renewable energy systems overview

8/10/2019 Renewable Energy Systems OVERVIEW

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EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

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EE407:Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Lecture-1Jameel Ahmad Assistant Professor

[email protected]

Department of Electrical Engineering,University of Management and Technology


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Course Information

Lecture: EE 407, Lectures Monday and Wednesday 2:40pm-4pm, SEN 603

Class website: www.moodle.umt.edu.pk

Class Instructor: Jameel Ahmad, Assistant Professor , Email: [email protected]

Office Hours on office door

Grading: Home work + Quizzes (25%), Midterm (25%) Final 50%

Exam(comprehensive)5-7 Homework and 5-7 quizzes

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources 3


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4Textbook(s) for the course

Required Textbook:Wind Energy Explained

Theory Design and ApplicationJF Manwell


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1. Renewable andefficient power systemsby Gilbert M Masters

2. Renewable EnergyResources Third ed.John Twidell and TonyWeir

eference ooks


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Grading Policy

Assignments+Quizzes: 25%Mid Term: 25%Final Exam (Conceptual): 50%


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7Course Outline:Lecture 1: Introduction to the courseLecture 2: Renewable energy systems types, current status and futureLecture 3: Energy in the wind, types of wind turbines and their characteristicsLecture 4: Assessment of annual energy output of wind turbine using bins methodLecture 5: Wind turbine aerodynamicsLecture 6: Mathematical modeling of wind energy conversion systemsLecture 7: Control of wind energy conversion systemsLecture 8: Variable speed wind turbines and their grid interfaceLecture 9: Grid interconnection standards and Economics of WECSLecture 10: Wind diesel hybrid power systemsLecture 11: Solar energy systemsLecture 12: Photovoltaic cell, modules, panels and their characteristic

Lecture 13: Photovoltaic system engineeringLecture 14: Power electronics and control of PV systemsLecture 15: Maximum power point tracking in PV systemsLecture 16: Energy storage technologiesLecture 17: Introduction to solar water pumping systemsLecture 18: Micro-hydro power Lecture 19: Micro-hydro sizing and electromechanical systemLecture 20: Micro-hydro power electrical system and control

Lecture 21: Ocean energy systemsLecture 22: Wave energy conversion systemsLecture 23-25: students project presentations - ILecture : students project presentations - II


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Module #1: Overview of EnergyConsumptionLecture A: The need for Alternative

Energy SourcesLecture B: When will we run out of oil?Lecture C: Exponential Growth and the

Need for Energy Conservation

Lecture D: Fundamentals of Electricityand Electricity Generation

Module #2: Solar EnergyLecture A: Basics of Solar EnergyLecture B: Solar Thermal Power andPhotovoltaic TechnologyLecture C: Solar Collection and EnergyTransport

Lecture D: Large Scale Solar EnergyProduction

Module #3: Energy Storage andTransportationLecture A: Energy Storage FacilitiesLecture B: The Viability of Natural GasLecture C: Alternative Fuels andTransportationLecture D: Electric Vehicles andHydrogen

Module #4: Wind and HydroLecture A: Wind Energy and Production LineFacilitiesLecture B: Wind Power II: Western RegionalPotentialLecture C: Overview of Hydroelectric PowerLecture D: Cheap Energy vs Environment:The Salmon Issue

Module #5: Energy from the Earth: The Oceans, Geothermal and BiomassLecture A: Energy From the OceansLecture B: Energy from Geothermal and Biomass: Feasible?Lecture C: Implications and Summary


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THE CONCEPT OF ENERGYEnergy can be described as the capacity to do work.Energy can be stored within systems in various forms.Energy can be converted from one form to another andtransferred between systems.The total amount of energy is conserved in allconversions and transfers.


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Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Conventional

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Coal

Nuclear

Unconventional (examples)

Oil Shale

Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment


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Renewable Energy Sources

Solar photovoltaics

Solar thermal powerPassive solar air and water heatingWindHydropower

BiomassOcean energyGeothermalWaste to Energy


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Dr Sammia Shahid

Integration of AlternateEnergy Resources


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Energy is the Blood in Todays Economics

The five main forms of energy are:

HeatChemicalElectromagnetic

NuclearMechanical

Two States of Energy are:Kinetic

PotentialEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

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14Availability vs. Utility

Elec trical Energy is most useful . Can be converted into all the othertypes of energy.

Thermal Energy is most available . Can be produced in a lmost anylocation by burning fuels.

Chemical Energy is most easily stored . C an be converted intothermal or elec trical energy easily.


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What are fossil fuels ?

A fuel is any substance used as a source of energy ,

including heating, transport, electricity generationand other uses.

Most of the worlds energy is provided by the burningof fossil fuels.

Coal, Oil and Gas are called "fossil fuelsbecause theyare natural combustible substances formed originallyfrom dead plants and animals.


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Oil originates from the chemical decomposition of microorganisms that got buried under geologic formations inthe sea millions of years ago.

In some cases thesea retreated,which explains whyoil is also found onland.


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-Oil was a gift fromnature.

-It took millions ofyears to produce

-When its gone, itsgone forever


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An oil well isnt like a cars fuel tank.

With a car you can drive atfull speed until the momentyou run out of fuel.

Thats because your tank isa hollow cavity. The fuelfills the bottom of the tankand theres nothingpreventing it from being

pumped out.


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But an oil well isnt a hollow cavity.

Its a large deposit of stonesor sandstone sandwichedbetween two layers ofimpervious rock. The hollowspaces between the stones orsand are filled with thick andviscous oil.

A pipe is lowered into themixture of oil and stones orsand and the oil is pumpedup.

It takes time for oil to ooze fromzones of high pressure to the zoneof low pressure near the pipe.

Click


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In order to extract the oil from an oil field, alarge number of wells are drilled.


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Products Made from a Barrel of Crude Oil


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There Are No More Giant Oil Fields BeingDiscovered

In spite ofadvancedexplorationtechnology we arefinding smaller andsmaller oil fields


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for eachbarrel of oil thatis beingdiscovered

Wereconsuming 4barrels

The Partys Over, Richard HeinbergEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

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Saudi saying:

My father rode acamel.

I drive a car.

My son flies a jetairplane.

His son will ride a

camel.


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The advantage anddisadvantages of using

fossil fuel


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Advantages

Very large amounts of electric ity can be generated inone place using coal, fairly cheaply.

Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is easy.

Gas-fired power stations are very efficient.

A fossil-fuelled power station can be built almost

anywhere


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Disadvantages

PollutionBurning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, whichcontributes to the "greenhouse effec t", warming the Earth.

Burning coal produces more carbon dioxide than burningoil or gas. It also produces sulphur dioxide, a gas thatcontributes to acid rain. We can reduce this beforereleasing the waste gases into the atmosphere.

Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous.

Strip mining destroys large areas of the landscape.


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What is Nuclear Power?

Nu c le a r p o w e r is generated using Uranium , which is a

metal mined in various parts of the world. Some militaryships and submarines have nuclear power plants forengines.

Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world'senergy needs, and produces huge amounts of energyfrom small amounts of fuel, without the pollution thatyou'd get from burning fossil fue ls


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How it works

Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way asfossil fuel-burning stations, except that a "chain reaction" insidea nuclear reactor makes the heat instead.

The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat isgenerated by nuclear fission . Neutrons smash into the nuc leusof the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release

energy in the form of heat.


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Advantages

Nuclear power costs about the same as coal,so it's not expensive to make.Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, soit does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.

Produces huge amounts of energy from smallamounts of fuel.

Produces small amounts of waste.


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Disadvantages

It is very, very dangerous .

It must be sea led up and buried for manyyears to allow the radioactivity to die away.

It is reliable ,but a lot of money has to be spent on safety- if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident canbe a major disaster.

People are increasingly concerned aboutthe safety.EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

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Energy Resources

Renewable (16%)

Solar

Wind

Falling, flowing wa ter

Biomass

Non-renewable (84%)

OilNatural gas

Coal

Nuclear power


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SOLAR ENERGY


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Direct and Diffuse solar radiation


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Solar Technologies for Electric ityGeneration


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Solar Electric ity Technologies


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Advantages

Solar energy is free - it needs no fuel

and produces no waste or pollution.

In sunny countries, solar power can be used wherethere is no easy way to get electricity to a remoteplace.

Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered

garden lights and battery chargers


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Disadvantages

Doesn't work at night .

Very expensive to build solar power stations.Solar cells cost a grea t dea l compared to the amount ofelectricity they'll produce in their lifetime.

Can be unreliable unless you're in a very sunny c limate. Inthe United Kingdom, solar power isn't much use except forlow-power applications, as you need a very large area ofsolar panels to get a dec ent amount of power.

Low efficiency (5-15%); Very high initial costs; lack ofadequate storage materials (batteries); High cost to theconsumer


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Tidal Power

The tide moves a huge amount of water twiceeach day, and harnessing it could provide a greatdeal of energy - around 20%of Britain's needs.

Although the energy supply is reliable and plentiful,

converting it into useful electrical power is not easy. There are eight main sites around Britain where tidalpower stations could usefully be built.

Only around 20 sites in the world have been

identified as possible tidal power stations.


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How it works: Tidal Barrages

These work rather like ahydro-electric scheme,except that the damis much bigger.A huge dam

(called a "barrage") is builtacross a river estuary.When the tide goesin and out, the water

flows through tunnelsin the dam.


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Advantages

Once you've built it, tidal power is free.It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste.

It needs no fuel.

It produces electricity reliably.

Not expensive to maintain.

Tides are totally predictable.


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Disadvantages

A barrage is very expensive to build, and affects a

very wide area - the environment is changed formany miles upstream and downstream. Many birdsrely on the tide uncovering the mud flats so that theycan feed. There are few suitable sites for tidalbarrages.

Only provides power for around 10 hours each day,when the tide is actually moving in or out.


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Hydro Power

We have used running water as an energy

source for thousands of years, mainly togrind corn.

The first use of water to generate elec tricitywas in 1882 on the Fox river, in the USA,which produced enough power to lighttwo paper mills and a house.

Nowadays there are many hydro-electricpower stations, providing around 20% ofthe world's electricity. The name c omesfrom "hydro", the Greek word for water.


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How it works

A dam is built to trap water, usually in a

valley where there is an existing lake.Water is allowed to flow through tunnels inthe dam, to turn turbines and thus drivegenerators.

Notice that the dam is much thicker at thebottom than at the top, because thepressure of the water increases with depth.

EE407 Re newable Electrical Energy Resources

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Advantages

Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free.

No waste or pollution produced.Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power.

Water can be stored above the dam ready to c ope withpeaks in demand.

Hydro-elec tric power stations can increase to full powervery quickly, unlike other power stations.

Electricity can be generated constantly.

No pollution; Very high efficieny (80%); little waste heat; lowcost per KWH; can adjust KWH output to peak loads


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Disadvantages

The dams are very expensive to build.

However, many dams are also used for flood controlor irrigation, so building costs can be shared.

Building a large dam will flood a very large areaupstream, causing problems for animals that used tolive there.

Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact onresidents and the environment may be unacceptable.

Water quality and quantity downstream can beaffec ted, which can have an impact on plant life


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Geothermal

The centre of the Earth is around 6000 degressCelsius - hot enough to melt roc k. Even a fewkilometres down, the temperature c an be over250 degrees Celsius.

In general, the temperature rises one degreeCelsius for every 36 metres you go down.

In volcanic areas, molten roc k can be very closeto the surface.

Geothermal energy has been used forthousands of years in some countries for cookingand heating.

The name "geothermal" comes from two Greekwords: "geo" means "Earth" and "thermal" means"heat".


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How it works

Hot rocks underground heat water to produce steam.We drill holes down to the hot region, steam comesup, is purified and used to drive turbines, which driveelectric generators.

There may be natural "groundwater" in the hot roc ksanyway, or we may need to drill more holes andpump water down to them.


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Advantages

Geothermal energy does not produce any pollution,

and does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.

The power stations do not take up much room, sothere is not much impact on the environment.

No fuel is needed.

Once you've built a geothermal power station, theenergy is almost free.It may need a little energy to run a pump, but this can

be taken from the energy being generated


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Disadvantages

The big problem is that there are not many placeswhere you can build a geothermal power station.

You need hot roc ks of a suitable type, at a depthwhere we can drill down to them.

The type of roc k above is also important, it must be ofa type that we can easily drill through.

Sometimes a geothermal site may "run out of steam",perhaps for dec ades.

Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from

underground, and can be difficult to safely dispose of.


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Wind Farm


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Alternate Technologies


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Batteries

Electrical Energy Storage Devices

Battery Types

PrimaryNon-Chargeable

(Disposable) Batteries

SecondaryChargeable Batteries


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Leclanch Cells (zinc carbon or dry cell)Alkaline Cells

Mercury Oxide Cells

Zinc/MnO 2 Cells

Aluminum / Air Cells

Lithium CellsLiquid cathode lithium cells

Solid cathode lithium cells

Solid electrolyte lithium cells

Lithium-Iron Cells

Magnesium-Copper Chloride Reserve Cells

Primary Disposable Batteries


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Leadacid CellsZinc/MnO 2 Cells (Mechanical Recharging)

Nickel/Cadmium Cells

Nickel/Metal Hydride (NiMH) Cells

Lithium Ion Cells

Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese Cells

Secondary RechargeableBatteries


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Fuel Cellan electrochemical energy conversion device To convert the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into

water, and in the process it produces electric ity.

Battery: the other elec troc hemical device that we areall familiar.

A battery has all of its chemicals stored inside, and itconverts those chemicals into electricity too.

This means that a battery eventually "goes dead" andyou either throw it away or recharge it.


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61Animation of PEMFC


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- Transportation applications

- Space application

- avoids the need of pure H 2- envisaged for

stationary powerplants

- high volumetric energy

density

Types of Fuel Cells


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Hydrogen Fuel-cell Car


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Decentralized Power System


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Energy Crisis in Pakistan


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Energy ResourcesAvailable To Us

Indigenous Resources of Oil & Gas

Hydroelectric

Nuclear

Solar & Wind Energy


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Primary EnergySupplies By Source

Oil, 32.1%

Gas, 48.3%

LPG, 0.6%

Coal, 7.6%

Hydro Electricity,10.6%

NuclearElectricity, 0.6% Imported

Electricity, 0.1%


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Pakistan IndigenousNatural Reserves

Conventional

Gas- 30 TCF

Oil 436, Million bbls

Tight Gas- 40 TCF Coal -185 Billion Tons


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What has gone wrong?

Failure to build dams

resulted not a single Mwproduced in 9 years.

IPPs have been struck withcash flow problems.

Oil prices have soared high.

Today debt runs in billions.EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

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Mega projects are .. distant realities

Big businesses .. are no more feasible

What is available at the shelf aremicro businesses

Go micro

Go indigenousand build people up


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How to reverse t e power


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pcrisis


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Alternative SourcesWind

Wind is a source ofcheap power for speedsabove 5m/s.

Some projects ofAlternative Energy

Development Board

50Kw at Nooriabad

WIND SYSTEM CAPITAL COSTS


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WIND SYSTEM CAPITAL COSTS


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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1989 1991 1993 1995 1996 2000

150 kW 225 kW

300 kW

500 kW 600 kW

1650 kW

c a p i t a l c o s t s

(

$ / k W

)

capital costs include turbine, tower, grid connection, sitepreparation controls and land


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Advantages & Disadvantages

Available on large scale; supplemental power in windy areas; bestalternative for individual homeowner

Highly variable source; relatively low efficiency (30%); more powerthan is needed is produced when the wind blows; efficient energystorage is thus required


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Alternative SourcesSolar

Pakistan is an ideal countryfor solar power.

Pakistan Councilfor Renewable Energy &

Technology has conducted

substantial R&D.


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Alternative SourcesSmall Hydro Electric Power

Suitable terrains areavailable

where this is a desirableoption2 head, 250gpm, Produces2,500watts


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Immiscible Stream Power GeneratorOnly 13 head,12dia propeller,

Produces 200watts


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Garbage Power

Example: Fauji Cement12t/hr


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Community Bio-Gas Plant


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y85cum

50 Farm families Gas:70cum/day Power:30KW

FORECASTED RENEWABLE COSTS


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Wind

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

PV

c e n t s / k W h

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

40

30

20

10

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

BiomassGeothermal

Solar thermal

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

c e n t s / k W h

10

8

6

4

2

0

70

605040302010

0

15

12

9

6

3

0

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

all costs are levelized in constant year 2000 dollars

Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)


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PERSPECTIVES

Understanding of the scientific principles underlying renewable resources is

essentialAwareness of the role that renewables can play is important

Challenges in the integration of renewables are major


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TOPICAL OUTLINEEngineering aspects of alternative source generation technologies:thermodynamicsconsiderations;solar resource and solar array systems;wind resource and wind generation systems;hydro, geothermal,closed system fuel cells;role of power electronic circuits in renewable technologies;economics of various technologies;environmental attributes CO2 emissions etc


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renewable energy systems overview

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