relative employment positions of partners and gender relations in russia and france

ECODEF/CI, Moscow, November 28-29, 2007

Relative employment positions of partners and gender relations in Russia and France

Ariane Pailhé (INED)

Oxana Sinyavskaya (IISP)


Research objectives

To compare employment status professional position of each cohabitant partner

Differences between Russia and France: Economic conditions, labour market situation Household composition: presence of children, presence of other adults

Differences in gender relations Relative resources of partners: age gap and education gap Values: gender attitudes & religiosity


Data & Sample GGS, Wave 1st: Russia (2004), France (2005) Sample:

Co-resident couples with both partners aged 20-60 Exclusion of students and disabled Russia: 5155 obs.; France: 4499 obs.

Employed = R’s and P’s main activity - paid work or entrepreneurship/self-employment or maternity leave & working pensioners (Russia only)


A comparable distribution of couple employment status

63 59

22 25

8 10

8 6

France Russia

both not-employed

woman employed, mannot-emp

man employed, womannot-emp

both employed


Much more female part-time in France (wage earners)

65,8

92,8

30,6

4,7

France Russia

both part-time

man - part-timewoman - part-timeboth - full-time


Longer working time in Russia medians of working hours

France

Males = 39 h (FT: 40h) Females = 35 h (FT: 36)

Median = 5 h

Russia

Males = 41 h Females = 40 h

Median = 1 h

Both partners employed; wage earners + self-employed; main job only

Working hours gap (male – female)


More men in public employment in Russia

1227

20

2510

11

58

37

France Russia

Both in private or mixed

Man – in state, woman – inprivate or mixed

Man in private or mixed,woman – in state sector

Both in state sector

Both employed; wage earners + self-employed; main job

42%

63%


More gender segregation in Russia

Duncan index ISCO classification 2 digits (29 cat.)

France: 47.0Russia: 55.7


More income difference between working partners in Russia

France Mean = 2.06 Median = 1.36

Russia Mean = 2.24 Median = 1.44

Both employed; wage earners; main job incomes (incl. bonuses, etc.)

Labor income ratio (male / female)


Couple labour market participation: Estimation procedure Multinomial logit model Couple employment status:

both employed, man employed only, woman employed only, both not-employed


Variables of interest Partners’ relative resources

Age gap : man 3 + years older /woman 3 + years older / same age

Educational gap: man 2 + levels higher / woman 2 + levels higher / same level

Values Gender values index Religiosity: country specific (frequency of religious

services attendance/ values + attendance)


Gender value index

France Mean = 22.2 Median = 23.0

Russia Mean = 15.4 Median = 16.0

Index = sum of 8 variablesEx: When parents are in need, daughters should take more caring responsibility than sons

Min 0 (traditional), max 32 (progressive)

quartiles (1, 2-3, 4)


Other explanatory variables

Human capital Male age, agesq Male education

Household compositions Number of children (0-2, 3-5, 6-13, 14-19) Number of adults (Russia only) Partners are immigrant/not

Regional characteristics Settlement Regional unemployment rate

Other Non labor incomes (Russia only)


Estimation results (1/2)

Different effect of gender values: Non significant in Russia In France, most traditional -

Relative resources of partners: Different effect of age gap

not significant in Russia, men older + in France

Same effect of education gap women more educated than men +, less educated – Stronger effect for Russia


Estimation results (2/2)

Household composition: Common feature: presence of children – Stronger effect for children < 14 in Russia but lower

effect for children >14 Effect of regional unemployment rate

- in Russia & France, stronger effect in France Other factors

Common features: Age and education + Differences: immigrants – in France


Conclusions Similar couple participation patterns in France and Russia

Women work a little less in Russia Household composition (having young children) matters in both countries,

more in Russia

Russian people have more traditional gender attitudes comparing to French people But gender values do not play on participation in Russia while they do in

France The relative resources of partners matter in both countries, more in Russia

Russia: objective resources, not attitudes, matter for labour market participation

In France both matter

Next steps: Different types of jobs for men and women in Russia and France More gender wage inequality in Russia

relative employment positions of partners and gender relations in russia and france

Documents

pensioners russia onlyecodefci

presence of children

age gap

education gapvalues

economic conditions

maternity leave

cohabitant partnerdifferences

ps main activity paid