reimagining rio: planning for development after the 2016 games

REIMAGINING RIO: Planning for Development After the 2016 Olympic Games

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA | SCHOOL OF DESIGNDEPARTMENT OF CITY + REGIONAL PLANNING SPRING 2013 STUDIO

> Studio TeamEVAN ROSE // PROFESSOR OF PRACTICESTEFAN AL // ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF URBAN DESIGN

LIDIA BARDHI DANIELLE BORDENJINGKUN FANGREBECCA FISCHMANRUNG-ER (LAURA) JANGMEGAN KNOWLESKAREN MARTINJUELL STUARTCHRISTOPHER WHITENHILLXIWEI ZHANGJUN ZHOU

PAGE 02| STUDIO TEAM

> Acknowledgements

RIO STATE PLANNING OFFICE // SECRETARIA DE ESTADO DE PLANEJAMENTO E GESTÃO

CENTER FOR ARCHITECTURE + URBANISM // CENTRO DE ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO

AECOM // RIO DE JANEIRO OFFICE

THERESA WILLIAMSON // CATALYTIC COMMUNITIES

KATE DANIEL // PENNPLANNING DEPARTMENT COORDINATOR

EMILY HOSEK // PENNPLANNING CLASS OF 2014

REIMAGINING RIO | PAGE 03

OUR STUDIO WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS FOR THEIR SUPPORT AND ASSISTANCE, PARTICULARLY DURING OUR SITE VISIT TO RIO DE JANEIRO IN MARCH 2013:

| TABLE OF CONTENTS

> TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE CONTEXT

A Rich HistoryEconomic GrowthThe World Cup + Olympic Games

BARRA DA TIJUCA

CONCLUSION

page 07

page 08

page 14

page 110

page 22

CHALLENGES IN RIOOverviewCitywide ChallengesInvestments + Site Selection

APPENDIX page 114


OLYMPIC ARMATURE

MARACANÃ page 86page 68

STUDIO OVERVIEW page 06

| STUDIO OVERVIEW

> STUDIO OVERVIEWStaging an Olympics can play many roles in informing a city’s long-range development strategy. While some cities like London (2012) and Sydney (2000) have used the event as an opportunity to regenerate long targeted redevelopment sites and ultimately reinforce their established places among top-tier destinations, other cities like Beijing, China (2008) and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2016) use the prestige that come with hosting the world’s most-watched and most costly sporting event to formally announce their arrival on the world stage.

This volume is part of a Spring 2013 interdisciplinary City Planning studio at the University of Pennsylvania that examined the opportunities to leverage Olympics investments for ongoing development in two cities, Beijing and Rio de Janeiro, both announcing themselves as globally competitive economies.

Situated in the midst of parallel stages of development, Beijing and Rio de Janeiro are both in the elite BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) group of emerging economies, which together symbolize a shift in economic

power toward the developing world.

Beijing 2008 and Rio 2016 both represent enormous potential for these cities to leverage the influx of capital, real estate and transit investments that occur alongside the Olympic Games to catalyze positive post-Olympic growth. This volume examines the challenges and opportunities in Rio and presents a comprehensive plan for the future. To understand the Olympics in a global context, please consult Volume 1, “Planning After the Games: Olympic Case Studies”.

> PREFACE

>>>

As explained in Volume I of the Olympic Redevelopment Studio report, host cities’ strategies for preparing for the Olympics often determine the kind of legacy the Olympics leave behind. For Rio de Janeiro, the Olympic Games still hold future potential, as they are still three years away in 2016.

Rio will be the first South American city to ever host the Olympics and Brazil, one of only a handful of emerging countries to do so. As a result, Rio faces many challenges that need to

be addressed before the city can properly serve as the world’s stage for the Summer Olympics. Issues that cariocas - local Rio residents - face everyday will be felt by millions if not addressed before the Games. The Games, in turn, have the ability to remedy these issues, in particular, the environment, accessibility, and the public realm - three areas this studio identified as amongst Rio’s most pressing.

What will Rio’s Olympic legacy and how can the city shape it? This report offers design

and policy proposals to help Rio successfully leverage the investments of the 2016 Olympic Games to make significant improvements across the city that will have tangible, long-lasting and positive impacts on all cariocas.


> CONTEXT

A RICH HISTORYSituated on an inlet on Brazil’s Atlantic coast, Rio de Janeiro is a glistening city set amid luscious tropical mountains and expansive beaches. Rio was first explored by the Portuguese in the 1500s. Recognizing the strategic importance of its coastal location as well as the potential of its fertile land to produce lucrative crops like coffee and sugarcane, the city quickly rose in prominence to become a capital of the Portuguese empire. Despite a decline in the value of exports brought about by increased competition from Central America’s sugar market at the end of the 18th century, Rio demonstrated its characteristic resilience and prosperity in the early

RIO DE JANEIRO IS A COASTAL CITY WITH A VIBRANT CULTURAL, HISTORICAL AND ECOLOGICAL LEGACY THAT WILL BE FEATURED ON THE WORLD STAGE AS BRAZIL HOSTS THE WORLD CUP IN 2014 AND RIO GETS ITS TIME TO SHINE DURING THE 2016 OLYMPICS.

1800s as the city developed to accommodate foreign immigrants attracted to the city as Brazil became a kingdom.

Rio’s diverse population is a combination of European, African and Asian settlers. In 1889, the city became the capital of Brazil and had grown to more than 520,000 residents. As the population rose, the city responded by upgrading sanitation, alleviating overcrowding and significantly improving public health conditions. Though the city’s growth stagnated once the national capital was transferred to Brasilia in 1960, by 1980 the urban center population reached 5 million people and the surrounding suburbs began to experience unprecedented growth.

As a result of the spatial distribution of the population and the relative prosperity in the suburbs as compared to the city center, there has been an increase in automobile usage, placing more tension on the city’s highway system and causing roadways to be prioritized for cars rather than pedestrians. The increasing demand for space within the city has generated more demand for skyscrapers and large residential complexes.

Rio’s affluence has also had disparate consequences for poorer residents: As rents rise in the central city, growing numbers of people are forced to move to favelas on the periphery, in many instances isolating them from the economic opportunities that caused


| CONTEXT

limitless potential from raw materials, including minerals, gas and oil.

Modern Brazil has a market of nearly 200 million domestic consumers. At $380 billion per year, foreign trade is robust but only makes up around 15 percent of GDP. Recent renewed interest from foreign investors has injected around $45 billion per year into the country, boosting economic

the city to grow in the first place. This process serves to reinforce a dichotomous social schema within the same city: On one hand, there are the elite, who reap the economic benefits of rising land values and renewed interest in the region; on the other side there is the working class, which has not only been relegated to undesirable conditions in concentrated neighborhoods that exacerbate poverty, but they have been ignored for centuries by a government structure that is often more content to offer services based on favors to the wealthy or politically well-connected elite than it is to the general public.

ECONOMIC GROWTHThe economic boom that Brazil experienced early in its history thanks to its wealth of natural resources has given way to a market that today sows seemingly

1550

1565

1763

sectors across the board. Brazil has officially become a worldwide economic leader, joining Russia, India and China in the elite BRIC group—a term coined by Goldman Sachs to designate noteworthy emerging twenty-first century economies.

Though Brasilia is the capital of Brazil and São Paolo is the economic powerhouse of the region, Rio’s progress and potential


a powerful hub for administrative, financial, commercial and cultural activity. Rio’s status as a former national capital helped attract multinational corporations, the majority of which have retained operations in the city. Many state-owned companies and private firms

has led to the city attracting global attention, thanks to the Campos Basin, an oil reserve located just off of the coast. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest GDP in Brazil, behind São Paolo. Because the city was a strong federal capital from 1763 until 1960, it became

1880

1960

2016

alike have benefitted from being in close proximity in the Brazilian city that boasts the second largest stock market in the country. An influx of capital has led to an increasing middle class—some estimates place nearly half of all cariocas in the middle class bracket.

The fairly recent economic infusion has had an effect on society as well as the city. As the economic tides rise, so too does aspirational wealth, which is marked by the traditional trappings of class status attainment: automobiles, home ownership and expansion of consumer debt, which all collude to create a culture of conspicuous consumption among middle-class residents that serve to further separate them from the working class as they aspire to earn their way into affluence. Tremendous wealth in world-renowned beachside

1980

| CONTEXT

it will be Rio’s time to shine as it becomes the first South American city to host the largest sporting event in the world, the Summer Olympics.

In addition to the leverage the country has attained through considerable economic and population growth, the country’s cultural legacy of sport (specifically, football), experience holding the 2007 Pan-American Games and the abundant space and sports facilities available in Rio de Janeiro made it a prime place to host two world-class events.

The Brazilian government, led by former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, launched a vigorous campaign aimed at drawing both events to the nation in order to

communities like Ipanema and Leblon exist alongside the extreme poverty of favelas - slums built tenuously into hillside terrain with very limited access to sanitation, transportation and other resources.

THE WORLD CUP + OLYMPIC GAMESDespite its economic success, Brazil has struggled to attain global prestige among other nations that wield considerable power. However, because of its economic resurgence and a desire to announce their status as a rising power, Brazil is set to host two mega-events in rapid succession: The first, the World Cup, will be hosted in cities around Brazil, including Rio, in 2014 for the first time since 1950. In 2016,

> RIO’S DOWNTOWN,

KNOWN AS “CENTRO”

IS HOME TO A MAJORITY

OF THE CITY’S BUSINESSES

announce itself on the world stage. The country spent a considerable amount of money in its attempts to draw the games and the tourism dollars that come along with it. Infrastructure and transportation investments were high on the list, with promises to introduce a high-speed rail between São Paolo and Rio as well as a bus rapid transit (BRT) line connecting the central city to the outlying sections. Once the improvements are introduced in preparation for the World Cup, the city and the country will have a chance to prove itself to the globe, before making an encore appearance at the most-watched sports event in the world: The 2016 Summer Olympics.


^ MARACANA STADIUM, BRAZIL’S FAMOUS “TEMPLE TO FOOTBALL,” WILL HOST PARTS OF THE WORLD CUP AND OLYMPIC GAMES.

^ IOC PRESIDENT JACQUES ROGGE AWARDS THE 2016 BID TO RIO DE JANEIRO OLYMPIC COMMITTEE LEADER CARLOS NUZMAN AND THE MAYOR OF RIO, EDUARDO PAES.

> CHALLENGES

A GROWING ECONOMY AND OLYMPIC INVESTMENTS MAKE RIO DE JANEIRO MORE POISED THAN EVER BEFORE TO TACKLE ITS MOST PRESSING URBAN CHALLENGES RELATED TO ACCESSIBILITY, THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE PUBLIC REALM.


CITYWIDE CHALLENGESWhile beautiful, Rio’s iconic mountainous terrain and coastal location impose severe mobility limitations and make moving around the city a challenge. Private automobiles dominate the landscape and magnify the inadequacies of what essentially amounts to a single-mode mobility network. As a result, those who cannot afford private cars, especially increasingly displaced low-income populations of western Rio, must endure multiple hour commutes to job centers in the eastern part of the city.

Secondly, issues involving water are paramount in addressing environmental challenges. Flooding, stormwater, landslide

OVERVIEWAs Rio prepares to play host to two mega-events, the prospect of raising the city’s profile before the eyes of world is on the minds of its citizens, businesses, and all levels of government. But for any city emerging on the world stage, there are hurdles that must be overcome before being recognized as a world-class city. This studio confronted these challenges during the course of the semester as it investigated the issues that will make or break Rio’s entrance onto the world stage. The citywide challenges that the studio identified as most crucial to Rio’s post-Olympics legacy include accessibility, the environment, and the public realm. These challenges were a driving force behind the studio’s site selection process.

risk, and water quality threaten the safety, health, and quality of life for all citizens. Flooding and stormwater management are constant concerns for residents who live near the canal network in the Maracanã, Sao Cristovao, and Port neighborhoods. Stormwater and landslides pose real dangers to hillside favela residents, particularly in Rocinha. Even in higher-income neighborhoods such as Barra da Tijuca, polluted lagoons lower the quality of the environment.

These issues feed into the third challenge of improving the public realm throughout the city. Rio is famous for iconic places such as Corcovado Mountain, its white sand beaches, and its neighborhoods, such as Ipanema and Copacabana.

| CHALLENGES

> RIO’S METRO

SYSTEM IS MODERN

AND WELL-DESIGNED,

BUT CURRENTLY

ONLY PROVIDES

ACCESS TO A SMALL

PORTION OF THE CITY

pedestrians. In addition, favela residents must grapple with the effects of overcrowding and lack of open space.

With increased government investment, a rising middle-class, and higher standards of living, land speculation in Rio continues to progress unchecked. While increased land values are beneficial for the city, without some sort of intervention, there is real potential for negative side effects such as resident displacement and poor quality development.

INVESTMENTS AND SITE SELECTIONThese challenges, however, are not being ignored. Thanks to significant government investment,

A common thread found in these places is their distinct public realm elements, including scenery, a connection to nature, and dense, walkable environments. These elements, however, are usually found in places that serve higher income residents or tourists, not the majority of cariocans.

For example, in Barra da Tijuca, the home of the Olympic Park and Village, the predominance of the car has rendered the public realm non-existent, as multi-lane boulevards dominate the landscape with little thought given to the pedestrian experience. Similarly, wide arterial avenues and a polluted canal system make navigating the Maracanã, Sao Cristovao, and Porto Maravilha neighborhoods dangerous and unpleasant for

the issues of water, mobility, and environmental degradation are being addressed through a multitude of projects and initiatives. Many of these investments are directly related to the World Cup and Olympics to prepare the city for these mega-events, but can these investments be leveraged to benefit cariocans after the events?

To understand how the Olympics could transform Rio, the studio first located where these investments occur throughout the city. The major investments include:

TRANSPORTATION: To accommodate the massive crowds expected for the World Cup and Olympics, and better connect the city as a whole, Rio has invested heavily in strengthening its public

^ INADEQUATE DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE LEADS TO SERIOUS FLOODING DURING HEAVY RAIN STORMS

^ THE CITY’S ONCE-BEAUTIFUL CANALS ARE NOW HIGHLY POLLUTED AND COLLECT TRASH

^ SOIL EROSION ON RIO’S MOUNTAINOUS LAND-SCAPES CREATES CONCERN FOR LANDSLIDES

^ RIO’S LARGE LAGOONS ARE ALSO HIGHLY POLLUTED DUE TO POOR SEWAGE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS


^ CURRENTLY, RIO’S TRANSIT OPTIONS REMAIN LIMITED AND CONGESTED, BUT BY 2016, A NEW METRO LINE AND 4 NEW BRT LINES WILL BE BUILT TO SERVE THE WEST ZONE.

PAGE 18 | CHALLENGES

of Jacarepagua Lagoon in Barra (where the Olympic Park will be located), the construction of several treatment facilities at the mouths of waterways that flow into Guanabara Bay, and remediation of Canal do Mongue.

REFORESTATION: As housing prices and development pressure increase across Rio, the natural environment suffers. To ameliorate the decline in trees and mitigate the landslide and flood risk, the federal government initiated a reforestation campaign as part of their overall Olympic investment scheme. The plan calls for the “preservation of the largest urban

transportation system. In particular, the existing metro system will be extended from Ipanema to Rocinha, and a citywide Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system will connect the north, south, east, and west zones of the city.

WATER REMEDIATION: Decades of illegal dumping and inadequate water treatment infrastructure have led to the degradation of several of Rio’s water bodies, including once-pristine lagoons in Barra da Tijuca and Guanabara Bay and Canal do Mongue in Centro Rio. The government is investing millions of dollars towards water remediation, including cleanup

forest in the world, including the planting of 24 million trees by 2016.” Rocinha is one example where the government hopes to stabilize the soil by replanting trees where residents have excavated to build new homes.

OLYMPIC FACILITIES: Rio has identified several existing facilities that can be refurbished and repurposed for the World Cup and Olympics, including the iconic Maracanã stadium in Centro Rio. Several additional facilities need to be built, however, including the Media Village in Centro Rio and the Olympic Village in Barra. The site that will be transformed

> A LACK OF SIDEWALKS

ON BUSY CITY STREET CREATES

AN UNSAFE PEDESTRIAN

ENVIRONMENT


> EXTREMELY WIDE STREETS

WITH MULTIPLE LANES AND

A LACK OF CROSSWALKS

CREATE DANGEROUS

INTERSECTIONS.

> IN OTHER PLACES, IT IS THE OVERLY NARROW

STREETS AND HIGH DENSITY OF

POPULATION THAT CREATE OVER-

CROWDING.

and public realm problems. The question then becomes, how can these investments be pushed further to confront these challenges? Over the course of the semester, the studio identified several recommendations that build upon the Olympic investments to improve accessibility, the environment and the public realm in three specific sites.

BARRA DA TIJUCA: Home to the Olympic Park, Barra will continue to remain in the public eye as the world waits to see what happens to the site after the Games. Without intervention, the development consortium may develop the site in the status quo fashion of Barra – gated high-rise condominium complexes with huge setbacks and surface parking lots – without giving thought to protecting the newly remediated lagoon and preserving the public realm qualities that AECOM is trying to instill in the site for the Games. This studio recommends a set of design guidelines to influence new development on the site: development that is centered on the pedestrian instead of the car and celebrates Jacarepagua Lagoon as an asset.

into the Olympic Park – which will host approximately half of all Olympic events – will include a mixture of temporary facilities built exclusively for the Games as well as a handful of existing facilities that will be renovated in time for 2016. Following the end of the Games, over half of the Olympic Park will be made available for development to a development consortium once the temporary structures have been removed.

PORT FACILITIES: Porto Maravilha (“Marvelous Port”) is currently undergoing a huge transformation to restructure and expand its boundaries, redevelop public spaces, improve the area’s environmental sustainability, and raise the quality of life for nearby residents. Its many projects include a light rail transit system, a subterranean automobile tunnel, a BRT line and station, and the 2016 Olympic Media Village – all of which will have a large impact on the port and its surroundings.

It soon became apparent that these investments are happening in areas of Rio that also suffer from environmental, accessibility,

OLYMPIC ARMATURE: Nestled in a ravine between Barra and the South Zone, and soon to be a stop on the new metro line 4, Rocinha is a natural armature to Olympic investments in Barra and the rest of the city. Rocinha provides the opportunity for the federal, state, and city governments to work together to fill a policy void and develop an equitable, sustainable, and holistic metro development plan. This armature is also a confluence of water, reforestation, and transportation investments and can act as a demonstration project for similar informal communities in Rio and beyond.

PAGE 20 | CHALLENGES

MARACANÃ: In the past, real estate speculation has led to development that is unresponsive to the city’s planning goals. As Rio develops further, it is important that growth does not exacerbate challenges that already exist. The proposal for improving the area surrounding

Canal do Mangue requires a strong plan for the area and a mechanism for harnessing development that will benefit the public.

Successfully leveraging the government’s investments in these three sites could demonstrate that

Rio did not treat the Olympics simply as a “coming out” party. Rather, it could show that Rio seized the momentum of the mega-event to ensure its investments transformed the city for the better.


^ DIAGRAM SHOWING SPECIFIC OLYMPIC INVESTMENTS ACROSS RIO DE JANIERO AND IN CONTEXT TO THE THREE SITES CHOSEN BY THIS STUDIO

> BARRA DA TIJUCA


BACKGROUNDBarra da Tijuca, known to locals as simply Barra, is one of Rio de Janiero’s newest and fastest-growing boroughs, located about 40 kilometers southwest of the city center. Master planned only thirty

BARRA DA TIJUCA IS RIO’S FASTEST GROWING REGION, YET IT HAS ESTABLISHED AN UNSUSTAINABLE PATTERN OF SPRAWLING GROWTH. HOW CAN OLYMPIC INVESTMENT REDIRECT BARRA’S DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS A MORE APPEALING AND PROFITABLE PATTERN?

years ago by Brazilian planner Lúcio Costa, Barra is known for its pristine beaches, high level of development and modern, Americanized lifestyle. Unlike other well-known Rio neighborhoods such as Ipanema, Copacabana

and Leblon, Barra has built up around massively wide boulevards with intermixed pockets of low-rise commercial development and high-rise residential towers.

The Barra region has experienced rapid population growth in recent years, tripling in size from 98,851 in 1991 to 174,353 in 2000 to 300,823 in 2010. While this represents only 5% of Rio de Janeiro’s total population, Barra contributes 30% of all tax revenue for the city.

Barra is connected to Rio’s South Zone by the Lagoa-Barra highway, but currently lacks connection to the city’s transit infrastructure, contributing to

| BARRA DA TIJUCA

Barra residents’ reliance on private automobiles. Anyone looking to travel between Barra and Rio’s job centers faces an hour long commute.

DEVELOPMENT PATTERNSAs growth along the oceanfront in Barra has reached maximum build out, development has shifted northward, leading to a continued pattern of sprawl represented by gated condominium complexes, single family homes, a lack of sidewalks and regional shopping malls surrounded by acres of parking lots.

While Barra remains popular and continues to grow despite these development patterns, the region is not meeting its full potential. The real estate market in Barra lags behind other Rio neighborhoods, According to local real estate data, property values in Barra (not including units on the beach) are currently 25% lower than those in Leblon - a compact residential and shopping district in Rio's South Zone. One likely explanation is that Barra's less desireable growth patterns cannot compete with the convenient lifestyle offered in other neighborhoods that follow the traditional urban form.

OLYMPIC INVESTMENTSAbout 80% of the total Olympic budget will be spent in Barra. AECOM, designer of the London Olympic Park was awarded the bid to design the Olympic Park, while a Brazilian firm, Carvalho Hosken, will design the Olympic Village. Post-Olympics, the Olympic Village will be transformed into condominiums for 18,000 residents.

AECOM’s plan for the Olympic Park site involves a multi-phase strategy that allows the site to transition from an active Games site to a sustainable

Plan for Barra da Tijuca by Lucio Costa, 1967

> 1967 PLAN FOR BARRA

DA TIJUCA BY LUCIO COSTA,

WHO ALSO DESIGNED

THE BRAZIL-IAN CAPITAL OF BRASILIA


OLYMPIC VILLAGE

OLYMPIC PARK

OLYMPIC VILLAGEPARK

0 0.5 1

N

2 km

^ DIAGRAM OF BARRA SHOWING LOCATIONS OF KEY OLYMPIC INVESTMENTS INCLUDING VILLAGE, PARK AND NEW BRT ROUTES AND STATIONS

> PROPOSED SITE DIAGRAM

BY AECOM FOR THE OLYMPIC PARK DURING THE OLYMPIC

GAMES IN 2016 FEATUR-ING ATHLETIC

FACILITIES.

> PROPOSED SITE DIAGRAM

BY AECOM FOR THE OLYMPIC

PARK TWO YEARS AFTER THE OLYMPIC

GAMES IN 2018 SHOWING

THE SITE IN TRANSITION

| BARRA DA TIJUCA

^ THE SITE OF THE FUTURE OLYMPIC PARK IS A RACETRACK WITH MULTIPLE EXISTING ATHLETIC FACILITIES

^ RENDERING OF THE PROPOSED OLYMPIC PARK BY AECOM

Lagoon. Additional environmental considerations are being taken through the design of an eco-park that will border the lagoon and feature a boardwalk, biking paths, wetlands and natural plantings.

Another key investment stemming from the Olympic Games is new transit connections for Barra. The region will soon benefit from the construction of the city’s newest Metro line – the first to serve the city’s western zone. This new Line 4 subway will connect the ten miles between Ipanema and Barra with six stations. It is expected to carry 300,000 people a day and remove up to 2,000 vehicles

off of the area’s congested streets during rush hour.

Barra will also benefit from the city’s new Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, which features four new lines linking the four sites of the Olympic Games. The line serving Barra - Transoeste - was the first to open this past year and features 45 new stations. The stops along this route will bring passengers directly to a transit hub at the Olympic Park and Olympic Village during the Games.

SITE DEVELOPMENTThe cost of the Olympic Park was financed in part through the sale of the underlying land to a development consortium, which, in exchange for funds,

residential and commercial community for 14,000 residents by the year 2030. This will be accomplished by utilizing temporary athletic facilities that can be removed after the Games and replaced with new development. The Olympic Park will be constructed on a 1.18 million square meter peninsula and former racetrack that juts into the Jacarapaguá Lagoon.

Due to consistent water contamination problems, Rio de Janeiro has pledged to undertake numerous lagoon remediation efforts throughout the city. These efforts will cost $300 million and include the construction of a sewage treatment plant on Jacarapaguá


“As growth along the oceanfront in Barra has reached maximum build out, development has shifted northward, leading to a continued pattern of sprawl represented by gated condominium complexes, single family homes, a lack of sidewalks and regional shopping malls surrounded by acres of parking lots”.

^ CURRENTLY, BARRA'S WIDE BOULEVARDS AND LACK OF TRANSIT CONNECTIONS CREATE A PREFERENCE AND RELIANCE ON PRIVATE CARS

^ ACCESS TO THE JACAREPAGUA LAGOON IS BEING LIMITED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF THIS BARRIER WALL

^ REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTERS - MANY BASED DIRECTLY OFF AMERICAN MODELS - ARE COMMONPLACE THROUGHOUT BARRA

^ THE MAJORITY OF HOUSING OPTIONS IN BARRA ARE HIGH-RISE CONDOMINIUM TOWERS THAT ARE GATED AND SET BACK FROM THE STREET

PAGE 28 | BARRA DA TIJUCA

received the rights to develop the land following the end of the Olympics. While AECOM has created their own vision for the 2030 legacy of the site, the actual outcome will lie in the hands of the consortium’s member developers.

The uncertainty of the development future of the Olympic Park led directly to our studio’s interest in the site. The Olympic Park site represents a huge opportunity for Barra to implement sustainable design and shift development towards the successful patterns that can be found in the city’s most desirable neighborhoods.

PRECEDENTSBarra’s development typology is not indicative of Rio as a whole and in fact actually helps to explain why sales prices there lag when compared to other parts of Rio, such as Leblon and Ipanema. Leaving proximity to the beach out of the equation, there are certain elements within these neighborhoods that make them desirable, including:

Connection with nature: Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, located between Ipanema and Leblon, is an urban lagoon that has become a cariocan destination thanks to its views and recreational programming.

A great pedestrian experience: Leblon and Ipanema are designed to encourage people to walk to access their daily needs. These high-density neighborhoods are designed at the pedestrian scale, with lively ground floor uses that are inviting and help to promote activity throughout all times of day. The mix of land uses means people do not have to drive to access everything they need.

Good streets: The streets in Leblon and Copacabana are filled with locals and tourists running errands and sightseeing by foot. Most streets are one to two lanes in each direction, making crossings easy and


safe. Sidewalks are key to the life of the streets and on-street parking lanes reudce the need for large surface porking lots so more space can be dedicated to human interactions.

APPLYING LESSONSWhat would development on the Olympic Park site look like if those key principles found in Leblon and Ipanema were implemented? Views would dictate the street network, providing not only access but visibility to places of interest

(such as the mountains and lagoon in Barra).

Jacarepagua Lagoon would be addressed as a whole, with the extension of the eco-zone into multi-use pathways along thelagoon perimeter. The edge of the site would find a way into the center of the development through additional parks or pathways.

Mixed-use would be introduced to the site to promote density and activity during all times of the day. Height would serve to punctuate the site and make


an announcement on the land-scape.

VISION + GUIDELINES

After the Olympics end in 2016, over half of the Olympic Park site will be developed by the development consortium discussed previously. Without intervention, status quo development will likely continue here and the city of Rio will stand to gain little from the improvements made immediately around the

> THIS SIDEWALK IN LEBLON

OFFERS AMPLE WIDTH FOR

WALKING, PLANTERS, TREES FOR SHADE AND

PRIME ACCESS TO MIXED-

USE RETAIL BUILDINGS

> AN OPEN PLAZA IN

BOTAFOGO IS PLANTED WITH TREES FOR SHADE

AND CONTAINS VENDORS

TO ATTRACT PEDESTRIANS


| BARRA DA TIJUCA

site, including the extension of the BRT system and the remediation of Jacarepagua Lagoon.

IPANEMA LAGOON

Ipanema, like Barra, has a natural lagoon - Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas - located within an urbanized area. The difference, however, is that a multi-use trail was constructed around the entire perimeter of the lagoon, providing opportunities for walking, bicycling, and along some portions, paddle

boating. The lagoon also offers spectacular views of Rio’s mountains,including Corcovado. Visit the lagoon at any time of the day and it is heavily used, even when the afternoon sun blazes. Trees with large canopies are planted regularly along the pathway to serve as buffers from the road but also to provide shade that guarantees people will stroll along the trail, not walk as fast as they can seeking refuge elsewhere. Although residential properties in this area do not border the

beach, they have a 25% sales premium over comparable properties in Barra. The positive amenities provided by the lagoon, as well as the walkable neighborhood design of Leblon and Ipanema, contribute to this advantage.

JACAREPAGUA LAGOONJacarepagua Lagoon in Barra is different from Lagoa Rodri-go de Freitas in many ways. While Jacarepagua offers spectacular views of Barra’s

^ THE GREENWAY AROUND THE LAGOON IN IPANEMA FEATURES A POPULAR PATH FOR RUNNING AND BIKING AS WELL AS OPEN GREEN SPACE


^ LAND AROUND THE PERIMETER OF THE JACAREPAGUA LAGOON REMAINS AVAILABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT

^ THE JACAREPAGUA LAGOON OFFERS BREATHTAKING REVIEWS OF RIO'S SCENERY, PARTICULARLY THE CITY'S FAMOUS MOUNTAINS

mountain ranges, the lagoon is not currently treated as an asset. Along Avenue Abe-lardo Bueno, for example, a concrete wall that separates the lagoon from the road is in the midst of being construct-ed. The agency responsible for building the wall wants to prevent people from ac-cessing the lagoon to go fish-ing. Residential development is being constructed along the southern edge of the la-goon, but the buildings face away from the water. Finally, the lagoon does not have a “hard edge” quite like La-goa Rodrigo de Freitas does. Along some parts of the pe-rimeter, the water is deeper while along others the water reduces to marshy, wetlands.

Perhaps the most important improvement coming to the lagoon is AECOM’s plan for an “eco-zone” along the western edge of the Olympic Park, a recreational environ-mental feature that takes advantage of the newly re-mediated lagoon.

OUR PROPOSED GREENWAYThe design guidelines for Jacarepagua Lagoon seek to treat the lagoon as an asset. AECOM’s eco-zone is extended into a multi-use pathway that

traverses the entire perimeter of the lagoon, providing a sense of unity and cohesion. Along areas of the perimeter that cannot support built infrastructure, landscaping is proposed that would visually

| BARRA DA TIJUCA

< ANALYSIS SHOWING HOW HEIGHTS CAN BE USED TO OPTIMIZE VIEWS

< DIAGRAM INDICATING THE CURRENT AND PLANNED DEVELOPMENT SURROUNDING JACARAPAGUA LAGOON

< ANALYSIS OF SITE ORGANIZATION SHOWING POTENTIAL EXTENSIONS AND CONNECTIONS


> DIAGRAM INDICATING

THE CURRENT AND PLANNED DEVELOPMENT SURROUNDING JACARAPAGUA

LAGOON

< SITE ORGA-NIZATION OF POTENTIAL MIXED USES ON OLYMPIC PARK SITE

< ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL TRAIL TYPES

| BARRA DA TIJUCA

unite these areas with the newly built pathways. Recognizing that not everyone will attempt to travel across the entire perimeter of the lagoon due to its size, access points that connect to existing major roads and eventually

down to the becahes in Barra have been identified so there is no single “entrance” to the lagoon network.

We have created an series of pro-posals for what uses and designs may occur along the length of the

^ DIAGRAM PROPOSING DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRAILS AND GREEN-WAYS SURROUNDING THE LAGOON AS WELL AS BIKE TRAIL CONNEC-TIONS TO BARRA’S MAIN ROADS AND BEACHES

greenway, adapting to existing conditions and maintaining the interest of users. Our guidelines and proposals will allow Barra residents to enjoy and benefit from the lagoon and provide rec-reational opportunities not cur-rently available locally.


> DESIGN GUIDELINESThis studio proposes to incorporate the principles of great Rio neighborhoods into a set of detailed design guidelines for new development within the Olympic Park that address open space, streets, blocks, land use, urban form, and the public realm. These design guidelines give Barra the opportunity to experiment with a new, sustainable development typology that will leverage government improvements, focus on the pedestrian, and make Barra competitive with the other desirable areas of Rio.

HOW TO USE THESE DESIGN GUIDELINES:

GUIDELINES: A guideline is an element that supports the standards. The design guidelines have been tailored to the Olympic Park site and provide flexibility for adaptation, but it is recommended the guidelines be followed when possible to achieve the vision identified for the site.

STANDARDS: A standard is a key principle that supports the overall vision for the Olympic Park. The standards illustrate preferred design practices to ensure that new development contributes to a walkable, pedestrian-oriented environment.

>>>

| BARRA DA TIJUCA

> JACAREPAGUA LAGOONGUIDELINES:• The Jacarepagua Lagoon pathway shall be an extension of AECOM’s “eco-zone” located along the

west edge of the Olympic Park.

• The pathway shall be a network that addresses the lagoon as a whole. Recognizing that not all areas of the lagoon can support built infrastructure such as pathways or boardwalks, landscaping shall be used to visually tie the programmed and non-programmed areas together.

• In areas that can support built infrastructure, the pathway shall offer a variety of programs that respond to existing conditions, such as housing development or the presence of facilities such as the Olympic Village Park.

• Where a pedestrian pathway or recreational trail is provided, the width of the pathway or trail shall be at least 3 meters wide.

• The pathway shall be accessible from road edges. Entrances to the pathway shall occur at intersections marked by traffic lights and pedestrian crossing paths.

• The pathway shall be visible from road edges but a landscaped buffer at least 3 meters wide shall be provided between the road and the pathway to protect pedestrians and bicyclists.

^ PROPOSED COVERED WALKWAY TRAIL IDEAL FOR AREAS WITH A LOT OF DIRECT SUN

^ PROPOSED MULTI-USE TRAIL FEATURING PATHWAY FOR BIKING, WALKING OR RUNNING


<< RENDERING OF PROPOSED GREENWAY FEATURING PATHWAYS, OPEN SPACE AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

| BARRA DA TIJUCA

^ PROPOSED MULTI-USE EDGE TRAIL FOR LOCATIONS CLOSELY BORDERING EXISTING DEVELOPMENT

^ PROPOSED MULTI-USE TRAIL AND PIER FOR AREAS OF HIGH USE AND WITH ACCESS ONTO THE LAGOON

^ PROPOSED MULTI-USE EDGE TRAIL FOR LOCATIONS CLOSELY BORDERING EXISTING DEVELOPMENT

^ PROPOSED MULTI-LEVEL TRAIL PROVIDES DIRECT INTERACTION WITH THE LAGOON


^ IN ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS, PATHWAYS ARE RAISED TO MINIMIZE IMPACT

^ IN AREAS OF HIGH DEVELOPMENT, PATHWAYS AND GREEN MEDIANS ARE NARROWED

^ BOARDWALKS WILL BE USED FROM LOCALLY SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS

^ MULTI-TIERED BOARDWALKS PROVIDE AMPLE VIEWS OF SURROUNDINGS

> OPEN SPACE NETWORK


> MEDIANS, PLAZAS + PARKS

Extending the lagoon network inside the site is accomplished through the provision of parks, plazas, and pathways that have strong visual connections to the edge of the site.

> Case Study COMMONWEALTH AVE. BOSTON, MA, USA

Commonwealth Avenue is a 1.5

kilometer road in Boston’s Back

Bay that leads to the entrance of

Boston Common, an urban park in

the heart of the city. Two lanes of

automobile traffic and one lane of

parking are on either side of a wide,

landscaped median. A paved path-

way is provided with a landscaped

buffer to protect pedestrians from

auto traffic. Benches, lighting, trash

cans, and artwork such as statues

can be found throughout Com-

monwealth Avenue. An abundant

tree canopy provides shade for pe-

destrians during the hot summer

months.


STANDARDS [MEDIANS]:• A paved path for pedestrians shall be provided within

the median of the primary north-south and east west boulevards located in the center of the site.

• A landscaped buffer at least 3 meters wide is required on both sides of the path to protect pedestrians from auto traffic and to assist with stormwater management. Landscaping shall consist of native trees and plants.

• The path shall be at approximately 15 meters wide to accommodate both bicyclists and pedestrians.

• Seating, lighting, and trash bins shall be provided periodically along the path. Seating should be located in areas that provide both sunlight and shade. Lighting shall be provided approximately every 45 meters along the pathway.

> Case Study FLAMENGO PARK RIO DE JANEIRO, BRA

Flamengo Park is the largest urban

park within Rio. In addition to hous-

ing several museums and monu-

ments, the park offers direct access

to the beach. Several different pro-

grams can be found within the park,

including soccer fields, basketball

courts, playgrounds, exercise areas,

and pedestrian and bicycling paths.


STANDARDS [PARKS]:• Parks and open space shall be located frequently throughout

the development so that residents are within a ten minute walk from the closest park.

• Parks on the west side of the Olympic Park shall have a visual connection to the Jacarepagua Lagoon pathway, through similar landscaping and fixtures such as lighting.

• Parks shall accommodate users of all ages and multiple types of activity, for example: walking paths, play structures, gardens, open fields for soccer, etc.

• Parks shall contain an adequate number of trees to provide shade during the day. Seating shall be provided in areas of the park that provide both light and shade.

• Parks shall contain an adequate number of lighting fixtures to provide light and security at night.

> Case Study BOTAFOGO RIO DE JANEIRO, BRA

STANDARDS [PLAZAS]:• Plazas are designated as open-air gathering places that are

primarily hardscaped. Plazas shall be big enough – at least 3,600 square meters – to allow for multiple uses, such as markets, fairs, or performances.

• Plazas shall contain an adequate number of trees to provide shade during the day.

• Plazas shall contain an adequate number of lighting fixtures to provide light and security at night.

The Botafogo metro station has

four entrances, each of which open

up onto a small plaza on a corner

of the streets on which they are

located. The plaza featured here

looks onto the station entrance. It

sees activity during all times of day,

as commuters walk through it on

their way to the station. Food and

goods vendors line the plaza both

day and night. As the afternoon sun

starts to set, many people gather at

the plaza to play chess at the tables

provided under the shade.


GUIDELINES [GENERAL OPEN SPACE]:PAVING• Concrete should be used for the median pathways located in the primary north-south and east-west

boulevards in the center of the site to provide a smooth surface for bicyclists and pedestrians.

• Plaza paving materials should vary from the material used for parks and sidewalks to provide visual contrast. Black and white tiles similar to the beach boardwalk mosaics are encouraged.

• Permeable materials such as pavers, crushed stone and gravel are encouraged for paths along the Jacarepagua Lagoon and other appropriate locations in order to promote stormwater management and filtration.

LIGHTING• Pedestrian scaled lighting fixtures should be provided at regular intervals throughout parks, plazas, and

pathways to provide lighting and security. Light fixtures should be installed approximately 45 meters apart along pathways.

• The pathway shall be visible from road edges but a landscaped buffer at least 3 meters wide shall be provided between the road and the pathway to protect pedestrians and bicyclists.

PLANTING• Trees with adequate canopies should be planted within parks and plazas and along pathways to provide

shade. Trees should be planted at intervals of 7 meters to allow daylight to filter through and provide visibility to the street.

• Native species should be used throughout parks, plazas, and pathways to reduce irrigation demand. Different species types can serve as borders between different programs within the open space network.

FURNISHING• Furnishings, such as benches, should be consistent throughout open space areas and made of durable

materials that can withstand the elements.• Permanent furnishings in plazas should be placed along the edges to allow for adequate gathering space

in the center of the plaza. Flexible furniture, such as removable tables and chairs, is encouraged in plazas.• Trash bins should be placed frequently along the path to encourage proper trash disposal.

SPECIAL FEATURES• Public art, such as sculptures, is encouraged in all open space areas.• Plazas should offer recurring events, such as food markets and art fairs.• Food vendors are encouraged in all open space areas.


> STORMWATER

GUIDELINES:• To minimize stormwater runoff and direct it towards the lagoon, open spaces shall feature green

infrastructure such as rain gardens, permeable pavers, bioswales, and constructed wetlands.• The site should create a uniform stormwater management plan


> STREET + BLOCK NETWORK

STANDARDS:• The street network shall be orthogonal to connect with Avenida Abelardo Bueno and maximize views

in all directions.

• The hierarchy of streets shall feature specified street types ranging from major thoroughfares to minor local streets. A standardized width, number of lanes, lane types and design features shall designate each street type.

• All streets shall be through streets, with no cul-de-sacs, to provide connectivity

• Streets shall be multi-modal and promote walkability as an alternative to the automobile.

• A variety of block sizes shall be introduced to the site to allow for numerous intersections and crosswalks to promote walkability. Blocks shall not be wider than 210 meters.


GUIDELINES:STREET TYPES

• The site should contain one major north-south and east-west corridor designed as a multi-modal boulevard allowing four lanes of automobile traffic, two lanes of on-street parking and a recreational median.

• Recreational medians should contain a wide pedestrian and bicycle pathway with native plantings to create shade and manage stormwater.

• A majority of the site’s streets should be designed as neighborhood and support streets featuring one to two lanes of parking in each direction, fewer parking lanes and narrow landscaped medians.

• Support streets should maintain accessible sidewalks to promote walkability.• Minor mid-block alleyways should be used sparingly and should be designated for local traffic only. • Alleys should feature one-lane, one-way car traffic.• Each street type should adhere to the following recommended widths (not including sidewalks) that

best suit each street’s use and allow for proper air circulation, preserve view corridors and maintain a human scale. Travelling lanes should be a standard width of 2.75 meters, with an overall street width of:

- Major boulevards with recreational median: 40 meters - Neighborhood streets: 20 meters - Support streets: 13 meters - Alleyways: 7 metersBLOCKS• Blocks should have a standard length of no more than 210 meters.

INTERSECTIONS• Frequent intersections are encouraged to promote walkability.

SIDEWALKS• All streets should feature sidewalks. Sidewalks should vary in width depending on street type. For

each street type, the following minimum sidewalk widths should be met: - Commercial corridors: 9 meters - Neighborhood streets: 6 meters - Support streets: 5 meters - Alleyways: 2.75 meters


^ MAJOR COMMERCIAL BOULEVARD WITH RECREATIONAL MEDIAN

^ NEIGHBORHOOD STREET WITH PLANTED MEDIAN

^ SUPPORT STREET WITH TWO-WAY TRAFFIC ^ ALLEYWAY WITH ONE-WAY TRAFFIC


ENTRY POINTS• The use of on-street parking and district parking garages should limit the number of curb cuts on

blocks.• Further guidelines for on-street and district parking can be found under Parking.


^ PROPOSED ARRANGEMENT OF BLOCKS ON SITE BASED ON TYPICAL IPANEMA BLOCK SIZES

^ STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL CITY BLOCK PATTERNS

> PEDESTRIAN NETWORK

GUIDELINES:A key goal of the design guidelines is to promote walkability throughout the Olympic Park development. This shall be accomplished through smaller block sizes, buildings with inviting street presences, and supporting amenities like landscaping, lighting, and street furniture. Pedestrians shall have a range of opportunities to traverse the develop-ment, whether sidewalks, landscaped boulevard medians, or perimeter pathways.



^ THE BOULEVARD PEDESTRIAN EXPERIENCE FEATURES THE WIDEST SIDEWALKS INTENDED TO ACTIVATE STOREFRONTS AND PROVIDE SPACE FOR STREET TREES

^ THE NEIGHBORHOOD STREET PEDESTRIAN EXPERIENCE ALSO FEATURES RELATIVELY WIDE SIDEWALKS TO PROMOTE ACTIVITY

^ ALONG SUPPORT STREETS, 5 METER WIDE SIDEWALKS SERVE LOCAL PURPOSES AND ARE SHADED

^ ALLEYWAYS PROVIDE SIDEWALKS FOR LIMITED LOCAL ACCESS

> PARKING

STANDARDS:• The site shall feature a combination of on-street and distract parking for local residents, business owners,

employees and visitors.

• By utilizing these parking strategies, the need for individual parking for each unit and building is reduced and street frontage can be reserved for interactive uses rather than driveways and garages.


>> PRECEDENT EXAMPLES OF PARKING GARAGES WRAPPED IN APPEALING

GROUND FLOOR RETAIL


GUIDELINES:DISTRICT PARKING• At least two district parking garages should be included to alleviate on-street parking demands.• Garages should be located within walking distance of the site’s retail centers.• Each parking garage should be wrapped in ground floor retail to encourage mixed-use and add to the visual

aesthetic.

RESIDENTIAL PARKING

• For residential buildings that provide on-site parking, ground-level podiums no more than three stories high are recommended. Podiums should contain elements of design or landscaping in front to contribute to a pleas-ant sidewalk experience.

ON-STREET PARKING• On-street parking should combine parallel and diagonal parking, depending on street width. Parking lanes

throughout the site should maintain a standard width of 2.75 meters. • Street design features such as sidewalks and trees to provide overhead shading should accompany on-street

parking.

• Parking lanes should feature pervious pavement to assist in stormwater management.

TRANSIT ACCESS• Easy and safe connections should be incorporated to newly constructed BRT stations on the site’s periphery.• Walking paths throughout the site should be created to provide easy access between key points.• Pathways should provide wayfinding markers and relevant transit information.

• Bus shelters should be provided to shield waiting passengers from unpleasant weather.

> LAND USE

STANDARDS:The Olympic Park development shall contain a variety of land uses throughout the site. While market conditions will determine when and where developers construct, it is imperative that the overall development include office, retail, institutional, and open space, in addition to residential. Providing a mix of land uses supports the overall goal of fostering a walkable, pedestrian-oriented community.



GUIDELINES:OFFICE

• Office space should be located in an area of high visibility and easy access, such as along Avenida Aberlardo Bueno.

• Office space should be located within walking distance of a BRT and/or local bus stop.

• Commercial office space should be limited to 30% of overall development.

RETAIL

• Retail should be included in the ground floor of office and residential buildings to promote an inter-active pedestrian experience.

• Retail should be limited to should be limited to 10% of overall development.

• Food retail, including casual corner juice bars and sit-down restaurants, is encouraged near parks and plazas to activate the space.

INSTITUTIONAL

• Institutional facilities, such as schools, should be located in proximity to residential areas where students and their families reside.

• There should be one elementary/grade school for every 7,000 residents of the development.

RESIDENTIAL

• Residential buildings should be located within the center and on the edges of the development to promote activity in the heart of the Olympic Park. Having an active presence in these areas will lead to maintenance and oversight of public areas, such as pedestrian pathways and open space areas.

• Residential buildings that do not have a ground floor retail component should be located within a five minute walk of retail areas so residents can easily obtain daily necessities.

• Residential should be limited to approximately 7,000-8,000 units, or 60% of overall development.

OPEN SPACE

• Open space, whether parks, plazas, or pedestrian pathways, should occur frequently throughout the development to promote recreation and informal interactions.

• The majority of residents should be within a ten minute walk of open space.

PARKING

• The majority of parking should be placed in structured facilities or in ground-floor podiums beneath residential structures. If a parking structure is constructed, it should be wrapped with retail stores on the ground floor and have no more than two entrance/exitways in order to promote an interesting pedestrian experience. Innovative facade detailing of the structure is encouraged.


^ 3D ILLUSTRATIVE DIAGRAM SHOWING POTENTIAL LAND USES OF BUILDINGS ON THE SITE, PARTICULARLY MIXED USE BUILDINGS WITH FIRST-FLOOR RETAIL


> BUILDING ENVELOPE

STANDARDS:A key component of the site’s design is a mix of building types that create a varied rhythm within each block. This rhythm creates both visual interest and maintains the human scale of the site while still allowing for high-density development in a way that is unique to the type of development seen throughout Barra. The site’s location on a peninsula provides incomparable views of the Jacarepagua Lagoon and Rio’s mountainous landscape, particularly to the north and west, making the arrangement of buildings a key priority.

| BARRA DA TIJUCA

GUIDELINES:HEIGHT• A set of building typologies with three ranges of building heights should be used strategically across

the site: - Towers: 18 stories and higher – Highest density towers should be used sparingly throughout the site on high value parcels

- High-Rise: 10 to 17 stories – High rise buildings should serve as anchors along the most northern blocks of the site fronting Avenida Abelardo Bueno. This building height should also be used sparingly throughout the main body of the site on high value parcels.

- Mid-Rise: 4 to 9 stories – Midrise buildings should serve as mixed-use commercial, retail and residential buildings. Mid-rises should make up a majority of the buildings throughout the site to provide a human scale.

• Building heights should also be used to create a design feature along the Olympic Park’s curvilinear, elevated concourse.

• Buildings along this path should also increase in height from low-rise at the northern tip to high-rise at the southern point of the site.

SETBACKS

• Building setbacks should be kept to a minimum to promote density and accessibility. Buildings should be placed at the edge of the parcel, abutting the sidewalk.

VIEWS & LINES OF SIGHT

• Wherever possible, the site’s views should be preserved to enhance its aesthetic value.

• The tallest buildings should be placed sparingly throughout the site, not in large clusters or rows.

• Developers should be mindful of view corridors when designing building layouts.

ENTRYWAYS

• Buildings with multiple street or interior facing frontages should provide an entrance along each frontage to increase opportunities for interaction.


> PUBLIC REALMSTANDARDS:The public realm encompasses quality of life details that activate public spaces and engage pedestrians. No single element creates a great space; rather, a combination of elements must be present.

GUIDELINES:TRANSPARENCY• While gates and fences may be necessary for certain development, blank walls are strongly discouraged. • Barriers should be transparent so that passersby can see what is behind the fence.

ART• Public art is encouraged throughout the development. Statues, installations, and murals are appropriate

types of public art for the development.

^ BUILDINGS THROUGHOUT IPANEMA USE A VARIETY OF HEGHTS INCLUDING TOWERS

^ THOUGH FENCES AND GATES ARE USED TO OF-FER PRIVACY, THEY REMAIN TRANSPARENT

WIDTH

• Wide sidewalks encourage walking and protect pedestrians from streets that do not have a parking lane. • Sidewalks should be wide enough to accommodate people walking in both directions. Sidewalks should

be at least 2.5 meters wide.• Crosswalks should be wide enough to allow people to gather on the corner.

SHADE• Trees with abundant canopies should be planted approximately 7 meters apart to allow daylight to filter

through and to provide ample shade to pedestrians.

FOOD• Food attracts people to a space, whether a corner fruit vendor, a portable food cart in a plaza, or a

sit-down restaurant with good street presence. Open space areas throughout the development should accommodate a variety of food types.

VARIETY• Visual variety in terms of land use, building heights, and decoration (amongst other elements) engages

the eye and attracts passersby to stop, walk around, and see what else is present.


^ STREETS ARE SHADED AND PROVIDE ON-STREET PARKING

^ WIDE SIDEWALKS WITH OPEN AIR ENTRANCES TO EATERIES AND SHOPS CREATE INTERACTION


^ PUBLIC ART CAN LIVEN BLANK WALLS AND PROVIDE VISUAL INTEREST FOR PEDESTRIANS

^ CORNER CAFES WITH OUTDOOR SEATING ATTRACT ACTIVITY AND CREATE VIBRANCY

^ PLAZAS PROVIDE PLACES FOR COMMUNITY GATHERINGs, STREET VENDORS AND SHADE

| BARRA DA TIJUCA

< DURING PHASE ONE, DEVELOPMENT WILL TAKE PLACE ALONG THE SITE’S MAJOR COMMERCIAL CORRIDORS

< WITH PHASE TWO, MORE OF THE SITE’S INTERIOR BLOCKS WILL BEGIN TO BE CONSTRUCTED, PARTICULARLY ALONG HIGH VALUE PARCELS THAT ABUT OPEN SPACE

< AFTER A TOTAL OF 12 TO 15 YEARS, THE ENTIRE SITE WILL BE BUILT OUT

PHASING

Full development potential will likely not be realized for 12 to 15 years after the end of the Olympics. While the development consortium will take market conditions into consideration as it develops the site, development could begin first adjacent to key boulevards in the street network, then expand to the edges of the site and the elevated concourse, and complete with infill development of all remaining parcels in the interior of the site.

DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL

The design guidelines have the potential to create a development program that creates a higher value for the site than what is currently proposed. An illustrative development program highlights what the site is capable of achieving. More specifically, the site could support:

• Approximately 2.2 million gross square meters of development

• A floor area ratio of approximately 6-6.5

• Up to 8,000 housing units

• A land use mix featuring up to 50% housing, 25% office, 10% retail, and 15% institutional and parking

A denser development program creates an additional 10% of housing which, if built, would generate additional revenue for developers. The 25% price premium that comparable Leblon and Ipanema properties have over Barra properties could be narrowed by implementing those very qualities that make those areas so desirable: dense, walkable neighborhoods that offer access to open space and a mix of land uses. The design guidelines would deliver not only financial benefits to developers but quality of life benefits to residents, which ultimately creates the most value for the site.

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

The design guidelines capture the value of the land Rio has improved for the Olympics, and the City should adopt the guidelines to ensure

new development meets the objectives outlined for the site. Implementation of the design guidelines, as well as the provision of infrastructure and construction of the Jacarepagua Lagoon pathway, will require close coordination between the City and the development consortium.

Construction and maintenance of the street network will be the responsibility of the City’s Center for Architecture and Urbanism. The development consortium will be responsible for individual building development and accompanying infrastructure. In exchange for higher density, the City may be able to require that developers building closest to the edge of the Jacarepagua Lagoon pay into a fund that supports the extension of the entire lagoon network beyond AECOM’s eco-zone along the perimeter of the Olympic Park. In addition, the City could ask developers to contribute towards the maintenance of the area’s parks, plazas, and median pathways.

The design guidelines will


^ 3D ILLUSTRATIVE RENDERING OF THE OLYMPIC PARK SITE SHOWING A POTENTIAL LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS, STREETS, OPEN SPACE AND THE ECO-ZONE


greatly benefit both the city and individual developers. Municipal infrastructure improvements, including transportation, streets, and water quality, often cause land prices to increase, which invites speculation and unharnessed development by private parties. The design guidelines are an

opportunity for the City of Rio to introduce a new, sustainable development typology that does not add to the existing accessibility, public realm, and environmental challenges present in Barra today. Finally, the design guidelines give individual developers the benefit of potentially higher

returns and profits through the creation of a new product that implements the principles that give the most successful neighborhoods in Rio – Leblon and Ipanema – the highest sales prices per square meter in the city.


^ 3D ILLUSTRATIVE DIAGRAM SHOWING POTENTIAL SITE DEVELOPMENT LOOKING SOUTHWARD

^ LAND USE DIAGRAM SHOWING POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LAND USES AND POSSIBLE BUILDING FOOTPRINTS

> OLYMPIC ARMATURE


THE ARMATURE WILL LEVERAGE THE OLYMPIC INVESTMENTS TO CREATE A MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY AND CULTURALLY VIBRANT COMMUNITY USING A HOLISTIC DESIGN APPROACH THAT INTEGRATES TRANSIT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND WATER INVESTMENTS TO ENHANCE THE PUBLIC REALM.

WELCOME TO ROCINHAA teeming community of an estimated 200,000 inhabitants, Rocinha sits on a picturesque hill wedged in between Rio’s affluent

South Zone (the neighborhoods of Leblon, Ipanema, and Copacabana), and Barra da Tijuca, a large residential area and home to the primary site for the 2016 Olympic games. Around

5,000 local businesses operate in the area, but the majority of residents commute by bus to myriad service jobs located in the South Zone or Barra. 10,000 motorbike taxis traverse the steep hill to connect higher elevation residents to bus stops scattered around the two main entrances to the community. Despite the large amount of daily traffic in Rocinha, there is only one major road. Only 2.23 square meters big, the informal community is extremely dense, with a population density of an estimated 44,800 ppl/km2, significantly larger than the population densities of Rio, 4,781 ppl/km2, New York City, 10, 640 ppl/km2, and Philadelphia, 4.405 ppl/km2.

| OLYMPIC ARMATURE

^ UNDERSTANDING ROCINHA’S DENSITY IN COMPARISON TO U.S. CITIES

^ COMMUNITY STRUCTURE SHOWING TWO MAJOR ACCESS POINTS, ONE ROAD, DOWNWARD WATER FLOW (BLUE ARROWS) AND UPWARD MIGRATION (RED ARROWS)

^ COMMUNITY REAL ESTATE LANDSCAPE SHOWING RANGE OF HOME VALUES BASED ON GEOGRAPHY WITH HIGH PRICES IN PINK AND LOWEST PRICES IN GREEN

RIO POP DENSITY4, 781/KM2

NYC POP DENSITY10,640/KM2

PHILLY POP DENSITY4,405/KM2

ROCINHA POP DENSITY44,800/KM2

AREA

Real Estate PricesR$ 60,000 for One Room

R$ 35,000 for One Room

Below R$ 20,000 for One Room

CAPADOCAPADOTERREIRAOTERREIRAO

VAZ DEPRESSA

VAZ DEPRESSA

SETOR 199SETOR 199VILA VERMELHA

VILA VERMELHA

VILA CRUZADOVILA CRUZADO

VILA LABORIAUXVILA LABORIAUX

RUA 1RUA 1

RUA 2RUA 2

RUA 3RUA 3

PORTAO VERMELHOPORTAO VERMELHO

RUA 4RUA 4

CAMPO DA ESPERANCACAMPO DA ESPERANCA

VILA UNIAOVILA UNIAO

DIONEIADIONEIA

PASTOR ALEMIRPASTOR ALEMIRCACHOPACACHOPA

VILA VERDEVILA VERDECURVA DO “S”CURVA DO “S”

CIDADE NOVACIDADE NOVA

LARGO DO BOIADEIROLARGO DO BOIADEIRO MORRO DA ROUPA SUJAMORRO DA ROUPA SUJA

MACEGAMACEGA

BAIRRO BARCELOSBAIRRO BARCELOS


“Our project aims to leverage the aforementioned Olympic investments to re-weave the natural environment into Rocinha, improve water speed and filtration, and create a vibrant and culturally sensitive development hub around the new stop”.

Traveling further up the mountain into the heart of the favela, the real estate prices become progressively cheaper. Reflecting the lack of infrastructure, landslide risk, and public health concerns, houses are significantly less expensive along the mountain’s periphery. The density and overcrowding of these higher elevation areas lead to increased tuberculosis transmission and stagnant pools of water breed waterborne diseases. Proximate to services, public transportation, and with more extensive infrastructure, properties at the bottom of the

pirating, and unregulated vans zipping up and down the mountain kept all housing prices relatively low. New development around the metro area could alter Rocinha’s social, cultural, and environmental landscape. Our project will be an example of how responsible development can occur without displacing residents outside the community, addressing water and reforestation issues, and reinvigorating the public realm.

Investment in Rocinha has already begun. Via the “PAC,” or “Growth

hill are in much higher demand. This higher demand, though, is displacing residents and forcing them to move to more dangerous locations on the steep slope to stay in the community and remain close enough to their jobs and families. This march towards steeper and more treacherous terrain, or possible complete displacement from the community, will only hasten with the opening of the metro station in December 2014. Lack of government investment in the area, like infrequent trash pickup, rampant electricity

ROCINHA

COMMUNITY WASTE PROGRAM

VILA OLIMPICA DA ROCINHA

COMMUNITY LIBRARYPUBLIC HOUSING PROJECT

Sao Conrado

INVESTMENTS Federal Investments: PAC Program

RE-IMAGINING RIO : INTRODUCTION : BARRA : OLYMPIC ARMATURE : MARACANA : CONCLUSION

ROCINHA

COMMUNITY WASTE PROGRAM

VILA OLIMPICA DA ROCINHA

COMMUNITY LIBRARYPUBLIC HOUSING PROJECT

Sao Conrado

INVESTMENTS Federal Investments: PAC Program

RE-IMAGINING RIO : INTRODUCTION : BARRA : OLYMPIC ARMATURE : MARACANA : CONCLUSION ^ FEDERAL PAC PROGRAM PROJECTS ^ FEDERAL WATER + REFORESTATION PROGRAM

| OLYMPIC ARMATURE

quick transit plaza_complex_transit service_development_open space

transit into Rocinha

quick transit passage_accessibility_development

transit into larger domain

M

M


Building on Transportation Investments in RocinhaVISION FOR ARMATURE

M

M

water basin_collection_development

water basin_collection_local commercial

water infrastructure upgraded on roads_collection_local commercial


Building on Water Investments in RocinhaVISION FOR ARMATURE

VISION FOR ARMATURE


Building on Reforestation Investments in Rocinha

M

M

reforestation_combined with water _natural to city

courtyard green space_water features_green core

transit public space_water features_gathering

< LAYER OF PROPOSED TRANSPORTATIONIMPROVEMENTS

< LAYER OF PROPOSEDWATER INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS

< LAYER OF PROPOSED REFORESTATIONIMPROVEMENTS


M

M

VISION FOR ARMATURE


Design Diagrams

METRO DEVELOPMENT

REFORESTATION + WATER PROJECTS

^ MASTER PLAN FOR OLYMPIC ARMATURE DESIGN PROJECTSMETRO DEVELOPMENT PROJECT


Proposed Transportation System

0 2.5 51.25KM

NRocinha

Copacabana

Centro

Barra

25min

6 min

18min

25 min

50 min

35min

Commuting Time by Bus

Proposed Commuting Time by Metro

< NEW COMMUTING TIMES FOR NEW TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

| OLYMPIC ARMATURE

^ COMMUNITY AMENITIES AND SERVICES197 m

N

M

CHURCH

GARAGE

MARKET

Acceleration Program,” the federal government has invested R$219.3 million in the neighborhood as of September 2011. Specifically, the government has built a sporting complex, a health clinic, a new footbridge designed by renowned Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer, and a

community library. Additionally, the government has redeveloped the area around Rua 4, building a successful new public housing project, integrating new open spaces, and widening the road. Government officials tout the public housing project as a model

for future housing developments in the city. However, in anticipation of the upcoming Olympics, both the state and federal government are initiating new projects in Rocinha. Most significantly, the state government is building a new metro station on the periphery of the community. The station is a part of the new metro line 4 that will link Copacabana to Barra and complete the “Olympic Loop.” When the project is complete, commuting times will be halved for Rocinha residents and the community will become more integrated into the city fabric.

The federal government is also leading reforestation and sanitation projects in

^ EXISTING VAN STOP AT THE BASE OF ROCINHA ^ MOTORBIKES ARE THE MAIN FORM OF TRANSPORTATION WITHIN THE COMMUNITY


1] ACCESSIBILITY2] WATER 3] REFORESTATION PROGRAM4] INFILL DEVELOPMENT

METRO DEVELOPMENT PROJECT


Design Overview + Strategy

> PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

1_METRO STATION ENTRANCE2_MOTORBIKE/VAN STOP3_MIXED-USE BUILDINGS4_COMMERCIAL COMPLEX5_HOUSING6_LOCAL MARKET7_NEW HOUSING

> PUBLIC REALM

1_METRO STATION PLAZA2_BUFFER3_COURTYARD WATER BASIN4_GATHERING PLAZA FOR CHURCH5_GREEN ISLANDS6_BASIN FOR WATER UPGRADE PROGRAM

EXISTING AMENITIES

1_SCHOOL2_GARAGE3_CHURCH4_CIVIC SERVICE5_MOTORBIKE SERVICE CENTER

14.5 m

Metro Plaza

3.5 m

Travel Lane

11m

Circulation Island

3.5 m

Travel Lane

1.8 m

Sidewalk

Comer

^ SECTIONAL VIEW OF OF PROPOSED METRO DEVELOPMENT FROM METRO STATION TO MIXED-USE COMPLEX

| OLYMPIC ARMATURE

the community. As residents move further and further up the hill, trees are cut down and the landslide risk is significantly increased. The government is attempting to replant some of these trees and generate awareness about the destruction of the environment. Moreover, the community

is in discussions with the government to create a barrier between the favela and the forest that could simultaneously act as a recreational and communal space. To mitigate the flooding and stagnant pools of water in Rocinha, the federal government is installing aqueducts along the side of

the mountain and within the existing road structure. Both the state and federal government are using the Olympics as a catalyst for creating a more sustainable and connected city. At the nexus of these efforts,our group dubbed Rocinha and its surrounds the “Olympic Armature.”




Informal Transit Development Model_Transit Station

motor station

^ AT THE PROPOSED STATION, MOTORBIKES AND VANS CAN WAIT SAFELY FOR METRO USERSMETRO DEVELOPMENT PROJECT


Informal Transit Development Model_Transit Plaza

Permeable Pavement

Glass Metro Station

Barricade

Food & Small Retail

Terrace

35m0

N

Bus Stop

MotoTaxi

^ PROPOSED METRO PLAZA

| OLYMPIC ARMATURE

REDUCE WATER SPEED DOWN THE HILL TO THE BEACH

FILTER PARTICULANTS FROM STORMWATER

ABSORB STORMWATER INTO THE GROUND

REUSE OR “UPCYCLE” STORMWATER

A SAFER ROCINHA

REINTEGRATE THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

PLANT TREES IN HIGHER ELEVATIONS

PREVENT EROSION OF SOIL

SLOW STORMWATER

A SAFER ROCINHA

Referencing these threads of deforestation, water infrastructure, and metro development, our project aims to leverage the aforementioned Olympic investments to re-weave the natural environment into Rocinha, improve water speed and filtration, and create a vibrant and culturally sensitive development hub around the new stop. Any residents displaced by the reforestation and water interventions will be relocated to housing units in the new metro development. Our

design will build on the state transportation investments and foster accessibility and safety by rescaling the existing roads, reorganizing the bus, van, and motorbike taxi stops, and creating pedestrian crossings. Building on the water investments, our design aims to slow, collect, and filter stormwater as it travels down the mountain and enters the new development. Green infrastructure, like vegetated swales and water collection basins, will be integrated into the design to improve public

health and animate public spaces. Similarly, our design will build on reforestation efforts to improve the natural environment of the community. The plan will increase tree coverage and further enhance the pedestrian and gathering spaces in the metro development area.

METRO DEVELOPMENTAt the base of Rocinha, the new metro station area is overcrowded, chaotic, and unsafe


^ NEWLY ORGANIZED WATER STREAMS MEETING THE TWO DEVELOPMENT SITES

220 RELOCATED HOUSEHOLDS

^ SEPARATING WATER FLOWS BY HIGHER (DARK GREEN) AND LOWER (LIGHT GREEN) ELEVATIONS.

^ AFTER HIGH ELEVATION REFORESTATION INTERVENTION

for pedestrians. The transportation system is complicated: myriad buses traveling from four different directions stop in the small area, vans and motorbike taxis wait for passengers close to the bus stops, and motorbike taxis zip up and down the hill connecting residents from the bus and van stops to higher elevation residences. Because of the lack of sidewalks and street crossings, pedestrians have to weave dangerously through this maze of transportation. At the same time, the area is also home to popular amenities, including a busy informal market, a church that predates the formation of Rocinha, and a gathering space under the

| OLYMPIC ARMATURE

^ MODEL OF LOWER ELEVATION REFORESTATION + WATER INTERVENTION

new footbridge. Although these amenities keep the community vibrant, with the construction of the metro stop, there is an opportunity to improve these spaces to be more pedestrian friendly and open to Rocinha residents.

According to a Rio state government report, the upcoming metro line 4 will reduce the commuting time between Rocinha and major job centers in Rio. For example, currently, it takes about one hour for Rocinha residents to travel to central Rio by bus. Taking the metro will reduce

travel time to 25 minutes. The metro will reconnect Rocinha to the rest of Rio. To take advantage of this major transportation investment, our group aims to design a safe and pedestrian friendly transportation hub that is integrated with new real estate and public realm development.

Reorganizing the transportation network is the first layer of the design, including rescaling the current roads, reducing traffic lanes, and improving/building new sidewalks. Reimagining vehicular

circulation is the second layer of the design; creating new and discrete bus, van, and motorbike taxi stops will promote a safer flow of traffic and pedestrians. Moreover, these stops will integrate easily with the future metro station. A plaza in front of the main metro station will further enhance the new circulation patters and is the third layer of the proposed design. The plaza will support the estimated large number of passengers traveling in and out of the station. Mitigating any flood risks from excess stormwater,

TREES PLANTED IN OPEN SPACES

VEGETATED SWALE


^ STREET PERSPECTIVES OF PROPOSED STREETSCAPE IMPROVEMENTS

| OLYMPIC ARMATURE

^ SECTIONAL VIEW OF REFORESTATION + WATER PROJECT IN PROPOSED MARKETPLACE



Informal Transit Development Model_Cultural Amenities



Informal Transit Development Model_Courtyard Public Realm

water basin

new development

^ VIEW OF REFORESTATION + WATER PROJECT IN PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL PLAZA


pervious pavement will be used to construct the plaza. To welcome visitors and residents to Rocinha, the roof of the metro station will be glass, providing a spectacular panorama of the mountain and the vibrant community.

Recognizing the spike that the metro station will have on real estate prices, our group proposes to build a mixed-use development project (of 11 buildings) across from the metro station. Two of the buildings will be 12-story residential towers, while all the other buildings will be mid-rise. Half of these buildings will have ground floor retail space. These residential units will be maintained as affordable to ensure that local residents can stay in the community.

All residents displaced from water and reforestation interventions will be housed in these units (see table 1 for the specific development concept). All together, we propose 270 apartment units, of which 220 are relocation units. The average household size in Rocinha is about 3.6 people, so relocation units will

be 2-bedroom and 3-bedroom apartments. Young people seeking a lively community, affordable apartments, and access to public transportation could be the target market for the remaining 50 units. Thus, these units will be studios or 1-bedroom apartments. Retail will be necessary to satisfy residents and commuters needs and to create a cohesive complex.

A successful low-income housing or social housing typology in South America is the lower density 4-story apartment building. The proposed six 4-story buildings surrounding the water celebration courtyard follows this model and can be applicable to other informal transit development as well. The FAR of such a development could be controlled between 1.5 and 2.0, practical for a highly dense area like Rocinha and able to provide considerable open space.

WATER + REFORESTATION PROJECTImagining a greener and safer Rocinha, our group expanded upon the federal sanitation/

water and reforestation efforts. Aqueducts will channel the water down the hill, but it is necessary to reduce stormwater speed down to the beach, filter particulates, absorb excess stormwater, and reuse or “upcycle” stormwater. These water treatment inventions will work in tandem with reforestation efforts to reintegrate the natural environment into the community through planting trees, inserting vegetated swales, and constructing water collection basins.

To determine the suitability of water and reforestation interventions within Rocinha, our team completed a water flow and elevation survey. After determining the major water flow routes and trash-heavy sites, our group calculated the slopes of the paths and sites, dividing the community into higher elevation areas and lower elevation areas. Tree paths, or “fingers,” interventions will be applied to higher elevation water flows. A narrow swath of a residential area (approximately equal to the width of one home) will be cleared to enable the planting

| OLYMPIC ARMATURE

of trees from the forest’s edge down to a natural ending point. Using a small residential section as a model, it was possible to determine how many favela residents this replanting would displace; approximately 220 families would be displaced, allocated for in the metro development housing units. The planted trees would slow and absorb the stormwater coming down from the top of the hill, in addition to strengthening the soil against erosion. All of these benefits will lessen the landslide risk for Rocinha residents.

Lower elevation water flows, located mainly along the major road in Rocinha, will be treated differently in this design. Our group proposes that a series of vegetated swales, strategically placed along dips in elevation where trash often accumulates, be installed throughout the major road. These swales can filter particulates, continue to slow stormwater, and absorb excess

stormwater. Installed only along the side of the road, these swales will not displace any residents and enhance the public environment and streetscape.

Working in concert, the reforestation and water interventions within the Rocinha community will slow, filter, and direct excess stormwater to the two major development points. Once at the development sites, our project proposes that both new trees and excess stormwater activate the open spaces. Specifically, water retention elements, like basins or cisterns, will be included in both the metro development’s residential and marketplace sites. A water celebration piece will be included in the middle of the residential plaza. Trees will be incorporated in this plaza and the marketplace to provide further water absorption before hitting the ocean and providing necessary shade from the hot sun. Together, all of the interventions

in the “Olympic Armature” will sustain the community’s spirit and increase its resilience. Our project aspires to leverage state and federal sanitation/water, reforestation, and transportation Olympic investments to improve the quality of life of Rocinha’s multitude of residents.

In an invitation to Rio’s municipal government, or any other government entity in Brazil or beyond, our group compiled a list of design principles to guide design around new transit investments abutting informal communities (like Rocinha). These principles are divided into three sections: transit and development, water, and reforestation. All together, this project does not aim to be comprehensive and address every issue of the community; rather, it should be viewed and utilized as a demonstration project for leaders to use when major investments are undertaken near an informal and underserved community.


VISION FOR ARMATURE Leveraging Investments for Local Community


VISION FOR ARMATURELeveraging Investments for Local Community

100m

0m

200m

300m

400m

^ DESIGN GUIDELINES AND VISION FOR THE OLYMPIC ARMATURE SITE

> MARACANÃ


THE IMPROVEMENTS TO THE MARACANÃ SITE WILL TRANSFORM CANAL DO MANGUE INTO AN ALLURING AND PRAGMATIC PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE CHANNEL THAT CAN SERVE AS A CATALYST FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT.

INTRODUCTION

The third site is the Maracanã neighborhood, home to the Maracanã stadium, Rio’s official 2014 World Cup stadium and the site of the Opening and Closing ceremonies of the 2016

Olympic Games. Maracanã Stadium, “The Sacred Temple of Football,” is a national icon. Built for the first-ever World Cup in 1950, it was home to a momentous game in which Brazil beat Mexico. It is one of the most beloved landmarks in the country, and

holds a special place in the heart of every Brazilian. The federal government has spent an estimated US $400M renovating the storied arena to meet FIFA design regulations.

The stadium gets its name from the Maracanã River that runs for 7 km (4 miles) from the peak of Tijuca National Park to the mouth of Guanabara Bay. The Maracanã River is part of a larger network of five rivers which spill into Canal do Mangue. The Canal do Mangue hydrographical basin is one of 7 basins, which make up the Rio de Janeiro city watershed.

The rivers’ pathways and appearance of the basin is the result of a canalization process that took place in the

| MARACANÃ

^ CANALIZATION OF GUANABARA BAY 1902-1906

< CANAL DO MANGUE HYDROGRAPHICAL BASIN AND ITS RIVERS: RIO JOANA, RIO MARACANÃ, RIO TRAPICHIEROS, RIO COMPRIDO, RIO PAPA-COUVE

early 1900s when the city was experiencing rapid population growth. Previously, Guanabara Bay was much larger in volume, and the five rivers spilled directly into it. The canalization process rerouted the river bodies, buried

portions of them, and formed a very formal and rigid Canal do Mangue, unto which the rivers spill today.

As shown in two postcards from 1930, Canal do Mangue was a picturesque, captivating

and lush landscape, lined with tall palm trees and one of the most beautiful public spaces in old Rio. Cariocans and tourists alike would take a stroll along the Canal, pause on the pristine footbridges to admire the view and enjoy their surroundings. The construction of Canal do Mangue reinvigorated the city and was considered the most important environmental sanitation project of the early 20th century.


HIGH SPEED RAIL AT LEOPOLDINA STATION, 2060

SAMBODROMO

QUINTA DA BOA VISTA PARK

OLYMPIC MEDIA VILLAGE, 2016

| MARACANÃ

^ POSTCARDS OF CANAL DO MANGUE AVENUE, 1930

Unfortunately, decades of disrepair and neglect have rendered the Canal filthy and contaminated. On the studio’s field visit to Rio in March 2013, we encountered polluted water, overgrown plants,

disintegrating canal walls and empty sidewalks.

No longer in its glory, the canal has also been the source of major flooding in the Maracanã neighborhood for decades.

Due to the canalization, the five rivers and Canal swell every summer during heavy rainstorms, when their walls can no longer contain the large volume of water. As these images suggest, flooding causes serious havoc for Maracanã.

MARACANÃ ASSETS

On the bright side, the neighborhood has received billions of dollars of investment from federal, state, and local governments as well as domestic and international private investors towards cultural, recreational and Olympic venues. Construction investments in the Sambódromo, Olympic Media Village, the Trump Towers and Hotel, and the recent Porto Maravilha redevelopment project are marking Maracanã’s reinvention. Canal do Mangue is also the target for a massive federally funded cleaning and water quality control project. As the spatial link between all of these assets, Canal do Mangue’s potential has been relatively unexplored.


^ HISTORIC AND RECENT FLOODING ON CANAL DO MANGUE

^ CURRENT CONDITIONS ON CANAL DO MANGUE

But, Canal do Mangue has the potential to be, once again, a captivating and integral part of the public realm in Maracana and Rio de Janeiro. It has the ability to swiftly connect residents and tourists with everything that the neighborhood has to offer.

OVERCOMING CHALLENGES

As with the Barra and Olympic Armature sites, the environment, accessibility and public realm remain a big challenge. The area that the canal traverses demonstrates all three of these challenges and major barriers to revitalizing the surrounding neighborhoods. However, each challenge can be overcome using a series of water, open space, pedestrian mobility and development proposals.

PROPOSAL LAYERS

1. WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

The first step in attracting pedestrian traffic and development along the canal is to build a robust

water system, which will serve as the backbone for future infrastructure investments. Upgrading the canal’s flood capacity and outfitting it with sanitation improvements will transform Canal do Mangue

| MARACANÃ

PEDESTRIAN DEVELOPMENT

PEDESTRIAN MOBILITY

OPEN SPACE NETWORK

WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

^ PROPOSAL LAYERS


PEDESTRIAN MOBILITY

from an eyesore to a gateway attraction, adjacent to Porto Maravilha, one of the city’s most important projects.

The Brazilian government has dedicated US $145 M to a reservoir and tunnel excavation project funded by PAC2, which aims to collect and store as much as 200 Olympic pools worth of water during heavy

rainfall. Additionally, up to 1/3 of the water in Rio Joana will be diverted to Guanabara Bay through a system of underground tunnels.

Keeping these projects in mind, we have selected two of the Canal branches for widening. This will allow the increase the water capacity inside of the banks and lessen the threat of water damage to nearby development.

2. OPEN SPACE NETWORK

The water infrastructure will be part of a comprehensive open space network, which will interface with existing green spaces in Maracanã, extending from the stadium to the Sambódromo and Porto Maravilha, all the way north to the São Cristóvão neighborhood.

^ LOCAL ASSETS BY TIME AND DISTANCE

| MARACANÃ

PRACA NITEROI

PRACA DA BANDEIRA

AVE. HEITOR BELTRAO

GRAJAU

PRACA VARNHAGEN

TUNNEL EXCAVA TIONS

ReservoirsBuried riverTunnelWidened canal

GUANABARA BAY

^ GRANDE TIJUCA RESERVOIR AND TUNNEL PROJECT

Aside from the Quinta da Boa Vista Park, Maracanã currently has a shortage of public open spaces. By selecting major thoroughfares like Av. Francisco Bicalho and Av. Presidente Vargas to introduce streetscaping improvements, the connections between green spaces can have the power to strengthen the public realm and provide a visual and spatial link between major neighborhood assets and Metro stations.

3. PEDESTRIAN MOBILITY

Along with cleaning the water systems and building a framework for open space, creating an inviting public realm to bolster pedestrian mobility is key to showcasing Canal do Mangue’s renewed splendor. This involves widening sidewalks to accommodate more activity, installing more traffic lights, calming traffic, improving signage and constructing

pedestrian footbridges along the length of the canal.

Our observations of the canal and analysis of traffic studies allowed us to make informed decisions regarding pedestrian mobility. We observed that there are many physical barriers to accessing the canal while on foot. The car dominates in Rio. What we discovered however is that the city has built more car lanes than it needs at Avee


^ OPEN SPACE MASTER PLAN

New green spaceStreetscaping

Existing green space

Quinta da Boa Vista Parque

Ave Osvaldo Aranha

Ave Francisco Bicalho

Ave Pres. Castelo Branco

Ave Pedro II

Ave

Paul

o de

Fron

tin

Rua Mariz E Barr

os

Ave Pres. Vargas

Rua Sao JanuarioVevd. da Perimetral

Ave M

aracana

Vevd. Prof. Pizarro

N

0 0.25 0.5 1 KM

^ PEDESTRIAN MOBILITY ANALYSIS

178,000 daily cars8 lanes required



New and Renovated bridges

Ave Osvaldo AranhaAve Francisco Bicalho


Ave

Paul

o de

Fron

tin

Rua Mariz E Barr

os

Ave Pres. Vargas

Vevd. da Perimetral

Ave M

aracana N

0 0.25 0.5 1 KM

| MARACANÃ

^ DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNTIES

1 23 4

Ave Osvaldo Aranha

Ave

Fran

cisco

Bica

lho


Campo deSao Cristovao

Vasco da Gama Stadium

Ave M

aracan

a

Ave

Paul

o de

Fron

tin

Ave Pres. Vargas

Ave do

Exerc

ito

Vevd. da Perimetral

N

0 0.25 0.5 1 KM

^ MASTER PLAN AND FOUR INTERVENTION SECTIONS ALONG THE CANAL

1 23 4

Ave Osvaldo Aranha

Ave

Fran

cisco

Bica

lho


Campo deSao Cristovao

Vasco da Gama Stadium

Ave M

aracan

a

Ave

Paul

o de

Fron

tin

Ave Pres. Vargas

Ave do

Exerc

ito

Vevd. da Perimetral

N

0 0.25 0.5 1 KM


Francisco Bicalho, Ave Presidente Vargas and Ave Presidente Castelo Branco. We reduced the number of car lanes at these locations and dedicated space to pedestrians by widening sidewalks. We reduced the number of car lanes at these locations and dedicated space to pedestrians by widening sidewalks.

4. PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT

Finally, introducing these

three interventions paves the way to increase demand to develop over 100 acres of vacant land along the canal using design standards that achieve a high quality of development and promote ground floor vitality.

We also uncovered a plethora of development opportunities for Maracana, all along Canal do Mangue. Over 67 acres of vacant parcels and over 30 acres of soft development sites

home to obsolete structures were identified.

Four sections along the canal were chosen to depict what our design interventions look like on the ground. Each section highlights and tackles a different spatial challenge.

Section 1 : (Canal + Open Space)

This section is the site of major flooding each summer, and represents potential

“... Canal do Mangue’s spatial and spiritual potential has been relatively unexplored. But, Canal do Mangue has the potential to be, once again, a captivating and integral part of the public realm in Maracanã and Rio de Janeiro.”

^ MARACANÃ STADIUM: HOME TO THE OLYMPIC OPENING CEREMONY

| MARACANÃ

> SECTION 1: VISION

POLLUTED AND FLOOD PRONE CANAL LOW-LYING VACANT LAND

> SECTION 1: CURRENT CONDITION


interventions to mitigate flood risk. At the lowest elevation in the city, this site is also very flat and suffers from poor drainage. The existing narrow canal has limited water capacity and easily overflows. As a result, environmental challenges have impeded development in this area.

As illustrated on the next page, we implemented ecological techniques to control the extent of the flooding. First, we widened the canal, and framed it with a terraced channel. Dense plantings slow

down the velocity of the water during serious flooding and allow for greater absorption of the water through the plant and tree roots.

Section 2: (Canal + Public Realm)

The second section is adjacent to Cidade Nova Metro Station, which serves as a major connection between the Rio de Janeiro Metro system’s Line 1 and Line 2. This Station is a significant symbolic connection, as the pedestrian environment seeks

to integrate the century-old Gamboa district, which is currently in widespread disrepair, and the commercial office towers along Av. Presidente Vargas. Though Av. Presidente Vargas presents an opportunity because it is one of the city’s most heavily trafficked avenues, it also poses a physical challenge to revitalizing the neighborhood, since it is so wide. Presidente Vargas is also one of the most unpleasant and unfriendly streets for pedestrians. Crossing the street to access the canal which runs down the middle is nearly impossible and entirely life threatening. As a result the public realm here is virtually nonexistent.

This is what we envision this strip of the canal can look like. Car lanes will be reclaimed for pedestrian-friendly and active sidewalks. Streetlights will be installed to calm car traffic. Pedestrian crossings will be installed at the corner of every block to promote access to the canal.

| MARACANÃ

SIX LANES IN ONE DIRECTION

SEPARATION OF PEDESTRIANS AND CANAL

MULTIPLE LANES OF BUS AND AUTO TRAFFIC


> SECTION 2 PUBLIC REALM: CURRENT CONDITION

> SECTION 2 PUBLIC REALM: VISION

| MARACANÃ

^ NIGHT VISION FOR THE CIDADE NOVA STATION ZONE

Visitors will enjoy activities like kayaking and strolling along the canal. Footbridges will be widened and reconstructed to accommodate outdoor seating. Vendors will gather along the canal. Palm trees will once again line the water and provide shading during the hot summer months. A beautiful and lush green canopy will replace the rigid concrete and metal bridge that currently keeps pedestrians away from the water. A vibrant public realm will once again dominate the Rio streetscape, beckoning residents and visitors alike to

take in the sights at the newly restored Canal do Mangue.

Section 3: (Canal + Accessibility)

The third area chosen for intervention sought to address the challenge of accessibility along the canal. This area is within close proximity to the Sao Cristovao metro station, Maracana stadium, the historic Quinta Boa Vista Park, new proposed development, and the Sao Cristovao and Maracana neighborhoods to the north and south. Unfortunately, theses assets are bisected by the Avenue Presidente Castelo

Branco, a major thoroughfare through the city, and Supervia and Metro rail lines. As a result, pedestrian access between the neighborhoods is extremely limited.

But the proximity of the surrounding assets coupled with the canal that runs between them can be capitalized upon to drastically improve accessibility and mobility throughout the area. This location presents an opportunity to construct a pedestrian and bicycle connection that will link the neighborhoods along the


> SECTION 3: VISION


POOR PEDESTRIAN CONDITIONS

RAIL LINE BARRIERS WIDE AVENUES

| MARACANÃ

> SECTION 4: VISION


HISTORIC LEOPOLDINA STATION CANAL BOUNDED BY AUTO TRAFFIC


^ DESIGN GUIDELINES

12 StoriesNorth side faces sunlight

10 Stories

North

30 ft (9.2 m) sidewalk

15 ft (5 m) setback

RETAIL

OFFICE

canal creating a north-south path of movement across the existing barriers. The bridge could be anchored by the Sao Cristovao Metro Station and provide direct access to the proposed development and Sao Cristovao neighborhood to the north and the Maracana neighborhood and stadium to the south.

Also, with lane reconfiguration along Avenue Presidente Castelo Branco, new land for development and open space can be created. This new place can serve residents of both neighborhoods, fans before

and after sporting events, and tourists visiting the area. With this connection, users of the canal would have access to a continuous network of pedestrian and bicycles ways from the sacred football stadium up to the new Porto Maravilha waterfront, and down to center of Carnaval celebrations at the Sambodromo.

Section 4: (Canal + Accessibility +Open Space + Development)

The fourth section is adjacent to the anticipated High Speed

Rail Development at the historic Leopoldina Station and adjacent to the new VLT (Light Speed Rail) line being planned for the Olympic Games. This is also the widest section of the canal, spanning about twenty meters. Avenue Francisco Bicalho, which hugs the canal, can accommodate more pedestrian activity with a reduction in car travel lanes. Plenty of development opportunities exist around this location. All the elements allowed us to couple the environmental, public realm and accessibility challenges of the site with its extraordinary development potential.

And, this is how we re-imagined the site. Canal do Mangue emerges as a prime pedestrian destination and the street is no longer dominated by vehicular traffic. To highlight some of the interventions, the canal walk was widened to accommodate more recreational activities. The elevated bridge that served to move pedestrians from one side of the road to the other is no longer necessary as Canal do Mangue becomes the principal public realm armature. Access between the Leopoldina High Speed Rail terminal and the proposed VLT stop becomes easy and natural. Innovative

shading methods are used to serve all kinds of users, from train commuters to tourists.

A future Transit Oriented Development node, this section is lined with mixed-use high rise development housing ground floor retail uses and upper floor commercial uses such as office space for the Rio Dept of Transportation or HSR service agency. A series of design guidelines, such as building heights, setbacks, sidewalk widths, access to sunlight and air, will ensure that only buildings of the highest design quality are built.

IMAGINING FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

We view the transformation of Canal do Mangue as a public initiative whose cost will be supplemented by the private sector. CEPACs (Certificates of Additional Construction Potential) could be a viable option for financing canal improvements, public space planning and bridge construction, using revenue generated from private developers. Sold and traded in the private market, CEPACs give developers the right to construct additional floors on their properties in exchange for a fee. Currently

CIRCULATION PATHS

BLOCK CONFIGURATION

CONSTRUCTION LATTICE

BUILDING FORMS^ DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS

used as a mechanism to fund public initiatives in the Porto Maravilha area, the CEPAC is similar to the municipal bond model used in the United States. Currently, 1 CEPAC unit costs around R$400 ($200 US) and buys 0.5 m2 of floor space. For example, if a developer wanted to build 1 extra floor on their property (1,575 m2 additional), they would need to purchase 3,150 Certificate units at a cost of R$1,260,000.

This financial instrument can be available to development parcels throughout the

area. For example, in Sector “O” roughly 720,000 additional square meters of buildable space could be sold to developers, through 1,000,000 Certificate Units and raise as much as R$394 M. This innovative model for public-private partnerships can be replicated throughout the city, and can demonstrate municipal capacity to guide development and mitigate land speculation.

Exterior and interior circulation pathways, block shape and size, building program, in addition to

courtyards and light wells, will shape built form. 25% - 30% of buildable space is set side for open space uses. Future development will integrate well with the City ’s existing FAR regulations, which limit the tallest and most intensive construction to Guanabara Bay ’s waterfront. FAR designations, which range from 12 to 4, decrease as a building’s proximity to Canal do Mange decreases. This system gives developers the maximum incentive to build close to the canal, thereby capturing the most

^ CEPAC MECHANISM

Costs R$ 400Buys 1/2 sq.m

that requires 3,150 CEPAC units

If 1 Floor = 1,575 m

and costs R$ 1,260,000

1 CEPAC Unit

value from CEPAC funds and funneling it back to open space and pedestrian initiatives.

SUMMARY

By using Canal do Mangue as a catalyst for regeneration in Maracana and the surrounding community, this project responds to the municipal

government’s need to balance public and private development goals. Restoring the Canal to its original glory will require a coordinated effort from city, state and municipal agencies for water remediation projects, streetscaping improvements and implementing the CEPAC initiative, which is vital to realizing the area’s full potential. Creating a visually

distinct district with Canal do Mangue at its centerpiece will highlight the neighborhood’s primary Olympic investments and connect the area’s cultural and recreational attractions through a landmark public space armature. Responding to the Rio 2016 vision for revitalization in the Maracana neighborhood, our project will serve as a cornerstone for

^ MAP SHOWING FAR GUIDELINES

FAR Designation1210864

N

0 0.25 0.5 1 KM

Sector C

Sector D

Sector M

Sector ESector O

Sector P

Air Rights 1,180,105 sq.mCEPACs 1,888,168Raised R$ 755 M

Air Rights 721,765 sq.mCEPACs 992,104Raised R$ 397 M

Air Right 817,708 sq.m CEPACs 1,123,983Raised R$ 450 M

Air Rights 648,308 sq.mCEPACs 1,080,514Raised R$ 432 M

Air Rights 809,485 sq.mCEPACs 1,271,535Raised R$ 509 M

N

0 0.25 0.5 1 KM

^ CEPAC LEVERAGE

neighborhood reinvestment, building off of existing projects like the Media Village and Porto Maravilha and reaching into the surrounding community. With a strong vision for the future, Maracana can leverage these investments into equitable development in the environment and public realm.

> CONCLUSION


For Rio, the Olympics are an optimal opportunity to secure political and financial commitment from all levels of government to deliver comprehensive development and infrastructure projects across the city. The legacy of the Rio Olympics should go beyond physical improvements to build a new policy paradigm that encourages collaboration and cooperation among federal, state, and city governments, private sector firms, and non-profit organizations to guide Rio’s future development.

One of the biggest policy challenges for implementing

OUR PROPOSED PHYSICAL IMPROVEMENTS IN BARRA, THE OLYMPIC ARMATURE AND MARCANA SHOULD BE SUPPLEMENTED WITH IMPROVED GOVERNMENT COORDINATION IN ORDER TO GUARANTEE SUCCESS AND PROVIDE A LONG-LASTING OLYMPIC LEGACY.

this Olympic legacy is the coordination of three levels of government. Although federal, state, and city government all have great interest and passion in leveraging Olympic investments to advance Rio’s future development, any coordination and collaboration on a projects still limited. Rio’s Olympic bid and preparation has demonstrated the importance to unify and coordinate government entities: “Rio’s Candidature has enjoyed the continuing support of the three levels of Government since its inception, confirmed by the active leadership role by Government in the development of Rio’s Games proposition

and full endorsement of this Candidature, and provision of 100% of all required guarantees by the relevant level of Government.” The political support and financial backing of the federal and state government was one of the motivating reasons behind Rio wining the bid.

We believe that the political collaboration established during the Olympic bidding and initial preparation stages should be maintained and strengthened during the implementation phase of Olympic legacy projects. The first step might be dividing responsibilities

amongst each level of government, while later steps might include the delegation of certain staff members at each level of government to act as inter-government liaisons and the creation of an oversight committee. To implement our proposed interventions for Barra, the Olympic Armature, and Maracanã, it is necessary for the federal, state, and local governments to cooperate.

Cooperation between the public, private, and non-profit sectors is also crucial to support Rio’s post-Olympic legacy projects. As discussed in the Maracanã site, financial resources from the private sector could supplement public initiatives through programs such as CEPACs. Federal programs like “Minha Casa Minha Vida” can be more sustainable and extensive through developing partnerships with private equity.

All of the proposed Olympic legacy projects will need to win financial support from the private sector and social support from non-profits to succeed. Creating a more transparent and cooperative government machine could be one of the most important Olympic legacies for Rio de Janeiro.

The proposals described in this book represent three compelling ways Rio can build a legacy beyond 2016 to both attract global attention and enhance the city conditions for Cariocans. In Barra, Rio’s primary Olympic site, a comprehensive set of design standards establishes a new development typology that creates an accessible, environmentally friendly, and pedestrian-centric community. The Olympic Armature builds on the strengths of Rocinha’s vibrant community to create a network of water and tree

infrastructure linked to a new metro development. Finally, in Maracanã, the iconic Maracanã Stadium is linked to Canal do Mangue to socially and ecologically impact one of the city’s most investment-rich areas.

For 2016 and beyond, it is this studio’s hope that Rio follows in the footsteps of successful Olympic host cities like Seoul, Vancouver, and London. As with all Olympic host cities, the world awaits how Rio will leverage multi-billion dollar investments to benefit local residents in the years following the Games. With a dedication to long-term planning and strategic coordination between the public and private sectors, Rio can effectively utilize the Olympics not only as a worldwide “coming out party” but as a mechanism to improve environmental and public realm conditions.

PAGE 112 | CONCLUSION

>> MATRIX IDENTIFYING WHICH GOVERNMENT SECTORS ARE

RESPONSIBLE FOR AND CAN ASSIST WITH THE DESIGN AND POLICY OBJECTIVES PROPOSED IN THIS

REPORT

> APPENDIXSOURCES

Context:Rohter, Larry. “Brazil on the Rise: The Story of a Country Transformed.”Palgrave Macmillan, 2012

Barra da Tijuca:aecom.com - “Winning Vision for the Rio 2016 Olympics.”riotimesonline.com - The Rio Times

Olympic Armature:rioonwatch.org - Community Reporting on Riorj.br.gov - Portal do Governo do Estado do Rio de Janeirorio2016.com - Rio 2016 Official Canditure Document infosurhay.com - “Rocinha: Out With the Drugs, In With the Books”IBGE - Censo 2010

PAGE 114 | APPENDIX


IMAGE + PHOTO CREDITS

Context:Centro: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3653/3362346217_d9c29e2eaf.jpgMarcana Stadium: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Maracanã_Stadium_in_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpgIOC Committee: http://www.zimbio.com/photos/Carlos+Nuzman/Jacques+Rogge

Challenges:Full-page image: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1k50pFZdqZw/ThKO10EkrUI/AAAAAAAADy0/_PIJAhDtYPQ/s1600/101_0166.JPGMetro: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Metro-rio-de-janeiro.jpg

Barra da Tijuca:Aerial: http://www.rio2016.org/sites/default/files/81-barra_da_tijuca_-_aerial_view.jpgCosta Plan: http://www.revistadehistoria.com.br/uploads/docs/images/images/Barra%2001.jpegOlympic Site: http://www.land8.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/rio_2016_olympic-park_site.jpgAECOM rendering: http://designapplause.com/wp-content/xG58hlz9/2012/08/2016olympic-park1.pngAECOM plans: http://www.aecom.com/News/Sports/Winning+Vision+for+the+Rio+2016+Olympics

Olympic Armature:Full-page image: http://yyinbrazil.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/20121201-231453.jpg

Maracanã: Maracana Stadium: 2016 Olympic Games - http://imageshack.us/a/img694/5722/estadiomaracanafifabarr.jpg

Canal do Mangue Avenue upper - Flickr: http://www.flickr.com/photos/rioantigamente/3570376864/in/photostream

Canal do Mangue Avenue lower - Revista De Historia Do Brazil: http://www.revistadehistoria.com.br/secao/artigos-revista/do-pantano-ao-asfalto

Flooding related to Canal do Mangue 1966 & 2010 captured from: Controle de Enchentes - Bacia do Canal do Mangue - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPP6iV_WNws

Conclusion:Full-page image: http://img.timeinc.net/time/daily/2009/0910/360_brazil_olympics_1002.jpg

reimagining rio: planning for development after the 2016 games

Documents

reimagining rio page

studio overview page

olympic armaturemaracan

olympics investments

olympic case studies

positive postolympic

ongoing development

host cities strategies