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SUBJECT INDEX

Absconding 13-14,40,58, 100, 107-108, 112-114,130-133,143-144,148-161,168,189-190,205,209-211, 215-216,228,230,254-255,269, 293

causes 149-152 nomadic 133 ~~ 133, 152-153 queen 142, 152 queenless colonies 153,176

Afterswann, see Swarms Aggressiveness 92-93,123,131,227-229

absconding 228,230 biphasic 228 daily rhythm 229 expert opinion 228 foraging 228-229 heritability 228 models 227 populous colonies 227 predictability 227 recruitment 231-232 seasonality 228-230 swarming 230 variables 227-229

Alleles 80,85-86,88-90,96,122-123,246-247

frequency 88-89,104,123,129,246-247 Allozymes 40,60,79-81, 115, 123,247

frequency distributions 80-81,104,115, 247

variation 60,79-81,246-247 Altitude 2,11,38,54,60-61,108,114-115,

134,295 Amalgamation 141,158-160,171,284 Amphibians 208, 223

Analysis of variance, see Statistics Ants 149,210-211,224 Archipelago 60, 115 Asilidae 211-212

Back-crossing 93,95,103 Balling, see Queens Bee-eaters 148, 164,206-207,223 Bee pirates 211,224 Bee plants 6-9, 12-13,15-17,20-34,133,

256-259,265,270,273, flowering 17, 270-296 relationships 282-283, 297

Bee-rubbing, see Behaviour Bee space 195-196 Beeswax, see Wax Beetles, see individual entries Bee wolves 149,211,224 Bee-year 198 Behaviour

aggressive, see Aggressiveness bee-rubbing 207 clustering 201,269 comb building, see Comb defensive 39,231 fighting 171 foraging 13, 255-266 guarding 231-233 guiding 207-208 hoarding 93,95 learning 94 recruitment 231-232,238 retinue 220 robbing, see Robbing stinging 210 trophallactic 93

354 Subject Index

Benzyl acetate 235-238 Benzyl alcohol 232, 236--238 Biogeographic correlates 55 Bio~ 6--11,14,17,20-34,111-112 Birds 206--208,223

bee-eaters 148,167,206--207,223 drongos 206--207 honey guides 206--208, 223 swifts 206--207

Body size 38, 50 Bottlenecks 108 Braum 212,224-225 Brood 38,298

cycles 13-14,16,101,270-293 odour 255 rearing 13,17,93-94,101,134,140,144,

157,183,269-298 sealed 184,286 uncapped 184,255

Broodlessness, see Colonies Broodrightness, see Colonies

Calliphoridae 212-213 Carbon dioxide 246, 248 Cells 193

capping 243-244

dislocations 193 drone 196--197 queen, see Queen cells regularity 195-196 shapes 194-195 size 38,194-196 worker 196--197

Classification 43,45,48-49,52,64-69 Cleptoparasites 214 Cleridae 208-209 Climate 1-3,6,9,11-14,18, 107-108, 133-

134,161,198,229,233,269,276--277

Climatic zones 1,6, 11-14, 18, 107-108, 133-134,161,198,229,233,269,

276--277 afromontane 11,15 desert 1-2,13,15,269,286

dry tropical 1,9, 13, 15,57,58, Ill, 114, 129,276--286,298

equatorial 1,7-9,20-34,57, Ill, 114, 270-273

karoo 10-11,15,20-34,57,124-126 mediterranean 1-2, 11-12, 15,20-34,

124-126,291-294,298 sahelian 1-2,9-11,13,15,20-34,57,

111,124-126,285-291,298 wet tropical 7-9, 15,20-34,57-58, Ill,

114,273-276,298 Clines 38,103, 115, 127,248 Clones 93 Clustering, see Behaviour Coalescence, see amalgamation Coefficient of genetic determination 38 Cold resistance 94 Colonies

birth rates 99-101 broodless 149,177-181,286 broodright 149, 157, 159, 177 build-up 139,173,230,269-271,276,

292,295 death rates 99-102 defense 227-241 dwarf 158 laying worker 176--178 multiple queen 140-142 queenless 148,152-153,176--183,216 seasonal loss 172 temperament 123 turnover 167-168

Colony cycles 14-15,91,99, WI, 147, 161, 198,216,269-298

biphasic 270,282-284,286,291,295-296

monophasic 283-286,291,295 seasonal 143-146,198,269,273,276,

284-286,290,295-297 Colour 253

discrimination 253 learning 253

Comb allignment 192-196

area 186 broodless 196--198 building 93,95,99,101,133,158,193-

200,273 combless 198 defects 193-196 hexagons 194 hybrid 93, 191 mandibular gland, see Glands parallelism 192-195 patterns 192-196 pheromones 1~191 queenless 190, 196--198 queenright 190 queens 190-191 register 193-196 repairs 192-193 seasonal differences 191 spacing 193-197 subspecific differences 191 thermal properties 200--203

Confidence ellipses, see Statistics Conflicts

intraspecific 216--222 interspecific 205-215

Conopidae 213 Corbiculae 266 Cross-breeding 92-93, 95-96, 108 Crosses 90-93,95-96,170,218

reciprocal 222 Crossing-over ~91 Cuticle 39,243-244

Dances dialects 252-254 language 252-253 subspecific 252-253 vibratory 171 waggle 252-253

Daylength 6,269,295 Death's head moth 214-215,225 Dearth 101,107,152,157,161,216,219,

229-230,257,269,273,277,282, 286,290

Subject Index 355

Defensiveness 216,227-241 recruitment 231-233 response 228, 233 retreat 207, 210

Dermestidae 208-209 Desert 1-2,9,45-46,49-50,108,269,285-

286 Developmental stages 182-184 Discriminant function analysis, see Statistics Disease 35,93,209 Division oflabour 191,231-233,243 DNA 35,64,81,121-124

fingerprinting 86,90,163 mitochondrial 35,40,45,61,64,81-84,

86--90,105-106,108,116--124 nuclear 40,64,85-90,116--124

Docility 92, 123,229,233,239 Dragonflies 164,212 Drifting 220 Drone congregation areas 96, 107, 164-166 Drones 65,86--89,91,138,145,148,216

brood 144,148,278-279,282,287-290, 293

comets 165-167 flight 164 supersedure 143,168-170 swarm 143, 168-170

Dryseason 1,7,9,13,58,100--102,107, 111,149,154,157,198,211,216, 229,270-271,276,282-286,290-292

Ecological-climatological zones, see Oimatic zones

Ecological differentiation 58,61-62 Ecotype 35-36,45,59,69,91 Egg-laying 100,138,148,158,164,172-

173,182,217,255,284,294 Emergency queen-rearing, see Queens Endemism 4-6,8,270,276--277 Engorgement 158 Environmental effects 36--39 Enzymes

aconitase 80

356 Subject Index

actomyosin-ATPase 244 esterase 80 glycolytic 244 hexo~ 80,244-245 lipolytic 188 malate dehydrogenase 79-81, 123,246-

247 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 244-245 polymorphisms 79-80, 82-84, 246-247 respiratory 244 restriction 82, 84

Equinox 3

Factor analysis, see Statistics Fecundity 90-91,171-175

absolute 172 laying worker 181-182 pheromones 179-181 relative 172 worker 181-183

Fertility 90-91, 103 Fire 18-19,58, 111-112, 161, 185,216 Flight 107,109,134,140-141,243-252

agitated 246 behaviour 252 capacity 243-252 development 243-244 drone 164 efficiency 157-158,246-247 engine 246-248 enzymology 243-244 mating, see Mating muscle 243-247 orientation 164 power 245-247 propulsive efficiency 248-252 skeleto-muscular system 243-245

Flora 4--6,8, 14-15 Flower constancy 264-265 Flowering 6-9,11-16,100-101,132,138,

143-146,154,157,160-161,198, 200,255,257-258,269-298,

Foraging 7-9,12-13,15,60,134,153-154, 207,228-229,243,254,263,269

distances 264 intensity 257-258, 286 nectar 255,257-266 pollen 12,92,255-256,258-266 scouts 185-186 seasonality 216,257-260 times 265-266

Forests 6-9,60,97,269 Foulbrood 219 Fynbos 11, 14,63, 134, 145-146,157,291,

294

Gene flow 35,39,42,65,80-81,84, 103-107,121-124,129-131,159,218

Genes 35-36,85-86,92-93,96,103,108, 234

Genetic markers 39-40,85-86,104 Genotype 42,79-80,103 Geographical races 35, 38, 67 Geographical variation 36, 38, 40 Glands

abdominal tergite 221 mandibular 147,160,173-174, 190-191,

221,231,233 pharyngeal 138 sting 231

Grass 12,256

Haemolymph 39, 265 Haplodiploidy 81, 163 Haplotypes, see DNA mitochondrial 2-heptanone 231-233 Heritability 37-39,79,82,91,93-96,103,

139,179,228,234-235,253-254, 266

estimates 39 Heteroscedasticity 127 Heterosis 92, 246, 296 n-hexyl acetate 232 Hierarchical dominance 179-181 Hives

bark 98-100 clay 186 djebas 97

lizard-guards 208 log 98-100, 186 ratel-proofing 206 scrue 99-101,283-284,291 straw 105, 186 traditionru 186, 193,205 transitionru 185

Hoarding 93, 161 Honey 12,198-200,267,277 Honeydew 266 Honey-hunters 172,205,264 Honey stomach 158,266 Hornets 211 Hybridisation 56, 58, 60, 64-67, 90, 92,

103-105,111,114-115,172 permanent 54,58,60,111-114 zone 45-46,55-57,63-65,68,82,86-

90,111,114-116,121-124,126-127, 131, 198

Hybrids 38-39,56,65,82,90-92,111,115-116,139,201,218,222,234,290

Hydrocarbons 39, 188

Inheritance, see Heritability Insemination

artificiru 90-91,93,96, 163 reciprocru 246

Intertropicru convergence zone 3, 14 Introductions, foreign 47,80,108,217-219 Introgre~ion 42,79-80,85-86,91,98,103-

104,107,115,121-132,234,247 Invasiveness 220-222 Isopentyl acetate 94, 232, 235-238 Isopentyl rucohol 104,235-238

Jackknife procedure, see Statistics

Ketocatechol 243

Laying workers 87-91,93,141,147,170, 186,217

capens~ 63,87-91,93,121-124,175-182,196-198,219-222

hybrid 90

Subject Index 357

progeny 63-64,90-91 Learning 93-94,253-254,296

associative 254 genetic 254

Lineages 35,45,62.80-86,104,133,149, 196,235,244,254

Linear discriminant anruysis, see Statistics Lipophorins 188 Logratio transformation, see statistics

Macchia 11,134,291-292 Mahruanobis distances, see statistics Mruate dehydrogenase, see enzymes Mammals 205-206, 223

baboons 206 honey badgers (ratels) 206, 208, 223

Mandibular gland, see Glands Mating 90, 140, 163-170, 179

advantage 170 age 163 combinations 170 flight 140, 144, 164, 167, 169,206-207,

293 multiple 40,104, 114, 129, 163, 165,284 outcross 167 seasons 169 selective 170 success 164-165, 167-169 system 103,163,167-170 wind 165-167, 169

Megaswarrns 160 Meloidae 206, 208-209 Memory 254 Metabolism 131,157-158,201,243,246-

247 Metamorphosis 243-245 Metapopulation 35,40, 252 Migration 13,40,90, 100-103, 130, 133,

153-158,254,269 arnrugarnation 284 energetic costs 157-158 facultative 153, 157 frequency 157 function 153

358 Subject Index

genetically fixed 153 preparation 157 reproduction 155-156 seasonality 58,112, 114, 132, 154-157,

276,294-295 vertical 60,155-157

Mimicry 215 Miombo 98-102, 138, 283-284 Mites 213-214 Morphoclusters 40-41,43,45-53,55-56,

60-61,64-67,85,104,106,108-110,113,115,117-127,129-130

Morpho-hybrid zone 121-126 Morphometrics 36-37,39-43,46-47,50-

55,60-61,64,114,122 Mountruns 1-2,11,14,45,49,52-54,60-

61,69,84,114-116,127,130,134, 140,291,297

mtDNA, see DNA mitochondrial Multivariate analysis of variance, see

Statistics Muscle

biochemistry 243-245 competence 243-245 development 243-245 enzymes 243-245 ultrastructure 244

Mutants 96

Natural enemies, see Predators, Parasites Nectar 12-14,101,210,216,229,269-270,

282 flows 99-101,153,157,198-200,228-

229,273,283-284,291 Neotropics 244-245,257,265-266 Nest cavity 185-186, 189, 193 Nesting sites 185-186,204

characteristics 185-186,204 open-rur 185 preference 185-186 selection 185-186 volume 185-186

Nests 150-152,185-204 destruction 205-206,209

materials, see Wax, Propolis thermal profiles 202 tum-over 198-200 usurpation 231

Nitidulidae, see Small hive beetle Nomenclature 42, 63, 67 2-nonanol 235-238

Octyl acetate 235-238 9-0DA 174-183 Olfaction 231-232 Outcrossing 164 Ovarioles 63,91,117-124,172,178,182

development 138,172,175,178-183 genetic basis 91, 172

Over-wintering 202,219 Oviposition

latency 181-182 Oxygen consumption 94

Palynology 7,12,266,270,277 Pandemia 6,17-18 Parasites, see individual entries Parent-offspring regression, see Statistics Parthenogenesis 39, 63~, 86, 93-94, 116-

124,142,148,159,176,220-222, 254

Pathogens 215 Patrilines 85, 158, 181 Pests 40 Pharate stages 243 Phenotype 37,42,64,79-80 Pheromones 40, 105-107, 160, 174-175

alarm 45,64,94,104-107,123,127, 229-236

combs 190-191 defense 233-234 development 179-181, 231 genetic basis 233-234 geographic variation 235-238 heritability 124,234-235 isopentyl acetate 94,131,232,235-238 isopentyl alcohol 104,235-238 logratio transformation, see Statistics

lure 165 mandibular gland, see Glands 2-nonanol 104,235-238 plume 166 queen 173-175, 180. 190 queen-like 179-181 recruitment 232 sting gland, see alarm subspecific difference 236-238 variance, see Variance worker-like 179-181

Phoridae 213 Phylogeny 84-85 Phytochoria 4-6,8,11-14,17 Pigmentation 38,44, 50-55, 63, 65, 94-96,

115-116 Piping 171 Pleistocene 35 Pollen 7,12,14,208-210,216

flow 139,145-147,270-273,278-279, 282-284,289,291-293,296

foraging 92-93,147,255-256,296 loads 12, 263-265 pellets 256,270,277 reserves 143-144,210,270,285,296 substitutes 255

Pollination 14-15,36,263 Polyethism, see Division of labour Polygyny 101,140-141,147,159-160,171 Populations 37-39,45, 109

continuous 84, 121-124 censuses 97-98 density 97-98, 107 discrete 40, 103, 127 effective mating size 167 fluctuations 97, 102, 107 gene frequency 103 genetic sense 103 heterogeneous 248 homogeneous 40, 107,248 hybridisation, see Hybridisation island 60 malate dehydrogenase, see Enzymes mating system 167-170

Subject Index 359

natural 40,45,79,163 structure 39-40,79, 105-107,247 surveys 96-102 variants 40, 52 wild 43

Power output 246-247 Ptedation 133,149-151,161,164,167,169 Predators 205-212,219 Principal components analysis, see Statistics Proboscis extension reflex 93-94 Propolis 189-190,209-210,215,255

botanical sources 190 heritability 92, 189 propensity 189 properties 189 thermoregulation 189 water-proofing 189

Propulsive efficiency index 104, 106, 110, 113,125,127-128,130,247-252

Proteins 157 haemolymph 39, 265 venom 232

Pseudoscorpions 212 Ptinidae 208-210 Pupal development 38

Queen-balls 160 Queen cells

construction 139,148,171,175-179 emergency 139 heritability 139 inhibition 148,149,175,178 numbers 92,135-137,139 supersedure 139-140 swarming 138-139, 171

Queenlessness 148-149 Queens 82,86-88,91,105,122-123,243-

244,292 age 168 attending 181 balling 148,216,230 caged 221 emergency 148,230 failed 230-231

360 Subject Index

false (= pseudo) 179-180,219-222 from laying workers, see Laying workers,

capensis introduction 217-219 loss 148,164,169,176,207,220 mandibular gland, see Glands mated 141 pheromones 174 posting 221 production probability 135-137, 143 rearing 173-179,219,221 relatedness 105 replacement 140, 167-168, 183 supernumerary 141, 147, 1~161, 284 supersedure 140,142,168-170 surrogate 179-180 swarm 142, 167-170 trade in 217-219 vrrgin 140-141,164-168,171,216,221

Races, see Index of honeybee taxa Rainfall 1-2,7-11,13-14, 16,63, 100-101,

107,114,124,127,131,134,138, 143-146,189,198-200,216,229, 254,256-257,270-292

Recombination 91, 93 Reproduction 134-139

differentiation 178 dominance 221-222 investment 133, 161 isolation 170 potential 171-172

Reptiles 208, 223 Robber flies 211-212 Robbing 149,216,218,230-231,240-241

Sampling, see Statistics Sarcophagidae 212 Savanna 7-9,12,15,18,20-34,51,57-58,

66,99-101,111-113, 129, 131, 198-200,207,257,269,273,277, 282,285

Scale wax, see Wax scales Scarabaeidae 208, 210, 224

Scents 253, 296 Sib analysis, see Statistics Silk 188, Small hive beetle 149,208-209,216,223,

230 Smoke 227,229 Solstices 1-2 Sphingidae 214-215,225 Species diversity 7,10-11 Spermatheca 63,163,171 Statistics 36-37,40

confidence ellipses 43,45,65, 121 factor analysis 37,42,50,52,55,60 jackknife procedure 43, 48, 52, 64 linear discriminant analysis 43,48, 52,

60-61,64 logistic regression 297 Mahalanobis distance 43 multivariate 36-37,40-41,51-52,57,

60-63,79,103, Ill, 128 parent-offspring regression 39 principal components analysis 35,37,47,

55-56,65,104,124,127 sampling 40,42,61,63,70-77 sib analysis 38-39 univariate 36, 59 Wilk's lambda test 43

Stinging 228-230 Supersedure 140-147,157,170,216,230,

293 ecological factors 142-147 failed 142-143 frequency 142, 144-146 genetic basis 167 pollen 143-147 releasing factors 142-147 seasonality 168-169 tendency 140, 161, 183

Swarms afterswarms 100-101, 135-137, 161,

168, 171 amalgamation 158-160 prime 101,133,171

Swarming 13,17,40,97,107,131-139,

141-147,207,228,244-246,269, 273,282,296-298

biphasic 138, 283-284 colony size 138 cycles 13, 138,270-275,278-281,287-

289,293 ecological factors 131,143-146 failed 142-143,147 frequency 92,138,142,146 genetic basis 82, 167 intercalated 138 multiple 134-138,161 pheromones 138 pollen 139, 142-147 preparation 138 releasing factors 138-147 seasons 100,106-108,110,113,125,

128,130,134-148,164,168-170, 269-298

selection 171-172 sequence 134-138, 157, 161 temperate 134 tendency 139, 161, 183,284 time-lags 134 tropical 134

Syrpbidae 214

Tacbinidae 213 Temperature 1-2,6-7,38,94,107,114,131,

134,144,158,164,200-203,216, 229,259-260,267-268,276,285, 297

Thelytoky, see Parthenogenesis Thermoregulation 189,200-203 Thoraxlbody mass ratio 248-252 Trophallaxis 93, 191 TYPology 41-42,84,114

Variance allozyme 105-107 between localities 48 domains 55, 109, 114, 124 environmental 37-39 flight-related 109, 114

Subject Index 361

genotypic 37,94, 122 intercolonial 55,104,107,114,127,131 intracolonial 104,114,127,131 morphometric 37-39,52,58,82, 105-

110,113-114,116-125,128,130 mtDNA 105, 122 phenotypic 37-38, 234 pheromonal 82,104-108,110,113-114,

117-131,233-235 population 103,127 propulsive efficiency 106,110,113-114,

128-130,249-252 residual 234 thoraxlbody mass ratio 249-251 sire-queen 234 wing surface area 249-251 within colony 56,104

Varroa 214 Vegetation 4-12,14,16,49-50 Venation 36,38-39,94 Venom 232

Wasps 211,224 Water 152, 189 Wax 99,102,187-188,198-200

acid value 187 chemical characteristics 39,187 ester values 187 exports 102,172,186,198-199 foundation 196 gathering 192 genetic differences 95,187 hydrocarbons 187 pheromones 190 physical properties 187-188 proteins 188 pyrolysis 187 queen 190-191 saponification 187 scales 158,188,190 secretion 95, 190-192 strength 187-188 subspecific differences 187-188 temperature 187-188

362 Subject Index

yields 97, 186, 205 270, 277 Wax moth 140, 149, 152,215-216,225,228 Wing surface area 248-251 Wind 2,4,144-147,158,164,167,169,

TAXONOMIC INDEX

Apis absconding 152 comb building 191-192 mating 163-164 ovarioles 182

Apis cerana absconding 153 fecundity 181

Apisflorea comb building 192 conflicts 218 foraging 266--267

Apis mellifera adami ovarioles 182

adonsonii absconding 148-153 aggressiveness 159-160,227-230,237-

238,240 amalgamation 158-160 cell size 197 classification 42,45,48-49,51,54-60,

65-69 colony cycles 270-280 colouration 96 comb building 194--198

developmental stages 184 emergency queens 148 fecundity 172 flight 250, 253, 258 foraging 13, 257-258, 268 hybridisation 111-114,126--131

mating 164

migration 153-154,157-158 nests 185-186,204 pheromones, alarm 237-238 pheromones, queen 173 populations 98-102 propolis 189-190 supersedure 140-141 swarming 134,138-139,272-280 variance 113,126,120,130 wax 188

anatolica wax 188

bandasii aggressiveness 228, 240 behavioural genetics 91-93 classification 51-53 colony cycles 279,282,286--290 comb building 191 flight 249, 252 hybridisation 91-93,108-111,191 migration 155-156 pheromones, alarm 236 swarming 136,279,288-289 variance 11 0

capensis absconding 150,152-153 aggressiveness 227-228,240

alleles 88-89 allozymes 79 amalgamation 158-159 behavioural genetics 93-95 cell size 197 classification 39-40,48-49,63-67

colony cycles 293-295

364 TaxononUclndex

comb building 190-198 conflicts 219 developmental stages 184 dance1anguage 253 DNA, mt 84, 87 DNA, nuclear 85-90 drone congregation areas 167 emergency queens 147-148 fecundity 90-91, 171-172, 181-182 flight 247,263 fo~g 263-265,268 hybridisation 87-90,116-127, 198,201,

233 1ayingworkers 173-181,264 learning 253-254 mating 163-164,165-170 nesting 185, 204 ovairoles 175,179-183 pheromones, alarm 233-234, 240 pheromones, queens 173-181 propolis 189-190 supersedure 140-148,168,177 swarming 134-135,143,142-147,168-

169,177,293 thermoregulation 200-202 variance 116-127 wax 188

camica behavioural genetics 92-93 cell size 196 colouration 95 comb building 190-191 conflicts 218 dance language 252-253 fecundity 90-91,172 flight 248 fo~ 266 hybridisation 90-93,95,201 learning 253 mating 167 ovarioles 182 thermoregulation 201-202 wax 188

caucasica

aggressiveness 231 comb building 191 conflicts 217-218 foraging 266 wax 188

cypria conflicts 218

iberica classification 45 DNA, mt 82, 85 flight 246, 248-249 hybridisation 105 pheromones, alarm 234 wax 188

intermissa absconding 151 aggressiveness 228,240-241 allozymes 80-81 amalgamation 159 behavioural genetics 92-93 cell size 197 classification 40-49,67 colony cycles 292-293 dance language 252-253 DNA, mt 82-85 DNA, nuclear 85 emergency queens 148 fecundity 171-173,181-182 flight 246-249 fo~g 13,268 hybridisation 92-93,104-108 mating 167 nesting 204 ovarioles 181-183 pheromones, alarm 236 pheromones, queen 173-174, 183-184 populations 97 propolis 189 supersedure 141 swarming 134,137-139,293 variance 105-106 wax 188

jemenitica absconding 151-152 aggressiveness 228-231, 240 behavioural genetics 91-93 cell size 196-197 classification 48-58,67,69 colony cycles 276-279,282,285-290 emergency queens 148 fecundity 91-93,171-172 flight 249-250 foraging 257, 266, 268 hybridisation 91-93, 108-114 migration 156 nesting 204 pheromones, alarm 233,236-238 propolis 189-190 supersedure 140-141 swarming 136,138,278-279 variance 110, 113 wax 188

lamarckii absconding 151-152 aggressiveness 241 allozymes 84 behavioural genetics 91-92 cell size 197 classification 38, 48-50, 67 colony cycles 286-287,290 colouration 95-96 conflicts 218 dance language 252-253 developmental stages 184 emergency queens 148 fecundity 91,171-172 flight 246 foraging 256, 266, 268 hybridisation 91-92,95-96,108,172,

218 learning 253 mating 170 migration 156 propolis 189 supersedure 141

Taxonomic Index 365

swarming 134,137,139,287 thermoregulation 200-202 wax 188

ligustica aggressiveness 231 allozymes 80 behavioural genetics 92-93 cell size 196 colouration 96 conflicts 217-221 dance language 252-254 fecundity 90, 172 flight 244, 248 foraging 265-266 hybridisation 90,92-93,96,170-172 learning 253 mating 170 ovarioles 182 thermoregulation 201 wax 188

litorea absconding 150 aggressiveness 228, 236, 240 cell size 196-197 classification 48-49,59-61,66-67 flight 247,251-252 foraging 268 hybridisation 127-131 migration 155 nesting 204 pheromones, alarm 238 swarming 135 variance 130

macedonica conflicts 218

mating 167 major 13,241

aggressiveness 228 classification 38, 45-46, 67

mellifera absconding 148 aggressiveness 232 allozyme 80

366 Taxonomic Index

cell size 196 classification 35-36, 38-39,43, 60 colony cycles 295 comb building 190-196 conflic~ 218,221-222 developmental stages 184 DNA, mt 82-83 emergency queens 177 fecundity 91, 181-182 flight 248 mating 167 ovarioles 182-183 pheromones, queen 174-175,183 swarming 142, 177 thermoregulation 201 wax 187-188

monticola absconding 150 aggressiveness 227-228, 240 allozymes 80-81 behavioural genetics 92-93 cell size 196-197 classification 38,48-49, 53, 55,67 colony cycles 296 DNA,mt 84 flight 247,250 foraging 268 hybridisation 92-93,108,113,115-116 mating 164 migration 156 pheromones, alarm 237 supersedure 140 swarming 138 variance 113 wax 188

nubica classification 50-51 flight 247 wax 188

sahariensis aggressiveness 227-228, 240 behavioural genetics 93

cell size 197 classification 44-49, 67 colouration 96 DNA, mt 84-85 DNA, nuclear 85-86 emergency queens 148 fecundity 172 flight 249, 252 foraging 13, 268 hybridisation 93,96, 104-108 pheromones, alarm 236 propolis 189 swarming 137-139 variance 105-106

scutellata absconding 150, 152-153 aggressiveness 227-232, 240 alleles 88-89 allozymes 79-81 amalgamation 158-161 behavioural genetics 92 cell size 196-197 classification 42,45,47-49, 53, 59-60,

63-67 colony cycles 280-284,287,290-291 colouration 96 comb building 190-194,198-200 conflic~ 217,219-222 developmental stages 184 DNA, mt 83-84 DNA, nuclear 85-90 drone congregation areas 165-167 emergency queens 148-149 fecundity 90-91,172,181-182 flight 243-248,251-253,261-262 foraging 258-266, 268 hybridisation 87-89,92,96,115-131,

196-198,233 mating 163-165,170 migration 154,156-158 nesting 185-186,204 ovarioles 181-183 pheromones, alarm 233-235, 237-238 pheromones, queen 166,173-176,183

populations 100-102 propolis 189-190 supersedure 140-141 swarming 134-135, 138-139,280--281,

287 thermoregulation 201-203 variance 116-120,124-125,128,130 wax 188,197

sicula thermoregulation 201

sudanensis aggressiveness 228,240 classification 51-53 comb building 191 flight 247,249,252 hybridisation 85,108-110, 113

TaxononticIndex 367

ntigration 156 swarming 136 variance 110

syriaca aggressiveness 227

unicolor absconding 150, 152 aggressiveness 228, 240 allozyme 84 cell size 196-197 classification 45,48-49,67 emergency queens 148 nesting 204 wax 188

GEOPOLITICAL INDEX

AJgeria 1,44-48,51,70,97,137,151,164, 211,223-225,238-239

Angola 1,54-55,65, 126, 135, 138, 141, 159,197,223-225,238,283

Argentina 265 Australia 217

Benin 12,54-56,70,136,150,190,197, 204,209,213,223-225,238,268, 276

Botswana 65, 70, 135, 138, 150, 152, 154-155,186,189,204,216,223-225, 266,268,281,285,287,290-291

Brazil 170 Burkina Faso 54-56,70, 136, 138, 151, 154,

156,190,204,228-229,240,257-258,276-283

Burundi 59-62, 70

Cameroon 1,54-57,60-61,70,112-114, 136,223-225,237-238,250,276

Central African Republic 12, 56, 70, 136, 150,197,208-210,223-225,229, 240,268-269,273-274

Chad 1,51,54-57,71,114,136,148,151, 197,216,223-225,230,240,276, 283,285

Congo 6,14,18,53-57,58,71,135,138, 150,155,204,216,223-225,230, 240,257,268,270-272

Egypt 49-51,71,91-92, 108, 134, 137, 141, 151-152,156,170,189,197,211, 213-214,218,223-225,241,256, 266, 268, 286-290

England 296

Equatorial Guinea 150 Eritrea 108,255 Ethiopia 1,38,50-53,60,71,97,108-110,

136,141,150,155,187,204,223-225,235-236,238,249,252,255, 268,276,285

Gabon 7,12,54-57,71,135-138,150,155, 190,204,257,270-272

Gambia 136, 150 Germany 42, 44, 47 Ghana 6,56-57,71,136,152-155,186,197,

204,218,223-225,228,240,257, 268, 273-276

Guinea 1,54,56-57,71 Guinea-Bissau 136, 150, 155, 204, 223-225

Ivory Coast 12,54,56-57,71,136,140, 150,187,197,204,209-210,212, 217,223-225,240,269,273-276

Kenya 11,52-54,59-62,66,72,80,100, 102,115-116,127,135,138,150, 153-156, 160, 185, 193, 197-200, 204,211,217-218,223-225,231, 240,247,256-262,268,283,285, 291,296

Liberia 56, 136 Libya 92,218,291

Madagascar 13,62,72,150,197,204,207, 214,223-225,240

Malawi 59-62,72,150,185,223-225,285 Mali 13-14,54,56-57,72,151,156,229,

240,276,285

370 Geopolitical Index

Mauritania 285 Mauritius 62 Morocco I, 12-13,44-51,72-73,80-81,

84-85,93,97,104-108,134,137-138,164,172,186-187,197,204, 206,210-214,216,218,223-225, 234-238,240-241,247,249,252, 268,291-293

Mozambique 1,59-62,64-66,73,127-131, 150,187,223-224,238,251-252, 283

Namibia 54,66,73, 116, 125-128, 135, 138,159,224,237-238,250,285-286,290-291

New Zealand 217 Niger I, 14,55-56,73, 151,204,268,279,

283,286 Nigeria 1,14,56-57,73,136,138,152-155,

159,187,197,223-225,240,273-276,279,283

Cbnan 52,197,240

263-266,268,281,283,285,287, 290-295

Spmn·45,80,82,84-85,236,249 Sudan 1,18,49-53,55-58,76,91-92,105,

108-109,112,136,139-140,149-152,154,156,165,171,189,197, 204,216,218,230,238,240,266-268,276,279,282-283,285-286, 289-291,296

Swaziland 155 Sweden 93, 296

Tanzania 54,59-62,76,92,98-102, lIS, 135,138, ISO, 154-155,159,164, 186,189,197-200,204,217,223-225,229,231,240,253,268,280, 283-284

Togo 12,57,136,150,190,197,209,213, 223-225,240,268,273-274

Tuniga 45-48,51,97,104-105,108,137, 139,151,204,223-225,241,268, 292

1Jganda 14,59-62,77,136, ISO, 156,213, Reunion 62 218,223-225,240,283 Russia 36 Rwanda 59-62,73, ISO, 159, 197,223-225, Venezuela 265

240,284

Saudi Arabia 51-52, 149, 151,240 Senegal 18,50-52,56-57,69,74,112,136,

148,150,155,159,197,204,208-210,212-213,223-225,230,240, 276,278,283,285

Seychelles 62 Sierra Leone 6, 56, 136, ISO, 155, 229, 240 Sontalia 1,50-53,55,69,74, lOS, 128, 136,

197,223-225,240,285,291, SouthAfrica 10-11,13,38,42,44,47,61,

63-66,74-76,79,86-89,116-128, 135,139-140,142-148,150, ISS, 157, 159-160, 165-170, 175-180, 185,190-197,204,207,210-211, 213,217,219-225,231,240,256,

Yemen 52,197

zane 6,14,18,54,56,58,77,135,138-139, 141,148-150,154,159,164,185, 198,200,212,214,223-225,240, 268,271-272,283-284

Zambia 61-62,65-66,77,99-100, 102, 127-131, 135, 138, 150, 155, 159, 189-190,197,207,209,212-213, 223-224,238,240,257,268,270-273

Zimbabwe 65-66,77,98,127-131,135,150, 164,186,204,207,211,217-218, 223-225,231-238,240,250,252, 264,268,281-284

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