets
planar SOFC anode-supported technology systems for small-scale
cogeneration (1.5 kW). It is expected that 100.000 units will be delivered in
the next 6 years.
Lowering the operation temperature to around 500-800oC is one of the
major objectives of recent SOFC research activity. The main challenge is that
to develop cell materials with acceptably low ohmic and polarization losses to
maintain sufficiently high electrochemical activity at reduced temperature. The
nano scale engineering and nano-structured approached in the development
of high efficient and high performance electrodes in SOFC is a relatively a
new phenomenon. The nano composites will tremendously reduce the
working temperature of conventional SOFC from 1000oC to 300oC which
opens new opportunities and success by employing composites and nano
technology.
5.2 National Status
In India, there has been a spurt in SOFC research since the last
decade. The relevant research has primarily been catered by the academic
55
institutions and Government R&D organizations. However, there is a growing
interest among many private and PSU organizations which are initiating their
own R&D programmes. Though many institutions as listed in Table given
below may be considered to have research activities related to SOFC, these
activities have largely been limited to material development, except CSIR-
CGCRI, Kolkata and BARC, Mumbai, where efforts have been made to
develop the total technology with varying degrees of achievements.
Table – Indian Institutions active in the field of SOFC
Sl.
No.
Institution and
Department
Major area of activity/achievements
1. CSIR-CGCRI,
Kolkata (Fuel Cell &
Battery Division)
Planar anode-supported SOFC including
component materials, single cells, high
temperature seals and stack. Recently
demonstrated 500 W class SOFC stack
2. BARC, Mumbai Cathode-supported tubular SOFC including
component materials through indigenous
processing for cell fabrication
3. CSIR-IMMT,
Bhubaneshwar
(Colloids & Materials
Chemistry Division)
Cell fabrication through low cost processing
technique, EPD, in particular; testing of
single cells
4. IIT, Delhi (Chemical
Engg. Dept.)
Material development and cell fabrication for
direct hydrocarbon SOFC, DMFC and its
test protocols
5. CSIR-NCL, Pune
(Catalysis Division)
Novel anode catalyst formulations for
internal reforming of methane
6. NMRL, Ambernath With a strong expertise on PAFC recently
initiated program on SOFC research
7. IIT, Bombay (Dept. of
Energy Science
&Engg.)
Modelling, simulation and material
development
8. IIT, Madras (Dept. of
Metallurgical and
Materials
Engineering)
Development of alternative materials,
fabricated a tape casting machine to make
single cells and developed a single cell
testing station.
9. IIT, Kanpur (Dept. of
Materials &
Metallurgical Engg.)
Development of YSZ electrolyte and ceria
based anode material
10. CSIR-NAL,
Bangalore (Surface
Engg. Division)
Tubular SOFC, plasma sprayable
component materials for SOFC
56
11. IIT, Kharagpur
(Depts. Of Materials
& Metallurgical Engg.
And Mechanical
Engg.)
Material development, Modelling and
simulation
12. Shivaji University,
Kolhapur (Physics
Deptt.)
Development of YSZ &NiO, NiO variation in
NiO/GDC nano-composites, yttrium doped
BaCeO3thin films and study of
morphological & electrical properties of
materials for SOFCs at various substrate
temperatures.
13 Thapar University,
Patiala (School of
Physics & Materials
Science)
Synthesis and characterization of cathode
materials (bismuth based), solid electrolytes
(lanthanum based perovskite materials),
interconnects and various glass sealants.
14 BHEL, Hyderabad &
CTI, Bangalore
Anode-supported single cell and glass seal
of SOFC. Strong expertise on PAFC
including system integration
15 ARCI Development SOFC with novel architecture
16 GAIL, Noida Planning to develop test facilities for SOFC
stack using natural gas
17 Bloom Energy, Pune
& GE India,
Bangalore
Assembly of imported parts for supply to
Principals
18 NTPC, New Delhi Planning to initiate SOFC activity
19 MayurREnergy, Pune Collaboration with IKTS, Dresden for
assembly and supply of SOFC stacks in the
India for residential application
CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata has the strongest R&D group for technology
development in the area of SOFC, which was initiated in the mid 90’s. The
initial activities were focused on materials development. In recent years
stack development is given major thrust, which has resulted in the
demonstration of a 250 watts stack (anode supported , ferrite steel based
metallic interconnect) in 2011, followed by a 500 watts stack in 2013, and
1kW stack in 2015 using anew SOFC bi-polar stack design.
BARC is focusing on developing tubular SOFC. The R&D activities include
materials development by different routes, electrolytic coating by electro-
chemical vapor deposition (ECVD) process, dip coating, spray deposition
and electrophoretic deposition etc. The programme, however, is slowly
tapering down.
IIMT, Bhubaneswar is working on development of solid oxide fuel cells
(SOFC) using low-cost ceramic processing techniques like electrophoretic
deposition, slip-casting, dry pressing etc. They are developing a 1kW
57
stack. They are also developing alternative anode material, that is tolerant
to sulphur under the Indo-UK Fuel Cell Initiative Programme
NFTDC, Hyderabad in collaboration with Cambridge University is
developing metal supported SOFC and plan to build 1 kW stacks shortly.
CSIR-NAL started working developing materials and processes for the
tubular SOFC from 10th Plan. Anode supported button cells with a power
density of 350 mW/cm2together with tape casting process, interconnect,
sealant and test bench were developed. Recently, activities on fabrication
of self-reforming anode supported SOFCs for direct utilization of
hydrocarbon fuel and intermediate temperature SOFC have been initiated.
CSIR- NAL is in the process of transferring technology for the fabrication
of SOFC electrodes to some industries. Currently, work is focused towards
the development of a stack with 50 W power.
Materials of SOFC and IT-SOFC are being pursued at IIT-M [rare earth
doped zirconia and ceria, BaCeO3 based proton conducting oxides (PCO)]
, IIT-D ( anode supported SOFC, Cu-Co bimetallic impregnated in CeO2 –
YSZ cermet anodes , Yttrium and Lanthanum doped Strontium titanates) ,
Thapar University (of bismuth based cathode materials and lanthanum
based perovskite materials for the electrolyte applications, SiO2-BaO-ZnO-
M2O3-B2O3 (M=Al, Mn, Y, La) based glass sealants , SiO2-B2O3-MgO-
SrO-A2O3 (A=Y, La, Al) based glasses),
IIT Bombay and IIT Kanpur have also recently initiated SOFC activities on
new materials development along with simulation & modelling for planar
SOFC. International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy
and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad has started working in SOFC on a
typical design of honeycomb structures for specific application. In addition
to R&D establishments, multi-national companies such as GE (India),
Bangalore and Bloom Energy (India) Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai have ventured into
this area, primarily to assemble imported parts supplied by their principals.
BHEL, CTI, Bangalore has initiated the research work with SOFC single
cell testing using their own developed glass based seals. NTPC has also
planned to initiate activities on SOFC. With respect to gasification of
Indian coal, Thermax Limited, Pune is involved in building a gasifier for
coal and biomass for quite sometimes and now looking for application of
bio gas in SOFC.
Thus, it may be commented at this point that through research
initiatives at various levels, the overall strength in the field, in terms of
knowledge base, skilled manpower and infrastructural facility, the SOFC
development has reached a degree of maturity where, at least, pre-
commercial trials is envisaged in near future through well-framed network
programmes involving R&D organizations, Academia and Industry.
58
5.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to Bridge the Gap
Application
area
National
target/status
International
target/status
Suggestive
pathway to bridge
the gap
Suggestive
organization
for action
Approximat
e timeframe
Single Cell
design and
size
Planar anode-
supported of
dimension 10 cm x
10 cm x 1.5 mm
(CGCRI) and
Tubular cathode-
supported (BARC,
NAL) of length upto
~15 cm.
Cells are being
fabricated in lab
scale only
Both for planar
and tubular
designs, much
larger dimension
cells are
fabricated on a
production scale.
For anode-
supported cells,
the anode
thickness is
typically between
0.3 to 0.7 mm.
R&D on scale-up
for high
performance and
redox stable cell
fabrication
through industrial
tie up and/or
collaboration
(both national and
international)
CGCRI,
BARC, HR
Johnson Ltd.,
MayurEenergy
2014-2016
Component
materials
(Conven-
tional)
Production of
relevant component
powders in Kg level.
(Except for BARC,
YSZ powder is
mainly imported by
other organizations)
Facilities
available for
supply of all the
component
powders in 10’s
of Kg
Indigenization of all
component
powders for their
production with
proper QC through
Identification of
suitable industry
Indian Rare
Earth Ltd.,
BARC. MNRE
2014-2016
Component
materials
(New)
No focused target in
the national level.
Some stray efforts
are being made by
different groups to
develop alternate
materials for SOFC
applications.
Materials are in
advance stage of
development,
particularly for LT-
SOFC and direct
hydrocarbon fuel
applications.
R&D on
development of
internally
reformable anode
materials and
alternate materials
for LT-SOFC
CGCRI, IITs
and other
academic
institutes
2014-2017
Stack and
system
(a) Rating
(b) Fuel
1 kW. Till now
demonstrated 500W-
class stack (CGCRI)
in planar design
> 10 kW. 1 to 2
kW stack
available in the
market (but at
very high cost)
mainly in the
planar design
R&D to improve
upon stack
efficiency and
develop upto 5 kW
stack in planar
design
CGCRI, BHEL 2015-2020
Mainly H2 with target
to use natural gas
Both H2 and
natural gas have
R&D on
development of
CGCRI,
Thermax India,
2014-2017
59
(c) Seal (for
planar
SOFC)
(d) System
integration
been used.
Utilization of
gasified coal and
biogas has been
targeted.
new materials as
stated above
and/or
development of
external reformers
IITs and other
academic
institutes
Glass-ceramics
based rigid sealants
have been
developed by
CGCRI. R&D
initiated on thermally
cyclable sealant
Stacks can be
thermally cycled
between ambient
and working
temperatures.
R&D to develop
self-healing and/or
compressive type
non-rigid sealants
for thermal
cyclability.
CGCRI, BARC,
Thapar Univ.
2014-2017
No activity has been
initiated yet
Complete system
with BOP and
thermal
management has
been developed
Research related
to system
integration,
simulation, thermal
management,
BOP, etc,
BHEL, BARC,
Thermax India,
NTPC, GAIL
IITs, CGCRI
2017-2022
5.3.1 Issues / Challenges for Commercialization of the Technology in
the Country
Necessary expertise and knowledge-base has been generated in the
country to a stage where development of the total SOFC technology seems to
be definitely feasible. However, for commercialization of the technology, there
are certain issues/challenges that need to be looked into. The following are
some of the key issues:
No concerted efforts have been made so far to develop the
technology under a national program involving institute-industry-
academia. Whatever successful commercialization has been
made so far in the advanced countries, are mainly through such
national programs (e.g. SECA in USA) only.
As SOFC technology is related to an alternate source of energy,
import of key component materials in future may be restricted
and/or become more costly
Global competition from various existing manufacturers,
particularly from China
Significant financial requirement for establishment of the
technology
5.3.2 National Targets
Considering several advantages of the technology, particularly in terms
of fuel flexibility, overall efficiency, possibility combined heat and power
60
utilization and the level of expertise available in the country, it is suggested
that the development of this technology should be taken up in the “mission
mode” with the following time schedule and targeted capacities.
Fuel Cell
Type
Phase-I (2016-
2018)
Phase II (2019-
20)
Phase-III (2021-
2022)
SOFC
Up to 5kW Up to 25kW Up to 100kW
61
DIRECT METHANOL / ETHANOL FUEL
CELL
62
6.0 Direct Methanol / Ethanol Fuel Cell
6.1 International Activity
6.1.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
In 1951, Kordesch and Marko identified for the first time the possibility
of using methanol as a fuel for fuel cell system. However, the major
developmental milestones for DMFC technology did not come until the 1960s.
At this time, methanol was being steam reformed to produce hydrogen which
was subsequently used in fuel cell systems. In developing DMFC systems,
researchers hoped to find a way of removing the reforming step and enabling
the direct use of methanol to produce electricity. In 1963, researchers at Allis-
Chalmers tested a methanol fuel cell which used potassium hydroxide as an
alkaline electrolyte. The degradation of the alkaline electrolyte by carbonate
formation was observed as part of this work and the theory of regenerating
carbonate ions to hydroxide ions was proposed. By 1965, both Shell and
ESSO had given much attention for the development of DMFC systems. Shell
chose to research the use of aqueous sulphuric acid electrolyte in favor of
alkaline electrolyte as this was unaffected by the carbon dioxide produced in
the electrochemical reaction. ESSO also produced a direct methanol-air fuel
cell which utilized sulphuric acid electrolyte. This system was developed for
the US Army Electronics Laboratories for use in portable military
communications equipment. Also in 1965, Binder developed catalysts for
DMFC technology based on noble metal alloys. In 1992, Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, Giner and the University of Southern California developed a
DMFC which operated with a Nafion membrane. The solid nature of the
membrane meant that it became necessary to deliver methanol fuel to the
anode rather than through the electrolyte as had been the case in the
sulphuric acid system. This new fuel delivery method thus began to resemble
the modern day design of DMFC technology much more closely.
DMFC are best suited to applications under 100 W. SFC Energy (SFC)
was one of the first companies to successfully commercialize a fuel cell
consumer product and the first to do so in the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
sector. Its range of DMFC products targeted at consumers, industrial users
and military users. OorjaProtonics offers a different approach to the Materials
Handling Vehicle (MHV) market: instead of replacing lead-acid batteries with
fuel cells, it offers DMFC charger that sits on top of the existing battery and
extends its operation. Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corporation develops and
manufactures disposable methanol fuel cartridges that provide the energy
source for fuel cell powered notebook computers, mobile phones, military
equipment and other applications being developed by electronics OEMs, such
63
as Samsung and Toshiba, and other companies. DMFC Corporation has
licensed an extensive portfolio of direct methanol fuel cell patents from
Pasadena-based California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the
University of Southern California (USC). DMFCC is partnered with Samsung
and other companies engaged in fuel cell development and applications.
Small, portable fuel cells for hand-held devices are being developed by a
number of companies. For instance, Toshiba (Tokyo: 6502 JP) has already
developed a direct methanol fuel cell for use in electronic equipment, which
they are currently integrating into several electronic prototypes, including
digital music players and laptop computers.
However, in order to be competitive within the transport market, the DMFC
must be reasonably cheap and capable of delivering high power densities. At
present, there are a few challenging problems in development of such
systems. These mainly consist in finding i) electrocatalysts which can
effectively enhance the electrode-kinetics of methanol oxidation ii) electrolyte
membranes which have high ionic conductivity and low methanol crossover
and iii) methanol tolerant electro-catalysts with high activity for oxygen
reduction. One of the biggest challenge is engineering a product.
6.1.2 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell
One of the challenges in DEFC is the incomplete oxidation of ethanol
to produce hydrogen gas. Several studies have been reported that new
catalysts, which are better than the conventional catalyst, have been used in
DMFC. Scientists from California Institute of Technology, San Francisco,
USA developed direct ethanol fuel cell, which exhibit a power density of 110
mW/cm2 under extremely severe conditions (Nafion®-silica, 1400C., 4 bar
anode, 5.5 bar oxygen). A team of researchers from Brookhaven National
Laboratory, USA and University of Delaware have synthesized a ternary
PtRhSnO2/C electro catalyst, which produces electrical currents 100 times
higher than those produced with other catalysts. Scientists at the Kyushu
Institute of Technology, Japan have found that addition of TiO2, SnO2, and
SiO2 nanoparticles to the carbon-supported PtRu (PtRu/C) in the ratio 1:1
increased the short circuit current from 2.8 to 9.0 mA/cm2.
6.2 National Status
SPIC Science Foundationin Chennai demonstrated a 250 watts DMFC
in the early 2000s. Subsequently there has been no report from this group.
CSIR–CECRI has been addressing several issues related to DMFC. These
include Identifying and qualifying methanol tolerant catalysts and electro-
catalysts for enhanced methanol oxidation, PEMs with reduced methanol
permeability, customization of flow fields and end plates for stack building,
64
custom designing BOP with application centric approach and validation of
durability of components and system are focused.
The following are the list of electro catalyst supports that have been
found to yield better performance than the state-of-the-art catalyst reported in
the literature.
(i) Transition Metal Carbide supported Pt-Ru Anode catalyst (Methanol
oxidation).
(ii) Pt-Ru decorated self-assembled TiO2-Carbon hybrid nano structure
(EnhancedMethanol electro-oxidation).
(iii) Carbon-Supported Pt-Pd Alloy cathode catalyst (Methanol tolerant).
(iv) Carbon-supported Pt encapsulated Pd nanostructure as methanol-
tolerant oxygen reduction electro catalyst.
(v) Pt-Y(OH)3/C cathode catalyst.
These electro catalysts have not only been assessed for respective reaction
kinetics but also tested on single cell configuration (25 cm2) with standard flow
field using Nafion 117 as the electrolyte. Similar to the approach shown
above, different kinds of proton exchange membranes originating from Nafion
and also non-Nafion source particularly from natural and synthetic polymers
have been developed and validated with standard flow field and electro
catalyst configurations:
(i) Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) blend.
(ii) Mordenite-PVA-PSSA composite.
(iii) PVA-Sulfosuccinic acid (SSA)-heteropolyacid (HPA) mixed matrices.
(iv) Chitosan(CS)-Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)-phosphotungstic
acid(PTA) mixed matrices.
All these polymers have been configured specific to reducing
methanol permeability using different concepts of poly blending and cross
linking polymer chemistry with the possibility of realizing proton conductivity
close to Nafion 117. While doing so, the methanol impermeability has been
taken into consideration with a little sacrifice on proton conductivity. This gives
rise to a factor called “Electrochemical selectivity” that decides the choice of
appropriate polymer membrane suiting to the desired configuration of DMFC.
The following two tables show the different concepts used in evolving
the resultant macromolecular network and electrochemical selectivity obtained
for the competing polymer electrolyte membrane:
Membrane Type
PVA – PSSA blend
Mordenite – PVA – PSSA
Concept used
Interpenetrating network / PVA
cross – linked with GA.
Dispersed phase of the inorganic
filler and continuous phase of PVA
65
PVA – SSA- HPA
PVA – SSA- CS, PVA –GA- CS
Bio-polymeric natural CS, Na Alg
mixed matrices.
Pore filled PVDF membrane
– PSSA improving overall
electrochemical selectivity for the
membrane.
Providing a bridge for proton
transport through SSA. Stabilizing
through larger cations (Cs) for
better dispersion and enhancing
DMFC performance. Preferential
water absorption helpful in
restricting methanol cross over in
DMFCs.
Hydrophilizing PVDF with chemical
etchant route, formation of charge
transfer complex
Besides electro active components, CECRI has also optimized flow
field pattern required for efficient DMFC operation and to avoid leakage. A 50
W self-sustained DMFC has been designed and evaluated for continuous
longer hours operation. It has been shown that by careful balancing methanol
and water, it is possible to customize the DMFC for an uninterrupted
operation. The present efforts are directed towards the following action plan:
Increase the gravimetric power density of DMFC stack to 200W/kg, improve
flow distribution, current distribution, metallic flow field design, MEMS based
bipolar plate, reduce methanol crossover, improved stack design,
lighter/thinner end and bipolar plates, miniature control system.
IIT Delhi developed 3 W stack based of direct alcohol (methanol and
ethanol) flowing alkaline electrolyte fuel cells and direct alcohol proton
exchange membrane fuel cell. They developed a direct ethanol fuel cell using
Nafion membrane and a novel bi/tri-metallic catalyst with a performance of 50-
70 mW/cm2. Work on non-noble metal catalysts for oxygen evolution and
reduction reactions is going on. They have developed direct glucose fuel cells
with power density of 5-10 mW/cm2. The mathematical modelling of SOFC,
PEMFC and DAFC is also carried out.
6.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to Bridge the Gap
As mentioned earlier, DEFC has recently attracted much research
attention due to its non-toxicity, its availability from renewable sources and
low ethanol fuel-crossover compared with methanol. Ethanol is a hydrogen-
rich liquid and it has a higher energy density (8.0 kWh/kg) compared to
methanol (6.1 kWh/kg). But DEFC has low power output compared to DMFC.
On other hand DMFC has problem of fuel cross over which is less in DEFC.
The performance of the DEFC is currently about half that of the DMFC.
66
Reason being the electro-catalytic oxidation of ethanol in a direct ethanol
polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is known to be more complex and
incomplete than that of methanol. Low-temperature oxidation of ethanol to
hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide requires a more active catalyst with
excellent selectivity, which typically means a good combination of bimetallic,
trimetallic platinum based catalyst, is required than in conventional catalysts
used for DMFC. Thus investigation of ethanol electro-oxidation reaction
mechanisms on electrode is important and needs to be investigated. The
amount of catalyst used in direct alcohol fuel cell is normally very high and
efforts are required to address this issue. Methanol crossover is one of the
major obstacles to prevent DMFC from commercialization. There are very few
studies of short stack or stack development and associated engineering
issues. These need to be looked into.
Transfer of technology from abroad may be required for the
development of balance of plant for DMFC and DEFC. Packaging product
DEFC or DMFC as power source for portable equipment requires precise
design and optimization of design parameter for BOP and precise control of
the same. There are couple of Korean, Taiwan and German manufacturers,
who are in advance stage of commercialization for the use of DMFC and
back-up power for telecom tower, utility vehicle such as golf cart, scooter and
portable electronic equipment.
6.4 National Targets
Depending on the power capacity of the product, three main areas of
applications can be national targets such as:
(i) Consumer Electronics Applications: 50-250W with an energy density of
500-800Wh/L. Although India’s contribution to electronics industry in
general is only 0.7%, the Indian industry and R&D institutions in
general can provide breakthrough to portable fuel cell.
(ii) Other applications e.g.two wheelers, golf cart, mini trucks, residential
and small business establishments etc.: 1-5 kW having energy density
of 800 – 1000Wh/L.
(iii) Time schedule may be as follows:
Fuel Cell Type Phase-I (2016-
2018)
Phase II
(2019-20)
Phase-III (2021-
2022)
DMFC/DEFC Up to 100 W Up to 250 W Up to 1 kW
67
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIO-FUEL CELL
68
7.0 Different Types of Bio-Fuel Cell
7.1 Working Principle and classification of bio-fuel cell
The fuel cells, which use different forms of bio-catalysts, are normally
referred to as “Bio-fuel Cells”. They are relatively of more recent origin and
require significant extent of basic/ fundamental research before technology
development effort may be initiated in this country.
There are two major types of Biological fuel cells (or Bio-fuel cells): 1)
Microbial fuel cells employ living cells such as microorganisms as the catalyst
for the electrochemical reaction and 2) Enzymetic bio-fuel cells, which use
different enzymes to catalyze the redox reaction of the fuels.A generalized
schematic of a bio-fuel half-cell is presented in Fig. 4 and an overview of
different types of bio-fuel cells is presented in Fig. 7.
Fig.7: Schematic of a generalized half-bio-fuel cell. A fuel is oxidized (or
oxidant reduced) with the help of a biological component (organism or
enzyme), and electrons are transferred to (or from) a mediator, which
either diffuses to or is associated with the electrode and is oxidized (or
reduced) to its original state and thus act as a catalyst.
7.2 Microbial Fuel Cell
As mentioned above, a microbial fuel cell (MFC) converts chemical
energy of a fuel (generally a liquid) to electrical energy by the catalytic activity
of microorganisms, which helps to generate both electrons and protons at the
anode. Use of various types of microorganisms has been reported for this
purpose. For example, brevibacillus sp. PTH1 has been one of the most
extensively used microorganisms in a MFC system. Others include firmicutes,
acidobacteria, proteobacteria and yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and hansenulaanomala etc.
69
Fig.8: Classification of bio-fuel cells.
Microbial bio-fuel cells have the major advantage of complete oxidation
of the fuels due to the use of microorganism as catalyst system and their
lifetime is generally quite long. Besides, as there is no intermediate process
involved, they are very efficient energy conversion devices. In addition, as a
fuel cell, a MFC doesnot need charging during operation. However, there are
certain bottlenecks. Power generation of a MFC is affected by many factors
including microbe type, fuel biomass type and concentration, ionicstrength,
pH, temperature, and reactor configuration.
The principle cell performance of MFCs lies in the electron transfer
from microbial cells tothe anode electrode. The direct electron transfer from
the micro-organism to electrodes is hindered by overpotential due to transfer
resistance. The overpotential lowers the potentialof a MFC and significantly
affects the cell efficiency. In this case, the practical outputpotential is less than
ideal because the electron transfer efficiency from the substrate to theanode
varies from microbe to microbe. Microorganism species do not readily
releaseelectrons and hence the redox mediators are needed. A desirable
mediator should have awhole range of properties: Firstly, its potential should
be different from the micro-organismpotential to facilitate electron transfer.
Secondly, it should have a high diffusion coefficientin the solution. Lastly, it is
Bio-fuelCell
70
suitable for repeatable redox cycles in order to remain active inthe electrolyte.
Widely used Dye mediators such as neutral red (NR), methylene blue
(MB),thionine (Th), meldola's blue (MelB) and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
(HNQ) canfacilitate electron transfer for microorganism such as Proteus,
Entero-bacter, Bacillus,Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli. In the electron
transfer process, these mediators arereduced by interacting with electron
generated within the cell then these mediators inreduced form diffuse out of
the cell to the anode surface where they are electro-catalyticallyoxidized. The
oxidized mediator is then capable to repeat this redox cycle.Better performing
electrodes can improve the cell performance of a MFC because
differentanode materials can result in different activation of a polarization loss,
which is attributed toan activation energy that must be overcome by the
reactants. Carbon or graphite basedmaterials are widely used as electrodes
due to their large surface area, high conductivity, biocompatibility and
chemical stability. Also, platinum and gold are popular as electrode system
although they are expensive. Compared with carbon basedelectrode
materials, platinum and gold electrodes are superior in the performance of
thecells. Besides, they have a higher catalytic kinetics towards
oxygencompared to carbon based materials and hence the MFCs with Pt
based cathodes yieldedhigher power densities than those with carbon based
cathodes.Electrode modification is another way to improve MFC performance
of cells. An increase of 100-folds in current has been observed by using
(neutral red) NR-woven graphite and Mn4+-graphite anode instead of the
wovengraphite anode alone. Electrode modifications including adsorptionof
AQDS or 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ) and incorporation with Mn2+, Ni2+,
Fe3O4 increasedthe cell performance of MFCs in their long-term operations.
In addition,the fluorinated polyanilines, poly (2-fluoroaniline) and poly (2, 3, 5,
6-tetrafluoroaniline)outperformed polyaniline were applied for electrode
modification (Niessen et al., 2006).These conductive polymers also serve as
mediators due to their structural similarities toconventional redox mediators.
A proton exchange membrane (PEM) such as “Nafion” can also
significantly affect a MFC system's internalresistance and concentration
polarization loss because the internal resistance of MFCdecreases with the
increase in the PEM surface area Compared with the performanceof MFC
using a PEM or a salt bridge, the power density using the salt bridge MFC
was 2.2 mW/m2 that was an order of magnitude lower than that attained using
Nafion.However, side effect is unavoidable with the use of PEM. For example,
the concentration ofcation species such as Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+ is
much higher than that of proton so thattransportation of cation species
dominates. In this case, Nafion used in the MFCs is not anefficient proton
specific membrane but actually a cation specific membrane. Subsequent
studies have implied that anion-exchange or bipolar membranes hasbetter
properties than cation exchange membranes.
71
Two promising applications of MFCs in the future are wastewater
treatment and electricitygeneration. Although some noticeabledevelopment
has been made in the MFC research, there are still a lot of challenges to
beovercome for large-scale applications. The primary challenge is how to
improve the cellperformance in terms of power density and energy efficiency.
In addition, catalytic effect ofbio-electrodes need to be further enhanced to
solve the problems caused by enzyme activityloss and other degradation
processes. Moreover, the lifetime of the MFC must besignificantly improved.
7.3 Enzymatic bio-fuel cells
In enzymatic bio-fuel cells (EBFCs) redox enzymes such as glucose
oxidase (GOx), laccase etc. are used as the catalysts that can facilitate the
electron transfer between substrates andelectrode surface. The electron
transfer mechanism may be of two types: i) Direct electron transfer (DET) and
ii) Mediator electron transfer (MET). In the former, the substrate is
enzymatically oxidized at the anode, producing protons and electrons which
directly transfer from enzyme molecules to anodesurface. At the cathode, the
oxygen reacts with electrons and protons, generating water.However, DET
between an enzyme and the electrode has only been reported with a
fewenzymes such as cytochrome c, laccase, hydrogenase, and several
peroxidases. Some enzymes have nonconductive protein shell so that
theelectron transfer is inefficient. To overcome this barrier, a mediator is
therefore used to enhance thetransportation ofelectrons. The selection and
mechanism of MET in EBFCs are quite similarto those of MFCs that are
discussed before.
There are still some challenges in usingMET in EBFCs, such as poor
diffusion of mediators and non-continuous supply. Therefore, modification of
bio-electrodes to realize DET based EBFCs has attracted most attention. Like
in any fuel cell, power density and lifetime are two important factors which
determine the cellperformance and the application of EBFCs. Significant
improvements have been made in recent times. These have been mostly
achieved by modification of electrode with betterperformance, improving
enzyme immobilization methods as well as optimizing the cellconfiguration.
The performance of electrodes for EBFCs mainly depends on: electron
transfer kinetics, mass transport, stability, and reproducibility. The electrode is
mostly made of gold, platinum or carbon as in case of conventional bio-fuel
cells. Besides these conventional materials, biocompatible conducting
polymers have also been used widely.
In order to maximize the cell performance, mesoporous materials have
been applied in many studies because of their high surface areasthus high
72
power density could be achieved. Moreover, many attempts using nano-
structuressuch as nano-particles, nano-fibers, and nano-composites as the
electrode materials. The large surface area by using these nano-
structuresleads to high enzyme loading and enables to improve the power
density of the cells.Recently, one of the most significant advances in EBFCs
is electrode modificationby employing carbon nano-tubes. Several research
activities have addressed the application of single wallcarbon nano-tube
hybrid system. The oriented assembly of short SWNT normal to
electrodesurfaces was accomplished by the covalent attachment of the CNT
to the electrode surface.It was reported that surface assembled GOx is in
good electric contact with electrode due tothe application of SWNT, which
acted as conductive nano-needles that electrically wire theenzyme active sites
to the transducer surface. Other studies have been reported on
improvingelectrochemical and electro-catalytic behavior and fast electron
transfer kinetics of CNTs.It was discussed that the application of SWNTs,
whichpossesses a high specific surface area, may effectively adsorb enzyme
molecules and retainsthe enzyme within the polymer matrix, whereas other
forms of enzyme-composites may suffer from enzyme loss when they were
placed in contact with aqueous solutions.Although recent advancement in
modification of electrodes appears to be promising due tothe improvement of
cell performance obtained, biocompatibility and nano-toxicity need to
befurther studied and addressed.
Successful immobilization of the enzymes on the electrode surface is
considered as anothercritical factor that affects cell performance. The
immobilization of enzyme can be achievedphysically or chemically. There are
two major types of physical methods, physicalabsorption and entrapment. The
first one is to absorb the enzymes onto conductive particlessuch as carbon
black or graphite powders. For example, hydrogenase and laccase
wereimmobilized by using physical absorption on carbon black particles to
construct compositeelectrodes and the EBFCs could continuously work for 30
days. Another physicalimmobilization method is based on polymeric matrices
entrapment, which usually showsmore stabilized enzyme immobilization. For
example, redox polymers could be utilized to fabricateenzymatic bio-fuel cells
system. For this, the electrodes were built by casting the enzyme-
polymermixed solution onto a 7 μm diameters, 2 cm length carbon fibers. It
showed that the glucose–oxygen bio-fuel cell was capable of generating a
power density up to 0.35mW/cm2 at 0.88V. Compared with the physical
immobilization which is unstableduring the operation, the chemical
immobilization methods with the efficient covalentbonding of enzymes and
mediators are more reliable.
However, there are still challenges for further development oflong term
stability of the enzymatic bio-electrodes and efficient electron transfer
betweenenzymes and electrode surfaces. Recent efforts have been given to
73
protein engineering, reliable immobilization method and novel cell
configuration.
7.4 Miniature enzymatic bio-fuel cells
The first micro-sized enzymatic bio fuel cell was reported in 2001.
Aglucose/O2 bio-fuel cell consisted of two 7 μm diameter, 2 cm long electro-
catalyst-coatedcarbon fibers operating at ambient temperature in an aqueous
solutionof pH 5. The areas of theanode and the cathode of the cell were about
60 times smaller than those of the smallestreported and 180 times smaller
than those of the previously reported smallest cell. The power density of the
cell was 64 μW/cm2 at 23 °C and 137 μW/cm2 at 37 °C, and the power output
was 280 nW at 23 °C and 600 nW at 37 °C. The results revealed that
theminiature enzymatic bio-fuel cells could generate sufficient power for small
powerconsumingCMOS circuit. Later, a miniature compartment-less
glucose/O2 bio-fuel cell operatingin a living plant was developed. Implantation
of the fibers in the grape leads to an operating bio-fuel cellproducing 2.4 μW
at 0.52 V, which is adequate for operation of low-voltage
CMOS/SIMOXintegrated circuits. The performance of the miniature enzymatic
bio-fuel cell was upgradedto 0.78 V operating at 37 °C in a ph 5 buffer. In
2004, a miniaturesingle-compartment glucose/O2 bio-fuel cell made with the
novel cathode operatedoptimally at 0.88 V, the highest operating voltage for a
compartmentless miniature fuel cell. The enzyme was formed by “wiring”
laccase to carbon through anelectron conducting redox hydro-gel, its redox
functions tethered through long and flexiblespacers to its cross-linked and
hydrated polymer, which led to the apparently increasedelectron diffusion
coefficient. The latest report on miniature glucose/O2 bio-fuel
cellsdemonstrated a new kind of carbon fiber microelectrodes modified with
single-wall carbon nano-tubes (CNTs). The power density of this assembled
miniaturecompartment-less glucose/O2 BFC reached 58l Wcm-1 at 0.40 V.
When the cell was operatedcontinuously with an external loading of 1 M
resistance, it lost 25% of its initial power in thefirst 24 h and the power output
dropped by 50% after a 48 h continuous work. Althoughfrom the practical
application point of view, the performance and the stability of the recently
developedminiature emzymatic bio-fuel cells remain to be improved, the
miniature feature and the compartmentlessproperty as well as the tissue-
implantable bio-capability of enzymatic bio-fuel cellessentially enable the
future studies on in vivo evaluation of the cell performance andstability in real
implantable systems.
In an effort to miniaturize the EBFCs, a versatile technique based on
CMEMSprocess for the miniaturization of electrodes has been developed. It is
centered aroundthefabricationof 3D microelectrodes for miniature enzymatic
bio-fuel cells. First, the functionalizationmethods for EBFCs enzyme
74
immobilization were studied. Then we apply finite elementapproach to
simulate the miniature EBFCs to attain the design rule such as electrode
aspectratio, configuration as well as orientation of the chip. Building an EBFC
based on this designrule is still underway.
7.5 International Status
During the last couple of decades extensive basic/ fundamental
research work has been carried out in many institutes around the world,
glimpses of which are presented here. The accelerated rate of publication
particularly during the last one decade is quite evident from Fig.6 presented
below:
Fig.6: Histograms depicting year-wise word-wide research publications on
“Microbial Fuel Cells” and their citation analysis. (ISI Web of Knowledge,
Thomson Reuters®).
The research in Bio-Energy & Environmental Biotechnology (BEEB) at
The Energy and Biotechnologydepartment of Ecological and Biological
Engineering of Oregon State University includes electricity generation using
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) and Hydrogen production using Microbial
Electrolysis Cells (MECs). At present, the group is focusing on reactor design,
membrane/cloth selection, electrode development, isolation of exo-
electrogens, and system optimization to improve power generation and
hydrogen production from various waste bio-mass. In May 2009, the
Department of Earth Sciences at University of Southern California, Los
Angeles,has published a paper titled “Electricity production coupled to
ammonium in a microbial fuel cell” authored by He Z, Kan J, Wang Y, Huang
Y, Mansfeld F, Nealson KH.
Microbial fuel cells offer great promise as a method for simultaneous
wastewater treatment and renewable energy generation. The Penn State
group, led by Dr. Bruce Logan, focuses primarily on MFC architecture and
factors that will lead to successful scale up designs. They use both air-
Published Items in Each Year Citations in Each Year
INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL
75
cathode and aqueous (dissolved oxygen) cathode systems to better
understand factors that limit power generation, and examine how power
density can be increased while using low-cost yet effective materials.
A list of various international institutes working on microbial fuel cells is
given below.
1. Penn State University (USA) - The Logan Group.
2. Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) (USA) – May Lab.
3. Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (Korea) - The Energy
and Biotechnology Laboratory (EBL).
4. Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) (China) - School of Municipal and
Environmental Engineering, Advanced Water Management Centre
5. The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
6. Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero (IAMC) IST-CNR Section of
Messina, Messina, Italy.
7. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, California
8. Dépt. deGénieChimique, EcolePolytechnique de Montréal, Centre-
Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada.
9. School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Merz Court,
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
10. US Naval Research Laboratory - Washington, D.C. (USA) – The
Ringeisen Group
7.6 National Status
R&D on Bio-fuel has started more recently (since the year 2000) in
India.The rate of publication has accelerated during the last few years as is
evident from Fig. 7. There are only a few Institutes which are involved in bio-
fuel cell development as listed below:
1. Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Bioengineering and
Environmental Centre (BEEC), Hyderabad, India.
2. Biotechnology Department, IIT Madras, Chennai, India.
3. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
4. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai
5. Vellore University
6. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur
7. Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu,
India.
76
Fig.7: Histograms depicting year-wise research publications on “Microbial
Fuel Cells” from India and their citation analysis. (ISI Web of
Knowledge, Thomson Reuters®).
Overall publication record from these Institutes is presented below:
Fig. 8: Total number of research publication on “Microbial Fuel Cells” from
different institutes of India (ISI Web of Knowledge, Thomson
Reuters®).
7.7 Applications of bio-fuel cells
Presently there are two practically applied systems; a test rig operating
on starch plant wastewater (microbial fuel cell system), which has been
operating for at least 5 years has been demonstrated as a bioremediation and
as a biological oxygen demand (BOD) sensor, and also a biofuel cell has
been employed as the stomach of a mobile robotic platform ‘Gastronome’,
designed as the precursor to autonomous robots that can scavenge their fuel
from their surroundings (gastrobots). The original Gastronome ‘eats’ sugar
cubes fed to it manually, but other groups have refined the concept somewhat
to produce predators consuming slugs, or flies, although so far they both still
Published Items in Each Year Citations in Each Year
NATIONAL NATIONAL
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
CSIR INDIAN INST CHEM TECHNOL
INDIAN INST TECHNOL
ANNA UNIV
NATL INST TECHNOL
UNIV CALCUTTA
CENT ELECTROCHEM RES INST
MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIV
SRM UNIV
ANAND ENGN COLL
UNIV PUNE
CTR FUEL CELL TECHNOL ARCI
TERI UNIV
PSG COLL TECHNOL
CSIR INST MINERALS MAT TECHNOL
NUMBER OF RECORDS
IND
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77
require manual feeding. Many applications have been suggested however,
and several of these are in varying stages of development.
The most obvious target for biofuel cells research is still for in vivo
applications where the fuel used could be withdrawn virtually without limit from
the flow of blood to provide a long-term or even permanent power supply for
such devices as pacemakers, glucose sensors for diabetics or small valves
for bladder control. The challenge of biocatalysis over a suitably long period is
particularly problematic in these areas, where surgical intervention could be
required to change over to a new cell and ethical constraints are
paramount.Ex vivo proposed applications are diverse. The large scale is
represented by proposed power recovery from waste streams with
simultaneous remediation by bio electrochemical means, or purely for power
generation in remote areas, the medium scale by power generating systems
for specialist applications such as the gastrobot above, and perhaps of
greatest potential the small scale power generation to replace battery packs
for consumer electronic goods such as laptop computers or mobile
telephones. The larger scale applications tend to be organism based and the
smaller scale ones more likely to be enzymatic. In the case of enzymatic fuel
cells, at least, the major barrier to any successful application is component
lifetime, particularly in view of the limited enzyme lifetime and problems of
electrode fouling/poisoning.
7.8 Conclusions
Extensive R&D activity is in progress throughout the globe including
India for laboratory level investigation on the various aspects of bio-fuel cell
with partial success. Prototypes have been developed only for a few
applications. Research into defining the reaction environment needs to be
conducted so that models of system behaviour can be created, validated and
employed. Necessary elements in this research include temperature variation,
pressure, fluid flow, mass transport (of nutrients, wastes and by-products) and
reactant conversion. Once these elements are considered it should become
possible to design a bio-fuel cell as a unit operation that can be employed as
a part of a larger process.
Significant development on both types of bio-fuel cells has been
achievedin the past decade. With the demands for reliable power supplies for
medical devices forimplantable applications, great effort has been made to
make the miniaturized bio-fuel cells.The past experiment results revealed that
the enzymatic miniature bio-fuel cells couldgenerate sufficient power for
slower and less power-consuming CMOS circuit. In addition, we have also
presented simulation results showing that the theoretical power
outputgenerated from C-MEMS enzymatic bio-fuel cells can satisfy the current
implantable medicaldevices.
78
However, there are several challenges for further advancements in
miniaturizedbio-fuel cells. The most significant issues include long term
stability and non-sufficientpower output. Successful commercial bio-fuel cell
development requires a ‘chemical engineering’ approach and requires the
joint effortsfrom different disciplines: biology to understand bio-molecules,
chemistry to gainknowledge on electron transfer mechanisms; material
science to develop novel materialswith high biocompatibility and chemical
engineering to design and establish the system. Considerable of fundamental
and interdisciplinary research is still needed in this country before a prototype
can be demonstrated in practice.
Proposed milestones for the development of this type of fuel cell may
be as follows:
Fuel Cell
Type
Phase-I (2016-
2018)
Phase II (2019-
20)
Phase-III (2021-
2022)
BFC
Up to 100 W Up to 250 W Up to 1 kW
79
MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELL
80
8.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
8.1 International Activity
Recently, field tests of a 2 MW internal reforming system at the city of
Santa Clara, California and 250 kW external reforming by San Diego Gas and
Electric, California have been performed and a 280 kW system was started up
in Germany. It was followed by 1 MW system in Kawagoe, Japan. MCFC is
already in operation Germany and Spain which uses gases from waste water
treatment plants. South Korea is leading in the installation of MCFC units
using the FCE technology in recent times.
8.2 National Status
In India, CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi had done work on molten carbonate
fuel cell (MCFC) in co-operation with TERI, New Delhi during 1992 to 1998
with support from Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi. No
institution is currently engaged in the developmental activities of MCFC in the
country.
The R&D activities include synthesis of cathode materials by different
routes (combustion synthesis, solid state), preparation electrolyte matrix
structures by different routes, porous Ni electrodes (loose power sintering
(LPS), slurry casting (SC), tape casting (TC)). The largest size of electrolyte
they could prepare was ~1000 sq.cm. Current density achieved was in the
range 80 –100 mA/cm2 at cell voltage of 0.70 V/cell with 100 cm2 area
electrodes.
8.3 Recommendation
Even though very large (> 1MW) systems are commercially available
from the overseas manufacturers, the expertise currently available in India for
its indigenous development is negligible and therefore it is not recommended
to be a part of the mission mode programme. However, R&D programmes
may be taken up for laboratory scale demonstration to start with.
Proposed milestones for the development of this type of fuel cell may
be as follows:
Fuel Cell
Type
Phase-I (2016-
2018)
Phase II (2019-
20)
Phase-III (2021-
2022)
MCFC Up to 100 W Up to 250 W Up to 1 kW
81
ALKALINE FUEL CELL
82
9.0 Alkaline Fuel Cell
9.1 International Activity
Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) were initially used in space applications by
NASA in the Apollo and Space Shuttle programs to provide electric power and
drinking water to the shuttle. In 1967, Dr Karl Kordesch of Union Carbide
developed and built an AFC motorbike.
Significant advantages of AFC technology led numerous companies,
both in North America and Europe such as Allis Chalmers, Union Carbide,
Varta, Elenco, Occidental Chemical and Siemens to get interested in
development of this technology for terrestrial applications. Industrial effort by
research and development work at many government and academic
institutions has made the possibility of applying AFC for household energy
requirements like inverter. In AFC, inexpensive carbon-and-plastic electrodes
are used, moreover inexpensive bipolar plate can also be used. AFC
electrodes are stable and not prone to the poisoning caused by carbon
monoxide, which poisons the platinum catalyst of the PEMFC. Nickel is the
most commonly used catalyst in AFC. The utilization of non-noble metal
catalysts and liquid electrolyte makes the AFC a potentially low cost
technology. The kinetics of the electrode reactions is superior in an AFC as
compared to acidic environment of other acidic Fuel Cells. AFC exhibits much
higher current densities and electrochemical efficiencies (up to 60%). it can be
operated at a wide range of temperatures (80 – 250oC). Presence of CO2
either in the fuel or the oxidant is not permitted for its operation. There is a
need to develop electro-catalyst, which does not corrode in potential window
of hydrogen oxidation potential. AFC has found typical applications in car,
boats and domestic heating.
9.2 National status
There is very little work on alkaline fuel cells in recent years although in
1980s’ CSIR- CECRI had a major program, which was discontinued. Recently
some work on catalysts for AFC has been reported from CSIR-CECRI and
IISc. Performance of AFC was studied and modelled at IIT-G using methanol,
ethanol and sodium borohydride as fuel.
9.3 Proposed National Plan
It needs to be established that AFC can operate with hydrogen and air.
Most of applications in space use hydrogen and oxygen, which is not practical
for terrestrial applications. With the advent of anion exchange membrane,
83
AFC with solid membrane could be advantageous. Developments of corrosion
resistant materials, non- noble metal catalysts etc. arestill the challenging
tasks.
Therefore development of this technology either in mission mode or
proto-type development mode is not recommended at this stage. However,
basic research work on efficient catalyst development and CO2 management
may continue.
84
DIRECT CARBON FUEL CELL
85
10.0 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell
10.1 Introduction
Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) converts fuel such as granulated
carbon powder (10 to 1000 nm size) to electricity directly instead of burning it
to produce steam which can be used to produce electricity through a turbine
and generator. It is reported that the electrical efficiency of DCFC could be as
high as 70%. It is also reported that this process can reduce CO2 emissions
by 50% without sequestration. Molten salts such as lithium, sodium, Yttrium-
stabilized zirconium or potassium carbonate are used in these systems, which
operate between 600 to 850°C. The overall cell reaction is carbon and oxygen
forming carbon dioxide and electricity. Carbon derived from a large number of
agri-wastes can also be used in DCFC. DCFC operates at efficiencies more
than twice that of conventional combustion technologies and separate the
waste gases internally leading to a near pure CO2 exhaust stream that can be
easily captured for storage or commercial use leading to zero emission fossil
fuel or negative emission bio-fuel electrical power generation.
The overall cell reaction (C + O2 = CO2) is based on the complete
electrochemical oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide (CO2) in a four-electron
process. It is reported that the thermodynamic efficiency slightly exceeds
100% - almost independent of conversion temperature, which is due to a
positive near-zero entropy change of the cell reaction (DS_ ¼ 2.9 J K_1
mol_1). Another advantage of a DCFC is that the fuel utilisation can reach
up to 100%, since a solid fuel is used. This is due to the fact that the reaction
product, CO2, exists in a separate gas phase and thus does not influence
activity of the solid carbon.
In the literature, several different concepts of DCFC based on different
electrolytes have been discussed. These are molten carbonate, molten
hydroxide or solid ceramic material YSZ (yttria-stabilised zirconia)
electrolytes, use of fluidized bed etc. EPRI has analysed the results from the
following institutions / companies in the USA:
Company Core Technology
Contained Energy (CE) MCFC
SARA Alkaline Molten salt
CellTech Power ( CELLTECH) Liquid metal anode with SOFC
Direct Carbon Technologies LLC (
DCT)
Fluidized bed with SOFC
SRI Circulating molten salt anode with
SOFC
86
Univ. of Hawaii Biomass Charcoal with aqueous
alkaline cell
Univ. of Akron SOFC with modified anodes
DCFC based on molten carbonate electrolyte (Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, USA) is the most investigated type. Power densities in
the range of 40 to 100 mW cm-2 (0.8 V cell voltage, 8000C) for different carbon
materials have been achieved. LLNL has demonstrated the use of
“turbostratic” carbon can overcome several challenges faced by earlier
groups, which used coal. The carbon particles and oxygen (ambient air) are
introduced as fuel and oxidizer, respectively. The slurry formed by mixing
carbon particles with molten carbonate constitutes the anode. At the anode
carbon and carbonate ions react to form carbon dioxide and electrons. At the
cathode, similar to other high-temperature fuel cells, oxygen, carbon dioxide
and electrons react to form carbonate ions. A porous ceramic separator holds
the melt in place and allows the carbonate ions to migrate between the two
compartments. Peak power densities of 120 to 180 mW cm-2 have been
reported using molten hydroxide electrolyte (Scientific Applications and
Research Associates, SARA).
The third concept is based on the combination of solid oxide fuel cell
(SOFC) and molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) technology. Peak power
densities of 10 to 110 mW cm -2 (0.7 V cell voltage) in a temperature range of
700 to 950°C using different carbon containing materials e.g. plastic (SRI
International) have been reported.
Direct Carbon Technologies, USA have demonstrated a DCFC which
combines SOFC and fluidized-bed technologies. Peak power densities up to
140 mW cm-2 (0.5 V cell voltage, 900°C) have been achieved using this
concept. CellTech Power LLC, USA formed in Jan 2006 is promoting DCFC,
which uses Liquid Tin SOFC concept. DCFC work has also been reported
from laboratories in PR China, KTH Sweden, ZEA Bayern, Germany TU
Munich, BNL, USA. Great progress has also been made at the Max Planck
Institute in Germany and the University of Queensland in Australia.
CSIRO’s (Australia) strategy has developed a fuel cell module that can
operate on low grade high carbon solid fuels at high efficiency. The cell
design, materials development program and fabrication technologies have
specifically focused on developing a device that can be easily up-scaled. This
has led to the use of conventional ceramic processing routes but novel cell
designs and materials to fabricate cells that can be easily stacked, connected
electrically and operated continuously on solid fuels for extended periods of
time with minimal degradation. This bottom up approach has led to the
development of a simple high performance cell design which can be operated
87
in a packed bed reactor without the need for fluidization. Furthermore the
system contains no molten components (which has been the strategy used by
many overseas groups). This should significantly increase the operating life of
the fuel cell system. A number of parallel developmental paths (e.g.
development of individual materials, fabrication techniques for scalable cell
design, fuel feed system and testing from small button cells to scalable tubular
cells) are being pursued to fast track technology development.
10.2 Technology Features
• Low operating cost - the ability to operate on low grade solid fuels will
lead to low overall operating costs.
• Flexibility - the modular design allows customization to a wide range of
power requirements.
• Low emissions – electrochemical oxidation in a membrane reactor means
that the waste products are separate and pure allowing them to be either
stored geologically or sold for commercial use within industry.
• Improved life time - novel mixed ionic electronic conducting electro-
catalysts eliminate the need for molten media within the fuel cell
increasing performance and system life time
• Scalable cell / stack design - unique packed bed design that allows for
simple robust low cost continuous feeding of fuel to the system. All cell
and system components have been designed for fabrication via
conventional low cost ceramics processing routs to allow for mass
production.
• Real world application - System performance evaluated on real world low
cost fossil, biomass and waste derived fuels.
10.3 R&D Requirements:
There are several technical gaps which require to be addressed. These
include better understanding of Anode Electrochemistry [ Mechanism for the
anodic reaction of coal, coke, Reactions and mechanisms of H, N,S (bound
and pyrite) under reducing conditions (E = -0.8 V vs Au/CO2,O2)] , effect of
impurities found in coal and coal-derived carbon: minerals, water , Transport
of CO2, CO32-, particulates and carbon in anode and matrix; gradients of oxide
and carbonate; role of water , Surface chemistry: functional groups, wetting
and site reactivity, Adaptation of cathode structures and catalysts for specific
needs of C/Air cell , Identify life-limiting processes such as corrosion. The
most important problems with hydroxide cells are (i) corrosion of materials
and (ii) degradation of the electrolyte due to formation of carbonates during
carbon electro-oxidation.
88
There is no R&D activity in this area presently in India. Taking into
consideration the large coal reserves in the Country,it may be worthwhile to
take up this activity in the country on a basic research mode
89
MICRO FUEL CELL
90
11.0 MICRO FUEL CELL
11.1 Introduction
The different kinds of fuel cells have been developed in micro form
also. These are known as Micro Fuel Cell (MFC). There is an ever increasing
demand for more powerful, compact and longer power modules for portable
electronic devices for leisure, communication and computing. Micro fuel cells
have the potential to replace batteries as they offer high power densities,
considerably longer operational & stand-by time, shorter recharging time,
simple balance of plant, and a passive operation. Micro fuel cells are ideal for
use in portable electronic devices such as:
• Prototype 50We self-air breathing micro fuel cell module.
• Laptop computers, Cellular phones, PDAs, 3G phones
• Portable electronic appliances, remote communication power packs
• Portable power packs for soldiers
• Emergency signs, variable message signs, emergency and back-up power
• Small transporters (wheel chairs, auto bikes, etc.)
11.2 Technology Features
In developing these technologies, CSIRO, Australia has given strong
consideration to mass production using micro-fabrication processes to deliver
low cost products for large volume markets. Low cost lithographic techniques
have been developed for fluid flow micro channels. Other features include:
Very passive device with no moving parts;
Self air-breathing or stack-powered air supply;
Operating power densities >100 mW/cm2;
100% fuel utilization, no air or hydrogen humidification, ambient
temperature operation;
Low catalyst loading;
Life time over 20,000 hrs achieved each for a two-cell stack and a 12 cell
stack (~10-20 W capacity) under constant and continuous cyclic load.
For comparison, batteries typically have life times of around 2,000-3,000
hrs;
Compared with Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC): low precious metal
catalyst loading, no toxic fuel, no fuel cross-over, no fuel recycling, no
CO2
5 generation/separation issues, high voltage per cell, high efficiency,
high power density;
Recharging time only few seconds as opposed to hours for batteries.
91
FUNDING PATTERN BY DIFFERENT
AGENCIES/ COUNTRIES
92
12.0 Funding Pattern by Different Agencies/ Countries
12.1 Global Scenario
In the advanced countries, R&D on Fuel Cell is being funded for more
than half a century initially to combat the rise in oil prices and later to combat
the global warming. Billions of dollars have been spent most of these
countries. It is difficult to get the exact figures from the earliest years.
However, some data are available for the more recent years. For example, in
2009, DOE, USA announced $41.9 million in Recovery Act funding to
accelerate fuel cell commercialization and deployment with industry
contributing another ~$54 million ( totalling ~$96 million) with the specific
objective of immediate deployment of up to 1,000 fuel cell systems in
emergency backup power, material handling, and combined heat and power
applications. Bulk of the money has been spent on PEMFC deployment. In
2010, International Partnership for Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) members
invested over $1 billion for hydrogen and fuel cell R&D and subsidies for the
technology deployment. Following table gives an idea of the level of funding
made by different participating countries during this year.
Federal Funding during 2010 (Approx.)
Sl.
No. Country Local Currency Million U.S. Dollars
1 Canada 41 million CAND 39.8
2 China 235 million RMB 34.7
3 European
Commission 94.2 million EUR
124.77
4 France 35 million EUR 46.4
5 Germany 89.1 million EUR 118.0
6 India 150 Million INR 3.0
7 Italy 10.03 million EUR 13.3
8 Japan 17.5 billion JPY 199.3
9 Korea 70.2 billion KRW 60.8
10 New Zealand 1.5 million NZD 1.1
11 Norway 57 million NOK 9.4
12 U K 15.8 million GBP 23.5
13 United States 380 million USD 380
93
In March 2012, the Department of Energy (DoE), USA announced up
to $6 million available to collect and analyze valuable performance and
durability data for light-duty fuel cell electric vehicles, which use PEMFC
(FCEVs) and an additional up to $2 million available to collect and analyze
performance data for hydrogen fuelling stations and advanced re-fuelling
components. In an another announcement nearly $5 million have been
sanctioned under two projects both involving PEMFC, which aims at
lowering the cost of advanced fuel cell systems by developing and
engineering cost-effective, durable, and highly efficient fuel cell components.
In June 2013, DoE, USA announced additional budgetary provision of
up to $9 million in new funding to accelerate the development of hydrogen
and fuel cell technologies for use in vehicles, backup power systems, and
hydrogen re-fueling components. These investments were for strengthening
U.S. leadership in cost-effective hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and help
industry to bring these technologies into the market at lower cost
Similar trends have also been observed particularly for the
development of SOFC technology. In USA, DOE is the major funding agency
that caters SOFC research under the SECA program. In one financial year
(2013) they have invested $25 million to continue the Department’s research,
development, and demonstration of solid oxide fuel cell systems, which they
recognized to have the potential to increase the efficiency of clean coal power
generation systems, to create new opportunities for the efficient use of natural
gas, and to contribute significantly to the development of alternative-fuel
vehicles.
In Europe, the European Union had sanctioned a budget of 11 million
Euro in 2007 to a Consortium of nine research groups for the development of
materials, components and systems.
In China, The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) sets up the
development targets and funding levels for the various projects. During the
11th five-year plan (2006-2010), hydrogen and fuel cell technology research
was awarded RMB 182.5 million ($28.88 million) out of a total advanced
energy technology fund of RMB 634.3 million ($100.39 million). In addition, a
total funding of RMB 413 million ($65.37 million) was provided for energy-
saving and new energy vehicles, of which fuel cell vehicles were awarded
RMB 150 million ($23.74 million).
94
12.2 Indian Scenario
As expected, the level of research funding in India has been
abysmally low even though fuel cell research has been continuing in this
country for more than 25 years. India’s policy on fuel cells and financial
support is driven largely by four agencies, viz. Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Department
of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR). Under its NMITLI program, CSIR has provided a total budgetary
support of about Rs.20 Crore during 2004-2013 for the development different
fuel cell technologies.
MNRE is a major supporter for hydrogen and fuel cell research in the
country for several decades. It has funded nearly Rs. 5.0 crores during 11th
Five Year Plan (2007-08 to 2011-12) and Rs.1.00 crores during 12th Five Year
Plan (2012-13 to December, 2014) for developing these technologies.
MNRE guidelines state that financial assistance for RD&D projects
including the technology validation and demonstration projects that involve
partnership with industry/civil society organizations should normally be
restricted to 50% of the project cost. However, for any proposal from
academic institutions, Government/non-profit research organizations and
NGOs, Ministry may provide up to 100% funding. Private academic
institutions should adhere to certain conditions for availing project grants from
the Ministry.
DST has been supporting several basic R&D program in various
hydrogen technologies in the country through SERC (presently SERB).
Several projects on PEMFC have been covered under this scheme. The
project budget details are not easily accessible. Besides this route, DST
through TIFAC has supported few hydrogen research programs. On a mission
mode through the IRHPA programs DST has sanctioned a project to ARCI to
set-up a fuel cell technology Centre with a specific aim of developing and
demonstrating PEMFC in decentralized and transportations applications. The
total outlay for the 10 year project is about ~Rs.24.00 crore for the period
2004-2014 ( the project includes man power costs of all scientists ,
infrastructure cost such as rent and maintenance, Utilities costs such as
electricity, water etc., besides the development costs). Future plans are not
clear at the moment. DST has also funded several faculty/ students exchange
programs under International collaboration some of which have been used for
work on PEMFC. DST has also signed an agreement with UKRC in 2011for
supporting projects specifically on fuel cells and one of the projects is on
PEMFC with an outlay of Rs.3.49 crore.
95
DSIR has sanctioned a project on commercialization PEMFC in 2011-
12 with a project cost of Rs. 9.5762 crores with DSIR contribution being
Rs.3.269 crores under their Technology Development and Demonstration
Program (TDDP).
BHEL, in addition to the present project on development of High
Temperature PEMFC, proposes to set up a Centre of excellence on Fuel
Cells at BHEL Corporate R&D, Hyderabad at a tentative project outlay of
Rupees 12-15 Crores to carry out several LT-PEMFC and HTPEMFC
projects.
Tata Motors for their fuel cell bus program is reported to have invested
substantial sum of money.
Mahindra and Mahindra who have invested in several hydrogen,
hydrogen + methane vehicle projects are also reported to have earmarked
some funds for PEMFC development for transportation applications.
The major oil and gas industries are reported to have formed a
consortium, which is also supporting some projects on PEMFC.
DRDO has made substantial investment for their fuel cell programme
since 1990, which has given them a significant dividend as follows:
NMRL has developed complete knowhow of PAFC based power plants
ranging from a few kW to > 10 kW. The development was done through
successive projects and the funds outlay for the same is mentioned below:
i) 1990-2000: Material development and low power stacks along
with methanol reformer technology development : ~ Rs 1.0 Crore
ii) 2000-2010: Development of assorted power systems ranging from
1 – 15 kW based on PAFC complete with all accessories and
development of capsule power plants for underwater applications
~ Rs 10.0Crore.
iii) 2010- 2015: Development of underwater power generation
prototypes for several 100 kWs along with other advanced
systems for defence applications ~ Rs 30.0Crore.
iv) 2015-2025: Plans to induct systems to underwater platforms and
man-portable generators along with onsite silent generators for
defence and civilian applications ~ Rs 100 Crore.
In addition DAE and ISRO have also allocated funds for several
internal programs on fuel cells; the exact figures are unavailable at this stage.
96
Besides, agencies like University Grants Commission (UGC) and All
India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), CSIR, DRDO, ISRO
(RESPOND) and BRNS have also provided smaller grants primarily to
academic institutions.
97
ACTION PLAN, FINANCIAL PROJECTION
AND TIME SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
98
MILESTONE AND FINANCIAL OUTLAY FORFUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT MMP: Mission Mode Projects; R&DP: Research & Development Projects;
B/FRP: Basic / Fundamental Research Projects.
Sl. No. Category of
Projects
Time Frame (Year) Financial Outlay (Rs. in Crore)
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1
Mission Mode Projects
140
140
125
125
Developand Deployment of HT-PEMFC
Phase I
(Up to 5kW)
Phase II
(Up to 25 kW)
Phase III
(Up to 50 kW)
Develop and Deployment of LT-PEMFC
Phase I
(Up to 25kW)
Phase II
(Up to 50 kW)
Phase III
(Up to 120 kW)
Developand Deployment of PAFC
Phase I
(Up to 50kW)
Phase II
(Up to 100 kW)
Phase III
(Up to 250 kW)
Develop and Deployment of Planar SOFC
Phase I
(Up to 5kW)
Phase II
(Up to 25 kW)
Phase III
(Up to 100 kW)
99
70
Sub-total 600
(80%)
2
Research & Development
Projects
75
(10%)
3.
Basic /
Fundamental Research Projects
75 (10%)
Grand Total 750
Fuel Cell Testing Facility
Establishment of
the Facility
Testing Activity
Proto-type Development of DMFC, DEFC, BFC etc
Phase I
(Up to 100W)
Phase II
(Up to 500W)
Phase III
(Up to 1 kW)
Basic/ Fundamental Research on AFC, DCFC, MBFC etc
Phase I Phase II Phase III
100
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
101
14.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
14.1 With the growing population and its increasing standard of living, the demand for energy
is becoming higher continuously. In the long run this demand for energy can’t be met by the
depleting fossil fuels throughout the world, including India. It is therefore, pertinent to develop
clean and green alternate energy sources, which may protect the environment by not creating
any more pollution / with reduced level of pollution in the production of electricity and running
the vehicles. One of such alternate energy technology is fuel cell technology and therefore,
efforts are being made world over to develop them in a commercially viable manner. It is an
energy conversion device that converts chemical energy of a gaseous / liquid (in some cases
solid) fuel into electrical energy by electro-chemical reaction. Efforts are being made to make
this technology commercially viable by enhancing energy conversion efficiency, electrode –
electrolyte interface reaction, reducing the cost of the catalyst etc.
14.2 Various kinds of fuel cells have been developed over the past few decades. They are
classified primarily by the kind of electrolyte they employ. This classification determines the
kind of electro-chemical reactions that take place in the cell, the kind of catalysts required, the
temperature range in which the cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. Important
types of fuel cell under development are: Low and high temperature Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cells (LT- & HT-PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), Phosphoric
Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC), Solid
Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). In addition, there are a few types of more recent origin, which have
also gained significant importance in recent years. These are MEMS based micro-fuel cells
(MFC) for powering the micro-electronic devices, bio-fuel cells (BFC), which uses micro-
organisms as the catalyst for the redox reaction and solid carbon fuel cell (DCFC) in which
solid carbon can be used as the fuel. In addition to the fuel cell stack composed of several
single cells (number depends on the desired power to be delivered) a fuel cell power source
consists of fuel tank (with or without reformer), source of oxidant (air or oxygen), power
conditioner (DC/AC convertor) waste heat exchanger, exhaust system etc.
14.3 The fuel cell technology development is presently at an advanced stage in the
developed countries like USA, Canada, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Australia, Japan,
etc. At present it is very costly and well-guarded technology through patents due to its
extremely high marketpotential. Transfer of technology may require heavy financing and Indian
industries may not be in a position to afford the same. So there is a growing need and
compulsion to develop the technologies within the country and deploy them for different
applications for large scale trial and performance evaluation.
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14.4 The Government of India (GOI) has been supporting development of technologies in the
area of hydrogen energy and fuel cells for quite some time, which has created a good
expertise and infrastructure base. A well-framed national program with participation from
various academic institutions, R&D establishments and industries with expertise in different
areas need to be launched in the country to develop this technology, manufacture in large
numbers and demonstrate their application potentiality for the benefit of the society at large.
Application areas of the developed products, it be mobile towers or transportation or any other
kind of applicationshould be chosen carefully so that the requirements of the user are fully
satisfied. In addition, areas are to be identified for long term / futuristic R&D, which also require
adequate financial support.
14.5 Several government laboratories and academic institutions together with a few private
organizations are actively pursuing different kinds of R&D programmes in this country for the
last couple of decades. Considerable expertise and infrastructure at different locations have
already been developed. In certain cases know-how’s have been transferred to industry and
limited scale production for particular type of fuel cell (PAFC) has also been initiated
particularly for defence use. Regular production even for the purpose of large scale
demonstration for other types of fuel cells is still a long way to travel. DRDO, CSIR, MNRE and
DST have been the major funding agencies for these activities. Industry participation for the
developmental projects, which is an important pre-requisite for technology development and
demonstration, is still at its infancy.
14.6 The most successful Research and Developmental effort in the area of fuel cell
technology in this country has been registered by DRDO particularly for PAFC. They have
transferred the developed technology to an Indian Industry, who has manufactured 24 Nos. of
3kW stack and delivered them back to DRDO under a buy back arrangement. The industry is
ready with the manufacturing facility, which can be utilized for additional units in case a civilian
utility is identified and necessary funding is made available to them.
14.7 PEMFC is of two types – low and high temperature PEMFC. The LT-PEMFC operates at
less than 800C, whereas HT-PEMFC operates in the temperature range of 120-1800C. The
LT-PEMFC can tolerate CO level in the hydrogen fuel up to a level of 10-20 ppm whereas HT-
PEMFC can tolerate more than this limit (up to 30,000ppm). LT-PEMFC requires humidification
of membrane, whereas it is not required for HT-PEMFC. The catalyst and membrane materials
for LT-PEMFC are still imported, whereas catalyst and membrane materials for HT-PEMFC
are at under advanced stage of development in the country. The bipolar plates for both
PEMFC have been developed in the country. Due to rapid start-up and shut down, thermal
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cycling and load following capability of PEMFC, there is enormous application potentiality like
for stationary & distributed power generation and transportation. It is not as cheap as PAFC.
It is costing around Rs.10 lakhs per 3 kW unit. The cost cannot come down until there are
many players e.g. bipolar plates are made at present by machining but these can be moulded
directly, it would become cheaper. If any component is monopolized, its cost cannot come
down. Many groups are engaged in the development of membrane, but success has been
achieved in making PBI membrane for HT-PEMFC. Alternate to nafion membrane is yet to be
found out. CSIR has made 1 kW LT-PEMFC and got tested through a third party in Chennai for
500 hours operation.
14.8 In the country LT-PEMFC has been developed upto 20 kW capacity by different
organizations. Thus, the country is in advanced stage of development of LT-PEMFC and has
adequate experience in the fabrication of fuel cells and its stack building along with testing and
validation protocols. The same experience may be useful in rapid development of HT-PEMFC.
A number of institutions and industries are also engaged in the development of materials,
components, modules and systems of HT-PEMFC. The development targets for LT-PEMFC
can be shorter duration than that for HT-PEMFC. The time target for the development of HT-
PEMFC can also be made of shorter by providing more funding. The specific targets for
capacity can be set for the development of PEMFC (LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) systems like
for stationary power generation applications 1-5 kW, small trucks 3-10 kW, medium trucks 10-
15 kW, large trucks and submarine application 25 -50 kW and buses 50-100 kW.
14.9 It is proposed that the Development and Demonstration of minimum 5 units each of
stand-alone LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC systems of capacities 1, 3 & 5 kW with a minimum of
50% indigenized components with electrical efficiency 37-40%, minimum 1000 h operational
life and less than 10 mV / 1000 h degradation to be operated with bottled hydrogen and air
may be taken up immediately. Sites for demonstration may be chosen suitably are to be
identified by the project proposers. For the development of PEM fuel cell technology, different
plausible issues to be taken up are:
(i) Membrane preparation with longer durability / stability, reduction of platinum loading
or use of non-noble metal as catalyst to lower the cost
(ii) Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for generating maximum power density with
the given weight
(iii) Fabrication of complete stack with complete characterization
(iv) Integration of stack with balance of system, sealing of stack, analysis and final
testing etc.
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14.10 During the development of PEM fuel cell the manufacturing techniques should be
mastered for the following components / sub-systems / systems:
(i) Mass production of catalysts, carbon paper/wire mesh and bipolar plates (casted)
(ii) Automation for uniform coating of catalyst on electrodes
(iii) Automatic assembling of Membrane electrode assemblies (till now manually made)
and high speed sealing of cell components.
(iv) Automated of high speed assembly of stacks
(v) Assembling system controllers & invertors
(vi) Integration of balance of system development (air moving devices, thermal
management devices, motors, pumps)
(vii) Integration of sub-systems into complete fuel cell system
14.11 For the development and demonstration of PEM fuel cell, the following are suggested:
(i) The work and the infrastructure created under the above mentioned research,
development and demonstration (RD&D) activities will form a part of long term
technological development programme on PEM Fuel Cell.
(ii) Importing of stacks may be allowed only for indigenously developing balance of
systems or accelerating development of Ancillary and not for demonstration. Import
of Membrane/MEAs may also be considered, if it becomes absolutely necessary for
the interest of the project. In such a case, it must be ensured that the assembled
stacks would meet the specifications / performance / operation conditions of
the imported stacks.
(iii) The focus will be on the development of most critical to least critical components and
finding their solutions.
(iv) One of the organizations involved in the project, preferably an R&D institution with
public funding would be identified as the nodal organization responsible for the
ultimate delivery.
(v) Activities of all the sub-projects would be guided and monitored regularly by the
concerned nodal organization as per the requirement to meet ultimate objective of
the Project.
(vi) There will be appropriate exit provision particularly for the sub-projects in case the
progress does not appear to be satisfactory for what may be reason.
14.12 The capital cost of PEMFC stack is high, which needs to be subsidized. Most of the
methods developed in Indian laboratories for PEMFC components are only in laboratory scale
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/ in the scale of semi-automated processes. There is urgent need to develop the manufacturing
methods quickly.
14.13 R&D activity on HT-PEMFC has started late in this country. However, CSIR-NCL has
made significant contribution through synthesis of indigenous PBI membrane material, which
may go a long way to maintain an advantageous position in the international arena.
Considering the enormous advantages of this type of fuel cell particularly in terms of impurity
tolerance of the fuel, better water management and possibility of combined heat and power
output, it is proposed that this country takes up the development of this variety of PEMFC on
highest priority.
14.14 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) has the capability of using different fuels i.e. besides
hydrogen; it can use other fuels like gasoline, alcohol, natural gas, bio-gas etc. It operates at
700-8000C. The most attractive feature of SOFC is high power density. Thermal cycle ability is
quite poor and high cost is a major issue. Globally it has been demonstrated in the capacity
range of 10 to 100 kW systems and in India a 500 W unit (stack of 20 cells) with a current
density of 500 mA/cm2 was demonstrated. Planar type technology is preferred over tubular
type SOFC due to higher current density, but its fabrication & balance of system in tubular type
is much easier. In planar SOFC, reliability depends on the high temperature glass sealant,
which has not been successfully developed in the country. Once the technology is developed,
vendors may be identified for production and scale-up of system capacity for demonstration.
Subsequently mass production may be taken up in Public-Private-Partnership mode. For the
development of this technology in the country, it is proposed to undertake the following
activities on a mission mode approach:
(i) Development of components, stacks and balance of system for planar / tubular
(anode / cathode / electrolyte supported) and their demonstration in the laboratory.
(ii) Preparedness for mass production of developed components / modules / systems -
Involvement / Development of vendors / manufacturers.
(iii) Manufacturing of components / modules / systems for field demonstration.
(iv) Development of standards for the developed modules / systems and their
commercial deployment.
(v) Creation of test facility / recognition of existing facilities.
(vi) Deployment of these modules / systems for different applications like power supply
units in remote areas and back-up power units in urban / rural areas etc.
(vii) Cost reduction by mass scale manufacturing and deployment of systems.
(viii) Improvement in the system for increasing of durability of the system.
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(ix) Development of standalone systems up to 100 kW capacities different phases with
partly imported components may be taken up on a mission mode.
14.15 Although there have been research and development activities in the country in the area
of DMFC and DEFC, commercialization of this technology is far away. A number of
improvements are to be done before this technology can be used on a large scale.
Development and demonstration of direct alcohol fuel cell systems may be taken up for niche
applications like micro-processor controlled devices. The R & D activities may be continued in
these areas. The transfer of technology from abroad balance of plant for DMFC and DEFC
may be explored to integrate with the indigenously developed stack. There is need to develop
compact systems, which can be fitted into the space available in the devices. It could be
developed and demonstrated in small capacities (up to 250W) to start with but later it may be
enhanced a 5kW stack with power densities of the order of100W/kg.
14.16 AFC technology has been demonstrated with a life of 20,000h of operation with pure
hydrogen and oxygen. Use of air instead of oxygen increases the cost of operation due to
addition of scrubbers. When air is passed on to the cathode, KOH reacts with CO2 and forms
K2CO3. CO2 is recovered in scrubbers. It uses Nickel catalyst, whereas Pt is used in PEM fuel
cells. Therefore its cost is expected to be low. AFC was developed at laboratory scale in the
country, but could not be scaled up successfully. This technology may be developed
indigenously by indigenization of commercially available technology from abroad in case some
specific areas of application is identified. The AFCs of capacity in the range of 1-3 kW have
good market. Various countries have commercialized AFC of capacities from 100 W to 3 kW
as power packs with the established technology. AFC can be operated at the highest efficiency
i.e. upto 60% in the temperature range from 70 to 120oC. It can also be operated in the higher
temperature range i.e.100–1200C. Nickel catalyst, although cheaper than Platinum, gets
corroded with a consequent deterioration of power density. Thussignificant amount of basic
research is still necessary in the country before a serious technology developmental effort is
initiated.
14.17 MCFC operates at a higher temperature and requires no external reformer. The fuel is
reformed internally to hydrogen. Very large capacity (>1MW) units are in operation in some of
the advanced countries. In India work on MCFC was carried out during 1992 to 1998, by a
couple of organizations only with financial support from MNRE. However, currently there is
hardly any expertise to develop the basic fuel cell stack. Considering several advantages of
this type of fuel cell particularly as a distributed power plant, it is recommended that the
country may take a renewed interest in the R&D mode to develop the technology in near
future.
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14.18 Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) use biocatalysts, which offer significant cost advantages
over traditional precious-metal catalysts through economies of scale. The magnitude of power
reported by MFC is several orders less than the conventional chemical fuel cells. The
applications of MFCs are portable electronics, biomedical instruments, military and space
research etc. The major application area emerged since recent past for MFC is sewage
treatment and generation of power. Keeping in view of the above, it is recommended that
research and development work may be supported for specific applications. There is an ever
increasing demand for more powerful, compact and larger power modules for portable
electronic devices for leisure, communication and computing, which may be supplied by the
MFC. The MFCs can also be deployed in large transport vehicles such as cars and trucks.
CSIRO, Australia has given strong emphasis to mass produce and deliver low cost products
for large volume markets. The life time is expected to be more than 20,000 hours. Keeping in
view of the above, it is recommended that research and development work may be supported.
14.19 The Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) is the next generation fuel cells at a high operating
temperature. These systems may be developed to operate on low grade abundant fuels
derived from coal, municipal and refinery waste products or bio-mass, which will lead to a near
pure CO2 exhaust stream that can be easily captured for storage or commercial use leading to
zero emission fossil fuel or effectively a negative emission. CSIRO, Australia is one of the
pioneering R&D organizations in this area. Their strategy has been to develop such fuel cells
that can operate on low grade high carbon solid fuels at high efficiency. A number of parallel
developmental paths (e.g. development of individual materials, fabrication techniques for
scalable cell design, fuel processing and feed system together with testing from small button
cells to scalable tubular/planar cells are being pursued on a fast track technology
development. Having a very large deposit low grade coal India can also take the advantage by
developing this unique technology. The technology has certain relationship to SOFC and
MCFC technologies. It is therefore recommended that DCFC may be developed in conjunction
with SOFC technology, which is poised to be taken up in a mission mode.
14.20 The country has the potential to catch up with what is going on elsewhere. However, it
requires identification of the important issues and the barriers, which are coming in the way of
the development and commercialization of the technologies. A few of them are listed below:
i) Inadequate funding: The most important limitation of the country’s Fuel Cell
development programme is the meager funding pattern together with the lack of industrial
participation and user pull. This is evident from the fact that a consistent and enhanced
funding together with identification of specific demand by the defence forces has
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generated the best possible dividend for DRDO. They have earned the credit of having
the very first indigenous fuel cell technology pressed into service. Such a concerted effort
is missing in case of other programmes of the country. Most of the methods developed in
Indian laboratories for PEMFC components are only in laboratory scale and at best by
semi-automated processes. There is urgent need to develop manufacturing methods and
large scale deployment requiring adequate funding.
ii) Nature of the funded projects: The methods followed for sanctioning of the projects by
various funding agencies need to be critically analyzed. Most of them are short term
projects of academic interest. There is hardly any follow-up or continuity of the projects
aiming at technology development. Multi-disciplinary groups do not collaborate to deliver
a technology or device. Projects normally are not formulated with sufficient micro-detailing
and the review mechanisms are also inadequate for a meaningful delivery.
iii) Invitation to submit projects (expression of interest): Instead of the current system of
uninvited proposals, the funding agencies either individually or collectively may call
proposals on specific aspects of technology development rather than on general themes.
The milestones and time frames are required to be much better articulated and every
effort may be made to adhere to the same throughout the duration of the projects.
iv) Nature of human resource employed under the projects: Another major issue is the
nature of human resource employed in the projects. Hitherto, the human recourse for the
projects is in the form of research scholars and technical assistants following DST/ CSIR
guidelines. For technology development projects this model will not work. Research
papers need not be the only form of output for these projects and therefore research
fellows may not be the only type of human resources employed in these projects. People
with hard core engineering skill will be preferred for the projects aiming at technology
development
v) Grant-in-aid to the participating industries: Participation of industries particularly for
the “mission mode” projects needs to be made compulsory. Depending on the nature of
their activities and the corresponding investments required to be made by the industry vis-
à-vis expected return, grants-in-aid may be sanctioned to the industry varying between 30
and 70% of the project cost. Only soft loan may not be sufficient to ensure participation of
the industries.
vi) Collaborative projects with foreign institutions: Collaborative projects with foreign
institutions have mostly been limited to academic exchanges. While it may be important to
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encourage such exchange, true technology development does not take place through this
route. A mechanism needs to be developed for research institutions involved in applied
research to sign exclusive agreement, wherein the IP rights are shared according to the
contribution and a joint developmental work is carried out. Sometimes, this may involve
funding to the foreign partners for their inclusion in such projects.
The Department of Science &Technology, sometime back signed an exclusive agreement
with UKRC, United Kingdom to promote R&D in the area of fuel cell with a committed
investment of £ 6 million. One of the projects sanctioned under this scheme was on
PEMFC and the other two were on SOFC. Formulation of more such projects may be
attempted.
vii) Transfer of technology from abroad: The technology of fuel cells all across the globe is
closely guarded and well-fortified by patents regime due to its extremely high potential
market. Another major challenge in making fuel cell a viable technology in India is to
obtain the know-how of the fuel cell technology. Transfer of technology may require heavy
financing and Indian industries may not afford to finance unless the policy measures
support such a move.
viii) Setting-up of Testing Centers for Fuel Cells in the country: As a part oftechnology
development programme, the country must have at least one centralized “Fuel Cell
Testing Center” for different types of fuel cells, if not more than one center specific to
different fuel cells at different locations, for third party evaluation of the units to be
developed by the different research groups. Sufficient manpower and budget need to be
allocated for such centers. An ARAI kind of set-up will be preferred.
ix) Availability of Hydrogen: Another major issue is setting up of a viable hydrogen supply
chain. Along with fuel cell development, the funding agencies should also support short
and long term projects on hydrogen generation and storage. Projects such as photo-
electro-chemical method to produce hydrogen are really long term and the fuel cell
development/ deployment cannot wait for such development.
x) Estimate of Hydrogen Requirement: Based on the milestones presented in the
Chapter on ‘Action Plan, Financial Projection and Time Schedule of Activities’ and
assuming that there will be at least two units of each of the capacities mentioned therein
one needs to test at least 1500 kW of fuel cells of different capacities for a period of at
least 1000 hours each. This means that there will be a generation of 1.5 million kWH and
corresponding amount of hydrogen is required to made available for this developmental
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activity. Assuming further that the units will be operated on an average of 50% energy
efficiency with fuel utilization of 75%, around 1000 liter (at STP) is required for generation
of 1 kWH of energy. Thus the total amount of hydrogen requirement for the entire
programme will be around 1500 million liters of Hydrogen at STP during the next seven
years. This is equivalent to around 85,000 cylinders of hydrogen (50 liter water capacity
and at 350 bar pressure). A parallel developmental activity is required for timely supply of
this huge amount of hydrogen.
xi) Setting up of a H2FC Centre: In order to coordinate and manage the overall
developmental programme and to bring all the projects to their logical conclusion, it may
be essential to set-up an “autonomous center” under the ministry with full administrative
and financial autonomy. In case, it is difficult to set up a physically distinct centre at a
specific location, one can conceive of a “virtual centre” having its controlling unit under the
ministry different nodes spread across the country particularly at locations (existing
Institutes) where major programmes will be pursued.
xii) Policy Measures: The programmes supported by different funding agencies in India are
not correlated/ coordinated. It has been noticed that some investigators approach
different funding agencies with small changes in the objectives and get support from more
than one source. It seems that there is no check for such projects and in many cases
there is no continuity in work. Even if all the objectives of the projects cannot be met, an
analysis of these results would be useful in sanctioning future projects. This applies to all
funding agencies. It requires having a common platform to identify and support RD&D
programs.
Policies are required to be in place to overcome the present issues related to
issuance of clearance for carrying out large scale field trials, optimized
manufacturing of specific materials and components on a repetitive basis.
Incentives for Indian industries, who engage in manufacturing. Additional
incentives for industries that use at least some components manufactured
indigenously.
Incentives to users for using such systems may be extended similar to what is
offered to the users of other renewable energy technologies such as solar and
wind.
Human resource should be strengthened to retain the knowledge base
developed so far.
Specific Recommendations
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14.21 Categorization of the Projects
Based on the level of maturity of the expertise and the importance of the type of Fuel
Cells, there may be three different categories of projects, which may be funded to the different
extents. These are:
i) Category I: “Mission Mode Projects (MMP)” having the ultimate objective of limited
scale manufacturing of different capacities standalone systems, which may be
demonstrated under field condition for the purpose of performance evaluation. Industry
participation is compulsory for this category. Fuel Cell systems proposed to be
developed under this category are:
a) HT-PEMFC (Some IPRs on the fuel cell components have already been developed
in the country)
b) LT- PEMFC (Membrane material is still being imported in the country; but stacks up
to 25kW capacity have been fabricated and tested in the country)
c) Planar SOFC (Success has been obtained in lower capacity (up to 1 kW range in
the country)
d) PAFC (Taken-up on large scale manufacturing (up to 3 kW) for application in the
strategic sector. It is yet to be taken-up for the civilian sector)
Detailed milestone of this activity is presented in Chapter on ‘Action Plan, Financial
Projection and Time Schedule of Activities’.
It is proposed to form consortiums consisting of R&D laboratories, academic institutions
and industries for each of the systems; one of them preferably a R&D laboratory may be
identified as the lead organization.
Following are the lead institutes identified for the purpose:
a) HT-PEMFC with combined cycle: Joint Lead Institutes - CSIR-NCL, Pune and CSIR-
CECRI, Karaikudi)
b) LT- PEMFC: Lead Institutes - CFCT, Chennai and/or CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi/ BHEL
R&D, Hyderabad.
c) Planar SOFC: Lead Institute - CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata
d) PAFC:Lead Institute NMRL, DRDO, Ambernath and/or BHEL R&D, Hyderabad
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ii) Category II: “Research & Development Projects (R&DP)” having the objective of
laboratory demonstration of critical systems and sub-systems preferably with innovative
approaches. Industry collaboration is preferred but not essential for this category.
Following are the fuel cell systems to be considered under this category:
a) DMFC/DEFC
b) MCFC
c) BFC
iii) Category III: “Basic/ Fundamental Research Projects (B/FRP)” aiming at carrying
out basic/ fundamental research (including modeling) on different aspects of any fuel
cell system except the ones mentioned above.
14.1 Budgetary Provision
It is recommended that an overall budgetary provision of Rs.750 Crore is allocated for
the complete fuel cell development programme over a period of next 7 years (up to the
financial year 2022-23); 80% of this may be earmarked for category I projects, 10% each for
the other two categories. Complete milestone of the programme together with the approximate
financial outlay (sector wise) is given in the Chapter on ‘Action Plan, Financial Projection and
Time Schedule of Activities’
14.23 Supply chain for Hydrogen
A parallel developmental activity is to be initiated for supply of around 1,500 million liter
of high purity hydrogen for testing of the different capacities and different types of fuel cells
proposed to be developed under this programme.
14.24 Expression of Interest
Particularly for the “Mission Mode Projects” the ministry should invite expression of
interest from the interested research groups and industry followed by formation of the
consortium and identification of lead organization.
14.25 Virtual Fuel Cell Institute
For the purpose of efficient formulation and project management including rigorous
monitoring a Virtual Fuel Cell Institute may be created under the aegis of the Ministry of New
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and Renewable Energy to bring all the concerned stakeholders such as Ministries,
Departments, academicians, researchers and industry under one umbrella to work together in
a systematic and focused manner. This Institute may undertake following activities:
(i) Development of a mechanism to pool the resources of different Ministries, Departments,
International Funding Agencies and other agencies.
(ii) Identification of expertise available with various institutions / industries and develop
Mission Mode Projects utilizing the available expertise with the aim to develop
components, sub-systems and integrate them, which can be mass produced and
deployed in the country.
(iii) Monitoring the progress of the work done under the projects to achieve the targeted
goals in the time bound manner.
(iv) Co-ordination among the institutions for demonstration of developed systems in field
and comparison of various fuel cell technologies.
(v) Development of a mechanism / modality to incentivize the individuals and the
institutions involved in the development of a product.
(vi) Conducting market survey for business potential of fuel cell in India
(vii) Testing & benchmarking the components / prototypes / systems of fuel cell.
(viii) Development of safety guidelines and standardization of on-board cost effective storage
/ transportation
The Institute should have a Directorate with required administrative and financial
autonomy. All the members of the project team working at different locations (including the PIs)
would be collectively responsible to this directorate, so far as the project activities are
concerned.
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ANNEXURES
115
ANNEXURE - I
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28. “On reviewing the catalyst materials for direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs)”; A. M. Sheikh,
Khaled Ebn-Alwaled Abd-Alftah, C. F. Malfatti, J. Multidisciplinary Engg. Sci. Tech. ,1 (3), 1
(2014)
29. www.epsrc.ac.uk/.../Calls/.../IndiaUKCollabResInitFuelCellTechCall.pdf
30. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2013/march/collaboration-to-
develop-residential-fuel-cell-for-india#sthash.NYj9V1nd.dpuf
31. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2012/february/ballard-fuel-cell-
power-systems-deployed-in-india%E2%80%99s-idea-cellular-etwork#sthash.Pnjymxry.dpuf
32. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2011/july/dantherm-power-to-
collaborate-with-india's-delta-power-solutions#sthash.VnJLXcbe.dpuf
33. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2013/february/energyor-conducts-
first-fuel-cell-uav-flights-in-india#sthash.INbV0clV.dpuf
34. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2008/october/bharat-petroleum-
seeks-collaboration-wtih-nippon-oil-for-fuel-cell-technology#sthash.jmVrHPkI.dpuf
118
35. “Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Global Commercialization & Development Update”, IPHE (2010)
(www.iphe.net.).
36. “Fuel Cell Today 2006: worldwide survey”, K.-A. Adamson, G. Crawley, Fuel Cell Today,
(Jan. 2006). http://www.fuelcelltoday.com.
37. “European Union fuel cell and hydrogen R&D targets and funding” by K.-A. Adamson, Fuel
Cell Today, (Mar. 2005)
38. “Fuel cell and hydrogen R&D targets and funding: comparative analysis”, presentation by
K.-A. Adamson, at the Fuel Cell Seminar, (2006).
39. National Energy Road Map, NHEB, MNRE, Govt. of India, (2006).
40. Policy Paper on India’s Road to Hydrogen Economy, INAE, (April 2006)
41. “Advanced synthesis of materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells”,
Progress in Materials Science 57, 804 (2012)
42. “Nanoscale and nano-structured electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells by infiltration: Advances
and challenges”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37,449 (2012).
43. “Breakthrough fuel cell technology using ceria-based multifunctional nanocomposites”,
Applied Energy; 106 163 (2013).
44. “Fuel cells in India; A Survey of Current Developments”; Jonathon Buttler, Fuel Cells
Today, (June 2007).
45. “Biofuel cells and their development – A review”; R.A. Bullen, T.C. Arnot, J.B. Lakeman,
F.C. Walsh; Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 21(11), 2015 (2006).
46. “Recent Development of Miniatured Enzymatic Biofuel Cells” by Yin Song, Varun Penmasta
and Chunlei Wang in “Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology” edited by Marco Aurelio
Dos Santos Bernardes published by In Tech (2011).
(http://www.intechopen.com/books/biofuel-s-engineering-processtechnology/recent-
development-of-miniatured-enzymatic-biofuel-cells-657).
119
47. “Recent progress and continuing challenges in bio-fuel cells. Part I: Enzymatic cells”; M.H.
Osman, A.A. Shah and F.C. Walsh; Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26 3087 (2011).
48. “Biofuel cell for generating power from methanol substrate using alcohol oxidase bioanode
and air-breathed laccase biocathode”; Madhuri Das, Lepakshi Barbora, Priyanki Das and,
Pranab Goswami; Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 59 184(2014).
49. “A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology”, S. Giddey, S.P.S. Badwal,
A. Kulkarni, C. Munnings, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 38, 360 (2012).
50. “Recent insights concerning DCFC development: 1998-2012”; K.Hemmes, J.F.Cooper,
J.R.Selman; International journal of Hydrogen Energy38, 8503 (2013).
Note: In addition to the above literature (Books and journals) primarily by foreign authors,
complete list of publications by the Indian researchers are given in the ANNEXURE III.
120
ANNEXURE II
Portfolio of Publications and Patents on Fuel Cell Related Areas of the
Important Research Groups of this Country
A. Books/ Book Chapters
1. S. Basu (Ed.), Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Springer, New York
(2007)
2. Basu, S., Report on Challenges in Fuel cell Technology: India’s Perspective, Dec 1 & 2,
2006, New Delhi (DST)
3. Materials and Processes for Solar Fuel Production, B.Viswanathan, Ravi Subramanian
andJ.S.Lee (editors) Springer, 2014.
4. Basu, S., Fuel Cell Technology in India’s Roadmap to Hydrogen Economy, Ed. T. K. Roy
and P. K. Mukhopadhya, Indian National Academy of Engineering, 2006
5. Basu, S., Chokalingam, R., ‘Ceria based electro-ceramic composite materials for solid
oxide fuel cell application’ (Ch 10), In Advanced Organic-Inorganic Composites: Materials,
Device and Allied Applications, Ed. Inamuddin Siddiqui, Nova Science Publications Inc.,
N.Y. 2011
6. Surya Singh, Anil Verma, Suddhasatwa Basu, ‘Oxygen Reduction Non-PGM
Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells – Recent Advances’ (Ch 5) in Advanced Materials and
Technologies for Electrochemical Energy, Ed P. K Shen, C. Wang, X. Sun, S. P. Jiang, and
J. Zhang, CRC Press (2014)
7. “Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells” by R.N. Basu, in Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science
and Technology, Editor: Prof. S. Basu, Jointly published by Anamaya Publishers, New
Delhi (India) and Springer, New York (USA), Chapter-9, pp. 284-389 (2006).
8. "Energy Generation and Storage Device: High Temperature Ceramic Fuel Cell" by R.N.
Basu, J. Mukhopadhyay and A. Das Sharma in INSA Monograph on Energy, Editors:
Boldev Raj, U. Kamachi Mudali and Indranil Manna – Manuscript submitted in June 2013
(to be published by INSA, New Delhi in 2015).
9. “Nanoindentation behaviour of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell” by R.N. Basu, T. Dey,
P. C. Ghosh, M. Bose, A. Dey and A.K. Mukhopadhyay in Nanoindentation of Brittle Solids,
Editors: Arjun Dey and Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Chapter 30, p. 235-241. CRC Press,
Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York (Published on 25th June, 2014.CRC
Press Inc., USA).
121
10. B.K. Kakati, A. Verma. “Carbon polymer composite bipolar plate for PEM fuel cell:
Development Characterization and Performance Evaluation” Lambert Academic Press,
Germany (2011) (ISBN: 9783846503119).
11. A. Ghosh, A. Verma. “Graphene: A potential candidate for PEM fuel cell components:
development, characterization and performance evaluation” Scholar’s Press, (2014) (ISBN-
978-3639661972).
12. “Nanoindentation behaviour of high-temperature glass-ceramic sealants for anode-
supported solid oxide fuel cell” by R.N. Basu, S. Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu, A. Dey,
and A.K. Mukhopadhyay in Nanoindentation of Brittle Solids, Editors: Arjun Dey and Anoop
Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Chapter 31, p. 243-247. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group,
London and New York (Published on 25th June, 2014.CRC Press Inc., USA).
13. Electroceramics for Fuel Cells, Batteries and Sensors, S.R. Bharadwaj, S. Varma, B.N.
Wani, Functional Materials, Book Edited by S. Banerjee and A.K. Tyagi, Elsevier, London,
2012, Pages 639-674 (Chapter 16)
14. A. Verma, S. Basu, 2007. Direct alcohol and borohydride alkaline fuel cell. In: Recent
Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Ed., S. Basu, Anamaya Publishers (New
Delhi) and Springer, pp.157-187 (ISBN: 978-0-387-35537-5).
15. Biohydrogen Production: Fundamentals and Technology Advances, Debabrata Das,
Namita Khanna and Chitralekha Nag Dasgupta, CRC Press, 408 Pages, 2014 (ISBN
9781466517998).
16. R. Chetty and K. Scott "AirBreathing Direct Methanol Fuel Cells with Catalysed Titaniu
m MeshElectrodes" in Electrocatalysts: Research, Technology and Applications, Nova Science
Publishers, Inc. New York, 2009.
17. Jayati Datta, (2015) “Multi-metallic nano catalysts for anodic reaction in direct alcohol Fuel
Cell”, in “Nanomaterials for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells”, Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd.,
Singapore.
18. Waste Recycling and Resource Management in the developing World, Ecological
Engineering Approach, Pub. University of Kalyani, India and International Ecological
Engineering Society, Switzerland, © 2000, Article - Eco-sustainable technology in India - its
present and future, pp 631-637.
122
B. Publications in Journals
1) Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PMEFC)
CSIR
1. Ashvini B. Deshmukh, Vinayak S. Kale, Vishal M. Dhavale, K. Sreekumar, K
Vijaymohanan, Manjusha V. Shelke, Electrochem. Comm. 12 (2010) 1638–1641.
2. Ranjith Vellancheri, Sreekuttan M. Unni, Sandeep Nihre, Ulhas K. Kharul, Sreekumar
Kurungot, Electrochimica Acta, 55 (2010) 2878.
3. Thangavelu Palaniselvam, Ramaiyan Kannan and Sreekumar Kurungot, Chem.
Commun., 47 (2011) 2910-2912.
4. Vishal M Dhavale, Sreekuttan M Unni, Husain N Kagalwala, Vijayamohanan K Pillai,
Sreekumar Kurungot, Chem. Commun., 47 (2011) 3951-3953.
5. Beena K Balan, Sreekumar Kurungot, J. Mater. Chem. Accepted, 2011.
6. Ramaiyan Kannan, Pradnya P Aher, Thangavelu Palaniselvam, Sreekumar Kurungot,
Ulhas K. Kharul, Vijayamohanan K. Pillai. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 (2010) 2109–2113.
7. Beena K Balan, Vinayak S Kale, Pradnya P Aher, Manjusha V Shelke, Vijayamohanan K
Pillai and Sreekumar Kurungot, Chem. Commun. 46 (2010) 5590–5592.
8. Sreekuttan M. Unni, Vishal M. Dhavale, Vijayamohanan K. Pillai, and Sreekumar
Kurungot, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 14654–14661.
9. R.S. Bhavsar, S.B. Nahire, M.S. Kale, S.G. Patil, P.P. Aher, R.A. Bhavsar, U.K. Kharul;
Polybenzimidazoles based on 3,3’-diaminobenzidine and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids:
Synthesis and evaluation of physico-chemical properties towards their applicability as
proton exchange and gas separation membrane material; J. Appl. Polym. Sci.120 (2011)
1090–99.
10. Rupesh S. Bhavsar, Santosh C. Kumbharkar1, Ulhas K. Kharul; Polymeric ionic liquids
(PILs): Effect of anion variation on their CO2 sorption; J. Membr. Sci. 389 (2012) 305–
315.
11. S.C. Kumbharkar, U.K. Kharul; New N-substituted ABPBI: Synthesis and evaluation of
gas permeation properties; J. Membr. Sci.360 (2010) 418-425.
12. S.C. Kumbharkar, Md. Nazrul Islam, R.A. Potrekar, U.K. Kharul; Variation in acid moiety
of polybenzimidazoles: Investigation of physico-chemical properties towards their
applicability as proton exchange and gas separation membrane materials; Polymer50
(2009) 1403–1413.
13. S.C. Kumbharkar, P.B. Karadkar, U.K. Kharul; Enhancement of gas permeation
properties of polybenzimidazoles by systematic structure architecture; J. Membr. Sci.286
(2006) 161-169.
123
14. S.S. Kothawade, M.P. Kulkarni, U.K. Kharul, A.S. Patil, S.P. Vernekar; Synthesis,
characterization, and gas permeability of aromatic polyimides containing pendant
phenoxy group; J. Appl. Polym. Sci.108 (2008) 3881–3889.
15. P.H. Maheshwari, R.Singh and R.B.Mathur, J. Electroanal. Chem. 671 (2012) 32-37.
16. S.R. Dhakate, S. Sharma, N. Chauhan, R.K. Seth and R.B. Mathur, Inter. J. Hydrogen
Energy 35 (2010) 4195-4200.
17. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, R. B. Mathur, Electrochimica Acta 54 (2009) 7476 – 7482.
18. S.R. Dhakate, R.B. Mathur, S. Sharma, M. Borah and T.L. Dhami, Energy & Fuel. 23
(2009) 934-941.
19. P.H. Maheshwari and R.B.Mathur, Electrochimica Acta 54 (2009) 7476-7482.
20. S.R. Dhakate, S. Sharma, M. Borah, R. B. Mathur and T. L. Dhami, Inter J. Hydrogen
Energy 33 (2008) 7146-7152.
21. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, R. B. Mathur, T. L. Dhami, Electrochimica Acta. 54 (2008) 655
– 659.
22. S. R. Dhakate, S. Sharma, M. Borah, R.B. Mathur and T.L. Dhami, Energy & Fuel. 22
(2008) 3329-3334.
23. R.B. Mathur, S.R. Dhakateand D.K.Gupta, T.L. Dhami, R.K. Aggarwal, J. Mat. Process.
Technol. 203 (2008) 184-192.
24. S.R. Dhakate, R.B. Mathur, B.K. Kakati, and T.L. Dhami, Inter J. Hydrogen Energy. 32
(2007) 4537-4543.
25. R.B. Mathur, Priyanka H. Maheshwari, T.L. Dhami, R.P. Tandon, Electrochimica Acta. 52
(2007) 4809 –17.
26. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, R.B. Mathur, T.L. Dhami, Journal of Power Sources, 173 (2007)
394 – 403.
27. R. B. Mathur, Priyanka H. Maheshwari, T. L. Dhami, R. K. Sharma, C. P. Sharma, J.
Power Sources, 161 (2006) 790 – 798.
28. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J. Eletrochem.
Soc., 154 (2007) B123.
29. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J. Appl.
Electrochem. 37 (2007) 913-919. G. Selvarani, A. K. Sahu, N. A. Choudhury, P. Sridhar,
S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Electrochim. Acta 52 (2007) 4871-4877.
30. A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pichumani and A.K. Shukla, J. Appl. Electrochem., 38 (2008)
357-362.
31. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. D. Bhat, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, A. K. Shukla, N.
Narayanan, A. Banerjee and N.Chandrakumar, J. Membr. Sci., 319 (2008) 298-305.
32. A.K. Sahu, K.G. Nishanth, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.K. Shukla,
Carbon, 47 (2009) 102-108.
124
33. S.D. Bhat, A. Manokaran, A.K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A.K. Shukla, J. Appl.
Polymer Sci., 113 (2009) 2605-2612.
34. A. K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, and A.K. Shukla, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156 (2009)
B118-B125.
35. A. K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A.K.Shukla, Fuel Cells, 9(2) (2009) 139–147.
36. A K Sahu, S Pitchumani, P Sridhar and A K Shukla, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 32, No. 3, June
2009, pp. 1–10.
37. G. Selvarani, Bincy John, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, ECS Trans., 19
(2009) 49-62.
38. A.K. Sahu,P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani, J.I.I.Sc., 89(4) (2009) 1-9.
39. K K Tintula, S Pitchumani, P Sridhar and A K Shukla, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 33, No. 2,
April 2010, pp. 157–163.
40. S. Mohanapriya, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.K. Shukla, ECS Trans., 28 (2010) 43 -
53.
41. S. Mohanapriya, K.K.Tintula, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.K. Shukla, ECS trans., 33
(2010) 461-471.
42. K. K. Tintula, A. K. Sahu, A. Shahid, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J.
Electrochem. Soc., 157 (2010) B1679-B1685.
43. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, and A. K. Shukla, J.
Electrochem. Soc., 157 (2010) B1000 - B1007.
44. G. Selvarani, S. Maheswari, P. Sridhar, S.Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, J. Fuel Cell Sci.
& Tech., 8 (2011) 021003.
45. A. Manokaran, A. Jalajakshi, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, J.
Power & Energy, Proc. IMechE., Part A, 225 (2011) 175-182.
46. G. Selvarani, S. Vinod Selvaganesh, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Bull.
Mater. Sci. 34 (2011) 337–346.
47. K. K. Tintula, A. K. Sahu, A. Shahid, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J.
Electrochem. Soc., 158 (2011) B622-B631.
48. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Fuel
Cells 11 (2011) 372–384.
49. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Phys.
Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011) 12623–12634.
50. A. Manokaran, S. Pushpavanam, P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani, J. Power Sources, 196
(2011) 9931-9938.
51. Tintula Kottakkat, Akhila K. Sahu*, Santoshkumar D. Bhat, Pitchumani Sethuraman and
Sridhar Parthasarathi, Appl. Catal. B. Environmental 110 (2011) 178– 185.
52. A. K. Sahu, A. Jalajakshi, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J. Chem. Sci.
(accepted).
125
53. S. Mohanapriya, K. K. Tintula, S. D. Bhat, S. Pitchumani and P. Sridhar, Bull. Mater. Sci.
(accepted).
54. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, J.
Electrochem. Soc., 159 (5) B463-B470 (2012).
55. Mayavan, S, Mandalam, A, Balasubramanian, M, Sim, JB, Choi, SM,Facile approach to
prepare Pt decorated SWNT/graphene hybrid catalytic ink, Mater. Res. Bull.67(2015)215-
219
56. A. Manokaran, S. Pushpavanam, P. Sridhar, Dynamics of anode-cathode interaction in
a polymer electrolyte fuel cell revealed by simultaneous current and potential distribution
measurements under local reactant starvation conditions, Journal of Applied
Electrochemistry 45 (2015) 353 – 363.
57. S. Gouse Peera, A.K. Sahu, A. Arunchander, S.D. Bhat, J. Karthikeyan, P. Murugan,
Nitrogen and fluorine co-doped graphite nanofibers as high durable oxygen reduction
catalyst in acidic media for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Carbon 93 (2015) 130-142.
58. A. Arunchander, K. G. Nishanth, K. K. Tintula, S. Gouse Peera, A. K. Sahu, Insights into
the effect of structure directing agents on structural properties of mesoporous carbon for
polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Bull. Mater. Sci. 38 (2015) 1-9.
59. Ramendra Pandey, Harshal Agarwal, B. Saravanan, P. Sridhar, Santoshkumar D. Bhat,
Internal humidification in PEM fuel cells using wick based water transport, Journal of
Electrochemical Society 162 (2015) in press.
60. Gopi, KH, Peera, SG, Bhat, SD, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,3-Methyltrimethylammonium
poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) based anion exchange membrane for alkaline
polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Bull. Mat. Sci.37(2014)877-881.
61. Selvaganesh, SV, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S, Shukla, AK,Pristine and graphitized-
MWCNTs as durable cathode-catalyst supports for PEFCs, J. Solid State
Electrochem.18(2014)1291-1305
62. Peera, SG, Sahu, AK, Bhat, SD, Lee, SC,Nitrogen functionalized graphite nanofibers/Ir
nanoparticles for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells
(PEFCs), RSC Adv.4(2014)11080-11088
63. S. Gouse Peera, A. K. Sahu, S. D. Bhat, S. C. Lee, Nitrogen functionalized graphite
nanofibers/Ir nanoparticles for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte
fuel cells (PEFCs), RSC Advances 4 (2014) 11080-11088.
64. K. K. Tintula, A. Jalajakshi, A. K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, A. K. Shukla, Durability
of Pt/C and Pt/MC-PEDOT Catalysts under Simulated Start-Stop Cycles in Polymer
Electrolyte Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells, 13 (2013) 158-166.
65. S. Gouse Peera, K.K. Tintula, A.K. Sahu, S. Shanmugam, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani,
Catalytic activity of Pt anchored onto graphite nanofiber-poly (3, 4-
126
ethylenedioxythiophene) composite towards oxygen reduction reaction in polymer
electrolyte fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, 108 (2013) 95-103.
66. A. K. Sahu, A. Jalajakshi, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, Endurance of
Nafion-composite membranes in PEFCs operating at elevated temperature under low
relative-humidity, J. Chemical Science, 124 (2012) 529-536.
67. S Mohanapriya, K K Tintula, S D Bhat, S Pitchumani, P Sridhar, A novel multi-walled
carbon nanotube (MWNT)-based nanocomposite for PEFC electrodes, Bulletin of
Materials Science 35 (2012) 297-303.
68. A. K. Sahu, A. Jalajakshi, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, Endurance of
Nafion-composite membranes in PEFCs operating at elevated temperature under low
relative-humidity, Journal of Chemical Science 124 (2012) 529-536.
Fuel Cell Center (DST)
69. Prithi Jayaraj, R.Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S.Dhathathreyan, , “ Nitrogen Doped
Graphene as Catalyst support for Sulphur tolerance in PEMFC “Graphene 2015
Accepted for publication
70. Jason Millichamp , Thomas J. Mason , Tobias P. Neville , Natarajan Rajalakshmi , Rhodri
Jervis , Paul R. Shearing , Daniel J.L. Brett,, “ Mechanisms and effects of mechanical
compression and dimensional change in polymer electrolyte fuel cells - A review “ , J
Power source, 284 (2015) 305
71. K.Nagamahesh, R.Balaji, K.S.Dhathathreyan, “Studies on Noble metal free carbon based
cathodes for Magnesium–Hydrogen peroxide fuelCell”, Ionics DOI: 10.1007/s11581-015-
1434-y (accepted for Publication) 2015.
72. R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan ,and S. Ramaprabhu “ Nitrogen
doped graphene prepared by hydrothermal and thermal solid state methods as catalyst
supports for fuel cell “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 4337-4348
73. S.Seetharaman, Raghu, S, Velan, M, Ramya, K & Ansari, K 2014, ‘Comparison of the
performance of reduced graphene oxide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes based
Sulfonated polysulfone membranes for electrolysis application’, Polymer Composites,
36(3), 475-481,2015
74. Prithi Jayaraj, P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Mitigation studies of
sulfur contaminated electrodes for PEMFC” , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39
( 2 0 1 4 ) 1 2 0 4 5 - 1 2 0 5 1
75. V. Senthil Velan, G. Velayutham, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Influence of
compressive stress on the pore structure of carbon cloth based gas diffusion layer
investigated by capillary flow porometry “ , International journal of Hydrogen Energy 39
(2014) 1752- 1759
76. N. Sasikala, K. Ramya, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen/air
electrodes, “Energy conversion and Management, 77, 2014, 545-549.
127
77. L.S.Ranjani, K. Ramya, K. S. Dhathathreyan, Compact and flexible hydrocarbon polymer
sensor for sensing humidity in confined spacesInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
39, 21343-21350, 2014.
78. V. Senthil Velan, P Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “ A Novel Graphene
Based Cathode for Metal – Air Battery “ , GRAPHENE 2013, Vol.1, No. 2 , 1-7
79. P Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “ Synthesis of Alkali Intercalated
Graphene Oxide for Electrochemiacl Supercapacitor Electrodes with High Perfromance
and Long Cycling Stability “ , GRAPHENE 2013, Vol.1, No.1 , 1-9
80. K.Ramya, K.S.Dhathathreyan, J.Sreenivas, S.Kumar, S.Narasimhan, “Hydrogen
production by alcoholysis of sodium borohydride Accepted for publication in International
Journal of Energy Research, 2013, 37, 1889-1895
81. S.Sabareeswaran, R.Balaji, K.Ramya and K.S.Dhathathreyan,” Carbon Assisted water
electrolysis for hydrogen generation “AIP conference Proceedings 1538, 43(2013).
82. Seetharaman, S., Ramya, K., Dhathathreyan, K.S., “Electrochemically reduced graphene
oxide / sulfonated polyether ether ketone composite membrane for electrochemical
applications “ ,AIP Conference Proceedings ,Volume 1538, 2013, Pages 257-261
83. Latha, K., Umamaheswari, B., Rajalakshmi, N., Dhathathreyan, K.S., ” Investigation of
various operating modes of fuelcell/ultracapacitor/ multiple converter based hybrid system
, Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems,
2013, Article number6526990, Pages 65-71” [2013 IEEE 10th International Conference
on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, PEDS 2013; Kitakyushu; Japan; 22 April
2013 through 25 April 2013; Code 97934
84. K. Latha ,S. Vidhya , B. Umamaheswari , N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Tuning
of PEM fuel cell model parameters for prediction of steady state and dynamic
performance under various operating conditions “ , International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy 38, (2013), pp. 2370-2386
85. P Karthika ,N Rajalakshmi and K S Dhathathreyan , "Flexible polyester cellulose paper
supercapacitor using gel electrolyte"; Chem Phys Chem, 2013, 14, 3822-3826 (DOI:
10.1002/cphc.201300622 ( 2013) )
86. S.Seetharaman, M.Velan,R.Balaji, K.Ramya , and K S Dhathathreyan“Graphene oxide
modified non noble metal electrode for alkaline anion exchange membrane water
electrolyzers” , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy- 38, (2013 ) ,14934 -14942tion (
2013)
87. S.Seetharaman & R. Balaji & K. Ramya & K. S. Dhathathreyan & M. Velan,
“Electrochemical behaviour of nickel-based electrodes for oxygen evolution reaction in
alkaline water electrolysis”, Ionics, DOI 10.1007/s11581-013-1032-9.
128
88. Ranjani Lalitha Sridhar, Ramya Krishnan, PEMFC membrane electrode assembly
degradation study based on its mechanical properties, International Journal of Materials
Research, Volume 104(9), 2013,892-898.
89. S Nagarajan, P Sudhagar, V Raman, W Cho, KS Dhathathreyan and YS Kang, “A
PEDOT-reinforced exfoliated graphite composite as a Pt- and TCO-free flexible counter
electrode for polymer electrolyte dye-sensitized solar cells”, : Journal of Materials
Chemistry A Volume: 1 Issue: 4 Pages: 1048-1054, 2013
90. M Maidhily, N. Rajalakshmi and KS Dhathathreyan, “Electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of flow field geometry in polymer
electrolyte membrane fuel cells”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 51, p 79-84, 2013.
91. Prasannan Karthika, Hamed Ataee-Esfahani,Hongjing Wang, Malar Auxilia Francis,
Hideki Abe ,Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Kaveripatnam S. Dhathathreyan, Dakshinamoorthy
Arivuoli, and Yusuke Yamauchi, “ Synthesis of Mesoporous Pt–Ru Alloy Particles with
Uniform Sizes by Sophisticated Hard-Templating Method “ , Chemistry - An Asian Journal
, Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2013, Pages 902-907
92. Prasannan Karthika, Hamed Ataee-Esfahani, Yu-Heng Deng, Kevin C.-W. Wu, Natarajan
Rajalakshmi, Kaveripatnam S. Dhathathreyan, Arivuoli Dakshanamoorthy, Katsuhiko
Ariga, and Yusuke Yamauchi, “ Hard-templating Synthesis of Mesoporous Pt-Based Alloy
Particles with Low Ni and Co Contents “ , Chemistry Letters , Volume 42, Issue 4, 2013,
Pages 447-449
93. S. Naveen Kumar, N. Rajalakshmi, K. S. Dhathathreyan, Efficient Power Conditioner for a
Fuel Cell Stack-Ripple Current Reduction Using Multiphase Converter , Smart Grid and
Renewable Energy, 2013, 4
94. P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi∗, and K. S. Dhathathreyan, Phosphorus-Doped Exfoliated
Graphene for Supercapacitor Electrodes, , Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,
Volume 13, Number 3, pp. 1746-1751, March 2013.
95. S. Pandiyan , A. Elayaperumal , N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan , N.
Venkateshwaran, “ Design and analysis of a proton exchange membrane fuel cells
(PEMFC)” , Renewable Energy . Volume 49, January 2013, Pages 161-165
96. Pattabiraman Krishnamurthy, Ramya Krishnan, and Dhathathreyan Kaveripatnam
Samban, Performance of a 1 kW Class Nafion-PTFE Composite Membrane Fuel Cell
Stack, International Journal of Chemical EngineeringVolume 2012 (2012),
97. Prasanna Karthika, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Kaveripatnam S.
Dhathathreyan,Functionalized Exfoliated Graphene Oxide as Supercapacitor Electrodes ,
Soft Nanoscience Letters, 2012, 2, 59-66
98. K. S. Dhathathreyan, N. Rajalakshmi, K. Jayakumar, and S. Pandian,, Forced Air-
Breathing PEMFC Stacks, Int Journal of Electrochemistry, Volume 2012, Article ID
216494, 7 pages, doi:10.1155/2012/216494
129
99. Viswanath Sasank Bethapudi, Rajalakshmi N, Dhathathreyan KS, Design and
optimization of a closed two loop thermal management configuration for PEM fuel cell
using heat transfer modules , International Journal of Chemical Engineering and
Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3, , pp. 243-248, 2012
100. B. P. Vinayan, Rupali Nagar, V. Raman, N. Rajalakshmi, K. S. Dhathathreyan and S.
Ramaprabhu, “ Synthesis of graphene-multiwalled carbon nanotubes hybrid
nanostructure by strengthened electrostatic interaction and its lithium ion battery
application “ , J. Mater. Chem., Vol.22(19), 9949-9956, 2012
101. B. P. Vinayan, Rupali Nagar, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu, “ Novel Platinum–Cobalt
Alloy Nanoparticles Dispersed on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as a Cathode
Electrocatalyst for PEMFC Applications “ ,Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 22(16),
p3519-3526, 2012
102. P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, R. Imran Jaffri, S. Ramaprabhu, and K. S. Dhathathreyan ,
“Functionalised 2D Graphene Sheets as Catalyst Support for Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cell Electrodes” in Advanced Science Letters, Volume 6, 2012, Pages
141-146
103. B.P. Vinayan , R. Imran Jafri, Rupali Nagar, N. Rajalakshmi, K. Sethupathi ,S.
Ramaprabhu , “ Catalytic activity of platinum cobalt alloy nanoparticles decorated
functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFC “ ,
Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 37 ( 2012) 412-421
104. Bhagavatula YS (Bhagavatula, Yamini Sarada); Bhagavatula MT (Bhagavatula, Maruthi
T.); Dhathathreyan KS (Dhathathreyan, K. S.), “Application of Artificial Neural Network in
Performance Prediction of PEM Fuel Cell”, International Journal of Energy Research,
Vol.36(13), p 1215-1225, 2012
105. B. Yamini Sarada , “Response to Comment on the article “Meliorated oxygen reduction
reaction of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell in the presence of cerium zirconium
oxide” by B. Yamini Sarada, K.S. Dhathathreyan, and M. Rama Krishna” , Int. J.
Hydrogen Energy , 36( 2012)5309-5310
106. S. S. Jyothirmayee Aravind, R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “ Solar
exfoliated graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid nano composites as efficient catalyst
supports for proton exchange membrane fuel cells “ , J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, 18199-
18204
107. Adarsh Kaniyoor, Tessy Theres Baby, Thevasahayam Arockiadoss, Natarajan
Rajalakshmi, and Sundara Ramaprabhu, “ Wrinkled Graphenes: A Study on the Effects of
Synthesis Parameters on Exfoliation – reduction of Graphite Oxide “ , The Journal of
Physical Chemistry C , 2011,115,17660-17669
130
108. C. K. Subramaniam*, C. S. Ramya and K. Ramya , “Performance of EDLCs using nafion
and nafion composites as electrolyte' - J of Applied Electrochemistry, Volume 41,
Number 2, 197-206, 2011
109. K. Ramya, J. Sreenivas, K.S. Dhathathreyan, Study of a porous membrane humidification
method in polymer electrolyte fuel cells , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 14866-
14872
110. G. Velayutham, “ effect of micro-layer PTFE on the performance of PEM fuel cell
electrodes “, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 14845-14850
111. V. Senthil Velan , G. Velayutham, Neha Hebalkar , K.S. Dhathathreyan , Effect of SiO2
additives on the PEM fuel cell electrode performance , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 (
2011) 14815-14822
112. M. Maidhily, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, Electrochemical impedance diagnosis
of micro porous layer in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell electrodes , Int. J.
Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 12342-12360
113. B.Yamini Sarada , K.S. Dhathathreyan , M. Rama Krishna , “ Meliorated oxygen reduction
reaction of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell in the presence of cerium-zirconium
oxide , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 11886- 11894
114. K. S. Dhathathreyan, “ Fuel Cell Development in India ‘ – The Journal of Fuel Cell
Technology , Japan - Special issue – invited article , 11(1) , 36-49, 2011.
115. K. S. Dhathathreyan, “The ARCI Fuel Cell Programme “ ISOFT e-Bulletin Vol. 02 No.01,
June 1, page 2, 2011.
116. Neetu Jha, R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu, “Graphene-multi walled
carbon nanotube hybrid electrocatalyst support material for direct methanol fuel cell
“International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 36, Issue 12, June 2011, Pages
7284-7290
117. Shin’ya Obara, Seizi Watanabe and Balaji Rengarajan , Operation planning of an
independent microgrid for cold regions by the distribution of fuel cells and water
electrolysers using a genetic algorithm , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36, ( 2011) , 14295-
14308
118. Shin’ya Obara, Takanobu Yamada, Kazuhiro Matsumura, Shiro Takahashi, Masahito
Kawai and Balaji Rengarajan , Operational planning of an engine generator using a high
pressure working fluid composed of CO2 hydrate, Applied Energy 2011, 88(12), 4733-
4741
119. Shin’ya Obara, Seizi Watanabe and Balaji Rengarajan , “ Operation method study based
on the energy balance of an independent microgrid using solar powered water
electrolyser and an electric heat pump , Energy , 2011, 36(8), 5200-5213
131
120. K. Ramya, J. Sreenivas, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “ Study of a porous membrane
humidification method in polymer electrolyte fuel cells” , International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy , 36 (2011) 14866-14872
121. R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu , ” Nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon
nanocoils as catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange
membrane fuel cell “ ,Journal of Power Sources, Volume 195, Issue 24, 15 December
2010, Pages 8080-8083
122. R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “Nitrogen doped graphene
nanoplatelets as catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange
membrane fuel cell”, J. Mater. Chem., 2010,20, 7114-7117
123. K S.Dhathathreyan and N.Rajalakshmi ,Challenges in PEM Fuel Cell Development , in “
Fuel Cells “ INCAS Bulletin, Vol. VIII No.3, 2009, 214-228 - Published in Nov. 2010
124. R. Imran Jafri, T. Arockiados, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu , “ Nanostructured Pt
dispersed Graphene-Multi walled Carbon Nanotube hybrid nanomaterials as
electrocatalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cells “ , , The
Journal of Electrochemical Society 157(6),B874-B879 (2010)
125. C S Ramya, C K Subramaniam and K S Dhathathreyan, “Perfluorosulfonic acid based
electrochemical double layer capacitor “J.Electrochem. Soc., USA, 157(5), A600-A605,
2010.
126. Leela Mohana Reddy, M. M. Shaijumon, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “
Performance of PEMFC using Pt/MWNT-Pt/C composites as electrocatalysts for oxygen
reduction reaction in PEMFC “ J. Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 7(2010) 1-7
127. Balaji Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, “ Performance of Platinumm Black and Supported
Platinum Catalysts in a Direct Methanol Fuel cell ”, Int. J. Electrochem.Sci., 4(2009),
386-395)
128. Balaji Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, “ExperimentaL Analaysis of platinum utilization in
a DMFC cathode “ , J. Applied Electrochem. 39 ( 2009), 1003-1009
129. Balaji Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, “ Effect of PTFE content on the performance of a
Direct Methanol fuel cell “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009) 446–452
130. B K Kakati, V K Yamsani , K S Dhathathreyan, D. Sathyamurthy and A Verma , “The
Electrical conductivity of a composite bipolar plate for fuel cell applications” , CARBON
47 (2009 ) , 2413-2418
131. R. Imran Jafri, N. Sujatha, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “ Au– MnO2/MWNT and
Au–ZnO/MWNT as oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst or polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cell “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2009) 34, 6371-6376
132. N. Rajalakshmi, S. Pandian, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Vibration tests on a PEM fuel cell
stack usable in transportation application “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
Vol. 34, Issue 9, pp.3833-3837, 2009
132
133. G. Velayutham , K S Dhathathreyan, N. Rajalakshmi and D.Sampangi Raman , “
Assessment of factors responsible for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell electrode
performance by statistical analysis , Journal of Power Sources , 191, ( 2009), 10-15
134. N. Rajalakshmi, G. Velayutham and K S Dhathathreyan , “ Sensitivity Analysiis of a 2.5
kW Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell stack by Statistical Method”, J. Fuel Cell
Science and Technology, 6 (1): 011003-1-6. 200
135. G Velayutham, K S Dhathathreyan , N Rajalakshmi and D Sampangi Raman ,
Assessment of factors responsible for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel cell electrode
performance by Statistical Analysis , J. Power Sources , 191( 2009),10-15
136. N. Rajalakshmi, N. Lakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan , Nano titanium oxide catalyst support
for proton exchange membrane fuel cells , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33
(2008) 7521-7526
137. B. Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, and K. S. Dhathathreyan , Effect of Ionomer Content
in Anode and Cathode Catalyst Layers on Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Performance , ,
FUEL CELLS 00, 2008, No. 0, 1–6 ( Science Direct)
138. G. Vasu, A.K. Tangirala, B. Viswanathan and K.S. Dhathathreyan ,Continuous bubble
humidification and control of relative humidity of H2 for a PEMFC system , International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 33, Issue 17, September 2008, Pages 4640-4648 139. N. Rajalakshmi and K.S. Dhathathreyan ,Nanostructured platinum catalyst layer prepared
by Pulsed Electro- Deposition for use in PEM fuel cells , International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy 33 ( 2008 ) 5672 – 5677
140. K.Ramya and K.S.Dhathathreyan, “ Methanol crossover studies on heat-treated Nafion®
membranes “J Membrane Science 311, 121-127 ,20008
141. S.Pandian, K.Jayakumar, N.Rajalakshmi and K.S.Dhathathreyan, Thermal and Electrical
Energy management in a PEMFC stack – An analytical approach , Int. Journal of Heat
and Mass transfer 51 (2008) 469-473
142. N. Rajalakshmi, S. Pandiyan, K.S. Dhathathreyan , Design and development of modular
fuel cell stacks for various applications, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 449-
454
143. Neetu Jha, A. Leela Mohana Reddy, M.M. Shaijumon, N.Rajalakshmi and
S.Ramaprabhu, Pt-Ru Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as electrocatalysts for direct
methanol fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 427-433
144. A Leela Mohana Reddy, N.Rajalakshmi and S.Ramaprabhu , Co-Ppy –Mwnt catalysts
for H2 and alcohol fuel cells , Carbon 46 (2008) 2-11, ( 2008).
145. N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Catalyst layer in PEMFC electrodes—
Fabrication, characterisation and analysis” in Chemical Engineering Journal 129 (2007)
31–40
133
146. K. Ramya, K.S. Dhathathreyan , “ Methanol crossover studies on heat-treated Nafion®
membranes “ in Journal of Membrane Science 311 (2008) 121–127
147. G. Velayutham, J. Kaushik, N. Rajalakshmi, and K. S. Dhathathreyan , “Effect of PTFE
Content in Gas Diffusion Media and Microlayer on the Performance of PEMFC Tested
under Ambient Pressure “ in FUEL CELLS 2008, No. 0, 1–5
148. N. Rajalakshmi∗, S. Pandiyan, K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Design and development of
modular fuel cell stacks for various applications” in International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy 33 (2008) 449 – 454
149. M. Krishna Kumar, N. Rajalakshmi, and S. Ramaprabhu, Electrochromism in mischmetal
based AB2 alloy hydride thin film , J. Phys Chem 111, issue No. 24, (2007) 8532-37
150. N. Rajalakshmi and K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Catalyst layer in PEMFC electrodes—
Fabrication, characterisation and analysis “ Chemical Engineering Journal, 129(2007)31-
40
151. K. Ramya, G. Velayutham, C.K. Subramaniam, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan,
“Effect of solvents on the characteristics of Nafion®/PTFE composite membranes for
fuel cell applications” , Journal of Power Sources 160 (2006) 10–17
152. N Lakshmi, N Rajalakshmi and K S Dhathathreyan , Functionalisation of various carbons
for use in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell electrodes – Analysis and
Characterization , J Phys. D Appl. Phys , 39 (2006) 2785–2790
153. K. Jayakumar, S. Pandiyan, N. Rajalakshmi and K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Cost-benefit
analysis of commercial bipolar plates for PEMFC's “ Journal of Power Sources, Volume
161, Issue 1, 20 October 2006, Pages 454-459,
154. G Velayutham , J Koushik and K S Dhathathreyan , “ Influence of Gas Dissusion
Substrates ( GDS) on the performance of PEM Fuel cell “ , Proceedings of DAE-BRNS
International Symposium on Materials Chemistry , Dec. 408, 2006 , Mumbai, India
155. M. Shaijumon, S. Ramaprabhu and N. Rajalakshmi“ Multiwalled carbon nanotubes-
platinum/carbon composites as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in proton
exchange membrane fuel cell , Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 253105, 2006
156. N. Rajalakshmi, Hojin Ryu, M.M. Shaijumon and S. Ramaprabhu,, Performance of
polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction
catalyst support material, Journal of Power Sources, Volume 140, Issue 2, 2 February
2005, Pages 250-257.
157. Platinum Catalysed Membranes for Proton exchange Membrane fuel cells – Higher
performance - N.Rajalakshmi1, Hojin Ryu1 and K.S. Dhathathreyan2 , Chemical
Engineering Journal 102,241-247, 2004.
IITs
134
158. A. Das, S. Basu, A. Verma, and K. Scott, “Characterization of Low Cost Ion Conducting
Poly(AAc-co-DMAPMA) Membrane for Fuel Cell Application”, Materials Sciences and
Applications, Accepted.
159. B. Navaneeth, R. H. Prasad, P. Chiranjeevi, R. Chandra, O. Sarkar, A. Verma, S.
Subudhi, B. Lal, and S.V. Mohan, “Implication of Composite Electrode on the Functioning
of Photo-bioelectrocatalytic Fuel Cell Operated with Heterotrophic-anoxygenic Condition,
Bioresource Technology, doi: j.biortech.2015.02.065.
160. A. Ghosh and A. Verma, “Carbon-polymer Composite Bipolar Plate for HT-PEMFC, Fuel
Cells, 2014, 14, 259-265.
161. T.S.K. Raunija, S.K. Manwatkar, S.C. Sharma, and A. Verma, “Morphological
Optimization of Process Parameters of Randomly Oriented Carbon/Carbon Composite”,
Carbon Letters, 2014, 15, 25-31.
162. B.K. Kakati, A. Ghosh, and A. Verma, “Efficient Composite Bipolar Plate Reinforced with
Carbon Fibre and Graphene for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38, 9362-9369.
163. A. Ghosh, S. Basu, and A. Verma, “Graphene and Functionalized Graphene Supported
Platinum Catalyst for PEMFC” Fuel Cells, 2013, 13, 355-363.
164. B.K. Kakati, D. Sathiyamoorthy, and A. Verma, “Semi-empirical Modelling of Electrical
Conductivity for Composite Bipolar Plate with Multiple Reinforcements”, International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36, 14851-14857.
165. B.K. Kakati, A. Ghosh, and A. Verma, "Graphene Reinforced Composite Bipolar Plate for
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell", ASME Proceedings, Fuel Cell 2011, 301-307.
166. N. Shroti, L. Barbora, and A. Verma, “Neodymium Triflate Modified Nafion Composite
Membrane for Reduced Alcohol Permeability in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell”, International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36, 14907-14913.
167. B.K. Kakati, D. Sathiyamoorthy, and A. Verma, “Electrochemical and Mechanical
Behaviour of Composite Bipolar Plate for Fuel Cell Application”, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, 35 (2010) 4185-4194.
168. A. Verma, and K. Scott, "Development of High Temperature PEMFC based on
Heteropolyacids and Polybenzimidazole", Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2010,
14, 213-219.
169. B.K. Kakati, K.R. Guptha, and A. Verma, “Fabrication of Composite Bipolar Plate for
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell”, Journal of Environmental Research and
Development, 2009, 4, 202-211.
170. B.K. Kakati, V.K. Yamsani, K.S. Dhathathreyan, D. Sathiyamoorthy, and A. Verma,
“Investigation on Electrical Conductivity of Composite Bipolar Plate for Fuel Cell
Application”, Carbon, 2009, 47, 2413-2418.
135
171. X. Wu, A. Verma, and K. Scott, “Sb-doped SnP2O7 Proton Conductor for High
Temperature Fuel Cells”, Fuel Cells, 2008, 8, 453-458.
172. A. Difoe, A. Verma, and U.K. Saha, “A Preliminary Design Approach for 1 kW Direct
Methanol Fuel Cell System”, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2008, 1, 30-46.
173. A. Verma, A. Sharma, and S. Basu, “Study of Methanol and Ethanol Electrooxidation in
Alkaline Medium using Cyclic Voltammetry”, Indian Chemical Engineer, 2007, 49, 330-
340.
174. B.K. Kakati, K.R. Guptha and A. Verma, “Numerical Optimization of Channel and Rib
Width of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Bipolar Plate”, International Journal of
Chemical Sciences, 2007, 5, 1590-1602.
175. L. Barbora, S. Acharya, S. Kaalva, A. Difoe and A. Verma, “Nafion/TiO2 Composite
Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell”, International Journal of Chemical Sciences,
2007, 5, 1579-1589.
176. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Direct Alkaline Fuel Cell for Multiple Liquid Fuels: Anode
Electrode Studies”, Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 174, 180-185.
177. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Experimental Evaluation and Mathematical Modeling of a Direct
Alkaline Fuel Cell”, Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 168, 200-210.
178. A. Verma, A.K. Jha, and S. Basu, “Evaluation of an Alkaline Fuel Cell in Multi-fuel
System”, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 2 (2005), 234-237.
179. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Direct use of Alcohols and Sodium Borohydride as Fuel in an
Alkaline Fuel Cell”, Journal of Power Sources, 145 (2005) 282-285.
180. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Power from Hydrogen via Fuel Cell Technology”, Chemical
Weekly, July 12, 2005, 177-181.
181. A. Verma, A.K. Jha, and S. Basu, “Manganese Dioxide as a Cathode Catalyst for a Direct
Alcohol or Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell with a Flowing Alkaline Eelectrolyte” Journal of
Power Sources, 141 (2005), 30-34.
182. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Feasibility Study of a Simple Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell”,
Journal of Power Sources, 135 (2004) 62-65
183. J Deshpande, T Dey, PC Ghosh(2014), “Effect of Vibrations on Performance of Polymer
Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells” Energy Procedia 54, 756-762, 2014
184. D Singdeo, T Dey, P C Ghosh(2014), “Three Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics
Modelling of High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell” Applied Mechanics and
Materials 492, 365-369
185. D Singdeo, T Dey, P C Ghosh(2014), “Contact resistance between bipolar plate and gas
diffusion layer in high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells” International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy 39 (2), 987-995
186. P C Ghosh (2013), “Influences of contact pressure on the performances of polymer
electrolyte fuel cells “Journal of Energy
136
187. JM Sonawane, A Gupta, P C Ghosh (2013),Multi-electrode microbial fuel cell (MEMFC):
a close analysis towards large scale system architecture International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy 38 (12), 5106-5114
188. AS Raj, P C Ghosh (2012),Standalone PV-diesel system vs. PV-H2 system: An economic
analysis Energy 42 (1), 270-280
189. D. Singdeo, T. Dey, P. C. Ghosh, (2011), Modelling of start-up time for high temperature
polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Energy, 36 pp. 6081-6089.
190. P. C. Ghosh, U. Vasudeva, (2011) “Analysis of 3000 T class submarines equipped with
polymer electrolyte fuel cells”, Energy, Vol. 36 pp. 3138-3147.
191. P. C. Ghosh, H. Dohle, J. Mergel (2009), “Modelling of heterogeneities inside polymer
electrolyte fuel cells due to oxidants” Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34 pp. 8204-8212
192. R. Kannan, Md. N. Islam, D. Rathod, M. Vijay, U. K. Kharul, P. C. Ghosh, K.
Vijaymohanan (2008), “A 27-3fractorial optimization of Polybenzimidazole based
membrane electrode assemblies for H2/O2 fuel cells” J. Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 38
pp. 583-590
193. S. Singh, A. Verma, S. Basu. 2015, Oxygen Reduction Non-PGM electrocatalysts for
PEM fuel cells- Recent advances”, (Ch 5), in: Advanced Materials and Technologies for
Electrochemical Energy, Eds., P.K. Shen, C. Wang, X. Sun, S.P. Jiang, and J. Zhang,
CRC Press, Accepted.
194. A. Ghosh, A. Verma, 2015, Potential Applications of Graphene in Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane Fuel Cell, Eds. M. Aliofkhazraei, N. Ali, W.I. Milne, C.S. Ozkan, S. Mitura, J.L.
Gervasoni, Handbook of Graphene, CRC Press. Accepted.
195. 1. G. Vasu, A.K. Tangirala, B. Viswanathan and S. Dhathathreyan (2008).
Continuous bubble humidification and control of relative humidity of H2 for a PEMFC
system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 33(17), 4640-4648
196. 2. G. Vasu and A.K. Tangirala (2008). Control orientated thermal model for proton-
exchange membrane fuel cell systems. Journal of Power Sources, 183, 98-108.
197. 3. G. Vasu and A.K. Tangirala (2009). Control of air flow rate with stack
voltage measurement for a PEM fuel cell system. Journal of Energy Storage and
Conversion. 1(1), 51-59.
198. 4. G. Vasu, D. Deepak, S. Babji and A.K. Tangirala (2008). Detection and diagnosis
of faults in PEM fuel cells. SSPCCIN 2008, 3-5 January, Pune, India.
199. 5. V. Gollangi, A.K. Tangirala, B. Viswanathan and K.S. Dhathathreyan (2006). Effects of
residence time and humidifier temperature on relative humidity of H2 in a
bubble humidifier - An experimental study. Presented at the CHEMCON
2006, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India.
137
200. 6. A.K. Tangirala and B. Viswanathan (2006). Modelling, Control and Monitoring of
PEM Fuel Cells. Presented at the National Seminar on Challenges in Fuel Cell
Technology: India’s Perspective, IIT Delhi, Delhi, India.
201. D. Kareemulla & S. Jayanti, “A comprehensive, one-dimensional, semi-analytical
mathematical model for liquid-feed polymer electrolyte membrane direct methanol fuel
cells”, J. Power Sources, 188 (2), 367-388, 2009.
202. P. V. Suresh, S. Jayanti, A. P. Deshpande & P. Haridoss, “An improved serpentine flow
field with enhanced cross-flow for fuel cell applications”, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 36, 6067-
6072, 2011.
203. N.S. Suresh and S. Jayanti, “Cross-over and performance modeling of liquid-feed
polymer electrolyte membrane direct ethanol fuel cells”, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 36,
14648-14658, 2011.
204. S. Appari, V. M. Janardhanan, S. Jayanti, S. Tischer, O. Deutschmann, “Microkinetic
modelling of NH3 decomposition on Ni and its application to solid oxide fuel
cells”, Chemical Engineering Science, 66, 5184-5191, 2011
205. Harikishan Reddy E, Jayanti S. Thermal management strategies for a 1 kWe stack of a
high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Appl Therm Eng 2012; 48:465-
475.
206. Vikas Jaggi and S. Jayanti “A Conceptual Model of a High-efficiency, Stand-alone Power
Unit Based on a Fuel Cell Stack with an Integrated Auto-thermal Ethanol
Reformer”, Applied Energy, 110,295-303, 2013
207. Harikishan Reddy E, Monder, D.S., Jayanti S. “Parametric study of an external coolant
system for a high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell" Applied Thermal
Engineering, 58, 155-164, 2013
208. S. Appari, V.M. Janardhanan, R. Bauri and S. Jayanti,“Deactivation and regeneration of
Ni catalyst during steam reforming of model biogas: An experimental
investigation"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(1), 297-304, 2014.
209. Jyothilatha Tamalapakula and S. Jayanti, “Ex-situ Experimental Studies on Serpentine
Flow Field Design For Redox Flow Battery Systems” J. Power Sources, 248,140-146
(2014).
210. E. H. Reddy, S. Jayanti and D.S. Monder, “Thermal management of high temperature
polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stacks in the power range of 1 to 10 kWe”, Int J
Hydrogen Energy, 39(35), 20127-20138, 2014.
2) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
CSIR
138
1. H. S. Maiti, A. Chakraborty and M.K. Paria, "Bi2O3 as a sintering aid for
La(Sr)MnO3 cathode material for SOFC". Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. on Solid Oxide
Fuell Cells, Honululu, Eds. S. C. Singhal and H. Iwahara, The Electrochemical
Society, N.J. pp.190-99 (1993).
2. Amitava Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi, Sukumar Roy and H. S. Maiti, “Low-temperature
synthesis of ultrafine La0.84Sr0.16 MnO3 powder by an autoignition process", J.
Mater. Res., 9(4) 986-91 (1994).
3. A. Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi and H.S. Maiti, "Preparation of La1-x Srx MnO3 (0<x<6)
powder by autoignition of carboxylate - nitrate gels", Materials Letts. 20, 63-69
(1994).
4. A. Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi and H. S. Maiti, "Low temperature synthesis and
some physical properties of barium substituted lanthanum manganite", J. Mater Res.,
10(4), 918-25 (1995).
5. Amitava Chakraborty, P. Choudhury and H. S. Maiti, “Electrical conductivity in Sr-
substituted lanthanum manganite (La1-xSrxMnO3) cathode material prepared by auto
ignition technique”, Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, eds. M. Dokiya, O.
Yamamoto, H. tagania and S. C. Singhal, Publ. by The Electrochemical Soc. Inc., USA,
pp. 612-17 (1995).
6. Amitava Chakraborty, R. N. Basu, M. K. Paria and H. S. Maiti, “Synthesis of La(Ca)CrO3
powder by autoignition process and study of its sintering behaviour and electrical
conductivity”, Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, eds. M. Dokiya, O.
Yamamoto, H. tagania and S. C. Singhal, Publ. by The Electrochemical Soc. Inc., USA,
pp. 915-23 (1995).
7. R. N. Basu, S. K. Pratihar, M. Saha and H. S. Maiti, "Preparation of Sr-substituted
LaMnO3 Thick Films as Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell" Materials Letters, 32, 217-
22 (1997).
8. S. K. Pratihar, R. N. Basu and H. S. Maiti, “Preparation and characterisation of porous Ni-
YSZ cermet anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, Trans. Ind. ceram. Soc., 56(3), 85-88
(1997).
9. Amitava Chakraborty and H.S.Maiti, “Bi2O3 as an effective sintering aid for
La(Sr)MnO3 powder prepared by autoignition route”, Ceram. Int., 25(2) 115-23
(1999).
10. S. K. Pratihar, R. N. Basu, S. Mazumder and H. S. Maiti, “Electrical conductivity and
microstructure of Ni-YSZ anode prepared by liquid dispersion method” , Solid Oxide
Fuel cells (SOFC VI), Proc. Six Int. Symp., eds. S. C. Singhal and M. Dokiya, The
Electrochemical Soc. Inc.pp.513-21 (1999).
11. Amitava chakraborty, R. N. Basu and H. S. Maiti, “Low Temperature Sintering of
la(Ca)CrO3 prepard by an Autoignition Process”, Mats. Letts., 45(9), 162-66 (2000).
139
12. A. Mukherjee, B. Maiti, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Correlation between
slurry viscosity, green density and sintered density for tape cast yttria stabilized zirconia,
Ceram. International, 27, 731-739 (2001).
13. Amitava Chakraborty, A. Das Sharma, B. Maiti, and H. S. Maiti, “Preparation of Low
temperature Sinterable BaCe0.8Sm0.2O3 Powder by Autoignition Technique”, Mats. Letts.
57, 862-67 (2002).
14. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Synthesis and properties of nanocrystalline
ceria powders. J. Mater. Res. 19(11), 3162-3171 (2004).
15. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, “A potential oxide ion conducting material La2-
xBaxMo2O9”. Appl. Phys. Letts. 85, 3486-3488 (2004).
16. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi and H. S. Maiti, “A novel approach to develop dense
lanthanum calcium chromite sintered ceramics with very high conductivity”, Chem.
Mater. 16, 5562-63 (2004).
17. Swadesh K. Pratihar, A. Das Sharma, R. N. Basu and H. S. Maiti, “Preparation of Nickel
coated YSZ powder for application as an anode for solid oxide fuel cells”, J. Power,
Sources, 129, 138-42 (2004)
18. P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma, and H.S. Maiti, “Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Materials: A
Review”, Trans. Ind. Cer. Soc.; 63(2) 75-98 (2004).
19. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi and H.S. Maiti, “Synthesis and properties of nano-crystalline
ceria powders”, J. Mater. Res. 19(11), 3162-3171 (2004).
20. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Nb-doped La2Mo2O9: A new material with high
ionic conductivity, J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, A2143-A2147 (2005).
21. S. Basu, A. Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Electrical conduction in nano
structured La0.9Sr0.1Al0.85Co0.05Mg0.1O3 perovskite oxide, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 88[8], 2110-
2113 (2005).
22. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma and H. S. Maiti A novel spray pyrolysis
technique to produce nanocrystalline lanthanum strontium manganite powder, J. Am.
Ceram. Soc., 88[4], 971-973 (2005).
23. S. Basu, A. Chakraborty, P.S. Devi and H.S. Maiti, “Electrical conduction in nano-
structured La0.9Sr0.1Al0.85Co0.05Mg0.1O3 perovskite oxide”, J Amer Ceram Soc, 88(8)
2110-2113 (2005).
24. S. Basu, P.S. Devi, A. Das Sharma and H.S. Maiti, “Nb-Doped La2Mo2O9 : A New
Material with High Ionic Conductivity”, J Electrochem Soc, 152(11), A2143-A2147 (2005).
25. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma, and H.S. Maiti, “A Novel Spray-Pyrolysis
Technique to Produce Nanocrystalline Lanthanum Strontium Manganite Powder”, J. Am.
Ceram. Soc. 88, 971 – 973 (2005).
140
26. Swadesh K. Pratihar, A. Das Sharma and H.S. Maiti, “Processing Microstructure Property
Correlation of Porous Ni–YSZ Cermets Anode for SOFC Application”, Mater. Res. Bull.,
40, 1936 – 1944 (2005).
27. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Effect of Metal Ion Concentration on the
Synthesis and Properties of La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 Cathode Material, J. Power Sources,
161(1), 79-86 (2006).
28. Basu S, Sujatha Devi P, Maiti H S, Lee Y, Hanson J C “Lanthanum molybdenum oxide:
low-temperature synthesis and characterization” J Mater Res, 21 (5) 133-1140 (2006)’
29. Chakraborty S, Sen A, Maiti H S, “Selective detection of methane and butane by
temperature modulation in iron doped tin oxide Sensors”, Sensor and Actuator, B115 (2)
610-613 (2006).
30. Chakraborty S, Sen A, Maiti H S, “Complex plane impedance plot as a figure of merit for
tin dioxide-based methane sensors”, Sensor and Actuator, b119 (2) 431-434 dec (2006).
31. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Synthesis of La0.7Ca0.3CrO3
SOFC interconnect using a novel chromoum source, Electrochemical and Solid
StateLetters, 9 (11), A516 –A519 (2006).
32. Kumar A, Sujatha Devi P, Maiti H S, “Effect of metal ion concentration on synthesis and
properties of La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 cathode material”, J Power Sources, 161 (1) 79-86
(2006).
33. Swadesh K. Pratihar, A. Das Sharma, H.S. Maiti, “ Electrical behavior of nickel coated
YSZ cermet prepared by electroless coating technique”, Materials Chemistry and
Physics, 96(2-3), 388-395(2006).
34. Senthil Kumar S., Mukhopadhyay A. K., Basu R. N. And Maiti H. S.,”Improvement of
Mechanical Properties of Anode Supported Planar SOFC”, J. Electrochem. Soc. Trans. 7,
533-541(2007).
35. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Tailor-made BaO-
CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-based glass sealant for anode-supported planar SOFC, Electrochemical
Society Transactions, 7, 2443-2452 (2007).
36. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Influence of B-site
sbubstituents on lanthanum calcium chromite nanocrystalline materials for solid oxide fuel
cell,J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 (12), 3741–3747 (2007).
37. Ghosh S, Kundu P, Das Sharma A, Basu R N, Maiti H S, “Microstructure and property
evaluation of barium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic sealant for anode-supported solid
oxide fuel cell”, J European Ceram Soc, 28 (1) 69-76 (2008).
38. Saswati Ghosh, P. Kundu, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Microstructure and
property evaluation of barium aluminosilicate glass ceramic sealant for anode-supported
solid oxide fuel cell, J. European Ceramic Soc., 28, 69-76 (2008).
141
39. Basu S and Maiti H S, “Ion dynamics study of Nb+5 -substituted La2 Mo2 O9 by AC
impedance spectroscopy”, J Electrochem Soc, 156 (7) 114-116 (2009).
40. Basu S, Maiti H S, “Ion dynamics study of La2Mo2O9”, Ionics, 16(2), 111-15 (2010).
41. Basu, S., Maiti, H.S., “Ion dynamics in Ba-, Sr-, and Ca-doped La2Mo2O9 from analysis
of ac impedance”, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14(6), 1021-25 (2010).
42. Santanu Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, H.S. Maiti and N.R. Bandyopadhyay, “Synthesis,
thermal and electrical analysis of alkaline earth doped lanthanum molybdate”, Solid State
Ionics (2012)
43. J. Mukhopadhyay, H. S. Maiti and R. N. Basu,“Synthesis of nanocrystalline lanthanum
manganite with tailored particulate size and morphology using a novel spray pyrolysis
technique for application as the functional solid oxide fuel cell cathode”, Journal of Power
Sources, 232, 55-65, (2013).
44. J Mukhopadhyay, H. S. Maiti and Rajendra Nath Basu, “Processing of nano to
microparticulates with controlled morphology by a novel spray pyrolysis technique: A
mathematical approach to understand the process mechanism”, Powder Technology,
239, 506–517, (2013).
45. Arup Mahata, Pradyot Datta and R.N. Basu, Microstructural and Chemical Changes after
High Temperature Electrolysis in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell, Journal of Alloys and
Compounds (2015)
46. B. Bagchi and RN Basu, A simple sol–gel approach to synthesize nanocrystalline 8 mol
percnt yttria stabilized zirconia from metal-chelate precursors: Microstructural evolution
and conductivity studies, Journal of Alloys and Compounds (2015)
47. Koyel Banerjee, J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Effect of 'A'-site Non Stoichiometry in
Strontium Doped Lanthanum Ferrite Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes, Materials
Research Bulletin (2015)
48. Quazi Arif Islam, M.W. Raja, R.N. Basu, Low temperature synthesis of nanocrystalline
scandia stabilized zirconia by aqueous combustion method and its characterizations,
Bulletin of Materials Science (2015).
49. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Electrophoretic Deposition of Zirconia Thin Film on Non-
conducting Substrate for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Application, J. American Ceram. Soc.
97[11] 3452-3457 (2014).
50. T. Dey, A. Dey, P.C. Ghosh, Manaswita Bose, A.K. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu,
Influence of microstructure on nano-mechanical properties of single planar solid oxide
fuel cell in pre- and post-reduced conditions, Materials and Design, Vol. 53, 2014, pp.
182-191.
51. Koyel Banerjee, J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, “Nanocrystalline Doped Lanthanum
Cobalt Ferrite and Lanthanum Iron Cobaltite-based Composite Cathode for Significant
142
Augmentation of Electrochemical Performance in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, International J.
Hydrogen Energy, 39, 15754-15759 (2014).
52. Tapobrata Dey, D. Singdeo, R.N. Basu, Manaswita Bose, P.C. Ghosh, “Improvement in
solid oxide fuel cell performance through design modifications: An approach based on
root cause analysis”, International J. Hydrogen Energy, 39, 17258-17266 (2014).
53. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Electrochemical characteristics of xLi2MnO3-
(1-x)Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) composite cathodes: Effect of particle
and Li2MnO3domain size, Electrochemica Acta, 132, 472-482 (2014).
54. Tapobrata Dey, A. Das Sharma, A. Dutta and R.N. Basu, Transition metal-doped yttria
stabilized zirconia for low temperature processing of planar anode-supported solid oxide
fuel cell, J. Alloys and Compounds, 604, 151–156 (2014).
55. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Electrochemical performances of
0.9Li2MnO3–0.1Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 cathodes: Role of the cycling induced
layered to spinel phase transformation, Solid State Ionics, 256,19-28, (2014)
56. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Electrophoretically Deposited Thin Film Electrolyte for
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Advances in Applied Ceramics, 113, 8-13 (2014).
57. J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Morphologically architectured spray pyrolyzed
lanthanum ferrite-based cathodes - A phenomenal enhancement in solid oxide fuel cell
performance, J. of Power Sources, 252, 252 -263 (2014).
58. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Electrophoretic Deposition of Thin Film Zirconia Electrolyte
on Non-conducting NiO-YSZ Substrate, Trans Indian Ceram Soc., 73, 90-93 (2014).
59. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Suspension chemistry and electrophoretic deposition of
zirconia electrolyte on conducting and non-conducting substrates, Materials Research
Bulletin, 48, 3254-3261 (2013).
60. Q.A. Islam, S. Nag, R.N. Basu, Electrical properties of Tb-doped barium cerate, Ceramics
International, 39, 6433–6440 (2013)
61. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu, Effect of
Anode Configuration on Electrical Properties and Cell Polarization in Planar Anode
Supported SOFC, Solid State Ionics, 233, 20-31 (2013).
62. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Effect of Structural Integration on
Electrochemical Properties of 0.5Li2MnO3-0.5Li (Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25) O2 Composite
Cathodes for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries, J. Electrochem Soc., 160, A1406-1414
(2013).
63. Q.A. Islam, S. Nag and R.N. Basu, Study of electrical conductivity of Ca-substituted
La2Zr2O7, Materials Research Bulletin, 48, 3103-3107 (2013).
64. T. Dey, P.C. Ghosh, D. Singdeo, Manaswita Bose, R.N. Basu, Study of contact
resistance at the electrode-interconnect interfaces in planar type Solid Oxide Fuel Cells,
J. Power Sources, 233, 290-298 (2013).
143
65. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Functional Anode
Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell – A Review, Trans Indian Ceram Soc., 72, 145-168
(2013).
66. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Performance of Wet Chemical Synthesized
xLi2MnO3-(1-x)Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) Integrated Cathode for Lithium
Rechargeable Battery,J Electrochem Soc., 159, A1125-A1134 (2012).
67. S. Nag, S. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Development of Mixed Conducting Dense
Nickel/Ca-doped Lanthanum Zirconate Cermet for Gas Separation Application,Materials
Research Bulletin, 47, 925-929 (2012).
68. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu, Engineered
anode structure for enhanced electrochemical performance of anode-supported planar
solid oxide fuel cell,International J. Hydrogen Energy, 37,2524-2534 (2012).
69. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu,High
Performance Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fabricated with Ni-Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
anode Prepared by Electroless Technique,Int. J. Applied Ceramic Technology, 9 999-
1010 (2012).
70. Manab Kundu, S. Mahanty and R.N. Basu, LiSb3O8 as a Prospective Anode Material for
Lithium-ion Battery, Int. Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 9, 876-880(2012).
71. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu, In-situ
Patterned Intra-anode Triple Phase Boundary in SOFC Electroless Anode: An
Enhancement of Electrochemical Performance, International J. Hydrogen Energy,36,
7677-7682 (2011).
72. M. Kundu, S. Mahanty and R.N. Basu, Li3SbO4 :A New High Rate Anode Material for
Lithium-ion Batteries, Materials Letters, 65 (2011) 1105-1107.
73. M. Kundu, S. Mahanty and R.N. Basu,Lithium Hexaoxo Antimonate as an Anode Material
for Lithium-ion Battery,Nanomaterials & Energy, 1 (2011) 51-56.
74. T. Dey, P. C. Ghosh, D. Singdeo, Manaswita Bose and R.N. Basu,Diagnosis of Scale up
Issues Associated with Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36, 9967-
9976 (2011).
75. Vinila Bedekar, Saheli Patra, A. Dutta, R. N. Basu and A.K. Tyagi, Ionic Conductivity
studies on Neodymium doped Ceria in different atmospheres, International J. Nano
Technology, 7, 9-12 (2010).
76. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, A.K. Mukhopadhyay, P. Kundu, and R.N. Basu, Effect of
BaO addition on magnesium lanthanum aluminoborosilicate-based glass-ceramic sealant
for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell, International J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 272 –
283 (2010).
144
77. A. Dutta, A. Kumar and R.N. Basu, Sinterability and ionic conductivity of 1% cobalt doped
in Ce0.8Gd0.2O2- prepared by combustion synthesis, Electrochemistry Communications,
11, 699-701 (2009).
78. A. Dutta, Saheli Patra, Vinila Bedekar, A.K. Tyagi and R.N. Basu, Nano-crystalline
gadolinium doped ceria: combustion synthesis and electrical characterization, J. Nano
Sci. Nanotechnology, 9, 3075–3083 (2009).
79. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu, Ball mill
assisted synthesis of Ni-YSZ cermet anode by electroless technique and their
characterization, Materials Science & Engineering B, 163 (2009) 120-127.
80. A. Dutta, J. Mukhopadhyay, and R.N. Basu, Combustion synthesis and characterization
of LSCF-based materials as cathode of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells,J.
European Ceramic Soc., 29 (10), 2003-2011 (2009).
81. R.N. Basu, A. Das Sharma, A. Dutta and J. Mukhopadhyay, Processing of high
performance anode-supported planar solid oxide fuel cell, International J. Hydrogen
Energy, 33 (20), 5748-5754 (2008).
82. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, Development and
characterizations of BaO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic sealants for intermediate
temperature solid oxide fuel cell application, J. Non-cryst. Solids, 354, 4081-4088 (2008).
83. J. Mukhopadhyay, M. Banerjee and R.N. Basu, Influence of sorption kinetics for zirconia
sensitization in solid oxide fuel functional anode prepared by electroless technique,J.
Power Sources, 175, 749-759 (2008).
84. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu, and R.N. Basu, Glass-based sealants for
application in planar solid oxide fuel cell stack, Trans. Indian Ceram. Soc., 67 (4), 161-
182 (2008) – A Review Article.
85. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, Novel glass-ceramic sealants
for planar IT-SOFC: A Bi-layered approach for joining electrolyte and metallic
interconnect, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155 (5), B473-B478 (2008).
86. A. Goel, D.U. Tulyaganov, S. Agathopoulos, M.J. Ribeiro, R.N. Basu, and J.M.F. Ferreira,
Diopside–Ca-Tschermak clinopyroxene based glass–ceramics processed via sintering
and crystallization of glass powder compacts, J. European Ceramic Soc.,27 (5), 2325-
2331 (2007).
87. R.N. Basu, G. Blaß, H.P. Buchkremer, D. Stöver, F. Tietz, E. Wessel and I.C. Vinke,
Simplified Processing of Anode-supported Thin Film Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, J.
Euro. Ceram. Soc. 25, 463-471 (2005).
88. R.N. Basu, F. Tietz, E. Wessel and D. Stöver, Interface reactions during co-firing of solid
oxide fuel cell components, J. Materials Processing Technology, 147, 85-89 (2004).
145
89. R.N. Basu, F. Tietz, E. Wessel, H.P. Buchkremer and D. Stöver, Microstructure and
electrical conductivity of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 prepared by combustion synthesis routes,
Materials Research Bulletin, 39, 1335-1345 (2004).
90. R.N. Basu, F. Tietz, O. Teller, E. Wessel, H.P. Buchkremer and D. Stöver, LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3
as a cathode contact material for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Solid State Electrochem., 7,
416-420 (2003).
91. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Fabrication of dense zirconia electrolyte films for
tubular solid oxide fuel cells by electrophoretic deposition, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84 (1), 33-
40 (2001).
92. R.N. Basu, O. Altin, M.J. Mayo, C.A. Randall and S. Eser, Pyrolytic carbon deposition on
porous cathode tubes and its use as an interlayer for solid oxide fuel cell zirconia
electrolyte fabrication, J. Electrochemical Society, 148, A506-512 (2001).
93. C.A. Randall, J. Van Tassel, A. Hitomi, A. Daga, R.N. Basu and M. Lanagan,
Electroceramic device opportunities with electrophoretic deposition, J. Materials
Education, 22 (4-6), 131-40 (2000) (An invited Review Article).
94. R.N. Basu, M.J. Mayo and C.A. Randall, Free standing sintered ceramic films from
electrophoretic deposition, Japanese J. Applied Physics, (Part 1), 38 (11), 6462-6465
(1999).
95. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Diffusion bonding of rigid zirconia pieces using
electrophoretically deposited particulate interlayers, K. Ozturk, Scripta Materialia, 41 (11),
1191-1195 (1999).
96. R. N. Basu, A Das Sharma, J Mukhopadhyay and Atanu Dutta, Fabrication of anode-
supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Special Bulletin in Fuel Cell of Indian Association of
Nuclear Chemists and Allied Scientists (IANCS), Volume III (No.3), pp 229-238, 2009.
97. R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Fuel Cells: Journey towards a new energy era, Science and
Culture, 71 (5-6), 168-77 (2005).
98. Snehashis Biswas, A. Das Sharma, Amlan Buragohain, C.V.Stayanarayana and R.N.
Basu, Ni-Zr0.75Ce0.25O2-δ composite as a steam methane reformable SOFC anode,
Electrochemical Soc. Transactions, 57, 1235-1244 (2013).
99. J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Spray Pyrolysis Assisted Synthesis of Doped Barium
Ferrite and Lanthanum Barium Ferrite based SOFC Cathodes with Tailored Particulate
Size and Morphology, Electrochemical Soc. Transactions, 57, 1945-1955 (2013).
100. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu,
Multilayered SOFC Anode Structure with Electroless Ni-YSZ for Enhancement of Cell
Performance, Electrochemical Soc. Transaction, 35, 1293-1302 (2011).
101. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu, Use of
electroless anode active layer in anode supported planar SOFC, Electrochemical Soc.
Transactions, 25, 2267 – 2275 (2009).
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102. A. Dutta, H. Götz, Saswati Ghosh and R.N. Basu, Combustion synthesis of
La0.6Sr0.4Co0.98Ni0.02O3 cathode and evaluation of its electrical and electrochemical
properties for IT-SOFC, Electrochemical Society Transactions, 25, 2657 - 2666(2009).
103. J. Mukhopadhyay, M. Banerjee, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti Development
of functional SOFC anode, Electrochemical Society Transactions, 7, 1563-1572 (2007).
104. R.N. Basu, N. Knott and A. Petric, Development of a CuFe2O4 interconnect coating,
Proceedings of the9th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-IX),
Eds., S.C. Singhal and J. Mizusaki, Vol. 2, 1859-1865, The Electrochemical Society Inc.,
Pennington, NJ, USA. (2005).
105. R.N. Basu, X. Deng, I. Zhitomirsky and A. Petric, Fabrication of cathode supported SOFC
by colloidal processing, Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Solid Oxide
Fuel Cells (SOFC-IX), J. Duquette, Eds., S.C. Singhal and J. Mizusaki, Vol. 1, pp. 482-
488, The Electrochemical Society Inc., Pennington, NJ, USA. (2005).
106. R.N. Basu, G. Blaß, H.P. Buchkremer, D. Stöver, F. Tietz, E. Wessel and I.C. Vinke,
Fabrication of simplified anode supported planar SOFCs – A recent attempt, The
Proceedings of the7th International Symposium on SOFCs (SOFC-VII), Eds. H.
Yokokawa and S.C. Singhal, The Electrochemical Soc. Inc., 995-1001 (2001).
107. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Electrophoretic deposition of a high density
electrolyte film–A fugitive interlayer approach, Proceedings of the6th Intl. Symp. on Solid
Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) in Hawaii, USA, Eds. S.C. Singhal and M. Dokiya, The
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108. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Development of zirconia electrolyte films on
porous doped lanthanum manganite cathodes by electrophoretic deposition, 303-308 in
New Materials for Batteries and Fuel Cells (MRS Proceedings Vol. 575). Edited by D.H.
Doughty, H-P. Brack K. Noi and L.F. Nazar. The Materials Research Society,
Warrendale, PA (2000).
109. S.C. Paulson, H. Ling, R.N. Basu, A. Petric, V.I. Birss, Use of spinel-coated ferritic
stainless steel to prevent chromium transfer to SOFC cathodes, Proceedings of the 26th
RisØ International Symposium of Materials Science: Solid State Electrochemistry, Eds.,
S. Linderoth, A. Smith, N. Bonanos, A. Hagen, L. Mikkelsen, K. Kammer, D. Lybye, P. V.
Hendriksen, F. W. Poulsen, M. Mogensen and W. G. Wang, RisØ National Laboratory,
Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 305-310 (2005).
110. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and N. R. Bandyopadhyay (2013) Sintering and densification
behavior of pure and alkaline earth (Ba2+, Sr2+and Ca2+) substituted La2Mo2O9, J. Euro.
Ceram. Soc. 33, 79-85.
111. S. Banerjee, K. Priolkarand P. Sujatha Devi*(2011) Enhanced ionic conductivity in an
otherwise poorly conducting Ce0.90Ca0.10O2-system, Inorg. Chem. 50, 711-713.
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112. A.Kumar and P. Sujatha Devi* (2011) New cathode compositions based on
La0.84Sr0.16Mn1-xMxO3, where M= Al, Ga for solid oxide fuel cell, Mater. Res. Bull. 46, 303-
307.
113. P. Sujatha Devi, A. Kumar, D. Bhattacharya, S. Karmakar and B.K. Chaudhuri (2010)
Correlation between electroresistance and extrinsic magnetoresistance in fine-grained
La0.7Ca0.3MnO3, Jap. J. Appl. Phys.49, 083001
114. S. Banerjee and P. Sujatha Devi* (2010) Towards achieving nano-structured sintered
ceramics with high stability for SOFC applications: Ce1–xMxO2–, M = Gd, Sm: interesting
examples, Int. J. Nanotechnol. 7, 1150-1165.
115. S. Banerjee, P. Sujatha Devi* (2008) Understanding the effect of calcium on the
properties of Ceria prepared by a mixed fuel process, Solid State Ionics 179, 661–669.
116. P. Sujatha Devi* and S. Banerjee (2008) Search for New Oxide Ion Conducting Materials
in the Ceria Family of Oxides- Ionics, 14, 73-78.
117. S. Banerjee, P. Sujatha Devi*, D. Topwal, S. Mandal, and S. R. Krishnakumar (2007)
Enhanced ionic conductivity in Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9: unique effect of calcium co-doping. Adv.
Funct. Mater.17, 2847-2854.
118. S.Banerjee, P. Sujatha Devi* (2007) Sinter-active nanocrystalline CeO2 powder prepared
by a mixed fuel process: Effect of fuel on particle agglomeration, J. Nanopart. Res. 9,
1097-1107.
119. L. Besra, C. Compson and M. Liu. Electrophoretic deposition of YSZ particles on porous
non-conducting NiO-YSZ for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications. J. Am
Ceram.Soc. 89 (10), 2006, pp. 3003-3009.
120. Besra, L. Zha and M. Liu. Preparation of NiO-YSZ/YSZ Bi-layers for Solid Oxide Fuel
Cells by Electrophoretic Deposition. J. Power Sources. 160, 2006, 207-214 (2007)
121. Electrophoretic deposition of doped ceria in anti-gravity set-up, S Panigrahi, L Besra, BP
Singh, SP Sinha, S Bhattacharjee, Advanced Powder Technology 22 (5), 570-575 (2011).
122. S Panigrahi, L Besra, BP Singh, SP Sinha, S Bhattacharjee, Electrophoretic deposition of
doped ceria in anti-gravity set-up, Advanced Powder Technology 22 (5), 570-575 (2011).
123. S Nayak, BP Singh, L Besra, TK Chongdar, NM Gokhale, S Bhattacharjee, Aqueous tape
casting using organic binder: A case study with YSZ, Journal of the American Ceramic
Society 94 (11), 3742-3747 (2011).
BARC
124. Ultrafine ceria powder via glycine-nitrate combustion, R. D. Purohit, B. P. Sharma, K. T.
Pillai and A. K. Tyagi, Mater. Res. Bull., 36 (2001) 2711-2721
148
125. Dilatometric and High Temperature X-ray Diffractometric studies of La1-xMxCrO3 (M=Sr2+,
Nd3+, x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.25) compounds, M. D. Mathews, B. R. Ambekar and
A. K. Tyagi, Thermochimica Acta 390 (2002) 61
126. Fuel Cells – the environmental friendly energy option for the future, S.R. Bharadwaj,
ISEST News Letter, 8 (2002) 9
127. SOFC : Research & Development Activities in MPD, BARC, A. Ghosh, A. K. Sahu, A. K.
Gulnar, S. Sahoo, M. R. Gonal, D. D. Upadhyaya, Ram Prasad and A. K. Suri,
Proceedings of the National Seminar on Fuel Cell: Materials, Systems & Accessories,
held at Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ambernath on 25-26 September 2003, pp.
176-185
128. Thermochemistry of La2O2CO3 decomposition, A.N. Shirsat, M.Ali(Basu), K.N.G. Kaimal,
S.R. Bharadwaj and D. Das, Thermochim. Acta, 399 (2003) 167
129. Studies on Chemical Compatibility of Lanthanum Strontium Manganite with Yttria
Stabilized Zirconia, A. K. Sahu, A. Ghosh, A. K. Suri, P. Sengupta and K. Bhanumurthy,
Mater. Letts., 58 (2004) 3332
130. Phase relations, lattice thermal expansion in CeO2-Gd2O3 system, and stabilization of
cubic gadolini, V. Grover and A. K. Tyagi, Mater. Res. Bull. 39 (2004) 859-866
131. Thermodynamic Stability of SrCeO3, A.N. Shirsat, K.N.G. Kaimal, S.R. Bharadwaj, D.
Das, J. Solid State Chemistry, 177 (2004) 2007-2013
132. Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanum Strontium Manganite, A. Ghosh, A. K.
Sahu, A. K. Gulnar and A. K. Suri, Scripta Materialia, 52 (2005) 1305
133. Effect of Ni substitution on the crystal structure and thermal expansion behavior of
(La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3, R.V.Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Materials Letters, 59
(2005) 2799-2803
134. Thermochemical studies on RE2O2CO3 (RE = Gd, Nd) decomposition, A.N. Shirsat,
K.N.G. Kaimal, S.R. Bharadwaj, D. Das, J. Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 66 (2005)
1122-1127
135. “Synthesis of Nanocrystalline La(Ca)CrO3 through a Novel Gel Combustion Process and
its Characterization”, Sathi R. Nair, R. D. Purohit, Deep Prakash, P.K. Sinha and A. K.
Tyagi, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 6, No. 3, 756-761, (2006)
136. Synthesis, characterization and redox nehavior of nano-size La0.8Sr0.2Mn0.8Fe0.2O3- , M.R.
Pai, B.N Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj., J. Indian Chemical Society 83 (2006) 336-341
137. Physicochemical studies on NiO-GDC composites, R.V. Wandekar, M. Ali (Basu), B.N.
Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Mater.Chem.Phys. 99 (2006) 289-294
138. Nano Structured Ni based Cathode Materials for Intermediate Temperature SOFC, R.V.
Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-
Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 36 (2006) 121-125
149
139. Combustion Synthesis, Powder Characteristics, and Shrinkage Behavior of a Gadolinia–
Ceria System, R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha, and B.P. Sharma, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.,
89 [12] (2006) 3871–3873
140. Amit Sinha, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Development of novel perovskite based ion
conductor”, Electrochimica Acta, 51 (2006) 1184-1193.
141. “Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell based on BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 electrolyte”, D.
Prakash, T. Delahaye, O. Joubert, M.-T. Caldes, Y. Piffard, Journal of Power Sources,
167, (2007), 111-117
142. “Design and evaluation of SOFC based on BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 electrolyte and Ni/
BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 cermet anode”, D. Prakash, T. Delahaye, O. Joubert, M.-T. Caldes, Y.
Piffard, P. Stevens, ECS Transactions, 7 (1), 2343-2340, (2007)
143. Low-Temperature Sintering and Mechanical Property Evaluation of Nanocrystalline 8
mol% Yttria Fully Stabilized Zirconia, A. Ghosh, A. K. Suri, B. T. rao and T.R.
Ramamohan, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 [7] 2015–23 (2007)
144. Phase Transition in Sm0.95MnO3, B. N. Wani, R.V. Wandekar and S. R. Bharadwaj, J
Alloys and Comp. 437 (2007) 53-57
145. High temperature Thermal Expansion and Electrical Conductivity of Ln0.95MnO3(Ln =
La, Nd and Gd), R.V. Wandekar, B. N. Wani and S. R. Bharadwaj, J. Alloys and
Compounds, 433 (2007) 84-90
146. Low Temperature sintering of La(Ca)CrO3 powder prepared through combustion process,
Sathi Nair, R. D. Purohit, A. K. Tyagi, P. K. Sinha and B. P. Sharma, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.,
91 (2008) 88-91
147. Combustion synthesis of nanocrystalline Zr0.80Ce0.20O2: Detailed investigations of the
powder properties V. Grover, S. V. Chavan, P. U. Sastry and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys Comp.
457 (2008) 498-505
148. Ionic Conductivity Enhancement in Gd2Zr2O7 Pyrochlore by Nd Doping, B.P.Mandal,
S.K.Deshpande and A.K.Tyagi, J. Mater. Res. 23 (2008) 911-916
149. Role of glycine-to-nitrate ratio in influencing the powder characteristics of La(Ca)CrO3
Sathi R. Nair, R. D. Purohit, A. K. Tyagi,P. K. Sinha and B. P. Sharma, Mater Res. Bull.
43 (2008) 1573-1582
150. Combustion synthesis of gadolinia doped ceria using glycine and urea fuels, R.K. Lenka,
T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha, A.K. Tyagi, J. Alloys Comp. 466 (2008) 326-329
151. Correlation of Electrical Conductivity with Microstructure in 3Y-TZP System: From Nano
to Submicrometer Grain Size Range, A. Ghosh, G. K. Dey, and A. K. Suri, J. Am. Ceram.
Soc., 91 [11] 3768–3770 (2008)
152. Thermochemistry of decomposition of RE2O2CO3 (RE = Sm, Eu), A.N. Shirsat, S.R.
Bharadwaj, D. Das, Thermochimica Acta, 477 (2008) 38-41
150
153. High temperature studies on Nd0.95MnO3 ± δ, R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj,
Materials Letters, Volume 62, Issue 19, 15 July 2008, Pages 3422-3424
154. Development of high temperature PC based four probe electrical conductivity
measurement set up, N. Manoj, S.R. Bharadwaj, K.C. Thomas and C.G.S. Pillai, J.
Instrum. Soc. India 38 (2008) 103-108,
155. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Study on ionic and electronic transport
properties of calcium doped GdAlO3", J. Electrochemical Soc. 155 (3) (2008) B309-B314.
156. “Fabrication of Cathode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, Deep Prakash and P. K.
Sinha, IANCAS Bulletin, vol.VIII (3), 239-244, (2009)
157. Sr-doped LaCoO3 through acetate-nitrate combustion: effect of extra oxidant
NH4NO3Sathi R. Nair, R. D. Purohit, P. K. Sinha and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys Comp. 477
(2009) 644-647
158. Nano-crystalline Gadolinium Doped Ceria: Combustion Synthesis and Electrical
Characterization, A. Dutta, S. Patra, Vinila Bedekar, A.K. Tyagi and R. N. Basu, J.
Nanosci & Nanotech. 9 (2009) 3075-3083
159. Structural Investigations of La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 by X-ray and Neutron Scattering, A. K. Patra,
Sathi Nair, P.U. Sastry and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys and Comp. 475 (2009) 614-618
160. Nano crystalline Nd2-yGdyZr2O7 pyrochlore: Facile synthesis and electrical
characterization, B. P. Mandal, A. Dutta, S. K. Deshpande, R. N. Basu and A. K. Tyagi, J.
Mater. Res. 24 (2009) 2855-2862
161. Characterization of porous lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) and development of
yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coating A. K. Sahu, A. Ghosh and A. K. Suri, Ceram. Int.,
35 (2009) 2493
162. Research on Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operated at Intermediate
Temperatures, S.R. Bharadwaj, IANCAS Bulletin, Vol. VIII (2009) 201-213
163. Preparation, Characterization and the Standard Enthalpy of Formation of La0.95MnO3+δ
and Sm0.95MnO3+δ , R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, D. Das and S.R. Bharadwaj,
Thermochim. Acta, 493 (2009) 14-18
164. Phase transition in LAMOX type compounds, M. Ali (Basu), B.N. Wani and S.R.
Bharadwaj, J of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 96 (2009) 463-468
165. Crystal structure, electrical conductivity, thermal expansion and compatibility studies of
Co-substituted lanthanum strontium manganite system, R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R.
Bharadwaj, Solid State Sciences, 11 (2009) 240 – 250
166. Amit Sinha, B.P. Sharma and P. K. Sinha, ”Preparation of high purity sub-micron
spheroidal zirconia powder from impure zirconium salt through polyol route”, Transaction
of Powder Metallurgy Association of India (TRANS-PMAI), 35 (2009) 13-16.
167. “Development of Ca-doped LaCrO3 feed material and its plasma coating for SOFC
applications” R. D. Purohit, Sathi R. Nair, Deep Prakash, P. V. Padmanabhan, P. K.
151
Sinha, B. P. Sharma, K.P.Sreekumar, P.V.Ananthapadmanabhan, A.K.Das and
L.M.Gantayet, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 208 012125 (2010)
168. “Effect of cathode functional layer on the electrical performance of tubular solid oxide fuel
cell”, Deep Prakash, R K Lenka, A K Sahu, P K patro, P K Sinha, and A K Suri, ASME
2010 International Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference: vol. 2,
pp. 433-438, (2010).
169. Ionic Conductivity studies on Neodymia doped Ceria in different atmospheres, Vinila
Bedekar, Saheli Patra, Atanu Dutta, R. N. Basu, A. K. Tyagi, Int. J. Nanotech. 7 (2010)
1178-1186
170. Synthesis and Sintering of Yttrium-Doped Barium Zirconate, Ashok K. Sahu, Abhijit
Ghosh, Soumyajit Koley and Ashok K. Suri, Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VI:
Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 31(2010)99-105
171. Nano-Crystalline Yttria Samaria Codoped Zirconia : Comparison of Electrical Conductivity
of Microwave & Conventionally Sintered Samples, Soumyajit Koley, Abhijit Ghosh, Ashok
Kumar Sahu and Ashok Kumar Suri, Advanced Processing and Manufacturing
Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials IV: Ceramic Engineering and
Science Proceedings 31(2010)113-126
172. Synthesis and characterization of electrolyte-grade 10%Gd-doped ceria thin film/ceramic
substrate structures for solid oxide fuel cells, M.G. Chourashiya, S.R. Bharadwaj, L.D.
Jadhav, Thin Solid Films, 519 (2010) 650-657
173. Fabrication of 10% Gd doped ceria (GDC) NiO – GDC half cell for low or intermediate
temperature solid oxide fuel cells using spray pyrolysis, M.G. Chourashiya, S.R.
Bharadwaj and L.D. Jadhav, J. Solid State Electrochemistry 14 (2010) 1869-1875
174. Thermophysical properties of solid oxide fuel cell materials, S.R. Bharadwaj, Proceedings
of 5th National Conference on Thermophysical Properties, AIP Conference Proceedings,
Springer, Volume 1249 (2010) pages 3-10
175. Disparity in properties of 20 mol % Eu doped ceria synthesized by different routes, R.V.K.
Wandekar, B.N. Wani and S.R. Bharadwaj, Solid State Sciences 12 (2010) 8-14
176. Influence of grain size on the bulk and grain boundary ion conduction behavior in
gadolinia-doped ceria, Solid State Ionics 181 (2010) 262–267. R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata,
A.K. Tyagi, and P.K. Sinha
177. Development of Pr0.58Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3-–GDC composite cathode for solid oxide fuel cell
(SOFC) application, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, Solid State Ionics 181 (29-30),
1378-1386 (2010).
178. Amit Sinha, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, H. Näfe, “Study on phase evolution of Gd(Al1-
xGa
x)O
3 system” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 492 (2010) 325–330.
152
179. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, , “Effect of electrode polarisation on the
determination of electronic conduction properties of an oxide ion conductor”
Electrochimica Acta, 55 (2010) 8766–8770.
180. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Synthesis of Gadolinium Aluminate
Powder through Citrate Gel Route”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 502 (2010) 396–
400.
181. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, , “Effect of electrode polarisation on the
determination of electronic conduction properties of an oxide ion conductor”
Electrochimica Acta 55 (2010) 8766–8770.
182. Sm2-xDyxZr2O7 pyrochlores: Probing order-disorder dynamics and multifunctionality,
Farheen N. Sayed, V. Grover, K. Bhattacharyya, D. Jain, A. Arya, C. G. S. Pillai and A. K.
Tyagi, Inorganic Chemistry 50 (2011) 2354-2365
183. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of nanocrystalline cobalt doped
lanthanum strontium ferrite, Chaubey Nityanand, Wani Bina Nalin, Bharadwaj Shyamala
Rajkumar, Chattopadhyaya Mahesh Chandra ,Solid State Sciences, 13 (2011) 1022-
1030
184. Crystal structure, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity and chemical compatibility
studies of nanocrystalline Ln0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (Ln=Nd,Sm,Gd), Nityanand Chaubey,
Dheeraj Jain, B.N.Wani, C.G.S.Pillai, S.R.Bharadwaj ,M.C.Chattopadhyaya , J. Indian
Chemical Society, 88 (2011) 127-139.
185. Some studies on the phase formation and kinetics in TiO2 containing lithium aluminum
silicate glasses nucleated by P2O5, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 106[3]
(2011) 839. A. Ananthanarayanan, A.Dixit, R.K. Lenka, R.D.Purohit, V.K. Shrikhande,
G.P. Kothiyal.
186. Amit Sinha, S. R. Nair and P. K. Sinha, “Single step synthesis of GdAlO3 powder”,
Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) 4774-4780.
187. M. Rieu, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, Fabrication and characterization of large
anode supported half cells for SOFC application, Proceedings of Fundamentals and
Developments of Fuel Cells Conference 2011, Grenoble, France. (ISBN-978-2-7466-
2970-7)
188. Improved ionic conductivity in NdGdZr2O7: Influence of Sc3+ substitution, Farheen N.
Sayed, B. P. Mandal, D. Jain, C. G. S. Pillai and A. K. Tyagi, Eur. J. Ceram. Soc. 32
(2012) 3221-3228
189. Tunability of structure from ordered to disordered and its impact on ionic conductivity
behavior in Nd2-yHoyZr2O7 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 2.0) system, Farheen N. Sayed, Dheeraj Jain, B.P.
Mandal, C.G.S. Pillai, A.K. Tyagi, RSC Advances 2 (2012) 8341-8351
153
190. Synthesis and characterization of GdCoO3 as a potential SOFC cathode material, R.K.
Lenka,T. Mahata, P. K. Patro, A.K. Tyagi, P.K. Sinha, J. Alloys Comp. 537 (2012) 100-
105
191. Perovskite based electrolyte materials for proton conducting SOFCs, Pooja Sawant, S
Varma, B N Wani, S R Bharadwaj, SMC Bulletin, Vol. 3 (2012) 24-28,
192. Synthesis and Characterization of YSZ by Spray Pyrolysis Technique , L.D. Jadhav, A.P.
Jamale, S.R. Bharadwaj, Salil Varma, C.H. Bhosale, Applied Surface Science, 258
(2012) 9501-9504,
193. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of doped ZrO2 system, S. Basu, Salil Varma, A. N.
Shirsat, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj, A. Chakrabarti, S. N. Jha, D. Bhattacharyya, J of
Appl Phys 111 (2012) 053532
194. Effect of variation of NiO on properties of NiO/GDC (gadolinium doped ceria) nano
composites Original Research Article, A.U. Chavan, L.D. Jadhav, A.P. Jamale, S.P. Patil,
C.H. Bhosale, S.R. Bharadwaj, P.S. Patil, Ceramics International, 38 (2012) 3191-3196
195. Influence of synthesis route on morphology and conduction behavior of BaCe0.8Y0.2O3−δ,
Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj , J. Thermal Anal. Calorimetry,
107 (2012) 185-195
196. Synthesis, stability and conductivity of BaCe0.8−xZrxY0.2O3−δ as electrolyte for proton
conducting SOFC, Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, International J
of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (2012) 3848-3856
197. Fabrication of Ni-YSZ anode supported tubular SOFC through iso-pressing and co-firing
route, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (2012) 3874-3882, T Mahata, Sathi R
Nair, R K Lenka and P K Sinha.
198. Formation of bamboo-shaped carbon nanotubes on carbon black in a fluidized bed,
Journal of Nanoparticle Research 14[3] (2012) art. no. 728. K. Dasgupta, D.Sen,
T.Mazumdar, R.K.Lenka, R.Tewari, SMazumder, J.B. Joshi, S. Banerjee.
199. Fabrication and Characterization of Anode supported BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 Thin Electrolyte for
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, M. Rieu, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, International Journal
of Applied Ceramic Technology, (2012)
200. Novel materials for air/oxygen electrode applications in Solid Oxide Cells, P.K. Patro,
R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha. Society of Materials Chemistry Bulletin, 3(3), 18-22
(2012).
201. Microstructural Development of Ni- Ce10ScSZ cermet electrode for Solid Oxide
Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) application, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, P. K. Sinha,
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (4) , 3865-3873 (2012).
202. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Studies on phase evolution and
electrical conductivity of barium doped gadolinium aluminate”, Journal of Alloys and
Compounds 536 (2012) 204–209.
154
203. Probing the local structure and phase transitions of Bi4V2O11 based fast ionic conductors
by combined Raman and XRD studies, S. J. Patwe, A. Patra, A. Roy, R. M. Kadam, S. N.
Achary and A. K. Tyagi, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96 (2013) 3448-3456
204. High temperature structure, dielectric and ion conduction properties of orthorhombic
InVO4, Vasundhara, S. J. Patwe, S. N. Achary and A. K. Tyagi, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96
(2013) 166-173
205. Phase evolution and oxide ion conduction behavior of Dy1-xBixO3 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.50)
composite system, Vasundhara, S. J. Patwe, A. K. Sahu, S. N. Achary and A. K. Tyagi,
RSC Advances 3(2013) 236-244
206. Nano-crystalline La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 and NiO-YSZ bycombustion of metal nitrate-Citric
acid/glycine gel – Phase evolution and Powder characteristics, M. B. Kakade, K.
Bhattacharyya, R. Tewari, R. J. Kshirsagar, A. K. Tyagi, S. Ramanathan, G. P. Kothiyal
and D. Das, Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society, 72 (2013)182
207. Synergic effect of V2O5 and P2O5 on the sealing properties of barium-strontium-alumino-
silicate glass/glass-ceramics, K. Sharma, G. P. Kothiyal, L. Montagne, F. Mayer, B.
Revel, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 15542
208. Effect of ZrO2 on solubility and thermo-physical properties of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses, M.
Goswami, Aparna Patil, and G P Kothiyal, AIP Conf. Proc. 1512 (2013) 548
209. Physicochemical properties of rare earth doped ceria Ce0.9Ln0.1O1.95 (Ln+ Nd,Sm,Gd) as
an electrolyte material for IT-SOFC/SOEC, Nityanand Chaubey, B. N. Wani, S. R.
Bharadwaj, M. C. Chattopadhyaya, Solid State Sciences, 20 (2013) 135-141
210. Influence of synthesis route on physicochemical properties of nanostructured electrolyte
material La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O32d for IT-SOFCs , Nityanand Chaubey, B. N. Wani,
S. R. Bharadwaj, M. C. Chattopadhyaya, J Therm Anal Calorim., 112 (2013) 155-164
211. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure study of Gd doped ZrO2 systems, S. Basu, Salil
Varma, A. N. Shirsat, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj, A.Chakrabarti, S.N.Jha and D.
Bhattacharyya, J Appl Phys 113 (2013) 043508
212. “Effect of Ni concentration on phase stability, microstructure and electrical properties of
BaCe0.8Y0.2O3 cermet SOFC anode and its application in proton conducting ITSOFC”,
Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, M. R. Gonal, B.N. Wani, Deep Prakash, S.R. Bharadwaj,
Electrochimia Acta, vol.120, 80-85 (2014)
213. Grain boundary assisted enhancement of ionic conductivities in Yb2O3-Bi2O3 composites,
K. Vasudhara, S. N. Achary, S. J. Patwe, A. K. Sahu, N. Manoj and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys
and Comp. 596 (2014) 151-157
214. A comparative study of proton transport properties of cerium (IV) and thorium (IV)
Phosphate, T. Parangi, B N Wani and U V Chudasama, Electrochimica Acta 148 (2014)
79-84,
155
215. Thermodynamic stability and impedance measurements of perovskite LuRhO3(s) in the
Lu–Rh–O system, Aparna Banerjee,* Pooja Sawant, R. Mishra, S. R. Bharadwaj and A.
R. Joshi, RSC Advances, 4 (2014) 19953–19959
216. Effect of Ni Concentration on Phase Stability, Microstructure and Electrical properties of
BaCe0.8Y0.2O3-δ - Ni Cermet SOFC Anode and its application in proton conducting
ITSOFC , Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, M.R. Gonal, B.N. Wani, Deep Prakash, S.R.
Bharadwaj, Electrochimica Acta, 120, 20 (2014)80-85
217. Effects of Gd and Sr co-doping in CeO2 for electrolyte application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
(SOFC), Diwakar Kashyap, P.K.Patro, R.K.Lenka,T. Mahata, P.K Sinha, Ceramics
International. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.04.021 (2014)
218. Effects of Gd and Sr co-doping in CeO2 for electrolyte application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
(SOFC), Diwakar Kashyap, P.K.Patro, R.K.Lenka,T. Mahata, P.K Sinha Ceramics
International. 40(8) 11869-11875 (2014).
219. Thermodynamic Investigations on Barium Indate, A.N. Shirsat, S. Phapale, R. Mishra,
S.R. Bharadwaj, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 89 (2015) 228-232
220. Saradha, T, Subramania, A, Balakrishnan, K, Muzhumathi, S,Microwave-assisted
combustion synthesis of nanocrystalline Sm-doped La2Mo2O9 oxide-ion conductors for
SOFC application, Mater. Res. Bull.68(2015)320-325
221. Ma, QL, Iwanschitz, B, Dashjav, E, Baumann, S, Sebold, D, Raj, IA, Mai, A, Tietz,
F,Microstructural variations and their influence on the performance of solid oxide fuel
cells based on yttrium-substituted strontium titanate ceramic anodes, J. Power
Sources279(2015)678-685
222. Nesaraj, AS, Dheenadayalan, S, Raj, IA, Pattabiraman, R,Wet chemical synthesis and
characterization of strontium-doped LaFeO3 cathodes for an intermediate temperature
solid oxide fuel cell application, J. Ceram. Process. Res. 13(2012)601-606.
223. Microstructural variations and their influence on the performance of solid oxide fuel cells
based on yttrium substituted strontium titanate ceramic anodes, Qianli Ma, Boris
Iwanschitz, Enkhtsetseg Dashjav, Stefan Baumann, Doris Sebold, Irudayam Arul Raj,
Andreas Mai, Frank Tietz, J.Power Sources, 279 (2015)678-685.
224. Wet chemical synthesis and characterization of strontium doped LaFeO3 cathodes for
Intermediate Temperature solid oxide fuel cell application, A.Samson Nesaraj,
S.Dheenadayalan, I. Arul Raj and R.Pattabiraman, Journal of Ceramic Processing
research, 13,5(2012)601-606.
225. Preparation and Characterization of Ceria based Electrolytes for Intermediate
Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, A. Samson Nesaraj, I.Arul Raj, R. Pattabiraman,
Journal of Iranian Chemical Society, 7, 3 (2010)564-584.
156
226. Investigations of the quasi-ternary system LaMnO3 - LaCoO3 –“LaCuO3”. II: The series
LaMn0.25-xCo0.75-xCu2xO3 and LaMn0.75-xCo0.25-xCu2xO3, F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj, Q.X.Fu and
M.Zahid, Journal of Materials Science, (2009)44:4883-4891.
227. Y2Zr2O7 (YZ)-pyrochlore based oxide as an electrolyte material for intermediate
temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFCs)— Influence of Mn addition on YZ, M.
Kumar, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 108, Issue
1, 15 (2008) 102-108.
228. Chemical and Physical Properties of complex perovskites in the La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-
La0.8Sr0.2 CuO3 - La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 system, Zahid, Mohsine, Arul Raj, Irudayam, Tietz,
Frank and Stoever, Detlev, Solid State Sciences, 9-8 (2007)706 -712.
229. Influence of air electrode electrocatalysts on performance of air-MH cells, M.V. Ananth, K.
Manimaran, I. Arul Raj and N. Sureka,International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,32-
17( 2007)4267- 4271.
230. Survey of the quasi-ternary system La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 - La0.8Sr0.2 CoO3 - La0.8Sr0.2FeO3,
F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj, M.Zahid, A.Mai and D.Stoever, Progress in Solid State
Chemistry, Volume 35, Issues 2-4( 2007) 539-543.Investigations on chemical
interactions between alternate cathodes and lanthanum gallate electrolyte for ITSOFC,
A.Samson Nesaraj, M.Kumar, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, J.Iranian Chemical
Society, 4( 2007)89-106.
231. Synthesis and investigations on the stability of La0.8Sr0.2CuO2.4+δ at high temperature,
M.Zahid, I. Arul Raj, W.Fischer, F.Tietz and J.M.Serra Alfaro, Solid State Ionics,
177(2006) 3205-3210. Impact Factor: 2.646.
232. Electrical conductivity and thermal expansion of La0.8Sr0.2(Mn,Fe,Co)O3, F.Tietz, I.Arul
Raj, M.Zahid and D.Stoever, Solid State Ionics, 177(2006)1753- 1756.
233. Tape casting of Alternate electrolyte components for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. A. Samson
Nesaraj, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials
Science, 13,4(2006)347-356.
234. Electrical and sintering behaviour of Y2Zr2O7 (YZ) pyrochlore based material – the
influence of bismuth, M. Kumar, M.Anbu Kulandainathan, I.Arul Raj and R.Pattabiraman.
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 92(2005)303-309.
235. On the suitability of La0.60Sr0.40Co0.20Fe0.80O3 cathode for the Intermediate Temperature
solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ITSOFC), I. Arul Raj, A.S.N.Nesaraj, M.Kumar, R.Pattabiraman,
F.Tietz, H.Buchkremer and D.Stoever, J. New Materials in Electrochemical Systems, 7(2)
(2004)145-151.
236. Statistical design of experiments for evaluation of Y-Zr-Ti oxides as anode materials in
solid oxide fuel cells, F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj and D.Stoever, British Ceramic Transactions,
103 (2004)202-207.
157
237. Synthesis and characterization of La0.9Sr0.40Ga0.6Mg0.2O3 electrolyte for Intermediate
temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFC), M.Kumar, A.Samson Nesaraj, I.Arul Raj and
R.Pattabiraman, Ionics,19(2004)93-98.
238. Oxides of AMO3 and A2MO4 type – structural stability, electrical conductivity and thermal
expansion, M.AL.Daroukh, V.V.Vashook, H.Ullmann, F.Tietz and I.Arul Raj, Solid State
Ionics, 158 (2003)141-150.
239. Preparation of zirconia thin films by tape casting technique as electrolyte material for solid
oxide fuel cells, A. Samson Nesaraj, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, Indian Journal of
Engineering and Materials Science, 9 ( 2002) 58-64.
240. “Induced oxygen vacancies and their effect on the structural and electrical properties of a
fluorite-type CaZrO3- Gd2Zr2O7 system”Vaisakhan Thampi D. S, Prabhakar Rao P.,
Radhakrishnan A. N., 2015, New J. Chem., 39, 1469-1476.
241. “Influence of Ce substitution on the order-to-disorder structural transition, thermal
expansion and electrical properties in Sm2Zr2-xCexO7 system”,Vaisakhan Thampi D. S.,
Prabhakar Rao P., Radhakrishnan A. N., RSC Adv., 4(24).,12321-12329.
242. “Role of Bond Strength on the Lattice Thermal Expansion and Oxide Ion Conductivity in
Quaternary Pyrochlore Solid Solutions” A. N. Radhakrishnan, P. Prabhakar Rao, S. K.
Mahesh, D. S. Vaisakhan Thampi, Peter Koshy, 2012, Inorg. Chem., 51, 2409−2419.
243. “Influence of disorder-to-order transition on lattice thermal expansion and oxide ion
conductivity in (CaxGd1-x)2(Zr1-xMx)2O7 pyrochlore solid solutions “, A. N. Radhakrishnan,
P. Prabhakar Rao,* K. S. Mary Linsa, M. Deepa and PeterKoshy, 2011, Dalton Trans.,
40, 3839-3848
244. ”Order - disorder Phase Transformations in Quaternary Pyrochlore Oxide system:
Investigated by X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy and Raman
spectroscopic techniques”, A.N. Radhakrishnan, P. Prabhakar Rao, K.S. Sibi, M. Deepa
and Peter Koshy, 2009, J. Solid State Chem.,182, 2312–2318.
245. ”Oxide ion conductivity and relaxation in CaREZrNbO7 (RE= La, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Y)
system”, K S Sibi, A.N. Radhakrishnan, M. Deepa, P. Prabhakar Rao, Peter Koshy, 2009,
Solid State Ionics., 180, 1164–1172.
246. “New Perovskite type Oxides: NaATiMO6 (A = Ca or Sr; M = Nb or Ta) and their
electrical properties”, Deepthi N. Rajendran, K. Ravindran Nair, P. Prabhakar Rao, Peter
Koshy and V. K. Vaidyan, 2008, Mater. Lett,. 62, 623–628.
247. “Ionic Conductivity in New Perovskite type Oxides: NaAZrMO6 (A = Ca or Sr; M = Nb or
Ta)”, Deepthi N. Rajendran, K. Ravindran Nair, P. Prabhakar Rao, K.S. Sibi, Peter Koshy
and V. K. Vaidyan, 2008, Mater. Chem. Phys., 109/2-3, 189-193.
NFTDC
158
248. Novel Co-Sintering Techniques for Fabricating Intermediate Temperature, Metal
Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-ms-SOFCs); SH Rahul, PKP Rupa, Nirmal Panda,
K Balasubramanian & VV Krishnan (NFTDC, India), RV Kumar (Univ of Cambridge, UK);
ECS Transactions, 57 (1) 857-866 (2013) 10.1149/05701.0857ecst (C), The
Electrochemical Society.
IITs
249. Chokalingam, R., Jain, S, S. Basu, ‘Conductivity of Gd-CeO2-(LiNa)2CO3 Nano
Composite Electrolytes for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells’ Integrated
Ferroelectrics, 116, 23-34 (2010).
250. Chokalingam, R., Jain, S, S. Basu, ‘Conductivity of Gd-CeO2-(LiNa)2CO3 Nano
Composite Electrolytes for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells’ Integrated
Ferroelectrics, 116, 23-34 (2010)
251. 29. Rajalakshmi C., A. K. Ganguli, S. Basu, Development of GDC-(LiNa)CO3 Nano-
Composite Electrolytes For Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in Advances in
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VIII, Ed Michael Halbig and Sanjay Mathur, The American
Ceramic Soc., 34-46, 2012
252. 30. Rajalakshmi C., A. K. Ganguli, S. Basu, Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
VIII Mixed Conducting Praseodymium Cerium Gadolinium Oxide (PCGO) Nano-
Composite Cathode for ITSOFC Applications in Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VIII,
Ed Michael Halbig and Sanjay Mathur, The American Ceramic Soc., 47-62, 2012
253. 31. Kaur, G., and S. Basu Performance studies of coppereiron/ceriaeyttria stabilized
zirconia anode for electro-oxidation of butane in solid oxide fuel cells, J. Power
Sources241 783-790 (2013)
254. 32. Tiwari, P., and S. Basu, Ni infiltrated YSZ anode stabilization by inducing strong
metal support interaction between nickel and titania in solid oxide fuel cell under
accelerated testing, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy, 38 9494-9499 (2013)
255. 33. M. Nath, A. S. Hameed, Rajalaskmi C., S. Basu, A. K. Ganguli, ‘Low Temperature
Electrode Materials Synthesized by Citrate Precursor Method for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells,
Fuel Cells 13 (2), 270-278 (2013)
256. 40. R. Chokalingam and Suddhasatwa Basu, TbxCe0.95-XGd0.05O2-δ (0.15 ≤ x ≤ 0.40)
Cathode Materials Prepared through Solid State Route for Low Temperature SOFC. ECS
Trans. 57(1): 1811-1820 (2013)
257. 41. Gurpreet Kaur and Suddhasatwa Basu, Copper-Iron-Ceria Anode for Direct
Utilization of Hydrocarbons in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. ECS Trans. 57(1): 2961-2968
(2013)
159
258. 42. Pankaj Kr Tiwari and Suddhasatwa Basu, Performance of Ni-CeO2-YSZ andNi-
Nb2O5-YSZ Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. ECS Trans. 57(1): 1545-1552 (2013)
259. 43. Rajalekshmi Chockalingam, Ashok K Ganguli, Suddhasatwa Basu Praseodymium
gadolinium doped ceria as a cathode material for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells, J
Power Sources 250, 80-89 (2014)
260. 44. Pankaj Kr Tiwari and Suddhasatwa Basu, Performance studies of electrolyte
supported solid oxide fuel cell with Ni-YSZ and Ni-TiO2-YSZ as anode, Journal of Solid
State Electrochemistry 18(3) 805-812 (2014)
261. 50. Gurpreet Kaur, Suddhasatwa Basu, Performance Studies of Copper-Iron/Ceria-Yttria
Stabilized Zirconia Anode for Electro-oxidation of Methane in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Int
J Energy Res, accepted (2015) DOI: 10.1002/er.3332. accepted (2015)
262. 52. Kapil Sood, K. Singh, Suddhasatwa Basu and O. P. Pandey, Preferential occupancy
of Ca2+ dopant in La1-x Cax InO3-δ (x = 0-0.20) perovskite: structural and electrical
properties, Ionics, in press (2015) DOI 10.1007/s11581-015-1461-8
263. J.K. Verma, A. Verma, and A.K. Ghoshal, “Performance Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
using Reformed Fuel, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38, 9511-9518.
264. L.M. Aeshala, S.U. Rahman, and A. Verma, “Development of a Reactor for Continuous
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 using Solid Electrolyte”, ASME Proceedings, ES 2011,
1193-1199.
265. M. Ali Haider, Steven McIntosh, “The Influence of Grain Size
onLa0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ Thin Film Electrode Impedance” Journal of
TheElectrochemical Society, 158 (9) B1128-B1136, 2011
266. M. Ali Haider, Aaron J. Capizzi, Mitsuhiro Murayama and StevenMcIntosh, “Reverse
micelle synthesis of perovskite oxidenanoparticles” Solid State Ionics 196, 65–72, 2011
267. M. Ali Haider and Steven McIntosh, “Evidence for Two ActivationMechanisms in LSM
SOFC Cathodes” Journal of The ElectrochemicalSociety, 156(12), B1369-B1375, 2009
268. M. Ali Haider, Andrew A. Vance, and Steven McIntosh, “Activation ofLSM-based SOFC
Cathodes – Dependence of Mechanism on Polarization Time” ECS Transactions, 25 (2)
2293-2299 (2009)
269. T Dey, D Singdeo, A Pophale, M Bose, P C Ghosh (2014), “SOFC Power Generation
System by Bio-gasification” Energy Procedia 54, 748-755
270. Dey, D Singdeo, J Deshpande, P C Ghosh(2014), “Structural Analysis of Solid Oxide
Fuel Cell under Externally Applied Compressive Pressure” Energy Procedia54, 789-795
271. N. Mahato, A. Banerjee, A. Gupta, S. Omar, and Kantesh Balani,“Progress in Material
Selection for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology: AReview”. Progress in Materials Science,
January, 2015,doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.01.001
272. Kantesh Balani, “Solid Electrolytes: Emerging Global Competitors forSatisfying Energy
Needs” (Editorial). Nanomaterials and Energy, Vol. 1 (5)(2012) pp 243-246.
160
273. A. Gupta, S. Sharma, N. Mahato, A. Simpson, S. Omar, Kantesh Balani,“Mechanical
Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Ceria Reinforced 8 mol%Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
Electrolyte”. Nanomaterials and Energy, Vol. 1(5) (2012) pp 306-315.
274. N. Mahato, A. Gupta, and Kantesh Balani, “Doped zirconia and ceriabased electrolytes
for solid oxide fuel cells: A review”. Nanomaterialsand Energy, Vol. 1 (1), 2011, pp 27-45.
275. N. Mahato, Amitava Banerjee, Alka Gupta, Shobit Omar and Kantesh Balani, "Progress in
Material Selection for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology: A Review", Progress in
Materials Science, 72 141-337 (2015)
276. Abhinav Rai, Prashant Mehta and Shobit Omar, "Ionic Conduction Behavior in
SmxNd0.15-xCe0.85O2-", Solid State Ionics, 263, 190 196 (2014)
277. Shobit Omar, and Juan C. Nino, "Consistency in the Chemical Expansion of Fluorites - A
Thermal Revision of the Doped Ceria Case", Acta Materialia, 61 [13] 5406-5413 (2013).
278. Shobit Omar, Waqas bin Najib, Weiwu Chen, and Nikolaos Bonanos "Ionic conductivity of
co- doped Sc2O3-ZrO2 ceramics", American Institute of Physics Conference
Proceedings, 1461, 289- 293 (2012).
279. Alka Gupta, Samir Sharma, Neelima Mahato, Amanda Simpson, Shobit Omar and
Kantesh Balani, "Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Ceria Reinforced 8
mol% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte", Nanomaterials and Energy, 1 [5] 306-315
(2012).
280. Shobit Omar, Waqas Bin Najib, Weiwu Chen and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Electrical
Conductivity of 10 mol. % Sc2O3 - 1 mol.% M2O3 - ZrO2 Ceramics", Journal of the
American Ceramics Society 95 1965-72 (2012).
281. Shobit Omar, 4+ Waqas Bin Najib and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Conductivity Ageing Studies
on 1M10ScSZ (M = Ce, Hf)", Solid State Ionics, 189 100-106 (2011).
282. Ageing Investigation of 1Ce10ScSZ in Different Partial Pressures of Oxygen", Solid State
Ionics, 184 2-5 (2011). Shobit Omar, Adriana Belda, Agustín Escardino and Nikolaos
Bonanos, "Ionic Conductivity
283. Shobit Omar, and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Ionic Conductivity Ageing Behavior of 10 mol%
Sc2O3-1 mol% CeO2-ZrO2 Ceramics", Journal of Materials Science, 45 [23] 6406-6410
(2010).
284. Jin Soo Ahn, Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Performance of
Anode- Supported SOFC using Novel Ceria Electrolyte", Journal of Power Sources, 191
2131-2135 (2010).
285. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, Jacob L. Jones, and Juan C. Nino, "Crystal Structure-
Ionic Conductivity Relationships in Doped Ceria Systems", Journal of the American
Ceramics Society, 92 [11] 2674-2681 (2009).
286. Y. Chen, Shobit Omar, A. K. Keshri, K. Balani, K. Babu, Juan C. Nino, Sudipta Seal, and
Arvind Agarwal, "Ionic Conductivity of Plasma Sprayed Nanocrystalline YSZ Electrolyte for
161
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell", Scripta Materialia, 60 [11] 1023-1026 (2009).
287. Abhijit Pramanick, Shobit Omar, Juan C. Nino, and Jacob L. Jones, "Lattice Parameter
Determination Using Extrapolation Method for a Curved Position-Sensitive Detector in
Reflection Geometry and Application to Smx/2Ndx/2Ce1-xO2- Ceramics", Journal of Applied
Crystallography, 42 490-495 (2009).
288. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Higher Conductivity Sm3+ and
Nd3+ Co- Doped Ceria Based Electrolyte Materials", Solid State Ionic, 178 [37-38] 1890-
1897 (2008).
289. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Higher Ionic Conductive Ceria
Based Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells", Applied Physics Letters, 91 [14] Art. No.
144106 (2007).
290. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "A Co-Doping Approach Towards
Enhanced Ionic Conductivity in Fluorite-Based Electrolytes", Solid State Ionics, 177 [35-
36] 3199-3202 (2006).
291. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Development of Higher Ionic
Conductivity Ceria Based Electrolyte", Solid State Ionic Devices IV, ECS Transactions,
Los Angeles, E.D. Wachsman, F.H. Garzon, E. Traversa, R. Mukundan, and V. Birss, Ed.,
1 [7] 73-82 (2005).
292. J. Jacob, R. Bauri, One step synthesis and conductivity of alkaline and rare earth co-
doped nanocrystalline CeO2 electrolytes, Ceramics International, 41, 6299 (2015)
293. 2. A.S. Babu, R. Bauri, Synthesis, phase stability and conduction behavior of rare earth
and transition elements doped barium cerates, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39,
14487 (2014)
294. C.N. Shyam Kumar, R. Bauri, Enhancing the phase stability and ionic conductivity of
scandia stabilized zirconia by rare earth co-doping, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 74, 642,
(2014)
295. S. Appari, V. M. Janardhanan, R. Bauri, S. Jayanti, Deactivation and regeneration of Ni
catalyst during steam reforming of model biogas: An experimental investigation, Int.
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39,118, (2014
296. S. Appari, V. M. Janardhanan, R. Bauri, S. Jayanti, Olaf Deutschmann, A detailed kinetic
model for biogas steam reforming on Ni and catalyst deactivation due to sulfur poisoning,
Applied Catalysis A: General, 471, 118 (2014)
297. S.A. Babu, R. Bauri, Effect of sintering atmosphere on densification, redox chemistry and
conduction behavior of nanocrystalline Gd-doped CeO2electrolytes, Ceramics
International, 39, 297 (2013)
298. S.A. Babu, R. Bauri, Rare earth co-doped nanocrystalline Ceria electrolytes for
Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC), ECS Transactions, 57, 1115
(2013)
162
299. R. Bauri, Development of Ni−YSZ cermet anode for solid oxide fuel cells by electroless
Ni coating J. Coatings Technology & Research, 9, 229 (2012)
300. V. Vijaya Lakshmi, R. Bauri, Phase formation and ionic conductivity studies on ytterbia
co-doped scandia stabilized zirconia (0.9ZrO2-0.09Sc2O3-0. 01Yb2O3) electrolyte for
SOFCs, Solid State Sciences, 13, 1520 (2011)
301. V. Vijaya Lakshmi, R. Bauri, S. Paul, Effect of fuel type on microstructure and electrical
property of combustion synthesized nanocrystalline scandia stabilized zirconia, Materials
Chemistry & Physics, 126, 741 (2011)
302. V. Vijaya Lakshmi, R. Bauri, A.S. Gandhi, S. PaulSynthesis and characterization of
nanocrystalline ScSZ electrolyte for SOFCs, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 14936
(2011)
303. 12. R. Bauri, Processing Ni-YSZ anode by electroless Ni deposition with AgNO3 as
activator Surface Engineering, 27, 705 (2011)
304. T. Priyatham, R. Bauri, Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline Ni-YSZ cermet
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308. Vinod M. Janardhanan and Olaf Deutschmann, Modeling diffusion limitation in solid-
oxide fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta, 56, 9775-9782 (2011)
309. SrinivasAppari, Vinod M. Janardhanan, SreenivasJayanti, Steffen Tischer and Olaf
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solid-oxide fuel cells. Chem. Eng. Sci., 66, 5184-5191 (2011)
310. SrinivasAppari, Vinod M. Janardhanan, RanjitBauri, SreenivasJayanti and Olaf
Deutschmann, A Detailed Kinetic Model for Biogas Steam Reforming on Ni and Catalyst
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A,SPEES/PEI-based highly selective polymer electrolyte membranes for DMFC
application, J. Solid State Electrochem.19(2015)1755-1764
2. Shinde, DB, Dhavale, VM, Kurungot, S, Pillai, VK, Electrochemical preparation of
nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and their size-dependent electrocatalytic activity
for oxygen reduction, Bull. Mat. Sci.38(2015)435-442
3. Selvakumar, K, Kumar, SMS, Thangamuthu, R, Ganesan, K, Murugan, P, Rajput, P, Jha,
SN, Bhattacharyya, D,Physiochemical Investigation of Shape-Designed MnO2
Nanostructures and Their Influence on Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity in Alkaline
Solution, J. Phys. Chem. C119(2015)6604-6618
4. Krishnaraj, RN, Berchmans, S, Pal, P,The three-compartment microbial fuel cell: a new
sustainable approach to bioelectricity generation from lignocellulosic biomass,
Cellulose22(2015)655-662
5. Anantharaj, S, Nithiyanantham, U, Ede, SR, Ayyappan, E, Kundu, S,pi-stacking
intercalation and reductant assisted stabilization of osmium organosol for catalysis and
SERS applications, RSC Adv.5(2015)11850-11860
6. Sehlakumar, K, Kumar, SMS, Thangamuthu, R, Kruthika, G, Murugan, P, Development of
shape-engineered alpha-MnO2 materials as bi-functional catalysts for oxygen evolution
reaction and oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium, Int. J. Hydrog.
Energy39(2014)21024-21036
7. Ghatak, K, Sengupta, T, Krishnamurty, S, Pal, S, Computational investigation on the
catalytic activity of Rh-6 and Rh4Ru2 clusters towards methanol activation, Theor. Chem.
Acc.134(2014)
8. Kumar, MK, Jha, NS, Mohan, S, Jha, SK,Reduced graphene oxide-supported nickel
oxide catalyst with improved CO tolerance for formic acid electrooxidation, Int. J. Hydrog.
Energy39(2014)12572-12577
9. Krishnaraj, RN, Berchmans, S, Pal, P,Symbiosis of photosynthetic microorganisms with
nonphotosynthetic ones for the conversion of cellulosic mass into electrical energy and
pigments, Cellulose21(2014)2349-2355
10. Balaji, SS, Usha, A, Giridhar, VV,Borohydride electro-oxidation by Ag-doped lanthanum
chromites, J. Chem. Sci.126(2014)617-626
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12. Ganesh, PA, Jeyakumar, D,One pot aqueous synthesis of nanoporous Au85Pt15
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the Catalytic Activity of Glucose Dehydrogenase of Gluconobacter suboxydans with a
New Approach for Power Generation in a Microbial Fuel Cell, Curr.
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14. K. Hari Gopi,S. Gouse Peera, S. D. Bhat, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, 3-
methyltrimethylammonium poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) based anion exchange
membrane for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Bulletin of Materials Science 37
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15. K. Hari Gopi, S. Gouse Peera, S. D. Bhat, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Preparation and
characterization of quaternary ammonium functionalized poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene
oxide) as anion exchange membrane for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells,
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014) 2659-2668.
16. Gutru Rambabu, S.D. Bhat, Simultaneous tuning of methanol crossover and ionic
conductivity of sPEEK membrane electrolyte by incorporation of PSSA functionalized
MWCNTs: A comparative study in DMFCs, Chemical Engineering Journal 243 (2014)
517-525.
17. S. Sasikala, S. Meenakshi, S.D. Bhat, A.K. Sahu, Functionalized Bentonite clay-sPEEK
based composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta 135
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18. S. Meenakshi, A. Manokaran, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Impact
of mesoporous and microporous materials on performance of Nafion and SPEEK polymer
electrolytes: A comparative study of DEFCs, Fuel Cells 14 (2014) 842 – 852.
19. S. Meenakshi, P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani Carbon supported Pt–Sn/SnO2 anode
catalyst for direct ethanol fuel cells, RSC Advances 4 (2014) 44386-44393.
20. Krishnaraj, RN, Karthikeyan, R, Berchmans, S, Chandran, S, Pal, P,Functionalization of
electrochemically deposited chitosan films with alginate and Prussian blue for enhanced
performance of microbial fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta 112(2013)465-472
21. Bhuvaneswari, A, Navanietha Krishnaraj, R, Berchmans, S, Metamorphosis of pathogen
to electrigen at the electrode/electrolyte interface: Direct electron transfer of
Staphylococcus aureus leading to superior electrocatalytic activity, Electrochem.
Commun. 34(2013)25-28
22. Jeyabharathi, C, Hodnik, N, Baldizzone, C, Meier, JC, Heggen, M, Phani, KLN, Bele, M,
Zorko, M, Hocevar, S, Mayrhofer, KJJ,Time Evolution of the Stability and Oxygen
Reduction Reaction Activity of PtCu/C Nanoparticles, ChemCatChem 5(2013)2627-2635
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23. Vijayakumar, R, Ramkumar, T, Maheswari, S, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,Current and
clamping pressure distribution studies on the scale up issues in direct methanol fuel cells,
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24. Nishanth, KG, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S, Carbon-supported Pt encapsulated Pd
nanostructure as methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction electro-catalyst, Int. J. Hydrog.
Energy 38(2013)612-619
25. Peera, SG, Meenakshi, S, Gopi, KH, Bhat, SD, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,Impact on the
ionic channels of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) due to the incorporation of
polyphosphazene: a case study in direct methanol fuel cells, RSC Adv.3(2013)14048-
14056
26. Unni, SM, Pillai, VK, Kurungot, S,3-Dimensionally self-assembled single crystalline
platinum nanostructures on few-layer graphene as an efficient oxygen reduction
electrocatalyst, RSC Adv.3(2013)6913-6921
27. Ilayaraja, N, Prabu, N, Lakshminarasimhan, N, Murugan, P, Jeyakumar, D,Au-Pt graded
nano-alloy formation and its manifestation in small organics oxidation reaction, J. Mater.
Chem. A1(2013)4048-4056
28. S. Meenakshi, A.K. Sahu, S. D. Bhat, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, A.K. Shukla,
Mesostructured-aluminosilicate-Nafion hybrid membranes for direct methanol fuel cells,
Electrochimica Acta 89 (2013) 35-44.
29. Nishanth, K.G. and Sridhar, P. and Pitchumani, S. Carbon-supported Pt encapsulated Pd
nanostructure as methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction electro-catalyst. International
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30. R. Vijayakumar, T. Ramkumar, S. Maheswari, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Current and
clamping pressure distribution studies on the scale up issues in direct methanol fuel cells,
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31. S. Gouse Peera, S. Meenakshi, K. Hari Gopi, S. D. Bhat, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani,
Impact on the ionic channels of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) due to the
incorporation of polyphosphazene: a case study in direct methanol fuel cells, RSC
Advances 3 (2013) 14048-14056.
32. S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Modified sulfonated
poly(ether ether ketone) based mixed matrix membranes for direct methanol fuel cells,
Fuel Cells 13 (2013) 851-861.
33. Harish, S, Baranton, S, Coutanceau, C, Joseph, J,Microwave assisted polyol method for
the preparation of Pt/C, Ru/C and PtRu/C nanoparticles and its application in
electrooxidation of methanol, J. Power Sources214(2012)33-39
34. Jeyabharathi, C, Venkateshkumar, P, Rao, MS, Mathiyarasu, J, Phani, KLN,Nitrogen-
doped carbon black as methanol tolerant electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in
direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta74(2012)171-175
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35. Rao, CRK, Polyelectrolyte-aided synthesis of gold and platinum nanoparticles:
Implications in electrocatalysis and sensing, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.124(2012)4765-4771
36. Vijayakumar, R, Rajkumar, M, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,Effect of anode and cathode flow
field depths on the performance of liquid feed direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), J. Appl.
Electrochem.42(2012)319-324
37. Maheswari, S, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,Carbon-Supported Silver as Cathode
Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells,
Electrocatalysis3(2012)13-21
38. Nishanth, KG, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S, Shukla, AK,Durable Transition-Metal-Carbide-
Supported Pt-Ru Anodes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells 12(2012)146-152
39. Karthikeyan, R, Uskaikar, HP, Berchmans, S, Electrochemically Prepared Manganese
Oxide as A Cathode Material For A Microbial Fuel Cell, anal. Lett. 45(2012)1645-1657
40. Priya, S, Berchmans, S, CuO Microspheres Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes as
Sensor Materials and Fuel Cell Catalysts, J. Electrochem. Soc. 159(2012)F73-F80
41. S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, A. K. Shukla, Chitosan
Polyvinyl Alcohol-Sulfonated Polyethersulfone Mixed-Matrix Membranes as Methanol-
Barrier Electrolytes for DMFCs, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 124 (2012) E73-E82.
42. S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, S. Alwin, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Natural and
Synthetic solid polymer hybrid dual network membranes as electrolytes for direct
methanol fuel cells, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 16 (2012) 1709-1721.
43. S. Maheswari, S. Karthikeyan, P. Murugan, P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani, Carbon-
supported Pd–Co as cathode catalyst for APEMFCs and validation by DFT, Phys. Chem.
Chem. Phys., 2012,14, 9683-9695.
44. A. K. Sahu, S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. Shahid, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, A.K. Shukla,
Meso-structured Silica-Nafion hybrid membranes for direct methanol fuel cells, Journal of
the Electrochemical Society 159 (2012) F702-10.
45. S. Maheswari, P Sridhar and S Pitchumani, Carbon supported Silver as cathode
electrocatalyst for alkaline polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Electrocatalysis, 3
(2012) 13-21.
46. K G Nishanth, P Sridhar, S Pitchumani and A K Shukla, Durable transition-metal-carbide-
supported-Pt-Ru anodes for DMFCs, Fuel Cells, 12 (2012) 146-152.
47. Rajavel Vijayakumar, Murugesan Rajkumar, Parthasarathi Sridhar, Sethuraman
Pitchumani, Effect of anode and cathode flow field depths on the performance of liquid
feed direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2012, 42,
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48. Verma, A. and S. Basu “Feasibility study of a simple unitized regenerative fuel cell” J.
Power Sources 135 62-65 (2004)
49. A. Verma, A. K. Jha and S. Basu “Evaluation of an alkaline fuel cell for multi- fuel system”
ASME J Fuel Cell Science & Technology, 2, 234-237 (2005)
50. Verma, A., A. K. Jha, S. Basu “Manganese oxide as a cathode catalyst in flowing alkaline
electrolyte direct alcohol or sodium borohydride fuel cell” J. Power Sources 141 30-34
(2005
51. Verma, A., and Basu, S., ‘Direct use of alcohols and sodium boro hydride as fuel in an
alkaline fuel cell' J. Power Sources 145, 282-285 (2005)
52. A. Verma and S. Basu, ‘Power from hydrogen via fuel cell technology’ Chemical Weekly,
July, 177-181 (2005)
53. Verma, A., Sharma, A., and S. Basu, ‘Electro-oxidation study of methanol and ethanol in
alkaline medium in a fuel cell’ Ind. Chem Engr. 49(4) 330-340 (2007)
54. Verma, A, and S. Basu, ‘Experimental Evaluation and Mathematical Modeling of A Direct
Alkaline Fuel Cell’, J. Power Sources, 168(1), 200-210, (2007)
55. Verma A., and Basu, S., Direct Alkaline Fuel Cell for Multiple Liquid Fuels: Anode
Electrode Studies, J. Power Sources, 174, 180-185 (2007)
56. Pramanik, H., and Basu, S., A Study on Process Parameters of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell,
Can J. Chem Eng., 85(5), 781-785 (2007)
57. Phirani, J., and S. Basu, ‘Analyses of fuel utilization in micro-fluidic fuel cell’ J Power
Sources, 175, 261-265 (2008)
58. Pramanik, H., Basu, S., Wragg, A.A., Studies on operating parameters and cyclic
voltammetry of a direct ethanol fuel cell, J Appl. Electrochem., 38(9) 1321-1328 (2008)
59. Basu, S., A. Agarwal, H Pramanik, ‘Improvement in performance of a direct ethanol fuel
cell: effect of sulfuric acid and Ni-mesh’ Electrochem. Comm. 10, 1254 - 1257 (2008)
60. Biswas, S, P Sambu, S. Basu, Influence of pore former and PTFE in performance of
direct ethanol fuel cell'. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng. 4, 3-7 (2008)
61. Gaurav, D., A. Verma, D. Sharma and S. Basu, Development direct alcohol alkaline fuel
cell stack, Fuel Cell, 10(4) 591-596 (2010)
62. Pramanik, H., S. Basu, ‘Modeling and experimental validation of overpotentials of a direct
ethanol fuel cell’ Chem. Eng Process, 49(7) 635-642 (2010)
63. D. Basu, S. Basu,’ A Study on Direct Glucose and Fructose Alkaline Fuel Cell,
Electrochim Acta, 55, 5575-5579 (2010
64. Awasthi, A., S. Basu, K. Scott, ‘Dynamic modeling and simulation of a proton exchange
membrane electrolyzer for hydrogen production’ Intl J Hydrogen Energy, 36(22) 14779-
14786 (2011)
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65. Basu, D., S. Basu, ‘Synthesis and Characterization of PtAu/C catalyst for Glucose
Electro-oxidation for the application in direct glucose fuel cell’, Intl J Hydrogen
Energy,36 (22) 14923-14929 (2011)
66. Xu W., Tayal, J., S. Basu, K. Scott, ‘Nano-crystalline RuxSn1-xO2powder catalysts for the
oxygen evolution reaction in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyser (PEMWE)’
Intl J Hydrogen Energy 36 (22) 14796-14804 (2011)
67. Tayal, J., B. Rawat, S. Basu, Bi-metallic and tri-metallic Pt-Sn/C, Pt-Ir/C, Pt-Ir-Sn/C
catalysts for electro-oxidation of ethanol in direct ethanol fuel cell’ Intl J. Hydrogen
Energy 36 (22) 14884-14897 (2011)
68. D. Basu, S. Basu, Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Platinum Based Bi-
metallic Catalysts in Direct Glucose Alkaline Fuel Cell’, Electrochim Acta, 56 6106-6113
(2011); Erratum in Electrochimica Acta 56 (2011) 7758
69. Chokalingam, R., S. Basu, ‘Impedance Spectroscopy studies of Gd-CeO2-(LiNa)CO3
nano-composites electrolyte for low temperature SOFC applications Intl J Hydrogen
Energy, 36 (22) 14977-14983 (2011)
70. H. Pramanik, S. Basu, Cyclic Voltammetry of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Using Pt-based
Electrocatalysts on a Nafion-bonded Carbon Electrode for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell, Indian
Chemical Engineer, 53(3), 124-135, (2011)
71. Wu X, Scott K, Basu S. Performance of a high temperature polymer electrolyte
membrane water electrolyser. J Power Sources 196: 8918– 8924 (2011)
72. Tayal, J., Rawat, B., S. Basu, Effect of Addition of Rhenium to Pt-based Anode Catalysts
in Electro-oxidation of Ethanol in Direct Ethanol PEM Fuel Cell, Intl J. Hydrogen
Energy 37(5), 4597-4605 (2012)
73. Basu, D., S. Basu,‘Performance studies of Pd-Pt and Pt-Pd-Au catalyst for electro-
oxidation of glucose in direct glucose fuel cell’, Intl J Hydrogen Energy, 37(5) 4678-4684
(2012)
74. J. Goel, S. Basu, ‘Pt-Re-Sn as metal catalysts for electro-oxidation of ethanol in direct
ethanol fuel cell’, Fuel Cells Science & Technology 2012 – A Grove Fuel Cell Event,
Energy Procedia 28, 66-77, (2012)
75. D. Basu, S. Sood, S. Basu, ‘Comparison of Performance of Direct Glucose Alkaline and
Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Pt-Au/C and Pt-Bi/C Anode Catalysts’, Chem Eng
J. 228 867–870 (2013)
76. A. Ghosh, S. Basu, A. Verma Graphene and Functionalized Graphene Supported
Platinum Catalyst for PEMFC, Fuel Cell 13 (3) 355–363 (2013)
77. R. Pathak, S. Basu, Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Verification of Direct
Glucose Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Electrochim Acta 113 (15) 42-53 (2013)
78. Vinod Kumar Puthiyapura, Sivakumar Pasupathi, Suddhasatwa Basu, Xu Wu, Huaneng
Su, N. Varagunapandiyan, Bruno Pollet, Keith Scott, RuxNb1-xO2catalyst for the oxygen
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evolution reactionin proton exchange membrane water electrolysers, Intl J. Hydrogen
Energy 38 8605-8616 (2013)
79. Varagunapandiyan Natarajan, Suddhasatwa Basu and Keith Scott, Effect of treatment
temperature on the performance of RuO2 anode electrocatalyst for high temperature
proton exchange membrane water electrolysers, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy 38(36) 16623–
16630 (2013)
80. D. Basu, S. Basu, Mathematical Modeling of Overpotentials of Direct Glucose Alkaline
Fuel Cell and Experimental Validation, J Solid State Electrochemisrty, 17(11) 2927-
2938 (2013)
81. Goel J and Suddhasatwa Basu, Effect of support materials on the performance of direct
ethanol fuel cell anode catalyst, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy 39, 15956-15966 (2014)
82. Gurpraeet Kaur, Suddhasatwa Basu, Study of Carbon Deposition Behavior on Cu-
Co/CeO2-YSZ Anodes for Direct Butane Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells, 14(6), 1006–
1013 (2014)
83. Aseem Sharma and Suddhasatwa Basu, Study of Transient Behaviour of Solid Oxide
Fuel Cell Anode Degradation Using Percolation Theory, Ind Eng Chem Res 53 (51),
19690–19694 (2014)
84. B. B. Patil and S. Basu, Synthesis and Characterization of PdO-NiO-SDC Nano-Powder
by Glycine-Nitrate Combustion Synthesis for Anode of IT-SOFC, Energy Procedia, 54,
669-679 (2014)
85. S. Badwal, S. Giddey, A. Kulkarni, J. Goel, S. Basu, Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells for
Transport and Stationary Applications – A Comprehensive Review, Applied Energy, 45,
80-103 (2015)
86. Goel J and Suddhasatwa Basu, Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Validation
of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy in press,
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87. D. Gaurava, A. Verma, D.K. Sharma, and S. Basu, “Preliminary Studies on Development
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88. L. Barbora, R. Singh, N. Shroti, and A. Verma, “Synthesis and Characterization of
Neodymium Oxide Modified Nafion Membrane for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell”, Materials
Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 122, 211-216.
89. L. Barbora, S. Acharya, R. Singh, K. Scott, and A. Verma, “A Novel Composite Nafion
Membrane for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells”, Journal of Membrane Science, 2009, 326, 721-
726.
90. L. Barbora, S. Acharya, and A. Verma, "Synthesis and Ex-situ Characterization of
Nafion/TiO2 Composite Membranes for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell", Macromolecular
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91. J. Pandey, M. M. Seepana, A. Shukla, Zirconium phosphate based proton conducting
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92. J. Pandey, F. Q. Mir, A. Shukla, Performance of PVDF supported silica immobilized
phosphotungstic acid membrane (Si-PWA/PVDF) in direct methanol fuel cell with, Int. J.
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93. J. Pandey, F. Q. Mir, A. Shukla, Synthesis of silica immobilized phosphotungstic acid (Si-
PWA)-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite ion-exchange membrane for direct methanol
fuel cell, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 39 (2014) 9437-9481.
94. J. Pandey, A. Shukla, PVDF supported silica immobilized phosphotungstic acid
membrane for DMFC application, Solid State Ionics, 262 (2014) 811-814.
95. J. Pandey, A. Shukla, Synthesis and characterization of PVDF supported silica
immobilized phosphotungstic acid (Si-PWA) ion exchange membrane, Matl. Lett, 100
(2013) 292-295.
96. N. Kumari, Nishant Sinha, M. Ali Haider, S. Basu, “CO2 Reduction toMethanol on CeO2
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97. Manthiram, A.; Murugan, A. V.; Sarkar, A.; Muraliganth, T. Nanostructured Electrode
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98. Sarkar, A.; Murugan, A. V.; Manthiram, A. Low Cost Pd–W Nanoalloy Electrocatalysts for
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99. Sarkar, A.; Murugan, A. V.; Manthiram, A. Synthesis and Characterization of
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100. Sarkar, A.; Murugan, A. V.; Manthiram, A. Pt-Encapsulated Pd−Co Nanoalloy
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101. Sarkar, A.; Manthiram, A. Synthesis of Pt@Cu Core−Shell Nanoparticles by Galvanic
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102. Sarkar, A.; Vadivel Murugan, A.; Manthiram, A. Rapid Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal
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103. Zhao, J.; Sarkar, A.; Manthiram, A. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd-Ni Nanoalloy
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104. Sarkar, A.; Zhu, X.; Nakanishi, H.; Kerr, J. B.; Cairns, E. J. Investigation into
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108. P. C. Ghosh, T. Wüster, H. Dohle, N. Kimiaie, J. Mergel and D. Stolten, (2006) „Analysis
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109. P. C. Ghosh, T. Wüster, H. Dohle, N. Kimiaie, J. Mergel and D. Stolten, (2006) „In-situ
approach for current distribution measurement in fuel cells”, J. Power Sources, Vol. 154
No. 1 pp. 184-191
110. R. Rahul, R. K. Singh, B. Bera, R. Devivaraprasad and M. Neergat, Role of surface
oxygenated-species and adsorbed hydrogen in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)
mechanism and product selectivity on Pd-based catalysts, Physical Chemistry Chemical
Physics,2015, DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00692a.
111. R. K. Singh, R. Devivaraprasad,T. Kar, A. Chakraborty and M. Neergat, Electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a rotating disk electrode
configuration: effect of ionomer content and carbon support, Journal of The
Electrochemical Society, 162, F489–F498, 2015.
112. R. Rahul, R. K. Singh and M. Neergat, Effect of heat-treatment on Pd-based alloy
catalysts in enhancing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, Journal of
Electroanalytical Chemistry, 712, 223–229, 2014.
113. R. Devivaraprasad,R. Rahul, N. Naresh, T. Kar, R. K. Singh and M. Neergat, Oxygen
reduction reaction and peroxide generation on shape-controlled and polycrystalline
platinum nanoparticles in acidic and alkaline electrolytes, Langmuir, 30, 8995–9006,
2014.
114. R. K. Singh, R. Rahul and M. Neergat, Stability issues in Pd-based catalysts: the role of
surface Pt in improving the stability and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity,
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 15, 13044–13051, 2013.
115. M. Neergat and R. Rahul, Unsupported Cu-Pt core-shell nanoparticles: oxygen reduction
reaction (ORR) catalyst with better activity and reduced precious metal content.Journal of
the Electrochemical Society, 159, F234–F241, 2012.
172
116. M. Neergat, V. Gunasekar and R. K. Singh, Oxygen reduction reaction and peroxide
generation on Ir, Rh, and their selenides – a comparison with Pt and RuSe, Journal of
The Electrochemical Society, 158, B1060–B1066, 2011.
117. M. Neergat, V. Gunasekar and R. Rahul, Carbon-supported Pd–Fe electrocatalysts for
oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and their methanol tolerance, Journal of
Electroanalytical Chemistry, 658, 25–32, 2011.
118. Effect of Co+2/BH4- ratio in the synthesis of Co-B catalysts on sodium borohydride
hydrolysis.Joydev Manna, Binayak Roy, Manvendra Vashistha, and Pratibha
SharmaInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014) 406-413.
119. Zeolite supported cobalt catalysts for sodium borohydride hydrolysis. Joydev Manna,
Binayak Roy, Pratibha Sharma, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 490-491(2014) 213-217
120. Kinetic Analysis and Modelling of Thermal Decomposition of Ammonia Borane, Aneesh C.
Gangal and Pratibha Sharma International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 45 (2013) 452-461
121. Effect of Zeolites on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonia Borane. Aneesh C. Gangal,
Raju Edla, Kartik Iyer, Rajesh Biniwale, Manavendra Vashistha, and Pratibha Sharma
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37(2012)3712-3718.
122. Graphene/Nickel Nanofiber Hybrids for Catalytic and Microbial Fuel Cell
Applications by B. Kartick, S. K. Srivastava, and Amreesh Chandra Journal of
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, (in press) (2015)
123. Need for optimizing catalyst loading for achieving affordable microbial fuel
cells by Inderjeet Singh and Amreesh Chandra Bioresource Technology, 142, 77-
81 (2013)
124. MnO2 Nanoparticles as Efficient Catalyst in Fuel Cells by Jatin Khera, Arvinder Singh,
Satish K. Mandal, and Amreesh Chandra Advanced Science, Engineering and
Medicine, 5, 1-6 (2013)
125. Microbial Fuel Cells: Recent Trends by J. Khera and Amreesh ChandraProceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, 82, 31-41 (2012)
126. Varanasi J L, Roy S, Pandit S, Das D, Improvement of energy recovery from cellobiose
by thermophillic dark fermentative hydrogen production followed by microbial fuel
cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40: 8311-8321, 2015.
127. Veerubhotla Ramya, Bandopadhyay Aditya, Das Debabrata and Chakraborty Suman,
Instant power generation from an air-breathing paper and pencil based bacterial bio-fuel
cell, Lab on a Chip, 15; 2580-2583, 2015.
128. Sinha Pallavi, Roy Shantonu, Das Debabrata, Role of formate hydrogen lyase complex in
hydrogen production in facultative anaerobes,International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
2015 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.05.076)
173
129. Roy Shantonu, Banerjee Debopam, Dutta Mainak, Das Debabrata, Metabolically
redirected biohydrogen pathway integrated with biomethanation for improved gaseous
energy recovery, Fuel, 2015 (DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.060)
130. Pandit A, Khilaro S, Bera K, Pradhan D, and Das D, Application of PVA-PDDA polymer
electrolyte composite anion exchange membrane separator for improved bioelectricity
production in a single chambered microbial fuel cell, Chemical Engineering Journal, 257:
138-147, 2014.
131. Basak N, Jana AK and Das D, Optimization of molecular hydrogen production
by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 in the annular photobioreactor using response
surface methodology, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39: 11889-11901, 2014.
132. Pandit A, Khilaro S, Pradhan D, and Das D, Improvement of power generation using
Shewanella putrefaciens mediated bioanode in a single chambered Microbial Fuel Cell:
Effect of different anodic operating conditions, Bioresource Technology 166: 451-457,
2014.
133. Das D* and Laksmi Narasu M. Forward of International Conference on Advances in
Biological Hydrogen Production and Applications (ICABHPA 2012), International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy 39: 7467, 2014.
134. Ghadge A, Pandit A, Das D and Ghangrkar M M, Performance of Air Cathode Earthen
Pot Microbial Fuel Cell for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment with Bioelectricity
Generation, International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 17:
143-153, 2014.
135. Roy S, Vishnuvardhan M and Das D. Improvement of hydrogen production by
thermophilic isolate Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum IIT BT-
ST1, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 7541-7552, 2014.
136. Mishra P and Das D, Biohydrogen production from Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 using
distillery effluent, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 7496-7507, 2014.
137. Pandit A, Patel V, Ghangrkar M M and Das D, Wastewater as anolyte for bioelectricity
generation in graphite granule anode single chambered microbial fuel cell: effect of
current collector, International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management,
17: 252-267, 2014.
138. Pandit S, Balachandar G and Das D. Improvement of energy recovery from cane
molasses by dark fermentation followed by microbial fuel cells, Frontiers of Chemical
Science and Engineering, 8: 43-54, 2014.
139. Khilaro S, Pandit S, Das D and Pradhan D. Manganese cobaltite/polypyrrole
nanocomposite-based air-cathode for sustainable power generation in the single-
chambered microbial fuel cells , Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 54:534-540, 2014.
140. Roy S, Kumar K, Ghosh S and Das D. Thermophilic biohydrogen production using
pretreated algal biomass as substrate, Biomass and Bioenergy, 61:157-166, 2014.
174
141. Nayak BK, Roy S and Das D, Biohydrogen production from algal biomass (Anabaena sp.
PCC 7120) cultivated in airlift photobioreactor, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
39: 7553-7560, 2014.
142. Basak N, Jana AK, Das D and Saikia D. Photofermentative molecular biohydrogen
production by purple-non-sulfur (PNS) bacteria in various modes: the present progress
and future perspective, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 6853-6871, 2014.
143. Roy S, Vishnuvardhan M and Das D. Continuous thermophilic biohydrogen production in
packed bed reactor, Applied Energy, 136: 51-58, 2014.
144. Khanna N and Das D, Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation, WIREs Energy
Environ 2013, 2: 401–421
145. Kumar K, Roy S and Das D. Continuous mode of carbon dioxide sequestration by C.
sorokiniana and subsequent use of its biomass for hydrogen production by E.
cloacae IIT-BT, Bioresource Technology, 145: 116-122, 2013.
146. Khilari S, Pandit S, Ghangrekar MM, Das D and Pradhan D. Graphene supported α-
MnO2 nanotubes as cathode catalyst for improved power generation and wastewater
treatment in single-chambered microbial fuel cells, Royal Society of Chemistry Advances,
3, 7902-7911, 2013.
147. Das D*. International Conference on Algal Biorefinery: A potential source of food, feed,
biochemicals, biofuels and biofertilizers (ICAB 2013), International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, 38, 5410-7, 2013.
148. Laksmi Narasu M, Himabindu V, Das D*. International Conference on Advances in
Biological Hydrogen Production and Applications (ICABHPA 2012), International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy 38, 6010-2, 2013.
149. Borse P and Das D, Advance Workshop Report on Evaluation of Hydrogen Producing
Technologies for Industry Relevant Application, ARCI, Hyderabad, India, 8-9 February
2013, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, 11470-11471, 2013.
150. Khilari S, Pandit S, Ghangrekar MM, Pradhan D and Das D. Graphene Oxide-
Impregnated PVA−STA Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Separator for Power
Generation in a Single-Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell, Industrial & Engineering
Chemistry Research, 52 (33): 11597–606 , 2013.
151. Khanna N. Ghosh AK, Huntemann M, Deshpande S, Han J, Chen A, Kyrpides N,
Mavrommatis K, Szeto E, Markowitz V, Ivanova N, Pagani I, Pati A, Pitluck S, Nolan M,
Woyke T, Teshima H, Chertkov O, Daligault H, Davenport K, Gu W, Munk C, Zhang X,
Bruce D, Detter C, Xu Y, Quintana B, Reitenga K, Kunde Y, Green L, Erkkila T, Han C,
Brambilla E-M, Lang E, Klenk H-P, Goodwin L, Chain P, Das D. Complete genome
sequence of Enterobacter sp. IIT-BT 08: A potential microbial strain for high rate
hydrogen production, Stand. Genomic Sci. 9: 359-369, 2013.
175
152. Pandit S, Ghosh, S, Ghangrekar MM, Das D. Performance of an anion exchange
membrane in association with cathodic parameters in a dual chamber microbial fuel
cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37:7383-7392, 2012.
153. Khanna N, Kumar K, Todi S, Das D, Characteristics of cured and wild trains
of Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 for the improvement of
biohydrogenproduction, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,37:11666-11676, 2012.
Pandit S, Nayak B, Das D, Microbial Carbon capture cell using cynobacteria for
simultaneous power generation,carbon dioxide sequestration and waste water
treatment, Bioresource Technology, 107:97-102, 2012.
154. Roy S and Das D, Improvement of hydrogen production with thermophilic mixed culture
from rice spent wash of distillery industry, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
37:15867-15874, 2012.
155. Ghosh S, Joy S, Das D. Multiple parameters optimization for maximization of hydrogen
production using defined microbial consortia, Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 10:196-
201, 2011.
156. Khanna N, Kotay SM, Gilbert JJ, Das D. Improvement of biohydrogen production by
Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 under regulated pH, Journal of Biotechnology, 152:9-15,
2011.
157. Pandit S, Sengupta A, Kale S, Das D. Performance of electron acceptor in catholyte of a
two-chambered microbial fuel cell using anion exchange membrane, Bioresource
Technology, 102;2736-2744, 2011.
158. Gilbert JJ, Ray S, Das D. Hydrogen Production Using Rhodobacter
sphaeroides (O.U.001)In A Flat Panel Rocking Photobioreactor,International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, 36;3434-3441, 2011.
159. Nath K, Das D. Modeling and optimization of fermentative hydrogen
production, Bioresource Technology, 102;8569-8581, 2011.
160. Khanna N,Nag Dasgupta C,Mishra P, Das D, Homologous over expression of [FeFe]
hydrogenase in Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 to enhance hydrogen gas production
from cheese whey, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36;15573-15582, 2011.
161. Kotay SM, Das D. Microbial hydrogen production from sewage sludge bioaugmented with
a constructed microbial consortium, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35;10653-
10659, 2010
162. Dasgupta CN, Gilbert JJ, Lindblad P, Heidorn T, Borgvang SA, Skjanes K, Das D, Recent
trends on the development of photobiological processes and photobioreactors for the
improvement of hydrogen production, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
35;10218-38, 2010
163. D Das, Biohydrogen Production Technology, the present Senario, Akshay Urja, Vol.-3,
Issue-5, April 2010
176
164. D Das, Microbial Fuel Cell- A Promising Green Energy Production Technology
from WasteWater, Akshay Urja, Vol.-3, Issue-6, June 2010
165. Das Debabrata*. Advances in biohydrogen production processes: An approach towards
commercialization, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7349-57, 2009.
166. Basak Nitai*, Das Debabrata, Photofermentative hydrogen production using purple-non-
sulfur bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001in an annular photobioreactor: A case
study, Biomass and Bioenergy, 33:911-919, 2009.
167. Blackburn JM, Liang Y, Das D. Biohydrogen from Complex Carbohydrate Wastes as
Feedstocks-Cellulose degraders from a unique series enrichment, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, 34:7428-34, 2009.
168. Pandey A, Sinha P, Kotay SM, Das D. Isolation and evaluation of a high H2-producing lab
isolate from cow dung, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7483-8, 2009.
169. Mohan Y, Das D. Effect of ionic strength, cation exchanger and inoculum age on the
performance of Microbial Fuel Cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7542-
6, 2009.
170. Dutta T, Das AK, Das D. Purification and characterization of [Fe]-hydrogenase from high
yielding hydrogen-producing strain, Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT08 (MTCC
5373), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7530-7, 2009.
171. Kotay SM, Das D. Novel dark fermentation involving bioaugmentation with constructed
bacterial consortium for enhanced biohydrogen production from pretreated sewage
sludge, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7489-96, 2009.
172. Nath K, Das D*. Effect of light intensity and initial pH during hydrogen production by an
integrated dark and photofermentation process, International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, 34:7497-501, 2009.
173. Das D*, Veziroglu TN. Advances in biological hydrogen production
processes, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:6046-57, 2008.
174. Nath K, Muthukumar M, Kumar A, Das D*. Kinetics of two-stage fermentation process for
the production of hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:1195-1203,
2008.
175. Das D*, Khanna N, Veziroglu TN. Recent developments in biological hydrogen production
processes, Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly (CI &CEQ), 14 (2): 57-
67, 2008.
176. Mohan Y, S. Manoj Muthu Kumar, Das D*. Electricity generation using microbial fuel
cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:423-426, 2008.
177. Kotay SM, Das D*. Biohydrogen as a renewable energy resource - prospects and
potentials, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:258-263, 2008.
178. Das D, International workshop on biohydrogen production technology (IWBT 2008),
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 2627-2628, 2008.
177
179. Synthesis, characterization, electronic structure and photocatalytic activity of nitrogen
doped TiO2 catalyst, M.Sathish, B.Viswanathan, R.P.Viswanath and C S Gopinath,
Chemistry of Materials, 17 (25) 6349-6353 (2005).
180. Magnesium and magnesium alloy hydrides, P.Selvam, B.Viswanathan, C.S.Swamy and
V.Srinivasan, International journal of hydrogen energy, 11(3), 169-192 (1986).
181. Alternate synthetic strategy for the preparation of CdS nanoparticles and its exploitation
for water splitting, M.Sathish, B.Viswanathan and R.P.Viswanath, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy 31 (7), 891-898 (2006).
182. Nitrogen containing carbon nanotubes as supports for Pt–Alternate anodes for fuel cell
applications, T Maiyalagan, B Viswanathan, UV Varadaraju, Electrochemistry
Communications 7 (9), 905-912 (2005).
183. Carbon nanotubes generated from template carbonization of polyphenyl acetylene as the
support for electrooxidation of methanol, B Rajesh, K RavindranathanThampi, JM
Bonard, N Xanthopoulos, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 107 (12), 2701-2708
(2003).
184. Pt–WO 3 supported on carbon nanotubes as possible anodes for direct methanol fuel
cells, B Rajesh, V Karthik, S Karthikeyan, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, Fuel 81 (17), 2177-
2190 (2003).
185. Synthesis and characterization of composite membranes based on α-zirconium
phosphate and silicotungstic acid, M Helen, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, Journal of
membrane Science 292 (1), 98-105(2007).
186. Tungsten trioxide nanorods as supports for platinum in methanol oxidation, J Rajeswari,
B Viswanathan, TK Varadarajan, Materials Chemistry and Physics 106 (2), 168-
174(2007).
187. Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical studies of Ti-incorporated tungsten
trioxides as platinum support for methanol oxidation, V Raghuveer, B Viswanathan,
Journal of power sources 144 (1), 1-10(2005).
188. Catalytic activity of platinum/tungsten oxide nanorod electrodes towards electro-oxidation
of methanol, T Maiyalagan, B Viswanathan, Journal of Power Sources 175 (2), 789-
793(2008)
189. ORR Activity and Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Performance of Carbon-Supported Pt− M (M=
Fe, Co, and Cr) Alloys Prepared by Polyol Reduction Method, C Venkateswara Rao, B
Viswanathan, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 (43), 18907-18913(2009).
190. Hydrogen storage in boron substituted carbon nanotubes, M Sankaran, B Viswanathan,
Carbon 45 (8), 1628-1635 (2007)
191. Dehydriding behaviour of LiAlH4—the catalytic role of carbon nanofibres, LH Kumar, B
Viswanathan, SS Murthy, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (1), 366-
373(2008).
178
192. Monodispersed platinum nanoparticle supported carbon electrodes for hydrogen
oxidation and oxygen reduction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, CV Rao, B
Viswanathan, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114 (18), 8661-8667(2010).
193. Fabrication and properties of hybrid membranes based on salts of heteropolyacid,
zirconium phosphate and polyvinyl alcohol, M Helen, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, Journal
of power sources 163 (1), 433-439(2006)
194. Studies on the thermal characteristics of hydrides of Mg, Mg 2 Ni, Mg 2 Cu and Mg 2 Ni
1− x M x (M= Fe, Co, Cu or Zn; 0<×< 1) alloys,PSelvam, B Viswanathan, CS Swamy, V
Srinivasan, International journal of hydrogen energy 13 (2), 87-94 (1988).
195. Pt particles supported on conducting polymeric nanocones as electro-catalysts for
methanol oxidation, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, AJ McEvoy, N
Xanthopoulos,Journal of power sources 133 (2), 155-161(2004).
196. Can La 2− x Sr x CuO 4 be used as anodes for direct methanol fuel cells?V Raghuveer,
B Viswanathan, Fuel 81 (17), 2191-2197(2002).
197. Conducting polymeric nanotubules as high performance methanol oxidation catalyst
support, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, HJ Mathieu, N Xanthopoulos, Chemical
Communications, 2022-2023 (2003).
198. Nanostructured conducting polyaniline tubules as catalyst support for Pt particles for
possible fuel cell applications, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, HJ Mathieu, N
Xanthopoulos, Electrochemical and solid-state letters 7 (11), A404-A407(2004).
199. Hydrogen absorption by Mg 2 Ni prepared by polyol reduction, LH Kumar, B
Viswanathan, SS Murthy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 461 (1), 72-76(2008).
200. Boron substituted carbon nanotubes — How appropriate are they for hydrogen
storage?M Sankaran, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy 33 (1), 393-403(2008).
201. Facile hydrogen evolution reaction on WO3 nanorods, J Rajeswari, PS Kishore, B
Viswanathan, TK Varadarajan, Nanoscale Research Letters 2 (10), 496-503(2007).
202. Carbon supported Pd–Co–Mo alloy as an alternative to Pt for oxygen reduction in direct
ethanol fuel cells, CV Rao, B Viswanathan, ElectrochimicaActa 55 (8), 3002-3007(2010)
203. Pt supported on polyaniline-V 2 O 5 nanocomposite as the electrode material for
methanol oxidation, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, N Xanthapolous, HJ Mathieu,
Electrochemical and solid-state letters 5 (12), E71-E74(2002)
204. Is Nafion the only choice?, B Viswanathan, M Helen, Bulletin of the catalysis Society of
India 6, 50-66(2007).
205. Synthesis and characterization of electrodeposited Ni–Pd alloy electrodes for methanol
oxidation, K. Suresh Kumar, PrathapHaridoss, S.K. Seshadri, Surface & Coatings
Technology 202 (2008) 1764–1770.
179
206. Effect of cyclic compression on structure and property of Gas diffusion layer used in PEM
Fuel cells. Vijay Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy 35(2010) 11107-11118.
207. Differences in structure and property of carbon paper and carbon cloth diffusion media
and their impact on Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell flow field design. Vijay
Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, Materials and Design 32(2011) 861-868.
208. Effect of Electrochemical aging on the interaction between Gas Diffusion Layers and the
Flow Field in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell, John Felix Kumar R, Vijay
Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(2011)
7207 – 7211
209. Effect of GDL compression on pressure drop and pressure distribution in PEM flow field.
Vijay Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.
36(2011) 14823 – 14828
210. Enhanced mechanical and electrochemical durability of multistage PTFE treated gas
diffusion layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, John Felix Kumar R, Vijay
Radhakrishnan, and PrathapHaridoss, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37
(2012) 10830 – 10835.
211. A. Datta, A. Mondal, J. Datta, Tuning of Platinum nano-particles by Au coverage in their
binary alloy for direct ethanol fuel cell: Controlled synthesis, electrode kinetics and
mechanistic interpretation, J. Power Source-2015 (283) 104
212. A. Dutta, J. Datta, Energy efficient role of Ni/NiO in PdNi nano catalyst used in alkaline
DEFC, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 3237
213. A. Dutta, J. Datta, Significant role of surface activation on Pd enriched Pt nano catalysts
in promoting the electrode kinetics of ethanol oxidation: Temperature effect, product
analysis & theoretical computations, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 7789.
214. Dutta, J. Datta, Outstanding catalyst performance of PdAuNi nano particles for the anodic
reaction in an alkaline Direct Ethanol (with anion exchange membrane) Fuel Cell, J.
Physical Chemistry C – 116(49) (2012) 25677-25688
215. J. Datta, A. Dutta, M. Biswas, Enhancement of functional properties of PtPd nano catalyst
in metal-polymer composite matrix: Application in direct ethanol fuel cell, Electrochemistry
Communications 20 (2012) 56
216. J. Datta,A. Dutta, and S. Mukherjee; The Beneficial Role of The Co-metals Pd and Au in
the Carbon Supported PtPdAu Catalyst Towards Promoting Ethanol Oxidation Kinetics in
Alkaline Fuel Cells: Temperature Effect and Reaction Mechanism- J. Physical Chemistry
C –115 (2011)15324
217. J. Datta, S. Singh,Kinetic investigations and Product analysis for optimizing platinum
loading in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) electrodes – Ionics-17 (2011) 785 – 798.
180
218. A. Dutta, S. Sinha Mahapatra and J. Datta, High performance PtPdAu nanocatalyst for
ethanol oxidation in alkaline media for fuel cell applications- Int. J. Hydrogen Energy –36
(2011) 14898.
219. J. Datta, S. Sen Gupta, S. Singh, S. Mukherjee and M. Mukherjee , Search for the
optimum Ru content in PtRu catalysts for ethanol electro-oxidation, Materials and
Manufacturing Processes – 26 (2011) 261-271
220. S. Sinha Mahapatra, A. Dutta and J. Datta, Temperature dependence on methanol
oxidation and formate production on Pd modified Pt electrode: A direct alcohol fuel cell
application in alkaline medium- Int. J. Hydrogen Energy -36(2011)14873 – 14883
221. S.S. Mahapatra, A Dutta and J. Datta, Temperature effect on the kinetics of ethanol
electro-oxidation and product formation on Pd modified Pt in alkaline medium,
Electrochimica Acta – 55 (2010) 9097-9104.
222. S. Sen Gupta, S. Singh, J. Datta, Temperature effect on the electrode kinetics of ethanol
electro-oxidation on Sn modified Pt catalyst through voltammetry and impedance
spectroscopy; Materials Chemistry and Physics, 120 (2010) 682- 690.
223. S. Singh, J. Datta, Size control of Pt nanoparticles with stabilizing agent for better
utilization of the catalyst in Fuel Cell reaction; Journal of Material Science, 45 (2010)
3030-3040.
224. S. Sen Gupta , S. Singh, J. Datta, Promoting role of unalloyed Sn in PtSn binary catalysts
for ethanol electrooxidation, Material chemistry and physics, 116 (2009) 223-228.
225. J. Datta*, S. Singh, S. Das, N.R. Bandyopadhyay,A comprehensive study on the effect of
Ru addition to carbon supported Pt electrodes at different compositions for direct ethanol
fuel cell, Bulletin of Material Science – 32 (2009) 1-10
226. J. Datta and S. Sengupta, A comparative study on ethanol oxidation behavior at Pt and
Pt-Rh electrodeposits, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 594 (2006) 65 – 72.
227. J. Datta, S. Sen Gupta and N.R. Bandyopadhyay, Carbon-Supported Platinum Catalysts
for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell Anode, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 21 (2006)
703 – 709.
228. J. Datta, and S. Sen Gupta, Electrode kinetics of ethanol oxidation on novel CuNi alloy
supported catalysts synthesized from PTFE suspension, Journal of Power Sources, 145
(2005) 124 - 127.
229. J. Datta, and S. Sen Gupta, An invesigation in to the electro-oxidation of ethanol and 2-
proanol for application in direct alcohol fuel cells(DAFCs), Journal of Chemical Sciences,
117 (2005) 337-344.
230. S. Sengupta, S.S. Mahapatra and J. Datta*, A potential anode material for direct alcohol
fuel cell, J. Power Sources, 131 (2004) 169-174.
181
182
C. Patents
International Patents
1. R.N. Basu, M.J. Mayo and C.A. Randall, Fabrication of Zirconia Electrolyte Films by
Electrophoretic Deposition, US Patent No. 6,270,642; dated August 7, 2001.
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Thereof [Keramischer Werkstoff sowie dessen Herstellung].
3. PCT Application Filed (WO 02/44103Al; Dated: 06.06.2002; International Registration no.:
PCT/DE2001/004497). WO Patent : 2,002,004,103 (Granted)
4. US Patent (Granted) : No. 6,835,684 B2; dated December 28, 2004
5. European Patent (Granted): No. EP 1,337,496 B1; dated August 8, 2007
[The license of this patent was solid to Saint-Gobain, France and Ceramtec, Germany
and these two companies are using this process for manufacturing their SOFC stacks]
6. U. Flesch, H.P. Buchkremer, N.H. Menzler and R.N. Basu, Herstellung Einer
Elektrolytschicht (Production of an Electrolyte Layer). PCT Application Filed (WO
02/50936A2; Dated: 27.06.2002).
7. R.N. Basu, G. Blaß, H.P. Buchkremer, F. Tietz and D Stöver, Herstellung Eines
Schichtsystems, Umfassend Wenigstens Ein Poroeses Substrate, Eine Anodenfunktions-
und Eine Elecktrolytschicht (Co-firing of Anode Supported Thin Film SOFC Structures).
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8. P. C. Ghosh et al.,“Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Stromdichteverteilung in
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21. Thibaud Delahaye, Pankaj Kumar Patro. Procédé de préparation d’une électrode à air,
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22. Thibaud Delahaye, Pankaj Kumar Patro. Method for producing an air electrode, The
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2. Jayashree Swaminathan, Subbiah Ravichandran, Donald Jonsdavidson, Ganapathy
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17. A Polymeric hybrid membrane, A.K. Shukla, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, S.D. Bhat, A.
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21. An improved process for the preparation of high surface area carbon useful for fuel cells
and ultracapacitor applications, US/0221981 A 1D (2005).
22. Resuable transition metal complex catalyst useful for the preparation of high pure quality
3,3’-diaminobenzidine and its analogues and process thereof, R. K. Shukla, L.
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24. Process for the preparation of high quality 3,3’-tetraminobiphenyl, A. Maner, S. Bavikar,
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25. Process for the preparation of high quality 3,3’-tetraminobiphenyl, A. Maner, S. Bavikar,
A. Sudalai and S. Sivaram, EP 1 727 781 B1 (2009)
26. A novel catalytic process for the production of 3,3’, 4, 4’-tetraminobiphenyl, S. Bavikar, A.
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27. An improved catalyst for steam reforming of olefin containing hydrocarbons and bio-
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28. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Natarajan Rajalakshmi,Ramya Krishnan, “ High
temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with exfoliated graphite based
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29. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Balaji Rengarajan, Ramya Krishnan, Natarajan
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graphite separator based electrolyzer for hydrogen generation “Patent application no.
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30. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Krishnadass Jayakumar
, Kalyanarangan Balaji , “An improved test control system useful for fuel cell stack
monitoring and controlling “ , Patent Appln. No. 269/DEL/2013 dated 31.03.2013,
complete specification filed on 12.1.2007
31. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, and Kayarkatte Narayan
Manoj Krishna , “A method of preparation of supported platinum nano particle catalyst in
tubular flow reactor via polyol process “Patent application no. 1512 /DEL/2013 dated
12.5.2013
32. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Balaji Rengarajan, Ramya Krishnan and
Natarajan Rajalakshmi, “ A Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) cell and a method of
producing hydrogen from aqueous organic solutions in pulse current mode “Patent
application no. 3313/DEL/2012 Dated 29/10/2012
33. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Bethapudi Viswanath
Sasank , “ Fuel cell system with oxygen enrichment system using magnet , Patent
application no. 2985/DEL/2012Dated 25/09/2012
34. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Ranganathan
Vasudevan, Thandalam Parthasarathy Sarangan, “Electronically and ionically conducting
multi- layer fuel cell electrode and a method for making the same” Indian Patent
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35. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Bethapudi Viswanath
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System for Fuel Cell Applications using Nanofluid Coolant “ Indian Patent Application No.
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36. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Bethapudi Viswanath
Sasank, “A Device for, and a Method of, Cooling fuel cells “- Patent Appln. No.
1409/DEL/2012 Date : 8.5.2012
37. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Guruviah Velayutham,
Lakshmanan Babu, Ranganathan Vasudevan , Thandalam Parthasarathy Sarangan,
Radhakrishnana Parthasarathy , An Improved gas and coolant flow filed plate for use in
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38. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Subramaniam Pandiyan
, Ranganathan Vasudevan , Lakshmanan Babu, Thandalam Parthasarathy Sarangan,
Radhakrishnana Parthasarathy , An improved gas flow field plate for use in polymer
electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)" , Patent Application No .: 2339/DEL/2008,
dated 13/10/2008.
39. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Guruviah Velayutham,Natarajan Rajalakshmi,
Ranganathan Vasudevan , Thandalam Parthasarathy Sarangan, An Improved catalyst
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40. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Guruviah Velayutham,
Ranganathan Vasudevan , Thandalam Parthasarathy Sarangan, “Improved Electrode
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41. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Ramya Krishnan , Jindam Sreenivas , Srinivasan
Narasimhan , Shanmugam Kumar , “An Improved Method for the Generation of Hydrogen
from Metal-Hydrogen Compound “ - Patent Appln. No. 1106/DEL/2007 Date : 23.5.2007
42. Natarajan Rajalakshmi and Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, An improved fuel cell
having enhanced performance”, Patent Appln. No. 606/DEL/2007 dt. 21.3.2007
43. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Ramya Krishnan, Jindam Sreenivas, A
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95/DEL/2007 dated
44. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Tata Narasinga Rao, “An
improved process for preparing nano tungsten carbide powder useful for fuel cells “,
Patent Appln. No. 81/DEL/2007 dated 12.1.2007
45. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Krishnadass Jayakumar
, Kalyanarangan Balaji , “An improved test control system useful for fuel cell stack
monitoring and controlling “ , Patent Appln. No. 1989/DEL/2006 , complete specification
filed on 12.1.2007
46. Arun Tangirala, Vasu Gollangi , B Viswanathan and K S Dhathathreyan , “ A method of
and an apparatus for the continuous humidification of hydrogen delivered to fuel cells”,
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No:668/CHE/2007 dated 30.7.2007( with IIT-M)
48. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Ramya Krishnan, “An improved hydrophilic
membrane useful for humidification of gases in fuel cell and a process for its preparation
“, Patent appln. No. 1207/DEL/2006
49. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Subramaniam Pandiyan
, “An improved process for the preparation of exfoliated graphite separator plates useful
188
in fuel cells, the plates prepared by the process and a fuel cell incorporating the said
plates,” Patent No. 1206/DEL/2006
50. E. Hari Babu and Shailendra Sharma, A method of producing non-conducting exfoliated
graphite based gaskets for PEM fuel cells, 1718/Kol/2008, Under examination.
51. Shailendra Sharma, Eradala Haribabu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Blank
plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 228778 Under examination.
52. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Half plate
for PEMFC stacks (Design Application) 229718 granted.
53. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Bipolar
plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 229717 granted.
54. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Integrated
plate for PEMFC stacks(Design Application), 229719 Under examination.
55. E. Hari Babu and Shailendra Sharma, A method of producing non-conducting exfoliated
graphite based gaskets for PEM fuel cells, 1718/Kol/2008, Under examination
56. Shailendra Sharma, E. Haribabu, Amrish Gupta and Deepak Kumar Kanungo, A fuel cell
bipolar plates for improved water management and to achieve more 9uniform current
density in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, 1718/Kol/2008, Granted
57. Shailendra Sharma, Eradala Haribabu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Blank
plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 228778. Granted.
58. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Half plate
for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 229718, Granted.
59. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Bipolar
plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 229717, Granted.
60. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Integrated
plate for PEMFC stacks(Design Application), 229719, Under examination.
61. Vasu Gollangi, Eradala Hari Babu & Mamidi Ramesh Pawar, Method of preheating of
reactants in Low/High temperature proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack
using an integrated plate, 204/Kol/2012, Under examination.
62. Eradala Hari Babu, Vasu Gollangi & Mamidi Ramesh Pawar, Test set-up for performance
evaluation of a single cell PEMFC & PAFC, 202/KOL/2012, Under examination.
63. Vasu Gollangi, E Haribabu, Dnyndev Arjun & M Ramesh Pawar, An improved fuel cell
stack system operably connected to an internal gas preheating device to improve
performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and high temperature polymer
electrolyte membrane fuel cells, 909/Kol/2013, Under examination.
64. Eradala Hari Babu, Dr. Vasu Gollangi, Dnyndev Arjun & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Pre-
heating plate for PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells (Design Appl.), 255776,
Granted
189
65. Vasu Gollangi, Dnyndev Arjun, Eradala Haribabu & Mamidi Ramesh Pawar,
Humidification of gases in PEM fuel cell stacks with integrated modular membrane
humidifier, 140/Kol/2015, Under process
66. Eradala Hari Babu, Dr. Vasu Gollangi & Dnyndev Arjun, Cutting die for low and high
temperature PEM Fuel Cells (Design Appl.), 267771, under examination
67. B. Karmakar, R.N. Basu, A. Tarafder, N. Sasmal and M. Garai, Thermally cyclable glass
sealant composition for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell and process thereof
(CSIR Ref. No. 0278NF2014, dated 28-10-2014)
68. R.N. Basu, J. Mukhopadhyay, S. Das, P.K. Das, T. Dey and A. Das Sharma, Solid Oxide
Fuel Cell Stack and Process Thereof (CSIR Ref. No. 0017NF2015, dated 27-01-2015)
69. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, A high temperature operable
inorganic sealants composition sealable at lower temperature and a process thereof,
(Patent Application No. 454/DEL/09; Date of Filing: 09.03.2009)
70. A Das Sharma, Saswati Ghosh, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Process for the production of
lanthanum chromite based oxide using a multipurpose source (Patent Application No.
773/DEL/2006 filing date : 22/03/2006).
71. R.N. Basu, A. Das Sharma, S. Senthil Kumar and H.S. Maiti, A Process of Making
Anode-supported Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (Patent Application No.: 2583/DEL/06
dated 04/12/2006).
72. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, A Process for making glass-
based sealants for high temperature operating electrochemical devices (CSIR No.: NF-
149/07 dated of communication: August 7, 2007).
73. S.K. Pratihar, R.N. Basu, A. Das Sharma and H.S. Maiti, A Process for Preparing Nickel
Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (Ni-YSZ) Cermet (Patent Application No. 306/DEL/01, filing
date: 19/03/2001, Patent No.: 219634 (sealed on 12/05/2008)
74. A. Chakraborty, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, A process for the Preparation of Ultrafine
Powders of a Single Phase Multielement Oxide (Patent Application No. 263/DEL/97
dated January 30, 1997. Patent No.: 197238 (sealed on 4th August 2006).
75. R.N. Basu, Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay and A. Das Sharma, Planar
Anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Using Functional Anode and A Process Thereof,
Indian patent, File No.: 1954/DEL/2010, Date: 17-08-2010
76. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma, J. Mukhopadhyay & H.S. Maiti, “A process
for the continuous production of sinteractive lanthanum chromite based oxides”,
1214/DEL/04, 30.06.2004
77. A. Mumar, P. Sujatha Devi & H.S. Maiti, “A process for making lanthanum chromite
dense products in air at low temperature particularly suitable for application in solid oxide
fuel cells”, 1222/DEL/04 30.06.2004
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78. A. Das Sharma, S. Ghosh, R.N. Basu & H.S. Maiti, “A process for the production of
lanthanum chromite based oxide using a multipurpose chromium source”, 773/DEL/06,
22.03.2006
79. “A Continuous process for the production of ethanol from starchy materials” (Indian
Patent No. 188562)
80. “A process for biological production of hydrogen”. (India Patent No. 212605)
81. Earthen material based cathode separator assembly for scalable bioelectrochemical
system. : submitted (Ref: Patent Application No.805/KOL/2013).
82. Development of cost effective membrane cathode assembly for a single chambered
microbial fuel cell. (Ref: Patent Application No.1302/KOL/2013).
83. A system for simultaneous treatment of wastewater and wastegas using a microbial
carbon capture cell reactor (Ref: Patent Application No. 0471/KOL/2015)
84. Continuous humidification of H2 gas in a bubble humidifier using external / stack
cooling water recirculation (IP No. 670CHE2007).
85. Sreenivas Jayanti, Abhijit P Deshpande, Prathap Haridoss and V Suresh Patnaikuni “Fuel
cell with enhanced cross-flow serpentine flow fields” (IP No: 2479/ CHE/2010) application
filed on 27th Aug 2010.
86. Sreenivas Jayanti, G. Purnima, Autothermal, dual reformer concept for efficient
generation of hydrogen generation for high temperature PEM fuel cells, Provisional
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87. R. Chetty and M. Kranthi Kumar, 'A Method of Preparing Palladium Dendrites on Carbon
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88. R. Chetty and M. Kranthi Kumar, 'A Method of Preparing Palladium Dendrites on Carbon Nan
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89. R. Chetty and M. Kranthi Kumar, 'A Method of Preparing Palladium Dendrite' Indian Patent
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