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Research methodology

Submited ByHemangi Bhise

Reeti Singh

research Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase our understanding of the phenomenon under study.

It is the function of the researcher to contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon and to communicate that understanding to others.

research objectives

The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study.

These objectives should be closely related to the research problem.

Why should research objectives be developed?

The involvement of objectives will help you to:

Focus the study.

Avoid the collection of data.

Formulate the study.

Variable

A characteristic that takes on different values/conditions for different individuals.

 e.g. age

Types of Variables 

Independent Variable Dependent Variable Levels of the Variable Intervening Variable Moderator Variable

 

hypothesis

Hypothesis is a tentative statement of the expected relationships between two or more variables.

Types of hypothesis-

Inductive DeductiveNon-directional DirectionalNull

Significance of literature

Research is made in order to inform people about new knowledge of discovery.

Literature review involves scanning the pages of any published literature like newspaper, magazine, website, webpage, collection, paper, pamphlet and the like where you may be able to find some reference to the topic that is being researched.

It describes how the proposed research is related to prior research statistically.

It shows the originality and relevance of your research problem.

It justifies proposed methodology.

Sources of literature

There are two types of sources for literature that can be included in a review: primary and secondary.

Primary sources: They are the origin of information under study, fundamental documents relating to a particular subject or idea. Often they are first hand accounts written by a witness or researcher at the time of an event or discovery.

These may be accessible as physical publications, as publications in electronic databases, or on the Internet.

cont Primary sources can include: Interviews, diaries, letters, journals,

speeches, autobiographies & witness statements.

Articles containing original research, data, or findings never before shared.

Original hand-written manuscripts. Government documents and public records. Art, photographs, films, maps, fiction, and

music Newspaper and magazine clippings. Artifacts, buildings, furniture, and clothing.

Secondary sources: are documents or recordings that relate to or discuss information originally presented elsewhere. These, too, may be accessible as physical objects or electronically in databases or on the Internet.

Secondary sources can include: Textbooks Review articles and critical analysis essays Biographies Historical films, music, and art Articles about people and events from the past

Reviewing of literature Literature means writing and a body of

literature refers to all the published writings in a particular style on a particular subject.

Literature is a collection of published information and data relevant to a research question.

Literature review typically includes scholarly journals, scholarly books, authoritative databases and primary sources.

Sometimes it includes newspapers, magazine, other books films and audio, video tapes, and other secondary resources.

Research paradigms

Refers to the progress of scientific practice based on people, philosophies and assumption around the world and the nature of knowledge.

Paradigms offers a framework comprising an accepted set of theories, methods and ways defining data.