renewable energy development and microgrids with energy ...€¦ · tampa convention center •...

Tampa Convention Center • Tampa, Florida

Renewable Energy Development and Microgrids With Energy Storage

Energy Storage

Kurt Myers, MSEE, PEIdaho National Laboratory

August 15, 2017INL/CON-17-41301

Energy Exchange: Connect • Collaborate • Conserve

CHALLENGE/OFFERING

INL focus areas: • Wind/Water/Solar, energy efficiency resource analysis and

modeling• Regional and DOD electrical, reliable/backup power

aspects, resource planning support• Renewables, micro/smartgrid systems integration, controls

and related R&D• Power systems and controls/protective systems modeling,

application, integration R&D & testing• All phases of renewable energy project feasibility study,

development, research, implementation, & testing for unique government projects

• Grid storage, transmission and operations (DOD, utilities, others)

How to improve integration of new and existing energy/power systems technologies, to provide and form grid services and integrated systems that are affordable, cleaner, highly reliable, and integrate increasing levels of variable generation at several scales (nanogrid, microgrid, distribution, transmission).


INL Microgrid and Renewable Energy Background• INL has 25+ years of experience with DOD

and DOE high reliability power systems, backup power and energy security, renewable energy integration and microgrids (development and design, implementation, assessments, modification and applied research)

• Many project examples:– FE Warren AFB wind turbines and backup

grid energy security test– Ascension Island power plant and wind

farm– Marine Forces Reserve wind turbines and

microgrid projects– DOE Pantex wind farm ESPC– Assessment and repair of Tooele Army

wind turbine and solar power systems– Navy San Nicolas Island battery and island

grid testing and modeling– Dynamic transmission line rating research– Hybrid power systems applications

research with solar PV and CSP, wind, batteries, fueled generators, controls/integration, power electronics, load management, RAM studies, etc.


INL Microgrid and Renewable Energy Experience

Project examples continued:• Multiple Army and other ECIP solar and

wind projects– Tooele Utah 1.5 MW sterling

concentrated Solar– 4 MW Photovoltaic at FHL– 2 MW PV at Camp Parks– 2 MW PV at Dugway, others– Multiple involvements utilizing energy

storage– Various microgrid and EMCS

involvements (Tooele, Dugway, Navy Guam, FHL, VAFB, Ft. Bliss, others)

– Multiple energy conservation project efforts (all under ECIP)

– 1.5 and 1.79 MW wind turbines at Tooele UT

– Potential INL and larger federal wind farm developments

– Malmstrom AFB wind energy economic assessment

– Vandenberg AFB, Dugway electrical futures planning studies


Some Reasons Why Potential Users Want Microgrids

• More control over power/energy supply, energy security/resiliency

• Reliability, availability, resiliency improvement; more fuel sources, distributed

• Particular use cases (i.e. demand management, voltage control, T&D congestion mgmt., upgrade deferral, outage mgmt./backup power, etc.)

• Energy management and use control

• Improved power system knowledge/metering and control

• Optimize investments, asset sizing and improve system architectures, usability (i.e. UPS with lead acid batteries and diesel gensets vs. more flexible energy storage and genset options)

• Enable optimal loading on gensets, non-spinning reserve, turn off gensets at times and still pick up load changes, allow time to spin up additional gensets

• Green energy goals and knowledge of energy supply


Sampling of Microgrid Control Functions


Sampling of Energy Storage Functions

• Peak/demand management (i.e. peak shaving)

• Frequency regulation

• Voltage regulation

• T&D upgrade deferment

• Solar and wind power shaping, energy shifing

• Load shaping

• Black start assistance

• Hybrid with gas generation to provide more responsive and cost effective system reserves

• Enable high penetration renewable energy microgrids


Microgrid Control Considerations

• Inverter control options: PQ control, MPPT, P-f and Q-V control, closed-loop voltage and frequency control

• Some microgrid operation and control use-case categories:– Frequency control– Voltage control (grid-connected and islanded)– Energy management (grid-connected and islanded)– Ancillary services (grid-connected)– Grid-connected to islanded transition, intentional– Grid-connected to islanded transition, unintentional– Islanding to grid-connected transition– Protection (can include adaptive approaches)– Black start– User interface and data management


Business, Use Case Considerations

• Microgrids are most beneficial when specific conditions or needs exist⁻ Existing DER⁻ Opportunity to defer large capital investment⁻ High cost of utility rates⁻ Method for monetizing increased resilience and

reliability• Need to be able to monetize several benefits for

commercial viability (i.e. resilience and reliability)• Energy Storage

⁻ Cost, cycle life of energy storage⁻ Can be differentiator (response, renewable

integration, transition to island mode)


Many Distributed Generation Resource Options

• Solar, wind, micro hydro, geothermal, GSHP

• Natural Gas (CHP, CCP, gas turbines, internal combustion, microturbines, fuel cells)

• Diesel, other fuels• Battery storage (Li-ion, flow batteries, advanced lead acid, NiCd or NiMH, etc.)

– Many potential applications and value streams for battery storage (frequency and voltage regulation, peak shaving, capacity, congestion management, backup power and outage reduction/management, etc.)

• Thermal storage, building thermal and load management (ice, chilled water, hot water, building temp controls, thermal mass, solar heating (active and passive), efficient systems and controls, etc.)– Include energy efficiency measures and designs

Energy balance, resource characteristics and asset choices are key– develop business case and economics, define requirements effectively!– systems planning, integration and controls choices are critical (i.e. acquire

equipment with the capabilities and functionality needed now or in future, such as inverters that can operate in islanded modes, output control, etc.)


Why get involved in Microgrids with ESS and control improvements?

• For INL, significant background in battery testing and R&D for EV programs (DOE, USABC, etc.)

• Also for INL, DOD and other micro/island grid work (R&D, testing, development, implementation support)

• Improve integration options for renewable energy, DER

• Installations with high energy security needs, continuing to invest in backup power systems, UPS’s, etc. With new technologies, improved systems architectures need to be considered.

• Energy storage, load control/shifting can enable improved use of fueled generation resources, stretch fuel supplies, improve reserves and dispatch options, and in many cases lead to improved long-term business case/economics.

– Also ability to push renewable energy penetration percentages over 20-30%, and power penetration over 100% at times.


Microgrids with ESS:

• Aspects of energy security, resiliency, multiple/diverse fuel/generation resources, and stretching of fuel supplies.

– Users with these types of power/energy assets could offer interesting business and technical interaction potential with serving utilities.

• Critical loads often need higher RAM than typical utility feed can supply (i.e. 5+ nines of availability vs. 2-3 nines). Describe some of the ways to analyze and accomplish this.

• Economic considerations can get quite interesting for critical assets/missions (determining true costs of outages, systems costs and potential savings streams, etc.).

• Can we start figuring out ways to get this service from utilities or private industry? Or improve market/rate structures to better interact with service utilities or control areas with the resilient assets being developed?


Sampling of INL micro/smartgrid efforts

Recent work includes:• Multiple DOD micro/island-grid projects• Development of new INL micro/smartgrid

testbed and demonstration• Renewable integration study

involvements and IRP planning/R&D input with utilities

• Demand Response and controllable load, energy storage research, application and testing, utility/microgrid interaction testing

• Battery testing with Navy• INL/Idaho Power Dynamic Line Rating• Power systems futures planning projects

(include voltage regulation, distributed generation, smart inverters, and other smartgrid technologies)

• Developing potential to apply INL cybersecurity, reliability/RAM analyses, vulnerability and PRA assesment, and resiliency teams/experience


Microgrid R&D Laboratory

• INL’s microgrid testbed allows performance R&D to research, develop, test and evaluate tightly integrated microgrid systems with high penetrations of renewable energy, load control and energy storage. Generation is predominantly inverter-based, with multiple types of inverters integrated into the test system.

• The work focus includes microgrid controls, system protection, reconfiguration, energy storage and load control/management. The capabilities include systems integration and controls R&D, testing

and evaluation (includes metering and communications); control mode transitions/interactions evaluation and R&D; energy storage, load control and grid interaction algorithms R&D (demand response, peak shaving, regulation and ancillary services, etc.) and evaluation. Also includes economic, life cycle, and grid modeling research and evaluation.


An example of layered control.

INL Microgrid R&D Testbed

Grid, DER, microgrids and energy storage R&D, testbeds, collaboration and testing activities expanding significantly at National Laboratories (also connections with Grid Modernization).


ESS Projects and Use-Case Testing Experiences

• Zinc Bromine flow battery system for island power grid with wind/diesel combination

• Li-ion tests for Cat system, include manufacturer’s testing and plan, and field test where integrated with backup power system, gensets and solar PV

• Other flow batteries in INL microgrid(Zn/Fe) and for DOD applications (Navy/SNI, Army)

• Flywheels for SCI and Navy/Marines.• Multiple Army microgrid projects that

include energy storage.• Challenges involved:

– How to get testbed and model setups representative of how system would be utilized in its use case; some cases more of testing in field.

– Refining of standards for testing approaches that are relevant to end uses and life cycle and performance expectations/requirements.


Flow Batteries

• Chemistries: Aqueous (Fe/Zn), Vanadium Redox, others

• Size: Typically in 20-40’ containers

• Cost: Moving below $850/kWh, potential for below $400-500/kWh is good (includes pwr. electronics)

• Efficiencies improving, >65% on AC side, >88% on DC side

• Need for more performance validation, thermal system improvements, use-case testing and integration improvement

• INL is in process of integrating and evaluating a Zn/Fe battery in its microgrid testbed


Other ESS

• Secondary use (LFP/graphite, NMC/graphite, NCA/graphite, NiMH)

• New Li-ion and other chemistries, electrode and electrolyte designs

• Super capacitors

• Flywheels

• UPS (advanced PbA, Li-ion) for critical systems

• Also differentiate cost of power electronics, BMS systems, systems integration and what is included and not included.


Initial Control Algorithm R&D Results with Flow Battery ESS


What Can Be Done With Significant Levels of Storage?

• Above: extreme example of 50+% solar penetration, storage energy content of about 50% of solar energy content (daily average over course of year).


Power and Energy Systems,Renewable Energy and Grid Integration

Robert J. Turk(208)526-3611; [email protected]

Kurt S. Myers(208)526-5022; [email protected]

Porter J. Hill(208)526-4857; [email protected]

Jason W. Bush(208)526-7189; [email protected]

INL Contacts

mailto:[email protected]




Extra Slides


FE Warren AFB Wind Project, WY• First Air Force wind project in

the continental U.S.• Expected to save the Air Force

more than $3 million in energy costs over the next 20 years.

• Phase One – 2-660 KW Vestas Wind Turbines, on-line in 2005.

• Phase Two – 1-2.0 MW Gamesa Wind Turbine added, completed Spring 2009. Included an energy security test, w/ detailed analyses of distribution system islanding architecture options, and systems/dynamics modeling with PSS/E and RTDS.

Battery Life & Performance Evaluation


• Energy Consumption

Impact of Transportation

<Vehicle Usage is Global>

Sales:16.5 M Sales US (2014)

5.5 M Sales Japan (2014)11.8 M Sales EU (2014)19.7 M Sales China (2014)

Total: 88.5 M globally


• Development of Next-Generation Low Cost / Reliable Batteries:• Leverage unique INL capabilities to lead Performance Science• Foundation: Battery Testing Center & Advanced Vehicle Testing• Growth via strong partnerships with:

o DOE-EERE (USABC)o Automotive OEMs o Battery Developers

• Impact: Enabling / accelerating next gen low cost batteries

Vehicles, Energy Storage & Infrastructure

Performance Science: Half-Cell to Vehicle & Back

Half-Cell / Coin

Pouch / Cell

Vehicle


FMEA

PrognosticsDiagnostics

Quantitative Analysis

DurabilityReliability

Safety


INL Battery Facilities & Equipment

https://at.inl.gov/SitePages/Energy%20Storage.aspx

Vibration Assessment

High Energy Testing


Understanding Performance• Well defined protocols enable diagnostics, prognostics and life estimation for

multiple chemistries• Life estimates for different performance metrics all converge after ~18 months• Well established methods for vehicles, more uncertainty on the grid

Durability & Reliability


Existing Fast Charging• Battery Degradation of Level II (240V) vs. DCFC (480V)• On-road and pack testing indicates otherwise…

High-temperatures is by far more detrimental than DCFC

Durability & Reliability

After 50,000 miles (80,000 km):• No appreciable difference in capacity loss (~2%)

between Level II and DC Fast Charging• On-Road cycled packs subjected to varying

temperatures each period• In-lab cycled packs cycled in constant ambient temp

(30oC)• Capacity loss rate approaches steady state in constant

temperature testing

renewable energy development and microgrids with energy ...€¦ · tampa convention center •...

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