regional/national sediment yields: application of fundamental fluvial geomorphic techniques for...
TRANSCRIPT
Regional/National Sediment Yields: Application of Fundamental Fluvial
Geomorphic Techniques for TMDLs
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Andrew Simon
USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory
Impairment to Designated Uses by “Clean Sediment”
•Suspended SedimentHigh concentrations over specified durations
Potentially lethal/sub-lethal to organisms•Bed-material
High rates of bed-material transport over specified durations (unstable bed)
Loss of habitat for benthic macro-inverterbratesDeposition of fines
Ditto
How does “clean” sediment impair waterbodies??
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Some Definitions• Shear stress: Force applied by flowing water on the surface of the stream bed (function of flow depth and slope)
•Transport Capacity: Maximum amount of sand-sized and larger sediment a stream can carry at a given discharge or shear stress
•Sediment Availability/Supply: Amount of sediment supplied from all upstream sources
• Sediment Load: Mass or volume of sediment transported per unit of time
•Sediment Yield: Mass or volume of sediment transported per unit of time and drainage area.
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Fundamental Mechanism
QS Qsd50Q = water discharge
S = bed or energy slope
Qs = bed-material discharge
d50= median particle size of bed material
Streams are open systems with an ability to adjust
National Sedimentation Laboratory
A Rapid Means of Evaluating Thousands of Streams is Needed
National Sedimentation Laboratory
We don’t have the time or the money to perform detailed analyses at every site that needs to be evaluated and that may require a TMDL
Still, a scientifically defensible procedure is required
The very popular Rosgen Classification offers one such means of rapidly classifying streams
• easy to understand
• novices can perform
• excellent communication tool about channel form
Process, Process, Process
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Use Form to Tell Us About Process
Channel Evolution Models Use Form to Infer Process
• Schumm et al., 1984
• Simon and the Hupp, 1986; Simon, 1989
Stages of Channel Evolution(just another empirical model)
National Sedimentation Laboratory
References
•Stage I
•Stage VI
Stage and Fish-Community Structure
Clean Sediment TMDLs:Geomorphic Link
• Develop methodology to evaluate “reference” and disturbed conditions
• Disturbed channels transport greater volumes of sediment for a given discharge
• Rates of bed material and suspended-sediment transport vary by stage of channel evolution
Level III Ecoregions and Available Data
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National Sedimentation Laboratory
Field Work Locations (as of April 2010)
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Effective and Bankfull DischargeEffective discharge is that discharge or range of discharges that transports the largest portion of the annual sediment load over the long term (Leopold and Wolman, 1960; Wolman and Miller, 1960; Andrews, 1980).
Generally accepted to be the bankfull discharge.
Annual-maximum series (1.5 years) or Partial-duration series (1.0 years)??
Simon et al., 2004 verified this for numerous ecoregions
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Definition Sketch of Effective Discharge
National Sedimentation Laboratory
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND0.1 1 10 100S
US
PE
ND
ED
-SE
DIM
EN
T L
OA
D, I
N T
ON
NE
S/D
AY
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
James Wolf Creek near Looxahoma, MS07277548
Q1.5
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Two-Stage Suspended-Sediment Ratings
26,000 T/D
110,000 T/D
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
0.1 1 10 100 1000SU
SP
EN
DE
D-S
ED
IME
NT
LO
AD
, IN
TO
NN
ES
/DA
Y
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Little Patuxent River at Savage, MD01594000
Q1.5
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Three-Stage Suspended-Sediment Ratings
4,900 T/D
12,000 T/D
Nationwide Median Q1.5 Concentrations
LEVEL III ECOREGION
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
SED
IME
NT
CO
NC
EN
TR
AT
ION
AT
Q1.
5, I
N m
g/l
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Moj
ave
Bas
in a
nd R
ange
AZ
-NM
Pla
teau
Chi
huah
uan
Des
erts
Southwest Tablelands
Cen
tral
Gre
at P
lain
s
Neb
rask
a Sa
nd H
ills
Miss
issip
pi V
alle
y L
oess
Pla
ins
Insu
ffic
ient
Dat
a
Insu
ffic
ient
Dat
a
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Nationwide Median Q1.5 Yields
LEVEL III ECOREGION0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
SEDIM
ENT YIE
LD AT Q
1.5, IN T/D/km
2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
LEVEL III ECOREGION
Flint H
ills
Miss
issippi Valley Lo
ess P
lains
Insufficient D
ata
Coast Ran
ge
Northern Piedmon
t
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Highest in continental United States
AZ
/NM
Pla
teau
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Q1.5 Sediment Yields: Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands
SE
DIM
EN
T Y
IEL
D A
T Q 1.
5, I
N T
/D/K
M2
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000Minimum1st quartileMedian3rd quartileMaximumBig Island sites
Q1Q2 Q3
Q1Q2 Q3
Q1Q2 Q3
Q2
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Median Suspended-Sediment Concentrations
42
63
6469
68
23
16
84
10
23
58
4
84
23
1
23
17
51
62
58
17
32
84
57
23
17
57
63
38
41
62
76
2
49
58
36
37
28
77
50
3
53
61
64
6059
8
66
48
32
79
6
33
82
19
74
52
7812
31
40
44
30
40
69
16
34
11
56
1015
51
23
55 70
83
4
58
7
72
54
29
1
39
25
5
9
81
67
18
20
71
73
14
75
21
17
46
80
50
35
6
26
45
24
42
25
22
47
27
13
65
43
14
74
43
65
13
27
47
22
25
42
24
45
26
6
35
50
80
46
17
21
75
14
73
71
20
18
67
81
9
5
25
39
1
29
54
72
7
58
4
83
7055
23
51
1510
56
11
34
16
69
40
30
44
40
31
1278
52
19
82
33
6
79
32
48
66
8
5960
64
61
53
3
50
77
28
37
36
58
49
2
76
62
41
38
63
57
17
23
57
84
32
17
58
62
51
17
23
1
23
84
4
58
23
23
44
10
84
16
23
68
69 64
63
42
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Median Suspended-Sediment Yields
EPA Region VIII
Suspended-Sediment Transport
An Example: Ecoregion 17
MIDDLE ROCKIES ECOREGION 17
SUSP
EN
DE
D S
ED
IME
NT
YIE
LD
AT
Q1.
5,
IN T
/d/k
m2
0.01
0.1
1
10
Median Sediment Yield at the Q1.5 is 0.172 T/d/km2
10th
Percentile25th
Percentile50th
Percentile75th
Percentile90th
Percentile
Stages of Channel Evolution(to identify processes)
National Sedimentation Laboratory
References
•Stage I
•Stage VI
“Reference” Yields
MIDDLE ROCKIES ECOREGION 17
SUSP
EN
DE
D S
ED
IME
NT
YIE
LD
AT
Q1.
5,
IN T
/d/k
m2
0.01
0.1
1
10
UnstableStable
Median sedimentyield at Q1.5
of stable sitesis 0.116 T/d/km2
10th
Percentile25th
Percentile50th
Percentile75th
Percentile90th
Percentile
Mean Annual Yields
MIDDLE ROCKIES ECOREGION 17
ME
AN
AN
NU
AL
SU
SPE
ND
ED
SED
IME
NT
YIE
LD
, IN
T/y
/km
2
1
10
100
Median suspended sediment yieldis 6.81T/y/km2
10th
Percentile25th
Percentile50th
Percentile75th
Percentile90th
Percentile
Mean-Annual Reference
MIDDLE ROCKIES ECOREGION 17
ME
AN
AN
NU
AL
SU
SP
EN
DE
DS
ED
IME
NT
YIE
LD
, IN
T/y
/km
2
1
10
100
UnstableStable
Median annualsediment yieldof stable sites
is 5.07 T/y/km2
10th
Percentile25th
Percentile50th
Percentile75th
Percentile90th
Percentile
Refined “Reference” by Bed-Material Size Class
Gravel-bed streams
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Minimum1st QuartileMedian3rd QuartileMaximumStable
Sand-bed streams
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.42 T/D/km2
0.27 T/D/km2
Fine-bed streams
0.1
1
10
3.23 T/D/km2
SU
SP
EN
DE
D-S
ED
IME
NT
YIE
LD
AT
Q1.
5 IN
T/D
/km
2
SOUTHEASTERN PLAINS
Ecoregion 65
Comparing Reference to Actual Yields
1
10
100
1000
WATERSHED/ECOREGION
ME
AN
AN
NU
AL
SU
SP
EN
DE
D-S
ED
IME
NT
YIE
LD
, IN
(T
/y/k
m2 )
MS/74GA/65NY/58 OK/27
I 10-90 Percentile range
I 25-75 Percentile range
Median
● Actual watershed yield
How much reduction is required?
Ecoregion No.
Ecoregion Name States Included Preliminary “Reference” Transport
Rate in T/D/km2 1 Coast Range CA, OR, WA 30.5
15 Northern Rockies ID, MT, WA 0.05 22 Arizona/New Mexico
Plateau AZ, CO, NM 2.24
28 Flint Hills KS, OK 5.79 40 Central Irregular Plains KS, IA, MO, OK 2.07 54 Central Cornbelt Plains IL, IN 0.34 63 Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain DE, MD, NC, SC, VA 0.03 65 Southeastern Plains AL, GA, MD, MS, NC,
SC, TN, VA 0.41
72 Interior River Lowland KY, IA, IL, IN, MO 0.19 74 Mississippi Valley Loess
Plains KY, MS, TN 37.1
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Preliminary Reference Yields
Frequency of Given ConcentrationsWhat are thresholds for aquatic health?
Goodwin Creek, Mississippi
SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION (mg/l)
1 10 100 1000 10000FR
AC
TIO
N O
F T
IME
EQ
UA
LL
ED
OR
EX
CE
ED
ED
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
About 1% of the time
About 7% of the time
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Durations of Given ConcentrationsWhat are thresholds for aquatic health?
Goodwin Creek, Mississippi
SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION (mg/l)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
EX
PE
CT
ED
AN
NU
AL
DU
RA
TIO
N, (
MIN
.)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Duration of High Concentrations and Benthic Populations
y = 96585x-0.6445
R2 = 0.6406
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Frequency of Bed-Material Movement
National Sedimentation Laboratory
More unstable site (degraded)
Goodwin Creek, Mississippi
RELATIVE SHEAR STRESS (0 /c)
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
FR
AC
TIO
N O
F T
IME
EQ
UA
LL
ED
OR
EX
CE
ED
ED
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
About 1% of the time
02436500Town Creek near Nettleton, MS
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
10 100 1000 10000
CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
OF
TIM
E
EQ
UA
LL
ED
OR
EX
CE
ED
ED
02436500Town Creek near Nettleton, MS
1
10
100
1000
10 100 1000 10000
CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
AV
ER
AG
E N
UM
BE
R O
F C
ON
SE
CU
TIV
ED
AY
S E
QU
AL
LE
D O
R E
XC
EE
DE
D
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Frequency and Duration Metrics
Frequency
Duration
Metrics for Stable and Unstable Sites
BLUE RIDGEEcoregion 66
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1 10 100 1000 10000
CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
PER
CE
NTA
GE
OF
TIM
E
EQ
UA
LL
ED
OR
EX
CE
ED
ED
Stable SitesUnstable Sites
BLUE RIDGEEcoregion 66
1
10
100
1000
1 10 100 1000 10000
CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
AVE
RA
GE
NU
MB
ER
OF
CO
NSE
CU
TIV
E D
AYS
EQ
UA
LL
ED
OR
EX
CE
ED
ED
Stable SitesUnstable Sites
INTERIOR PLATEAUEcoregion 71
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
PER
CE
NTA
GE
OF
TIM
E
EQ
UA
LL
ED
OR
EX
CE
ED
ED
Stable sitesUnstable sites
INTERIOR PLATEAUEcoregion 71
1
10
100
1000
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0
CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
AVE
RA
GE
NU
MB
ER
OF
CO
NSE
CU
TIV
E D
AYS
E
QU
AL
LE
D O
R E
XC
EE
DE
D
Stable sitesUnstable sites
Frequency Duration
“Reference” Frequency of Exceedance (%)
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1 10 100 1000
CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
OF
TIM
E
CO
NC
EN
TR
AT
ION
IS
EQ
UA
LE
D O
R
EX
CE
ED
ED
Ecoregion 45Ecoregion 63Ecoregion 65Ecoregion 66Ecoregion 67Ecoregion 68Ecoregion 71Ecoregion 73Ecoregion 74Ecoregion 75
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Highly erodable and disturbed loess area
Lowland coastal areas
Plains
Mtns.
“Reference” Frequency of Exceedance (Days)
1
10
100
1000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS PER YEAR
CO
NC
EN
TR
AT
ION
,IN
MIL
LIG
RA
MS
PE
R L
ITE
R
Ecoregion 45 Ecoregion 63Ecoregion 65 Ecoregion 66Ecoregion 67 Ecoregion 68Ecoregion 71 Ecoregion 73Ecoregion 74 Ecoregion 75
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Highly erodable and disturbed loess area
Lowland coastal areas
“Reference” Durations
1
10
100
1000
1 10 100 1000CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
AV
ER
AG
E N
UM
BE
R O
F
CO
NS
EC
UT
IVE
DA
YS
C
ON
CE
NT
RA
TIO
N I
S E
QU
AL
ED
OR
E
XC
EE
DE
DEcoregion 45Ecoregion 63Ecoregion 65Ecoregion 66Ecoregion 67Ecoregion 68Ecoregion 71Ecoregion 73Ecoregion 74Ecoregion 75
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Highly erodible and disturbed loess area
Lowland coastal areas
Developing a “Reference” Bed-Material Compositionfor the Ridge and Valley and Shades Creek
• A reference bed-material composition is based on a measure of embeddedness;
• The percentage of materials finer than 2 mm (sand, silt and clay) in gravel or gravel/cobble-dominated streambeds;• Applies to 53 of the sites evaluated along Shades Creek and 34
sites in the Ridge and Valley.
DOMINANT BED-MATERIAL SIZE CLASS
Silt/Clay Sand Gravel/Cobble/Boulder Bedrock
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y O
F O
CC
UR
RE
NC
E
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Developing a “Reference” Bed-Material Composition
RIDGE AND VALLEY
PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
OF
BE
D M
AT
ER
IAL
FIN
ER
TH
AN
2 M
ILL
IME
TE
RS
0.1
1
10
100Minimum1st QuartileMedian3rd QuartileMaximumStableGeneral reference
4.0 %
SHADES CREEK
PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
OF
BE
D M
AT
ER
IAL
FIN
ER
TH
AN
2 M
ILL
IME
TE
RS
1
10
100Minimum1st QuartileMedian3rd QuartileMaximumStableShades Creek reference
4.0%
Ridge and Valley Shades Creek
• Median for both the Ridge and Valley and Shades is 4%
• Consider the 75th percentile
Comparison of Embeddedness Values for the Ridge and Valley and Shades Creek
Location 1st Quartile Median 3rd Quartile Inter-quartile range Stable/reference sites
Ridge and Valley 1.8 4.0 16.6 14.8 Shades Creek 0 4.0 13.4 13.4
Unstable sites Ridge and Valley 6.2 14.1 22.9 16.4
Shades Creek 8.6 12.4 23.0 14.4
"
#
#
##
## #
#
#
#
Reach 1
Reach 2
Reach 3Reach 4
Reach 5
09356565
Farmington
Kirtland
Aztec
Bloomfield
Flora Vista
09363500
09364010
09364500
09365000
0935650009357000
09357100
09355500
09367540
0 30
kilometers
Study sites
# USGS gages
San Juan River
Animas River
Aztec RuinsNational MonumentRain Gage
Application to San Juan River Basin
Farmington
Kirtland
Aztec
Bloomfield
Flora Vista
Stage of channel evolution
III
IV
V
VI
San Juan River 0 20kilometers
Estes Arroyo
Gobernador Canyon
Reach 1
Reach 2
Reach 3
Reach 5
Reach 4
Colorado
New Mexico
Gallegos Canyon
Kutz Canyon
Armenta Canyon
Cañon Largo
Horse CanyonLa Plata River
Animas River
Pump Canyon
Stage of Channel Evolution
Ecoregion 22 Bed-Material Reference
Inter-quartile range: 0 – 20%
National Sedimentation Laboratory
San Juan River Basin Reference
Inter-quartile range: 12 – 30%
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Animas River
National Sedimentation Laboratory
Bed-Material Conditions for Study Reaches
National Sedimentation Laboratory