207

References

AA.VV. (Various Authors) (1852), Raccolta di costituzioni italiane, Biblioteca dei comuni italiani, Tipografia Economia, Turin.

Actis-Perinetti, L. (1960), Gli illuministi italiani, edited by Loescher, Turin.Aldridge, T. (1984), Thomas Paine’s American ideology, TUP, Toronto. yyAnderson, E. (1993), Value in ethics and in economics, Harvard University Press,

Cambridge Mass.Andreoni J., W. Harbaugh, and L. Vesterlund. (2003), “The Carrot or the Stick:

Rewards, Punishments, and Cooperation”, American Economic Review , 93,wpp. 882–893.

Anscombe, G.E.M. (1958), “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy , 33, yypp. 1–19.

Argyle, M. (2001), The Psychology of Happiness, New York: Taylor & Francis.Aristotle. (1988), Politics, Edited by Stephen Everson, Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge.Aristotle. (2009), The Nicomachean Ethics, Oxford World’s Classics, Oxford. Aristotle. (2011), The Eudemian Ethics, Oxford World’s Classics, Oxford.Bacharach, M. (2006), Beyond Individual Choice: Teams and Frames in Game Theory ,yy

Princeton University Press, Princeton. Baggio, A.M. (2007), Il principio dimenticato, a cura di, Città Nuova, Roma.Banfield, E. C. (1958), The Moral Basis of a Backward Society, The Free Press,yy

Glencoe IL. Bargellini, P. (1980)[1930], San Bernardino da Siena, Morcelliana, Brescia. Beccaria, C. (1995)[1764], On crimes and punishments, and other writings,

Cambridge University Press 1995. First Italian edition, De I delitti e delle pene ,Livorno.

Becker, G. (1996), “ Accounting for tastes“ ”, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,Mass.

Bellamy, R. (1987), “‘Da metafico a mercatante’: Antonio Genovesi and the development of a new language of commerce in eighteenth-century Naples.” In Pagden (1987).

Bentham, J.(1998) [1789], Introduzione ai principi della morale e della legislazione ,Utet, Milano.

Benveniste, E. (1971), Problems in general linguistics , University of Miami Press,Miami.

Benveniste, E. (1976), Il vocabolario delle istituzioni indoeuropee , 2 vols, Einaudi, Turin.

Bianchini, L. (1855), Principi della scienza del ben viveresociale, e dell’economiapubblica e degli stati, Stamperia Reale, Naples.

Binmore, K. (1994), Playing Fair. Volume 1 di Game Theory and Social Contract , 2tvols, Cambridge Mass, MIT Press.

Binmore, K. (2005), Natural Justice , OUP, Oxford.Bobbio, N. (1993), Thomas Hobbes and the natural law tradition, University of

Chicago Press, Chicago.

208 References

Boltanski, L. (2012), Love and justice as competences , Wiley and Sons, SanFrancisco.

Bolton G., and A. Ockenfels (2000), “ERC: A theory of equity, reciprocity, andcompetition”, American Economic Review, 90, pp. 66–93.

Brennan, G. (1996), “Selection and the currency of reward”, in Robert Goodin (ed.) The Theory of Institutional Design, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 256–275.

Bruni, L. (2002), Vilfredo Pareto and the birth of the modern microeconomics, Elgar,Cheltenham.

Bruni, L. (2006), Civil Happiness, Routledge, London.Bruni, L. (2008), Reciprocity, altruism and civil society , Routledge, London. yyBruni, L. (2010), “Su Delle virtù e de’ Premi di Giacinto Dragonetti (e una polemica

di Benedetto Croce)”, Il pensiero economico italiano , 1–2010, pp. 33–49. Bruni, L. (2011), “On Virtues and awards. Giacinto Dragonetti’s interrupted path

of Civil Economy”, Journal of History of Economic Thought, in press.tBruni, L. (2012), The wound and the blessing, New City, New York. ggBruni, L., F. Comim, and M. Pugno (2008), Capabilities and Happiness, edited by

OUP, Oxford. Bruni, L., and P.L. Porta. (2003), “ Economia civile and Pubblica felicità in the Italian

Enlightenment”, History of Political Economy , Supplement n. 35 pp. 361–385. yyBruni, L., and P.L. Porta. (2005), Economics and Happiness: Framings of Analysis ,

edited by Oxford University Press, Oxford. Bruni, L., and R. Sugden. (2000), Trust and Social Capital in the Work of Smith,

Hume and Genovesi”, Economics and Philosophy , 16, pp. 21–45. yyBruni, L., and R.Sugden. (2008), “Fraternity. Why the market need not to be a

morally free zone”, Economics and Philosophy, 24, pp. 35–64.yyBruni, L., and R. Sugden. (2009), “Fraternity, intrinsic motivation and sacrifice:

a reply to Gui and Nelson”, Economics and Philosophy , 25, pp. 195–198. yyBruni, L., and R. Sugden. (2011), “Why should the devil have all the best tunes?

Reclaiming virtue ethics for economics,” paper presented at the conference “Market and Happiness”, Milan, 8–9 June 2011.

Bruni, L., and L. Stanca. (2008), “Watching alone: relational goods, television and happiness”, Journal of economic behavior and organization, 65, pp. 506–528.

Bruni, L., and A. Smerilli. (2010), “The value of vocation. The Crucial Role of Intrinsically Motivated People in Values-based Organizations,” Review of Social Economy, 67, pp. 271–288.yy

Bruni, L., and A. Smerilli. (2011), “The emergence of the cooperation in a hetero-geneous world”, Homo Oeconomicus , in press.

Bruni, L., and S. Zamagni. (2007), Civil Economy, Peter Lang, Oxford. yyBruni, L., and S. Zamagni. (2009), Dizionario di Economia Civile , edited by Città

Nuova, Rome.Carlyle, T. (1898)[1850], Letter-Day Pamphlets , London: Chapman and Hall. Cassani, A. (2002), Diritto, antropologia e storia. Studi su Henry Summer Maine ,

Clueb Bologna.Cavalli, Sforza L., and M. Feldman. (1981), Cultural Transmission and Evolution:

A Quantitative Approach, Princeton University Press, Princeton.Chiodi, G. (2006), “La rivalità tra fratelli come paradigma della conflittualità

politica ”, in Politiche di Caino. Il paradigma conflittuale del potere, edited by D.Mazzù, Transeuropa, Ancona-Massa, pp. 3–50.

References 209

Coda, P. (1994), “L’agape come grazie e libertà. Alla radice della teologia e prassi dei cristiani”, Città Nuova, Rome.”

Corning, P. (2005), The new evolutionary synthesis, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Cossa, L. (1875), Introduzione allo studio dell’economia politica , Hoepli, Milan.Cotta, G. (2002), La nascita dell’individualismo moderno. Lutero e la politica della

modernità, Il Mulino, Bologna. Croce, B. (1959)[1947], “Il libro ‘Delle virtù e dei premi’ del Dragonetti”, in Nuove

pagine sparse, vol. 2, Ricciardi, Naples, pp. 235–237.De Tiberiis, G. (2010), “L’illuminista oscurato. Oltre le pene per una normative

premiale delle virtù e de’ premi di Giacinto Dragonetti”, Frontiera d’Europa ,XVI, n. 1, pp. 183–270.

Deci, R. M., and E.L. Ryan. (2001), “On Happiness And Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being”, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 52, pp. 141–66.

Delgado, M. R., R.H. Frank, and E.A. Phelps. (2005), “Perceptions of moral char-acter modulate the moral system of rewards during the trust game,” Nature neuroscience, 8/11, 1611–1618.

Dionigi, Areopagita. (1981). Tutte le opere. Gerarchia celeste – Gerarchiaecclesiastica – Nomi divini – Teologia mistica – Lettere, edited by P. Scazzoso,introduzione e apparati di Enzo Bellini, Rusconi, Milan.

Doria, M. P. (1710), Della Vita Civile, s.l., Napoli. Dragonetti, A. (1847), Le vite degli aquilani illustri , Perchiazzi, L’Aquila. Dragonetti, G. (1769) [1766], A treatise on virtues and rewards, Johnson and Payne,

London. First Italian edition [Delle virtù e de’ Premi[[ ], Naples. Dragonetti, G. (1788), Dell’origine dei feudi ne’ regni di Napoli e di Sicilia , Stamperia

Reale, Naples. Dumont, L. (1980), “Homo Hierarchicus. The Caste System and Its Implications”,

Chicago, Chicago University Press.Edgeworth, F.Y. (1881), Mathematical Psychics, Kegan & Co, London.Eliade, M. (1961), The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion (trans. Willard

R. Trask), Harper Torchbooks, New York. Esposito, R. (2002), Immunitas. Protezione e negazione della vita , Einaudi, Turin. Esposito, R. (2007), Terza persona, Einaudi, Turin. Esposito, R. (2009), Communitas: the origin and destiny of community, Stanfordyy

University Press, Stanford. Italian edition 1998. Fehr, E., and S. Gachter. (2000), “Fairness and retaliation: The economics of

reciprocity”, JEP , 14, pp. 159–181.PPFerrara, F. (1852), Biblioteca dell’economista, vol. 3, a cura di, prima seria, F.lli

Pomba, Turin.Filangieri, G. (1806)[1780], The Science of Legislation, Vols. 1, 2 (trans. Sir Robert

Clayton), Emery and Adams, Bristol.Folbre, N., and J. A. Nelson. (2000), ‘For love or money – or both?’, Journal of

Economic Perspectives 14, pp. 123–140. Fontaine, L. (2008), L’économie morale. Pauvreté, crédit et confiance dans l’Europe

préindustrielle, Gallimard, Paris. Foot, P. (1978), Virtues and vices, OUP (2002 ed.). Foscesato, M. (2009), Francesco da Empoli e Pietro Strozzi: un dibattito su usura

e speculazione nella Firenze del Trecento, Tesi di Laurea Magistrale in Scienze Economiche, Università di Siena.

210 References

Frey, B. (1997), Not just for the money, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.yyFreud, S. (1913), Totem and Taboo. Resemblances Between the Mental Lives of Savages

and Neurotics, Moffat, Yard and Co, New York (first English edition 1918).Gambetta, D. (1993), The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection,

Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.Gauthier, D. (1986), “Morals by agreement”, Clarendon press, Oxford. ”Genovesi, A. (1765–67), Lezioni di commercio o sia di Economia civile , critical

edition edited by M.L. Perna, Istituto Italiano per gli studi filosofici, Naples, 2005.

Genovesi, A. (1777), Spirito delle leggi del Signore di Montesquieu, con le note dell’Abbate Antonio Genovesi, Tomo Secondo, Domenico Terres Libraio, Naples.

Genovesi, A. (1962), Autobiografia e lettere, Feltrinelli, Milan. Gioja, M. (1848)[1818], Del merito e delle ricompense , Tipografia della Svizzera

italiana, Lugano. Girard, R. (1977), The violence and the sacred, John Hopkins University Press,

Baltimore. Greif, A. (2006), Institutions and the path to the modern economy. Lesson from medi-

eval trade, CUP, Cambridge. Grotius, H. (1957)[1625], Prolegomena to the Law of war and peace, Bobbs-Merrill,

New York.Gui, B. (2009), “On mutual benefit and sacrifice: A comment on Bruni and

Sugden’s “Fraternity”, Economics and Philosophy , 25, pp. 179–85.yyGui, B., and R. Sugden. (2005), Economics and Social interactions , edited by

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Gurevich, A. (1995), The Origins of European Individualism (Making of Europe),

Wiley Blackwell. Hayek, F. (1948), Individualism and Economic Order, University of Chicago Press,

Chicago.Herreros, F. (2008), “The State and the Creation of an Environment for the

Growing of Trust”, Rationality and Society , 20, pp. 497–521.yyHeyes, A. (2005), “The economics of vocation, or ‘Why is a badly-paid nurse a

good nurse?”, Journal of Health Economics, 24, pp. 561–569.Hirschman, A.O. (1977), The Passions and The Interests. Political Arguments for

Capitalism before Its Triumph, Princeton University Press. Hobbes, T. (1994)[1651], Leviathan, Hackett Classics, Indianapolis.Hobbes, T. (1998)[1642], On the citizen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hollis, M. (1998), Trust within reason, CUP.Hume, D. (1978)[1740], A Treatise of Human Nature , Oxford University Press. Hutcheson, F.(1998)[1725], Inquiry into the Originals of our Ideas of Beauty and

Virtue, London.Katz, E., and F. Handy. (1998), “The wage differential between non-profit institu-

tions and corporations: Getting more by paying lesse?” , Journal of Comparative” Economics, 26, pp. 246–261.

Locke, J. (1988)[1690], Two Treatises of Government, Cambridge University Press, tCambridge.

Luhmann, N. (1990), I sistemi sociali. Fondamenti di una teoria generale , Il Mulino, Bologna.

Luther, Martin. (1962), Selections from his writings, edited by John Dillenberg, Quadrangle Books, Chicago.

References 211

Luther, Martin. (2008), The Essential Martin Luther, Wilder Publications. rrMacIntyre, A. (1981), After Virtue , Notre Dame University Press, Notre Dame,

IN.Mancini, I. (1990), L’ethos dell’Occidente , Marietti, Genova.Marion, J.L. (2006), The erotic phenomenon, Chicago University Press, Chicago.Mauss, M. (1950)[1923–24], Essai sur le don , Presses Universitaires de France,

Paris. McCloskey, D. (2006), The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an age of commerce, Chicago

University Press, Chicago.McIntyre, A. (1981), After virtue , Notre Dame University Press, Notre Dame.Mill, J.S. (1988)[1869], The Subjection of Women, Hackett, Indianapolis.Mill, J.S. (1920)[1848], Principles of political economy , Macmillan, London. yyMorineau, J. (2010), L’esprit de la médiation, Erés, Toulouse. Natoli, S. (2003), La felicità. Saggio di teoria degli affetti, Feltrinelli, Milan.Neckermann, S., and B. Frey. (2008), “Awards as Incentives.” Working Paper

Series ISSN 1424–0459, University of Zurich.Neckermann, S., R. Cueni, and B. Frey. (2009), “What is an award worth? An

Econometric Assessment of the Impact of Awards on Employee Performance”,CESifo Working Paper No. 2657.

Nelson, J.A. (2005), ‘Interpersonal relations and economics: comments from a feminist perspective’, in Benedetto Gui and Robert Sugden (eds), Economics and Social Interaction: Accounting for Interpersonal Relations, Cambridge University Press, pp. 250–261.

Nelson, J. A. (2009), “A response to Bruni and Sugden”, Economics and Philosophy,yy25, pp. 187–93.

Nussbaum, M. (1996)[1986], “The fragility of goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek tragedy and Philosophy”, Cambridge, CUP.

Nussbaum, M. (2005), “Mill between Aristotle and Bentham”, in Bruni and Porta (2005), pp. 170–183.

Nygren, A. (1990), Eros e agape. La nozione cristiana dell’amore e le sue trasfor-mazioni, EDB, Bologna.

Pagden, A. (1987), The Language of Political Theory in Early Modern Europe, editedby A. Padgen, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Paine, T. (1792), Letter addressed to the addressers to the late proclamation, Symonds,London.

Paine, T. (1797), “Agrarian reform,” in Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings, edited by Mark Philip, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Paine, T. (1923)[1776], “Common Sense”, in Selection of the works of Thomas Paine,Harcourt, New York.

Palmieri, G. (1788), Riflessioni sulla pubblica felicità relativamente al Regno diNapoli, Pirotta e Maspero, Milan.

Pantaleoni, M. (1898), “Esame critico dei principi teorici della cooperazione”, ripubblicato in Pantaleoni M., Erotemi di economia, Laterza, Bari, 1925.

Pareto, V. (1906), Manuale di Economia Politica , Critical Edition, edited by Montesano A., Zanni A., and Bruni L., EGEA, Milan. The English edition is forthcoming in 2012 (Oxford University Press).

Pelligra, V. (2007), I paradossi della fiducia , Il Mulino, Bologna.Penna, R. (2007), Il DNA del cristianesimo , San Paolo, Cinisello Balsamo.

212 References

Penna, R. (1998), Paul the Apostle: a Theological and Exegetical Study in Two Volumes , (trans. Thomas P. Wahl), Collegville, MN.

Peretti, A. (2009), voce “Eudaimonia”, in Dizionario di Economia Civile, a cura di L. Bruni e S. Zamagni, Città Nuova, Roma.

Polanyi, K. (1957), “Aristotle Discovers the Economy”, in Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economies: Essays of Karl Polanyi, edited by G. Dalton, Boston, 1971,pp. 78–115.

Polanyi, K. (1977), The Livelihood of man, Academic Press, New York. Pseudo-Dionysus. (1981), De coelesti hierarchia, in (1981) Tutte le opere. Gerarchia

celeste – Gerarchia ecclesiastica – Nomi divini – Teologia mistica – Lettere, editedby P. Scazzoso, Rusconi, Milan.

Rabin, M. (1993), “Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics”,American Economic Review, 83, pp. 1281–1302.

Ravasi, G. (1999), Genesis. The words of creation, edited by Allemandi, London. Rawls, J. (1971), A theory of justice , Harvard University Press, Harvard. Reinert, S.A. (2005), “Republican mercantilism out of the context: on the Italian

reception of John Cary’s essay on the State of England”. Paper presented atthe Conference for the 250th anniversary of the “Cattedra of Commercio eMeccanica, Istituto per gli studi filosofici”, Naples, 6 May 2005.

Ries, J. (1982), Il sacro nella storia religiosa dell’umanità , Jaca Book, Milan.Robbins, L. (1932), “The nature and the significance of economic science”,

Macmillan, London.Robertson, J. (2005), The Case for the Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples, 1680–

1760, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Rousseau, J.J. (2009)[1755], Discourse on the origin of inequality , Oxford Universityyy

Press, Oxford. Sahlins, M. D. (1972), Stone Age Economics, Aldine, Chicago. Saint Thomas Aquinas. (2000), An Aquinas reader , Mary T. Clark, Fordham rr

University Press, New York.Saint Thomas Aquinas. (2002), Political Writings , edited by R. W. Dyson,

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Sandel, M. (2009), Justice: What’s the right thing to do? Penguin.Schiavone, A. (2012), The invention of law in the West, Harvard University Press, t

Cambridge, Mass.Sefton, M., R. Shupp, and J. M. Walker. (2007), “The Effect of Rewards and Sanctions

in Provision of Public Goods,” Economic Enquires , 45 / 4 , pp. 671–690.Sen, A. (1999), Development as Freedom , New York, OUP. Sidgwick, H. (1901[1874]), The methods of ethics, Macmillan, London.Silver, A. (1990), Friendship in commercial society. Eighteenth century social theory

and modern sociology, «yy American journal of sociology », 95, pp. 1474–1504. Skinner, Q. (1978), The Foundation of Modern Political Thought, Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge. Skyrms, B. (2004), The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure, Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge. Smerilli, A. (2012), “We thinking and Vacillation between frames”, Theory and

Decision, (in press). Smith, A. (1976)[1776], “The wealth of nations”, edited by R.H. Campbell and A.S.”

Skinner, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

References 213

Smith, A. (1978)[1763], Lectures on Jurisprudence , edited by R.L. Meek, D.D. Raphael, P.G. Stein, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Smith, A. (1984)[1759], The Theory of Moral Sentiments, edited by D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Smith, M.J. (1995), Games, memes and Minds, Review of Books, vol 42, New York.

Spencer, H. (1893), Principles of sociology , 2 vols, Williams and Norgate, London.yyStanca, L., L. Bruni, and L. Corazzini. (2009), “Testing theory of reciprocity”,

Journal of economic behavior and organization, 71, pp. 233–245. Sugden, R. (1993), “Thinking as a team: toward an explanation of nonselfish

behavior”, Social Philosophy and Policy, vol. 10, pp. 69–89. yySugden, R. (2001), The evolutionary turn in game theory, JEM, 8, pp. 113–130.yySugden, R. (2004), The Economics of Rights, Co-Operation and Welfare, Palgrave

Macmillan, London. First edition 1986. Sugden, R. (2005), “Fellow-feeling”, in Economics and Social Interaction: Accounting

for Interpersonal Relations, edited by B. Gui and R. Sugden, Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge, pp. 52–75.

Summer, Maine H. (1875)[1861], Ancient Law its connection with the early history of society, and its relation to modern ideas, Henry Holt & Co., New York.

Supiot, A. (2007), Homo Juridicus: On the Anthropological Function of the Law , Verso wBooks, London.

Strauss, L. (1967), Jerusalem and Athens: some preliminary reflections, New York City College, New York.

Taylor, Ch. (1985), Philosophical papers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Taylor, Ch. (1988), Sources of the self: the making of the modern identity, Cambridgeyy

University Press, Cambridge. Todeschini, G. (2007), Visibilmente crudeli. Malviventi, persone sospette e gente

qualunque dal Medioevo all’età moderna, Il Mulino, Bologna. Todeschini, G. (2009), Franciscan Wealth, From voluntary poverty to market society, yy

Franciscan Institute, Saint Bonaventure University. Todorov, T. (2001)[1995], Life in common: an essay in general anthropology , yy

University of Nebraska Press.Tönnies, F. (1887), Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, English translation t Community

and Society, East Lansing, Michigan State University Press, 1957.yyTruni, F. (2008), La pace di Tommaso d’Aquino , Città Nuova, Rome. Tuomela, R. (1995), The Importance of Us, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Venturi, F. (1969), Settecento riformatore. Volume primo, “Dal Muratori al

Beccaria”, Einaudi, Turin.Venturi, F. (1972), Italy and the Enlightenment , Longman, London. tVico, G. (1984)[1744], The New Science of Giambattista Vico: Unabridged Translation

of the Third Edition, Revised translation of the third edition by Thomas GoddardBergin and Max Harold Fisch, Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY.

Walzer, M. (1983), Spheres of justice. A defence of pluralism and equality, Basic Books.yyWeber, M. (1978)[1922], Economy and Society , University of California Press.yyWenham, J. G. (1998), New Biblical Commentary. Chapters 1–15, Word Books,

Waco (Texas).Wicksteed, P.H. (1933)[1910], The Common Sense of Political Economy (edited by y

Lionel Robbins), London, Macmillan.

214 References

Wootton, D. (1994), Republicanism, liberty, and commercial society, 1649–1776 ,Stanford University Press.

Wootton, D. (2000), “Helvetius: From Radical Enlightenment to Revolution”, Political Theory, Vol. 28, pp. 307–336. yy

Zanghi, G. M. (2008), Gesù abbandonato maestro di pensiero, Città Nuova, Rome.

215

Abraham, 39, 39n11, 41absolute, 51, 53n30, 98action, theories of, 136–54Adam and Eve, 17–20agape, 50–6, 58–60, 63, 66, 67, 69, 73,

74, 78–9, 108, 129–30, 156, 192,200–2

agapic community, 198Agapic Game, 194–200agricultural revolution, 97n13alliance, 42, 44alter ego, 48, 48n18Althusius, 83, 94altruism, 52, 158, 160, 165ancient community, 1–7, 85

hierarchy in, 7–11lack of individuals in, 12–16, 35–7reciprocity in, 10–11status in, 96–7

Ancient Greece, 5, 11, 16, 22–33,47–50, 63

Angelico, Beato, 76angels, 8n12, 8n13anonymity, 102, 111anti-feudal polemic, 105, 146–7, 182apostolic church, 58–9Aquinas, Thomas, 44, 45, 72–5,

83, 156Aristotelian ethics, 20–31, 49, 54, 74Aristotle, 24–32, 25n16, 45, 47–50,

54, 63, 73–5, 156, 191arts, 147Augustine, St., 73, 79, 80–1authority, 74awards, 136–54, 182–7

Beccaria, Cesare, 136, 140–1benevolence, 104, 106–12, 117, 166Benveniste, Emile, 64Bernardino of Siena, 61, 67, 84Bianchini, Ludovico, 101, 127n9Bible, 17–24, 39–41, 53n27birthright, 20–1, 23–4

bishops, 8n13, 58Bobbio, Norberto, 75, 96body, metaphor of the, 74bona fides, 119Brennan, G., 176n18brotherhood, 21, 72

see also fraternity

Caillé, Alain, 3Cain and Abel, 20–1capitalism, emergence of, 102care-giving, 177–80Carlyle, Thomas, 14–15caste system, 6–10, 8n14Catholic church, 7–8, 58

hierarchy, 77–8medieval, 58–9Protestant Reformation and, 75–82

celestial hierarchy, 8, 8n12charity, 67Chiodi, Giulio, 23Christ, Jesus, 15, 42n15, 46,

53–4, 77Christianity, 7n10, 13, 26n18, 28n20,

32, 42n15, 43, 50–4, 53n30, 57–8,98, 201

early, 57–9of Middle Ages, 59–69Protestant Reformation and,

75–82, 97citizenship, 65–6city society, 59–63, 65–9, 98, 103civil economy, 205–6

application of, 174–80compared with political economy,

182–202Dragonetti and, 136–54ethos of, 155–83Neapolitan tradition of, 120–35,

155–6, 187–8tradition of, 150–4

civil fraternity, 155–81, 205–6civil happiness, 103

Index

216 Index

civil humanism, 61, 63, 66, 67–71, 76, 81, 101, 118, 156

civil institutions, 189–91civilization, 107, 117civil society, 45–6, 53, 67n8, 84–6,

91, 92, 96–100, 103, 104, 107,108, 110, 189–91, 203

civil virtues, 136–54, 182–3collective egoism, 49commerce, 127–8, 147–50, 154, 182commercial society, 104–12, 118–19common good, 103, 106–12, 142,

148, 158communitarianism, 199–200communitarian movement,

49–50, 150communitas, 2–5, 10–15, 22, 32

as immunitas, 34–7tragedy of the, 53–4wounded, 50–6

communityagapic, 198ambivalent character of the, 1–7ancient, 1–16, 22–37, 85, 96–7definition of, 35fall of the, 14–15fraternal, 2individual and, 11–16of individuals, 96–100sacred, 5–7, 12, 15, 34–7, 53–4, 74,

81–2, 96–8solutions to ambivalent quality of,

34–56tribal, 2n1

Constant, Benjamin, 11Constantine, 58contamination, 9–10contract(s), 14, 20n7, 23–4, 41–4, 82

immunity of the, 118–19incomplete, 170reciprocity of the, 100social, 81, 82–96, 104, 141

cooperation, 49, 89–91, 95, 109, 113–18, 132–3, 183–7, 189,197–200

cooperative equilibrium, 90, 93, 95,96, 197

corporations, 65Corpus Mysticum, 78

Counter-Reformation, 76n9Covenant, 37–43credibility, 64, 119crime, 188–9Croce, Benedetto, 137n3crowding out, 143n12, 184, 189Crusades, 62, 71cultural dissonance, 198culture

as a game, 132–5, 163Greek, 22–33, 97Jewish, 22–4, 97western, 53, 99

daimon, 27–9, 28n20Dante, 76De Cive (Hobbes), 84, 92deities, 6n9Derrida, Jacques, 3Deutronomy, 38–42yydiversity, 102divinity, 6n9Dominican order, 66Doria, Paolo Mattia, 122–3Dragonetti, Alfonso, 138n4,

139n8, 182Dragonetti, Giacinto, 126, 136–54Dumont, Louis, 7–10, 8n14Durkheim, Emile, 3n4, 6

ecclesiastical hierarchy, 8economic exchange, 4–5, 63–6, 102,

111, 157, 159, 171–4economic theory, 159–66egalitarian societies, 8egoism, 49Einaudi, Luigi, 109ekklesia, 78–9Eliade, Mircea, 5Enlightenment, 57, 147, 182equality, 37, 46, 49, 102, 119eros, 32, 52, 55, 118, 192Esau, 23–4, 21022Esposito, Roberto, 4, 11, 35–6,

46–7, 85ethics

Aristotelian, 20–31, 49, 54, 74market, 108virtue, 141, 154

Index 217

eudaimonia, 25–32Europe

capitalism in, 102Medieval, 12, 57–72mercantilism in, 63–6

evolutionary games, 114–17exchange, 42, 44, 46

see also economic exchange;market exchange

exclusion, 65–6, 72n4, 81

faith, 54, 78n12public, 124–5, 128–30

family, 49, 110–11, 157father, killing of the, 21, 21n11, 23Ferrara, Francesco, 150–1feudalism, 7n10, 108–9, 111, 146–7fides, 64–6, 71–2, 75–6, 100–1, 119,

124–5, 156Filangieri, Gaetano, 123n4, 155fitness, 114–15fortune, power of, 31–2Foscesato, Mattia, 66Franciscan movement, 59–64, 66,

67n8, 68–9, 156, 201fraternal community, 2fraternity, 15, 20–4, 37, 37n4, 43,

53–5, 102civil, 155–81, 205–6Franciscan, 59–64

freedom, 37, 97, 102, 117, 119free riding, 89n6, 95Frey, Bruno, 177, 189friendship, 24, 30, 47–50, 54–5, 68,

104, 108–11, 158

Galiani, Celestino, 121garden cities, 50Garden of Eden, 17–20, 22Gauthier, David, 159Genesis, 17–24Genovesi, Antonio, 101–2,

120–36, 148, 152, 156, 158,161, 162, 164, 166, 168, 173, 182, 187–8

gift exchange, 3–5, 10–11, 36, 108Gioja, Melchiorre, 136, 152Giotto,, 69, 76Girard, René, 2n3, 6

globalization, 106God, 18, 19, 54n31, 77, 79–80

Covenant between Israel and, 37–41, 43

golden rule, 54n33good life, 22, 24–9government, 157Greek culture, 22–33, 97Greek philosophy, 22–33, 47–50Grotius, H., 94guilds, 65Gurevich, A., 12

happiness, 17–18, 22, 24–33, 48, 103, 122, 127, 148

Hayek, Friedrich, 167hierarchy, 6–11, 34–5, 74, 77–8, 200hierophany, 6Hindu caste system, 7Hobbes, Thomas, 12, 37, 40–1, 45–6,

70, 82–100, 103–5, 107, 111, 113, 116, 141, 156

Hollis, Martin, 131household economy, 157human development, 200–2humanism, 13, 17, 20n8, 26n18, 32,

61, 63, 66–71, 76, 84, 101, 106, 118, 156, 184, 204

humanity, 110human labour, 18, 19, 19n4Hume, David, 103, 105, 113–19, 188

immunitas, 10, 34–7, 41–7, 85, 118–19immunity, 47impurity, 9–10incentives, 137, 144, 145, 184inclusion/inclusivity, 71–2, 72n4, 102individualism, 1, 12, 15, 21, 57individual preferences, 159–66individuals, 8, 11–16

community of, 96–100invention and “killing” of, 97–100lack of, in ancient

community, 35–7Indo-European religions, 6n9inequality, 45, 49, 72–5institutions, 189–91instrumentality, 111interest, 65n7

218 Index

interpersonal relations, 25, 106,110–11, 203–4

intrinsic motivation, 177–9“invisible hand,” 106–7, 156–7, 158Islamic economy, 72Israel, 15–16

Covenant between God and, 37–41, 43

Jacon and Esau, 23–4, 21022Jeremiah, 40n12Jewish culture, 22–4, 97Jewish law, 37–41Josiah (King), 38n8jus, 37–47, 54justice, 44–7, 103, 108, 110, 113–14

Kant, Immanuel, 12keeping, 18Koran, 20n6

labour, 19n4labour division, 9, 9n15, 10, 113, 167land, reciprocity with the, 18, 20law, 37–47, 54

natural, 45, 128–30of progress, 14

Leviathan (Hobbes), 70, 83–5, 91, 93, 99, 116–18

Locke, John, 91–6, 97n13loneliness, 102love, 3n6, 32

see also agape; erosmaternal, 52n22

Luhmann, N., 46Luther, Martin, 75–82, 97, 101, 156

Maine, Sumner, 11, 13–14Mancini, Italo, 44–5man-woman reciprocity, 17–21Marion, J.L., 3market, 53

anonymity of the, 101–2, 111as civil fraternity, 155–81ethos of the, 1, 13, 71–2, 76,

155–81, 204–6evolution of the, 112–19inclusion/exclusion, 71–2, 102“invisible hand” of, 106–7,

156–7, 158

as mutual assistance, 156–9as philia, 128–30as reward for virtues, 148–50vocation of the, 61–3, 71as zero-sum game, 157–8

market economy, 2, 101, 167development of, 63–6, 71of Middle Ages, 57–72, 101of seventeen century, 101–2

market ethics, 108market exchange, 4–5, 157, 159, 171–4

see also economic exchange“market of care,” 174–80market relations, 106–12, 124,

158–66maternal love, 52n22Mauss, Marcel, 3, 4M.A.U.S.S. movement, 3mediation, 6, 8, 35, 77, 79–81Medieval Europe, 12, 57–69mendicants movements, 60n2mercantilism, 57–9, 61–6, 72, 76merchants, 61, 62, 65, 71, 101Middle Ages, 12, 32, 50, 53n30,

57–72, 81, 101Mill, John Stuart, 111n4, 181Mirandola, Pico della, 76modernity, 13, 37, 96–100,

118–19, 204–6monasticism, 32, 60money, 61–2, 66

quantity theory of, 61n4velocity of circulation, 61n4

Montesquieu, Baron de, 126, 127, 147morality, 158–9, 174Moses, 22n12, 38–40, 41motivation theories, 136–54, 174–81munus, 2–4, 5, 10, 11, 15, 36, 106Muratori, Ludocivo Antonio, 121mutual advantage, 50, 130,

162–71, 205mutual assistance, 125–8, 130, 148,

156–9, 166–71mutual indifference, 20, 86, 100,

102, 109–10, 112, 118, 159, 169–70, 181

mutuality, 49, 50

Nackermann, Susanne, 189national economy, 157

Index 219

native societies, 2n2natural law, 45, 96, 128–30nature, 19

state of, 40–1, 45–6, 83–100, 103, 141

Neapolitan tradition, 7n10, 8n11, 32, 120–35, 155–6, 187–8

Nelson, Julie, 177–8New Harmony, 50Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 24, 26,

29, 31Nietzsche, F., 1Noah, 21nomina sunt numina, 10–12non-community, 8Northern Europe, 76Nussbaum, Martha, 25, 31, 48

Olivi, Pierre de Jean, 59, 61opportunism, 95, 134, 172otherness, 45, 48, 50, 99, 102Otto, Rudolf, 5Owen, Robert, 50

pact, 41–3Pagano, Mario Francesco, 122n3Paine, Thomas, 150Palmieri, Giuseppe, 127Pantaleoni, Maffeo, 49Pareto, Vilfredo, 46Pascal, Blaise, 34pastoral epistles, 58patriarchial theory, 13–14patriarchy, 13–14Paul, St., 54n32, 58–9, 182pawns, 59“Pentecost” (Giotto), 69Peretti, Alberto, 25n17personal relationships, 101–2philia, 26–9, 30n23, 32, 47–50, 52,

54–5, 63–71, 100–1, 109, 121, 128–30, 155–6, 191–5, 194n20

Plato, 25n16, 30, 31, 32, 49pleasure, 27n19Polanyi, Karl, 2n1, 4, 11, 14, 30n23polis, 22–3, 48, 49, 67, 191political animal, 72–5, 82, 123political economy, 2, 100, 116–17, 157

compared with civil economy,182–202

origins of, 103–6Smith and, 104–12

political life, 29, 31, 48–9politics, 81, 157Politics (Aristotle), 74–5Pope, 58poverty, 59, 62, 66, 68n9, 201prayer, 32preferences, 159–66price system, 102, 104primitive societies, 13–14Prisoner’s Dilemma, 89, 89n5, 90n7,

95, 117n10, 132–5, 158, 161, 183,198–9

private trust, 124profane, 5, 9–10profits, 172progress, law of, 14promises, 114prophets, 22n12, 40n12Protestant Reformation, 69, 75–82, 97,

101–2, 119Pseuo-Dionysius, 8, 8n12, 8n13public benefit, 50public faith, 124–5, 128–30“public happiness” school, 121, 148punishment, 140–1, 188–9, 194purity, 9–10

quantity theory of money, 61n4Quesnay, François, 62

Rabin, M., 161rational choice theory, 161rationality, 116–17, 131–2Rawls, John, 100reciprocity, 4–5, 10–11, 17–20, 32, 36,

48, 53, 96, 100, 106, 123–8, 156,192–200, 196n26

redistribution, 171–4Reformation, see Protestant

Reformationrelational goods, 31–2relationality, 103, 106, 110,

112, 203religious domain, 5–6Renaissance, 57, 67Republicanism, 142reputation, 114, 124rewards, 136–54, 182–9

220 Index

Ries, J., 6rituals, 5Roman Empire, 58, 79Roman law, 42Rome, 5, 11, 97, 156, 191Rousseau, J. J., 87–8, 97n13

sacred, 4–12, 15, 51sacred community, 34–7, 53–4, 74,

81–2, 96–8sacrifice, 2n3, 6, 181salvation, 77, 78n12scarcity, 61, 61n3Schiavone, Aldo, 5, 41Scholasticism, 63School of Salamanca, 75n7Scotus, Duns, 59self-interest, 107, 111, 113–14,

116–17, 119, 136, 142, 158–60, 165, 182, 205

Sidgwick, H., 27Sigden, Robert, 131Silver, A., 110sin, 43n16sister poverty, 59slavery, 20n5, 39n9Smith, Adam, 4, 103, 104–12, 118,

120, 121n2, 123–4, 153, 158, 167, 169, 182, 203

sociable unsociability, 12–13social capital, 124, 173social contract, 81–96, 104, 141sociality, 73, 82, 83, 94, 103,

104, 108, 117, 118, 120, 122–4, 141, 159–66

social life, 53n30, 73–5, 81–6, 203social preferences, 159–66society, 13–14

as a body, 9n15city and town, 59–63, 65–9,

98, 103civil, 45–6, 53, 67n8, 84–6, 91, 92,

96–100, 103, 104, 107, 108, 110,189–91, 203

commercial, 104–12, 118–19egalitarian, 8hierarchical, 7–10unequal, 72–5

sociology, concept of community in, 1

Socrates, 15, 25n16, 28, 30Stag Hunt game, 87–91, 94–5, 113,

132–5, 183–4state, 94state of nature, 40–1, 45–6, 83–100,

103, 141status, 13, 45–6, 96stoicism, 51Strauss, Leo, 22strong reciprocity,

159–66, 169n15Sugden, Robert, 91, 141, 156, 167,

195, 205Supiot, A., 42, 44symmetry, 3, 3n5, 3n6

Taylor, Charles, 24team agency, 131–2Todeschini, Giacomo, 63, 64n6, 68,

70–2, 71n2Todorov, T., 98–9Tönnies, Ferdinand, 14, 57Torah, 21, 39Torricelli, E., 76towns, 59–63trade, 125–8, 150tragedy of the communitas, 53–4tribal community, 2n1Trinitarian dogma, 53n30Trinity, 73trust, 64–6, 101, 102, 124–5,

128–30, 164–5Trust Game, 160–5

unconditional reciprocity, 52, 193–4, 196n26

universalism, 102usury, 65, 65n7, 67

value, scarcity-based, 61vassalage, 39n9Vatican II, 58velocity of circulation, 61n4Venice, Italy, 65Venturi, Franco, 153Verri, Pietro, 136, 138n4

Index 221

Vico, Gian Battista, 103, 121, 156virtues, 27, 28n20, 107, 128–30,

136–54, 174, 182, 189–91vocations, 175–6, 179–81

war, 93, 98wealth, 61–2, 66, 68n9, 127Wealth of Nations (Smith), 105, 107,

153, 167

Weber, Max, 14, 35, 75n8Weil, Simone, 46, 47we-rationality, 131–2western culture, 53, 99William of Ockham, 59wounded communitas, 50–6

Zanghi, G. M., 50–1zero-sum game, 157–8