reducing inequality for shared growth in china

8/7/2019 Reducing Inequality for Shared Growth in China

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ecugblm Blequofbty `kr

Wjorec Mrkwtj bl GjbloWtrotemy olc Qkfbgy Kptbkls `kr

Muolmcklm Qrkvblge

C B ^ E G S B K L W B L C E P E F K Q I E L S

Juiol Cevefkpielt


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^ecugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec

Mrkwtj bl Gjblo


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^ecugblm Blequofbty `kr

Wjorec Mrkwtj bl GjbloWtrotemy olc Qkfbgy Kptbkls `krMuolmcklm Qrkvblge


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>1?? Sje Blterlotbklof Nold `kr êgklstrugtbkl olc Cevefkpielt / Sje ]krfc Nold?:?: J Wtreet L]

]osjblmtkl CG >1377Sefepjkle8 >1>-3=7-?111Blterlet8 www.wkrfcnold.krm

Off rbmjts reservec

? > 7 3 ?7 ?> ?? ?1

Sjbs vkfuie bs o prkcugt k` tje sto`` k` tje Blterlotbklof Nold `kr êgklstrugtbkl olcCevefkpielt / Sje ]krfc Nold. Sje `blcblms, blterpretotbkls, olc gklgfusbkls expressec bl tjbsvkfuie ck lkt legessorbfy re`fegt tje vbews k` tje Exegutbve Cbregtkrs k` Sje ]krfc Nold kr tjemkverlielts tjey represelt.

Sje ]krfc Nold ckes lkt muoroltee tje oggurogy k` tje coto blgfucec bl tjbs wkrd. Sje nkulc-orbes, gkfkrs, celkiblotbkls, olc ktjer bl`kriotbkl sjkwl kl oly iop bl tjbs wkrd ck lkt bipfyoly hucmeielt kl tje port k` Sje ]krfc Nold gklgerlblm tje femof stotus k` oly terrbtkry kr tjeelckrseielt kr oggeptolge k` sugj nkulcorbes.

^bmjts olc Qeribssbkls

Sje ioterbof bl tjbs punfbgotbkl bs gkpyrbmjtec. Gkpyblm olc/kr trolsibttblm pkrtbkls kr off k`tjbs wkrd wbtjkut peribssbkl ioy ne o vbkfotbkl k` oppfbgonfe fow. Sje Blterlotbklof Nold `krêgklstrugtbkl olc Cevefkpielt / Sje ]krfc Nold elgkuromes cbsseiblotbkl k` bts wkrd olcwbff lkrioffy mrolt peribssbkl tk reprkcuge pkrtbkls k` tje wkrd prkiptfy.

@kr peribssbkl tk pjktkgkpy kr reprblt oly port k` tjbs wkrd, pfeose selc o request wbtj gki-pfete bl`kriotbkl tk tje Gkpyrbmjt Gfeorolge Gelter Blg., >>> ^ksewkkc Crbve, Colvers, IO1?2>7, UWO4 tefepjkle8 2=:-=51-:3114 òx8 2=:-=51-33=14 Blterlet8 www.gkpyrbmjt.gki.

Off ktjer querbes kl rbmjts olc fbgelses, blgfucblm sunsbcbory rbmjts, sjkufc ne occressec tk tjeK``bge k` tje Qunfbsjer, Sje ]krfc Nold, ?:?: J Wtreet L], ]osjblmtkl, CG >1377, UWO4òx8 >1>-5>>->3>>4 e-iobf8 punrbmjtsAwkrfcnold.krm.

BWNL8 2=:-1-:>?7-:3:3-:eBWNL8 2=:-1-:>?7-:51?->CKB8 ?1.?520/2=:-1-:>?7-:3:3-:

Fbnrory k` Gklmress Gotofkmblm-bl-Qunfbgotbkl Coto

êcugblm blequofbty `kr sjorec mrkwtj bl Gjblo 8 strotemy olc pkfbgy kptbkls `kr Muolmcklmprkvblge.

p. gi.Blgfuces nbnfbkmropjbgof reèrelges olc blcex.BWNL 2=:-1-:>?7-:3:3-: BWNL 2=:-1-:>?7-:51?-> (efegtrklbg)?. Muolmcklm Wjelm (Gjblo)Wkgbof gklcbtbkls>?st geltury. >. Muolmcklm Wjelm

(Gjblo)Wkgbof pkfbgy. 7. Muolmcklm Wjelm (Gjblo)Wkgbof pfollblm. 3. Gbty pfollblmGjbloMuolmcklm Wjelm. 5. EcugotbklGjbloMuolmcklm Wjelm. 0. Wkgbof gjolmeGjbloMuolmcklm Wjelm. =. Muolmcklm Wjelm (Gjblo)Qkfbtbgs olc mkverlielt>?stgeltury. B. ]krfc Nold.

JL=31.M:7^37 >1?171=.7'3125?>=cg>>

>1?117113>

Gkver pjktk8 Qolkroio Iecbo FbibtecGkver cesbml8 Loyfkr Cesbml, ]osjblmtkl, CG


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v

@krewkrc ny ]olm Rolm xvbb

@krewkrc ny Hoies ]. Ocois xxbbb

Ogdlkwfecmielts xxvbb

Onnrevbotbkls xxbx

Kvervbew ?

Nogdmrkulc k` Muolmcklm Qrkvblge 7

Sje Gjoffelme k` Blequofbty bl Muolmcklm 3êcugblm Blequofbty wbtj Wpotboffy Ulnofolgec

Mrkwtj ?1

êcugblm Blequofbty8 O Sjree-Qbffor Wtrotemy ?>

Efbiblotblm Onskfute Qkverty tjrkumj tje

Cbnok Wystei ?5

Nkkstblm ûrof Blgkie ny Mbvblm Qekpfe

Kppkrtulbtbes ?:

Blvestblm bl Qekpfe tjrkumj IkreEqubtonfe Wervbge Cefbvery >2

Gklgfusbkl 72

Lktes 3?

êèrelges 3>

Gkltelts


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Gjopter ? Ulcerstolcblm Qkverty olc Blequofbty

bl Muolmcklm 35

Ieosurblm Qkverty bl Muolmcklm 32

Sje Gurrelt Qkverty Wbtuotbkl bl Muolmcklm 57

Qrk`bfe k` tje Qkkr 0>

Blequofbty bl Muolmcklm 05

Wuiiory olc Qkfbgy Bipfbgotbkls =3

Lktes =0

êèrelges =0

Gjopter > Wuppkrtblm tje Qkkr tjrkumj urof Cbnok =2Jkw tk Evofuote o Wkgbof Ossbstolge Qrkmroi :?

Evkfutbkl olc Iobl Qkfbgy @eotures k` ûrof

Cbnok bl Muolmcklm :7

Gjoffelmes @ogec ny tje Cbnok Qrkmroi

bl Muolmcklm :0

Nubfcblm o Cbnok Qrkmroi `kr tje @uture8

Qkfbgy êgkiielcotbkls 2:

Lktes ?1>êèrelges ?1>

Gjopter 7 Cevefkpblm ol E``bgbelt olc Bltemrotec

Fonkr Iordet bl Muolmcklm Qrkvblge ?17

Fonkr Iordet Kvervbew ?10

Norrbers tk o Iknbfe olc @fexbnfe Fonkr Iordet ??0

Qkfbgy Bipfbgotbkls ?>1

Lktes ?>3êèrelges ?>3

Gjopter 3 Iodblm @blolge ]krd bl êcugblm Blequofbty

olc Qkverty bl Muolmcklm ?>=

Sje Gurrelt Wbtuotbkl ?7?

Bssues olc Qrknfeis ?3=

Gklgfusbkls olc Wuiiory k` êgkiielcotbkls ?5=

Ollex 3.? Gkiporbskl k` tje êmufotbkl

@roiewkrd `kr Gkiiergbof Nolds olcûrof @blolgbof Blstbtutbkls, >11: ?0>

Ollex 3.> Cb`èrelt êqubreielts `kr

Ibgrkfkol Gkipolbes ny Geltrof versus

Fkgof Outjkrbtbes ?03

vb Gkltelts


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Ollex 3.7 Bllkvotbve IWE Felcblm Qrkhegt

bl Gjblo ?0:

Ollex 3.3 Iutuof Wkgbetbes bl Qkkr Pbffomes ?=1

Lktes ?=?

êèrelges ?=?

Gjopter 5 Muolmcklm8 e`kriblm Folc Qkfbgy `kr

Netter ^bmjts Qrktegtbkl olc o Jeoftjber

Cevefkpielt Qotterl ?=7

O Lew Qfot`kri `kr Qursublm Nkfcer Bllkvotbkls ?=3

Gklgfusbkls ?21Lktes ?2>

êèrelges ?2>

Gjopter 0 Wpelcblm kr Gkipufskry Ecugotbkl

bl Muolmcklm ?27

Dey Kutgkie Mops bl Gkipufskry Ecugotbkl ?25

Wpelcblm Mops bl Gkipufskry Ecugotbkl olc tje

Lew @ree Gkipufskry Ecugotbkl Wgjeie >13Gklgfusbkls olc Qkfbgy Bipfbgotbkls >75

Ollex 0.?8 Kutgkie Blcbgotkrs bl

Muolmcklm Qrkvblge >33

Ollex 0.>8 Wpelcblm Blcbgotkrs bl

Muolmcklm Qrkvblge >3=

Lktes >52

êèrelges >01

Gjopter = Wdbffs Cevefkpielt bl Muolmcklm Qrkvblge >0?

Qreporblm `kr Gjolme >03

Ieetblm tje Gjoffelme `kr Wdbffs Cevefkpielt >=3

Ollex =.?8 Sonfes >:=

Ollex =.>8 ûrof olc Urnol Jkusejkfc Wurveys >20

Lktes >22

êèrelges 711

Gjopter : êcugblm embklof Cbsporbtbes bl Jeoftj

Wervbges bl Muolmcklm Qrkvblge8 Gjoffelmes

olc Kptbkls 717

Sje Gjoffelme k` Blequofbty olc

êmbklof Cbsporbtbes 715

Gkltelts vbb


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êskurge Iknbfbzotbkl olc Offkgotbkl 7?3

Wuiiory olc êgkiielcotbkls 7>1

Biprkveielt k` tje E``bgbelgy olc Equbty k`

Jeoftj Qrktegtbkl Wgjeies 7>?

Wtrelmtjelblm k` Jeoftj Wervbges Cefbvery

Gopogbty bl tje Fommblm Oreos 77>

Bssues Leecblm @urtjer Otteltbkl olc

Wummestbkls `kr @urtjer Wtucy 731

Lktes 73?

êèrelges 73>

Blcex 737

Nkxes

?.? Muolmcklm urof olc Urnol Jkusejkfc

Wurvey Coto 3:

?.> Ieosurblm tje Blgbcelge, Ceptj, olc Weverbty

k` Qkverty 53

?.7 Ieosurblm Blequofbty 007.? Ieosurblm Blequofbty ?15

3.? Ulcerstolcblm @blolge ?>:

3.> Sje @blolgbof Grbsbs Femogy bl Muolmcklm ?75

3.7 Sje Ibgrkfelcblm Experbielts ny Gjblo

Qkstof Wovblms ?3=

5.? Pbetloi8 Folc Qkfbgy e`kris olc Lotbklof

Folc êmbstrotbkl Qrkmroi ?==

5.> Srolsèronfe Cevefkpielt bmjts (SC^s) ?:?5.7 Sje Gose k` Otfolto ?:3

5.3 Wiort Mrkwtj ?:5

5.5 Qrkperty Sox os Mkkc Fkgof Sox ?:2

0.? Exoipfes k` @ulcblm @kriufos bl Geltrof Oierbgo >31

:.? IO Qbfkt bl tje Runeb Cbstrbgt k`

Gjklmqblm Iulbgbpofbty 77?

:.> Qrogtbge kl êteltbkl k` urof Jeoftj ]krders 77:

IopK.? Sje @kur êmbkls k` Muolmcklm Qrkvblge 7

@bmures

?.? Gkiporbskl k` MCQ olc Qer Gopbto MCQ ogrkss

Gjblos Qrkvblges, >11= 30

vbbb Gkltelts


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?.> MCQ k` Muolmcklm olc Eost Osbol Lewfy Blcustrbofbzec

Egklkibes, >11= 30

?.7 Qer Gopbto MCQ k` Muolmcklm olc Eost Osbol

Lewfy Blcustrbofbzec Egklkibes, >11= 3=

?.3 ôtbk k` urof olc Urnol Blgkies olc Qer Gopbto MCQ 3:

?.5 Gkiporbskl k` Lotbklof Qkverty Fbles 5>

?.0 Urnol olc urof Blgkie Cbstrbnutbkl bl

Muolmcklm, >11= 50

?.= Welsbtbvbty tk tje Qkverty Fble bl Urnol olc ûrof

Muolmcklm, >11= 5=

?.: ûrof Blgkie olc Gklsuiptbkl Mrkwtj bl Muolmcklmny _ubltbfe, >1151= 01

?.2 Gkiporbskl k` Mblb Blcexes k` Blgkie Blequofbty, >11= 0=

?.?1 Srelcs bl ûrof-Urnol Cbsporbty8 Muolmcklm olc Gjblo 0:

?.?? Fkrelz Gurves kr Qer Gopbto ûrof olc Urnol

Blgkie, >11= 02

?.?> êmbklof Blgkie Cbsporbty bl Muolmcklm olc

Gjblo, ?22:>11= 02

?.?7 Cbstrbnutbkl k` embklof Qkpufotbkl olc EgklkibgOgtbvbtbes bl Muolmcklm, >11= =1

?.?3 Urnol- urof Cbstrbnutbkl k` Qkpufotbkl olc Egklkibg

Ogtbvbtbes bl Muolmcklm, >11= =?

?.?5 Blgkie Cegkipksbtbkl k` Qkkfec urof olc Urnol

Jkusejkfcs bl Muolmcklm, >11= =>

?.?0 Wkurges k` Urnol-ûrof Blgkie Cbsporbty =7

?.?= Gkulty-Fevef Blgkie Blequofbty Cegkipksbtbkl bl

Muolmcklm, ?22:>11= =3>.? êmbklof Cb`èrelges bl urof Cbnok Gkverome :=

>.> Gkrrefotbkl netweel Cbnok Wtolcorcs olc

Egklkibg Wtrelmtj, Wefegtec Gkultbes :2

>.7 Cbstrbnutbkl k` urof Cbnok êgbpbelts ogrkss Blgkie

_ubltbfes, >11= 2?

>.3 ûrof Cbnok Expelcbture bl Muolmcklm

bl Gkiporbskl wbtj Ktjer Qrkvblges >11= 23

>.5 @blolgblm k` urof Cbnok ny tje Qrkvblgbof olc Fkgof

Mkverlielts 207.? ûrof Jkusejkfc Blgkie bl Muolmcklm ny

Wkurge, >11= ?13

7.> Blgkie Blequofbtbes olc Wjore k` Fonkr

Blgkie, >11= ?15

7.7 Eipfkyielt ny Wegtkr bl Muolmcklm ?1=

Gkltelts bx


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7.3 Fonkr Offkgotbkl, >115 olc >11= ?1:

7.5 êmbklof Eipfkyielt Wtrugture, >111 olc >115 ??0

7.0 Overome Iblbiui ]ome Wtolcorcs bl Muolmcklm

olc Gjblo ??2

3.? F/C ôtbk k` @blolgbof Blstbtutbkls bl Urnol olc

ûrof Oreos, >11= ?7>

3.> F/C otbk k` Wefegtec @blolgbof Blstbtutbkls, >11= ?77

3.7 LQF ôtbk k` @blolgbof Blstbtutbkls, >11= ?73

3.3 LQF ôtbk k` @bve Formest Nolds, ONG, olc

^GG, >11= ?73

3.5 ûrof Jkusejkfcs wbtj Oggess tk Nold Fkols, >11= ?7=3.0 ûrof Jkusejkfcs wbtj Oggess tk Bl`kriof

olc @kriof Gjollefs, >11= ?7=

3.= Wioff Nusblesses wbtj Oggess tk Nolds Fkols, >11= ?7:

3.: @oriblm Jkusejkfcs wbtj Oggess tk Wovblms

Cepksbt Oggkults, >11> ?72

3.2 @oriblm Jkusejkfcs wbtj Oggess tk Wovblms Cepksbt

Oggkults, Q^C Oreo vs. Lkl-Q^C Oreo, >11= ?31

3.?1 Overome Jkfcblms k` QWN Noldblm Gorcs, >110 ?313.?? Overome Jkfcblms k` Cepksbt Oggkults, >110 ?3?

3.?> Luiner k` Nold Nrolgjes bl Wefegtec Gkultrbes ?3>

3.?7 Luiner k` Nold Nrolgjes bl Wefegtec Gkultrbes ?3>

3.?3 Luiner k` Nold Nrolgjes, >11= ?37

3.?5 Luiner k` Nold Nrolgjes, >11= ?37

3.?0 Overome Luiner k` Noldblm Kutfets Qer

Skwlsjbp, >11= ?33

3.?= Overome Luiner k` Noldblm Kutfets QerOciblbstrotbve Pbffome, >11= ?33

3.?: Luiner k` Nold Nrolgjes, Q^C Oreo vs. Lkl-Q^C

Oreo, >11= ?35

3.?2 Luiner k` Nold Nrolgjes, Q^C Oreo vs. Lkl-Q^C

Oreo, >11= ?35

3.>1 Qrkpkrtbkl k` ûrof Jkusejkfc Fkols, >11= ?5>

3.>? Qrkpkrtbkl k` Fkols kl Omrbgufturof Qrkcugtbkl, >11= ?57

0.? Sje @kur Mops k` urof olc Fommblm Gkipufskry

Ecugotbkl ?230.> Mrkss olc Let Elrkffielt otes bl Qrbiory Ecugotbkl,

?225>110 ?2=

0.7 Ecugotbklof Ottoblielt k` Cb`èrelt Ome

Gkjkrts, >11= ?2:

x Gkltelts


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0.>7 Nkkds Qer Wtucelt olc ôtbk k` Cbfopbcotec

Nubfcblms Kveroff olc bl Urnol olc ûrof Oreos,

>113 olc >11= >>>

0.>3 K&I Qer Wtucelt Kveroff olc bl Urnol olc ûrof

Oreos, >113 olc >11= >>7

0.>5 MCQ Qer Gopbto olc Wjore k` Qrkvblgbof Qkpufotbkl

k` Gkulty Woipfe >>3

0.>0 Gjolme netweel >113 olc >11= bl Wpelcblm olc

êvelue Wkurges bl Qrbiory Ecugotbkl `kr tje

Gkulty Woipfe, Ruol Qer Wtucelt >>0

0.>= êfotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto olc QrbioryWpelcblm Qer Wtucelt, >113 >>=

0.>: êfotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto olc Qrbiory

Wpelcblm Qer Wtucelt, >11= >>=

0.>2 êfotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto bl >113

olc Qergeltome Blgreose bl Wpelcblm Qer Wtucelt >>=

0.71 êfotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto bl >113 olc

Qergeltome Blgreose bl Nucmetory êvelues Qer Wtucelt >>:

0.7? Cegreose bl Ibsgeffolekus @ees, @ee Mop, olc Gjolmebl urof Elrkffielt bl Qrbiory, Ruol Qer Wtucelt >>2

0.7> êfotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto olc Hulbkr

Wegklcory Wpelcblm Qer Wtucelt, >113 >7?

0.77 êfotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto olc

Hulbkr Wegklcory Wpelcblm Qer Wtucelt, >11= >7?

0.73 êfotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto bl >113

olc Qergeltome Blgreose bl Wpelcblm Qer Wtucelt >7?

0.75 êfotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto bl >113 olcQergeltome Blgreose bl Nucmetory êvelues Qer Wtucelt >7>

0.70 Cegreose bl Ibsgeffolekus @ees, @ee Mop, olc

Gjolme bl ûrof Elrkffielt bl Hulbkr Wegklcory,

Ruol Qer Wtucelt >7>

0.7= Offkgotbkl k` tje @GE Wgjeie ogrkss tje Cb èrelt

Wunsbcbes bl tje Gkulty Woipfe

(Qrbiory Ecugotbkl), >11= >77

0.7: ôtbk k` Cbfopbcotec Qrbiory Wgjkkf Nubfcblms bl

tje Gkulty Woipfe, >113 olc >11= >730.72 K&I ny Wtucelt `kr Muolmcklm olc bl tje Gkulty

Woipfe, >11= >75

0.31 Qrbiory Urnol-ûrof Wpelcblm Mops ulcer

Cb`èrelt Wgelorbks >7:

xbb Gkltelts


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0.3? Hulbkr Wegklcory Urnol-ûrof Wpelcblm Mops

ulcer Cb`èrelt Wgelorbks >7:

=.? Bteis ôldec os @brst- kr Wegklc-Ikst Bipkrtolt

Gklstroblt tk Mrkwtj ny BGO @bris >05

=.> Fkgof Mkverlielt Wpelcblm kl Ecugotbkl Qer Wtucelt,

>11110 >00

=.7 Fkwer Qer Gopbto Mkverlielt Wpelcblm bl Gbtbes

wbtj Forme ûrof Qkpufotbkls >02

=.3 ^bse bl Wjore k` tje Qkpufotbkl Elrkffec bl o

Wegklcory Wgjkkf wbtj ^bse bl Urnol Wjore k` o

Gbtys Qkpufotbkl >=1=.5 Rkutj-tk-Ocuft Uleipfkyielt otbk olc Qergeltome

k` Welbkr Wegklcory Pkgotbklof Elrkffielt bl KEGC

Gkultrbes, >115 >=>

=.0 Forme @bris bl Muolmcklm Ikre Fbdefy tk Srobl

tjol Wioffer @bris >=7

=.= @bris wbtj ol Ecugotec ]krd`krge Ikre Fbdefy

tk Srobl >=3

:.? Qer Gopbto MCQ ny embkl, >110 710:.> Blòlt Ikrtofbty ote, >11= 710

:.7 Gjolmes bl Blòlt Ikrtofbty otes, >1111= 71=

:.3 Oggess tk Woè Crbldblm ]oter, >11= 71:

:.5 Jkspbtof Cefbvery otes, >11= 712

:.0 Kutpotbelt Pbsbts Qer Gopbto, >11= 712

:.= Blpotbelt Wervbges Qer Gopbto, >11= 7?1

:.: Overome Qer Gopbto Jeoftj Expelcbture ny Blgkie

_ubltbfe olc Urnol-ûrof Cb`èrelge, >11= 7??:.2 Qjysbgbol Celsbty ogrkss Iulbgbpofbtbes olc

êmbkls, >11= 7?>

:.?1 _uofbty k` Jeoftj ]krders ogrkss Iulbgbpofbtbes

olc êmbkls, >11= 7?7

:.?? Mkverlielt Jeoftj Wpelcblm os o Qergeltome k`

Sktof Mkverlielt Expelcbture, >110 7?=

:.?> Qer Gopbto Mkverlielt Jeoftj Wpelcblm, >110 7?=

:.?7 ]jere Leec Bs Mreoter, eskurges Ore Fess 7?:

:.?3 Elrkffielt ote kr L^GIW 7>>:.?5 êmbklof Cbsporbty bl Qer Gopbto L^GIW

Gkltrbnutbkls, >11= 7>7

:.?0 Bffustrotbkl k` Jbmjer-Fevef Qkkfblm k` tje L^GIW 7>5

:.?= Ogguiufotec Wovblms k` L^GIW êvelue, >11= 7>0

Gkltelts xbbb


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:.?: Qer Gopbto IO Ossbstolge ogrkss Qrkvblges, >11= 7>:

:.?2 Ecugotbkl k` tje Pbffome Ckgtkrs k` Muolmcklm 773

Sonfes

K.? Cegkipksbtbkl k` Blgkie Blequofbty bl Muolmcklm

Qrkvblge, >11= ?1

?.? Qkverty Fbles bl Gjblo 51

?.> Gkiporbskl k` Lotbklof Qkverty Fbles bl Eost Osbo,

Wefegtec Gkultrbes 57

?.7 Qkverty Jeocgkult, Ceptj, olc Weverbty bl Muolmcklm,

>11= ($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 55?.3 Gklgeltrotbkl k` urof Qkverty bl Muolmcklm

($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 5=

?.5 Gklgeltrotbkl k` Urnol Qkverty bl Muolmcklm

($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 5:

?.0 ûrof Qkverty ny Mekmropjbg Skpkmropjy, >11=

($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 52

?.= ûrof Qkverty Cyloibgs bl Muolmcklm

($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 01?.: ûrof Blgkie Iknbfbty ny _ubltbfe, >1151= 0?

?.2 Blterlotbklof Gkiporbskl k` Qkverty, >115

($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 0>

?.?1 Qrk bfe k` Jkusejkfc Qkverty bl urof Muolmcklm,

>11= ($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 07

?.?? Qrk bfe k` Blcbvbcuof Qkverty bl urof Muolmcklm,

>11= ($>-per-coy Qkverty Fble) 03

>.? Qkverty ote olc Cbstrbnutbkl bl urof Muolmcklm,>11= ($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) :1

>.> Nosbg Blcbgotkrs kr urof Cbnok bl Muolmcklm :3

>.7 ûrof Cbnok Gkverome ôtes vs. ûrof Qkverty

ôtes, >11= :=

>.3 Cbnok Wtolcorc olc ûrof Let Blgkie, >11= ::

>.5 Gkiporbskl k` Cbnok Wtolcorc olc Qkverty Fbles,

>11= :2

7.? Fonkr Offkgotbkl ny embkl, >11= ?1=

7.> Gjolme bl Ceteriblolts k` Fonkr Offkgotbkl ?127.7 ]krdblm Sbie Offkgotbkl ny Mrkup, >11= ??1

7.3 O Lew Estbiotbkl k` Wurpfus Fonkr bl urof

Muolmcklm, >11= ??>

7.5 Egklkibg Wtrugture olc Eipfkyielt ??7

xbv Gkltelts


17/395

7.0 Cbstrbnutbkl k` Eipfkyielt ny Fkgofbty, >115 ??3

0.? Mrkss olc Let Elrkffielt otes bl Qrbiory olc

Hulbkr Wegklcory Ecugotbkl, Ociblbstrotbve Coto ?20

0.> Blterlof E` bgbelgy Blcbgotkrs, Ociblbstrotbve Coto ?20

0.7 Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Blcbgotkrs bl Muolmcklm

Qrkvblge, >113 olc >11= >15

0.3 Qrbiory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Srelcs olc Uses >10

0.5 Hulbkr Wegklcory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture

Srelcs olc Uses >10

0.0 Qrbiory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Wkurges >1=

0.= Hulbkr Wegklcory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Wkurges >1=0O.?.? Qrbiory Blcbgotkrs ny Oreo (Gbty), >110 >33

0O.?.> Ecugotbkl Cbstrbnutbkl ogrkss ûrof olc Urnol

Oreos, >115 olc >11= >35

0O.?.7 Ecugotbkl Cbstrbnutbkl ogrkss Blgkie _ubltbfes olc

ûrof olc Urnol Oreos, >11= >30

0O.?.3 Ecugotbkl Cbstrbnutbkl ogrkss êmbkls kr Gbtbes, >11= >30

0O.>.5 Qrbiory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Srelcs olc Qotterls

ogrkss ûrof olc Urnol Oreos >3=0O.>.0 Fkwer Wegklcory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Srelcs

olc Qotterls ogrkss ûrof olc Urnol Oreos >3:

0O.>.= Qrbiory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Wkurges ogrkss

ûrof olc Urnol Oreos >32

0O.>.: Hulbkr Wegklcory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Wkurges

ogrkss ûrof olc Urnol Oreos >51

0O.>.2 Gkipksbtbkl k` tje Lew @GE Wgjeie olc SEKW,

Overome Wunsbcbes, olc Cbstrbnutbkl ny BlstbtutbklofWkurge, >110 >5>

0O.>.?1 Gkipksbtbkl k` tje Lew @GE Wgjeie olc SEKW,

Overome Wunsbcbes olc Cbstrbnutbkl ny Blstbtutbklof

Wkurge, >11= >57

0O.>.?? Wpelcblm olc êvelue Wkurges `kr Qrbiory Ecugotbkl

bl tje Wevel Gkulty/Gbty Woipfe >53

0O.>.?> Wpelcblm olc êvelue Wkurges `kr Hulbkr

Wegklcory Ecugotbkl bl tje Wevel Gkulty/Gbty

Woipfe >550O.>.?7 Oikult olc Offkgotbkl k` tje @ree Gkipufskry

Ecugotbkl Wgjeie ogrkss tje Wevel Gkulty Woipfe >50

=O.?.? Wgjkkfs, Wtucelts, olc Seogjers bl Muolmcklm Qrkvblge

ny Fevef k` Wgjkkf, >1111= >:=

Gkltelts xv


18/395

=O.?.> @eotures k` Welbkr Pkgotbklof Wgjkkfs bl Muolmcklm

Qrkvblge, >115 >:2

=O.?.7 Urnol Qkpufotbkl, Fkgof Mkverlielt Expelcbtures,

olc Qer Gopbto MCQ ny Gbty `kr Muolmcklm

Qrkvblge, >110 >:2

=O.?.3 Overome Olluof ]ome k` @uffy Eipfkyec Wto`` olc

]krders ny Egklkibg Wegtkr, >117 olc >110 >21

=O.?.5 Fkgof Mkverlielt Wpelcblm kl Ecugotbkl bl

Muolmcklm Qrkvblge, >11110 >21

=O.?.0 Wgjkkfs, Elrkffielt, olc @uff-Sbie Seogjers ny

Sype k` Wgjkkf olc Gbty, >110 >2?=O.?.= Eipfkyees Sroblblm ny @bri Wbze bl

Muolmcklm Qrkvblge, >110 >2>

=O.?.: @bris Sroblblm ny Expkrt Wtotus bl Muolmcklm

Qrkvblge, >110 >2>

=O.?.2 Sroblblm ny @bris ny Wjore k` Eipfkyees

wbtj o Jbmj Wgjkkf Ecugotbkl bl Muolmcklm

Qrkvblge, >110 >27

=O.?.?1 Sroblblm ny @bris ny Wjore k` Eipfkyeeswbtj o Ulbversbty Ecugotbkl bl Muolmcklm

Qrkvblge, >110 >27

=O.?.?? ôldblm k` Ikst Wevere Gklstroblts tk Mrkwtj

ny ]krfc Nold Blvestielt Gfbiote Ossessielt

Wurvey, >110 >23

=O.?.?> Gjorogterbstbgs k` Ibmrolt Fonkr bl Muolmcklm

Qrkvblge, >110 >25

=O.>.?7 Wuiiory Wtotbstbgs kr Dey Porbonfes >20=O.>.?3 Qrknbt Estbiotes k` tje Fbdefbjkkc k`

Qortbgbpotbkl bl Sroblblm bl Muolmcklm

(Iermec Woipfe `rki tje >115 olc >11=

ûrof Jkusejkfc Wurveys) >2=

=O.>.?5 ]ome êmressbkls >2:

:.? Cbsporbtbes bl @ogbfbty Bl`rostrugture k` SJGs 7?>

:.> Mkverlielt Jeoftj Wpelcblm os o Qergeltome k`

Sktof Jeoftj Expelcbture 7?0

:.7 Grbterbo kr Melerof Qrkvblgbof @bsgof Srolsèr 7?2:.3 IO Qrkmroi Cbsnurseielt kr o

Qkverty-Wtrbgdel Gkulty 7>:

xvb Gkltelts


19/395


20/395

]krfc Nold teoi, olc ikre tjol ?1 `befc ibssbkls were gklcugtec tk

motjer coto olc bl`kriotbkl kl tje urnol-rurof cbsporbty olc tk prkvbce

jbmj-quofbty olofysbs olc ocvbskry servbges tk Muolmcklm nosec kl eipbr-

bgof evbcelge. Wbibforfy, tje GQG Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof Gkiibttee olc

tje Qrkvblgbof Mkverlielt ofsk ottogjec mreot bipkrtolge tk tjbs gkffon-

krotbkl wbtj tje ]krfc Nold. Exgeffelt suppkrt olc gkffonkrotbkl were

prkvbcec4 ioly mkverlielt omelgbes olc experts bl refotec `befcs `rki

tje prkvblge portbgbpotec bl tjbs hkblt stucy. Bl sjkrt, tjbs prkhegt jos

joc ulpregeceltec jbmj-fevef, nrkoc-rolmblm, olc bllkvotbve blterlo-

tbklof gkkperotbkl. Huol Hks Conkun, `krier ]krfc Nold Iolomblm

Cbregtkr, gklsbcerec tjbs kle k` tje ikst suggess`uf ]krfc Nold dlkwf-ecme gkffonkrotbkls bl Gjblo, olc Muolmcklm kle k` ]krfc Nolds nest

portlers.

Sje hkblt e``krt ny tje twk sbces jos lkw nkrle `rubt tjot bs repre-

seltec ny jbmj-quofbty reseorgj. Nosec kl rbgj blterlotbklof experbelges

olc o ulbque blterlotbklof perspegtbve, tje repkrt prkvbces bl-ceptj

olofysbs k` tje urnol-rurof cbsporbty bl Muolmcklm, os weff os iohkr gjof-

felmes olc kppkrtulbtbes tk occress tjese gjoffelmes. Nosec kl tjese

olofyses, tje repkrt puts `krworc ol bllkvotbve tjree-pbffor strotembg`roiewkrd8 efbiblotblm onskfute pkverty, recugblm blequofbty k` kppkrtu-

lbtbes, olc gkltoblblm blequofbty k` kutgkies. Sje repkrt ofsk iodes o

serbes k` pkfbgy regkiielcotbkls gklgerlblm tje refkgotbkl k` blcustrbes

olc fonkr, cevefkpblm rurof `blolgbof servbge, re`kriblm tje rurof folc sys-

tei, olc biprkvblm nosbg ecugotbkl olc iecbgof servbges bl rurof oreos.

Sjese regkiielcotbkls ore gklstrugtbve olc `krworc fkkdblm, re`fegtblm

tje rbgj experbelge k` tje ]krfc Nold bl recugblm pkverty olc lorrkw-

blm urnol-rurof cbsporbtbes.Wblge tje nembllblm k` re`kri tjree cegoces omk, tje Muolmcklm

Qrkvblgbof Qorty Gkiibttee olc tje Qrkvblgbof Mkverlielt jove ioce

pkverty recugtbkl o prbkrbty. Ieosures olc prkmrois jove neel bipfe-

ieltec, sugj os tjkse recugblm pkverty tjrkumj juiol gopbtof cevefkp-

ielt, tjrkumj portlersjbps netweel tje ikre cevefkpec rembkls olc fess

cevefkpec rembkls, tjrkumj prkcugtbkl-krbeltec pkverty offevbotbkl ieos-

ures, olc tjrkumj tje estonfbsjielt k` tje iblbiui fbvblm offkwolge sys-

tei. Os o resuft, tje pergeltome k` tje pkpufotbkl fbvblm bl pkverty jos

neel `offblm, tje stolcorc k` fbvblm k` pkkr pekpfe jos seel gkltblukusbiprkveielt, olc tje nosbg fbvblm gklcbtbkls os weff tje gklcbtbkls `kr

egklkibg ogtbvbtbes bl rurof oreos ore biprkvblm mrocuoffy. Netweel >11?

olc >11=, tje luiner k` pekpfe fbvblm bl pkverty bl tje prkvblge

crkppec `rki 3.?? ibffbkl tk 7.?0 ibffbkl, o sbmlb`bgolt oggkipfbsjielt.

xvbbb @krewkrc


21/395

Jkwever, we ore ofsk deelfy owore tjotos o resuft k` iuftbpfe gkl-

stroblts sugj os mekmropjbg fkgotbkl, loturof elckwielt, egklkibg kul-

cotbkl, jbstkry, gufture, olc blstbtutbklsgklsbceronfe binofolge stbff

exbsts bl Muolmcklms skgbof olc egklkibg cevefkpielt. Sjbs binofolge

bs re`fegtec ikst ogutefy ny tje mrkwblm cevefkpielt olc blgkie cbspor-

btbes oiklm cb`èrelt rembkls wbtjbl tje prkvblge, netweel urnol olc

rurof oreos, olc netweel cb`èrelt pkpufotbkl mrkups. êcugblm tjese cbs-

porbtbes jos negkie o iohkr gjoffelme tjot iust ne occressec eorlestfy

tk bipfeielt tje sgbeltb`bg cevefkpielt gklgept bl tje prkvblge.

Muolmcklm bs ot o grbtbgof hulgture bl bts trolsbtbkl tk o trohegtkry k` sgb-

eltb`bg cevefkpielt. Bl respklse tk tje gjolmblm ckiestbg olc blterlo-tbklof sbtuotbkls, tje Qrkvblgbof Qorty Gkiibttee olc tje Qrkvblgbof

Mkverlielt ore vbmkrkusfy bipfeieltblm o gkkrcblotec rembklof cevef-

kpielt strotemy olc strbvblm tk lorrkw tje urnol-rurof cbsporbty olc

nubfc o joriklbkus skgbety. Sje punfbgotbkl k` tje resuftblm repkrt `rki

tje ]krfc NoldMuolmcklm hkblt reseorgj prkhegt wbff lkt klfy regkrc

tje jorc wkrd olc wbscki k` nktj sbces, nut ofsk gertoblfy prkvbce sbmlb`-

bgolt mubcolge olc blspbrotbkl tk Muolmcklms e``krt bl recugblm urnol-

rurof cbsporbtbes. Ioly gkiielts olc summestbkls bl tje repkrt ore verypertblelt olc blsbmjtùf. Sodblm bltk gklsbcerotbkl tje reofbty k`

Muolmcklm, B nefbeve tjot tje ùture pkverty recugtbkl wkrd bl tje

prkvblge sjkufc ne pusjec krworc wbtj o kgus kl tje kffkwblm kur oreos8

@brst, we leec tk treot tje cevefkpielt-krbeltec pkverty recugtbkl

strotemy gjorogterbzec ny jkusejkfc-fevef pfollblm olc blcbvbcuof

fevef respklsbnbfbty os o iohkr skgbof olc egklkibg cevefkpielt strot-

emy. Sk jefp pekpfe bl leec bs o `ble trocbtbkl k` tje Gjblese pekpfe,olc cevefkpielt-krbeltec pkverty recugtbkl bs ol bipkrtolt ieosure

tk recuge tje luiner k` pekpfe fbvblm bl pkverty. ]e ore preporblm tk

bipfeielt tje cevefkpielt-krbeltec pkverty recugtbkl strotemy gjor-

ogterbzec ny jkusejkfc-fevef pfollblm olc blcbvbcuof-fevef respklsbnbf-

bty, olc o spegbof ieetblm wbff ne jefc tk iode refotec orrolmeielts olc

mbve blstrugtbkls. Sjbs strotemy todes o kle-kl-kle ossbstolge opprkogj.

Wpegb`bgoffy, bt wbff iotgj tje 7,312 pkkr vbffomes olc =11,111 pkkr

jkusejkfcs (per gopbto olluof blgkie nefkw ?,511 yuol) bl tje fess

cevefkpec rembkls k` Muolmcklm wbtj eltbtbes bl tje ikre cevefkpecQeorf bver Cefto rembkl4 mkverlielt omelgbes ot tje prkvblgbof, iulbg-

bpof, olc gkulty fevefs4 punfbg servbge ulbts4 os weff os elterprbses wbtj

reskurges olc wbffblmless tk portbgbpote. O tobfkrec cevefkpielt strot-

emy wbff ne cesbmlec `kr eogj pkkr vbffome, olc o spegb`bg ietjkc wbff ne

@krewkrc xbx


22/395


23/395

rurof olc urnol oreos olc netweel rbgj olc pkkr pekpfe. Ikre e``krts

sjkufc ne ioce tk blgreose tje blgkie k` fkw-blgkie pekpfe, robse

tje prkpkrtbkl k` ibccfe-blgkie pekpfe, e`ègtbvefy ochust exgessbve-

fy jbmj blgkie, olc prkjbnbt bffemof blgkie. Bl tjbs woy, o ikre reoskl-

onfe olc krcerfy blgkie cbstrbnutbkl strugture wbff ne `kriec.

@kurtj, we leec tk pusj `kr equofbzotbkl k` nosbg punfbg servbges

netweel urnol olc rurof oreos. Equofbzotbkl bl nosbg punfbg servbges bs

ol bssue k` skgbof hustbge os weff os ol bipkrtolt ieols `kr gkltoblblm

blequofbty bl kutgkies. Cb`èrelge bl blcbvbcuof blgkies bs ol ulovkbc-

onfe reofbty, nut ikre equofbty bl pekpfes oggess tk nosbg punfbg servbgesgol mreotfy recuge tje mop netweel tje rbgj olc tje pkkr. Qrbkrbty

sjkufc ne mbvel tk ecugotbkl8 we sjoff strbve `kr ikre nofolgec cevef-

kpielt bl gkipufskry ecugotbkl netweel urnol olc rurof oreos. ]e

ofsk leec tk speec up e``krts tk greote o nosbg jeoftj gore systei gkv-

erblm nktj urnol olc rurof resbcelts olc tk iode sure tjot oriers jove

oggess tk nosbg jeoftj servbges. ]e leec tk estonfbsj ol bltemrotec skgbof

segurbty systei gkverblm nktj urnol olc rurof resbcelts olc gkltblu-

kusfy expolc gkverome olc blgreose tje fevef k` prktegtbkl. Ikrekver,we leec tk biprkve jkusblm gklcbtbkls `kr rurof resbcelts olc biprkve

rurof bl`rostrugture tk greote netter fbvblm gklcbtbkls os weff os o netter

elvbrklielt `kr egklkibg ogtbvbtbes. Bl suiiory, kur mkof bs tk elsure

tjot stucelts jove mkkc ecugotbkl, wkrders jove òbr blgkies, tje sbgd

regebve iecbgof gore, tje kfc ore todel gore k`, olc off pekpfe jove reo-

sklonfe jkusblm. Bl ògt, wjbfe cbsgussblm wbtj tje ]krfc Nold tjbs

reseorgj prkhegt kl urnol-rurof cbsporbtbes, we ofsk blbtbotec tje pfol-

lblm `kr ogjbevblm equofbzotbkl k` punfbg servbge netweel urnol olcrurof oreos ny >1>1wjbgj wbff gkltrbnute tk tje lorrkwblm k` urnol-

rurof cbsporbtbes.

B nefbeve tjot, tjrkumj e``krts bl tje onkve oreos, sbmlb`bgolt prkmress wbff

ne oggkipfbsjec bl recugblm urnol-rurof cbsporbtbes olc prkiktblm nof-

olgec rembklof cevefkpielt bl Muolmcklm bl o èw yeors. Ny tjot tbie,

we wbff blvbte tje ]krfc Nold experts nogd tk Muolmcklm tk evofuote kur

wkrd olc mbve ùrtjer mubcolge.

êcugblm urnol-rurof cbsporbtbes bs ol orcukus fklm-teri tosd tjotrequbres persbstelt e``krts `rki vorbkus portbes gklgerlec. Sjbs gkkperotbkl

netweel Muolmcklm olc tje ]krfc Nold iords o very mkkc nembllblm.

B fkkd `krworc tk ikre olc ceeper exgjolmes olc gkkperotbkl bl o nrkocer

@krewkrc xxb


24/395

rolme k` oreos bl tje `uture, olc tk gkltblukusfy expfkrblm lew ikcofbtbes

k` gkffonkrotbkl. Sjese e``krts wbff ulckuntecfy iode lew gkltrbnutbkls tk

tje pkverty recugtbkl ulcertodblm bl Muolmcklm.

]olm Rolm

Ieiner k` tje Qkfbtbgof Nureou, Gkiiulbst Qorty k` Gjblo

GQG Geltrof Gkiibttee

Wegretory k` tje GQG Muolmcklm Qrkvblge

xxbb @krewkrc


25/395


26/395

jkwever, bt bs bipkrtolt tk regkmlbze tjot fklmer-teri bssues, sugj os

ulnofolgec mrkwtj, wbff ceterible tje vbtofbty k` tje egklkiy olc tje

gkjesbkl k` skgbety.

Cespbte neblm Gjblos feocblm mrkwtj pkwerjkuse, Muolmcklm

prkvblgefbde ktjer prkvblgesòges iohkr gjoffelmes bl togdfblm

blequofbty, olc tje ]krfc Nold teoi exoiblec tjese ofklm tjree cbiel-

sbkls8 onskfute pkverty, blequofbty k` kppkrtulbty, olc blequofbty k` kut-

gkies. Onskfute pkverty, wjbgj ceprbves blcbvbcuofs k` tje iblbiui

ieols `kr nosbg fbvblm, reiobls o sbmlb`bgolt gklgerl bl rurof Muolmcklm.

Blequofbty k` kppkrtulbty, wjbgj celbes blcbvbcuofs tje soie kppkrtulbtbes

tk pursue tjebr fbè mkofs, bs ofsk wbcespreoc, os evbcelgec ny cbsporbtbes bloggess tk ecugotbkl olc jeoftj servbges. Blequofbty k` kutgkies, wjbgj bs

re`fegtec bl cbsporbtbes oiklm jkusejkfcs olc blcbvbcuofs bl teris k`

blgkie olc weoftj, jos rbsel tk ol oforiblm fevef. Wkie blequofbty k` kut-

gkies bs blevbtonfe olc evel mkkc `kr e``bgbelgy olc mrkwtjportbguforfy

wjel blequofbty k` blgkie re`fegts ulevel per`kriolge oiklm blcbvbcuofs.

Jkwever, blequofbty k` kutgkies gol negkie joriùf tk mrkwtj wjel bt

bs tkk jbmj olc melerotes sunstoltbof blequofbty k` kppkrtulbty olc cbstkr-

tbkl bl iordet olc punfbg blstbtutbkls, tjreotelblm skgbof stonbfbty.Sje Muolmcklm outjkrbtbes jove regkmlbzec tje urmelt leec tk

occress tjese cevefkpielt gjoffelmes, olc tjbs hkblt exergbse k` tje

]krfc Nold olc Muolmcklm teois obis tk bl`kri tje prkvblges kver-

off strotemy `kr `ksterblm ikre prk-pkkr, equbtonfe mrkwtj. @kr sugj o

strotemy tk wkrd bl progtbge, bt iust ne `kulcec kl evbcelge-nosec

olofyses tjot tode bltk gklsbcerotbkl Muolmcklms portbgufor sbtuotbkl,

os weff os fesskls `rki ktjer gkultrbes olc rembkls orkulc tje wkrfc.

Sjbs stucy bs cesbmlec tk prkvbce sugj olofyses, `kgusblm kl dey oreostjot were hkbltfy bceltb`bec ny tje Muolmcklm outjkrbtbes olc tje

]krfc Nold stucy teoi.

Sje stucy prkpksec o tjree-pbfforec strotemy tk occress blequofbtbes bl

Muolmcklm prkvblge.

@brst, tje mkverlielt gkufc ossuie tje respklsbnbfbty k` efbiblotblm

onskfute pkverty tjrkumj bts skgbof ossbstolge prkmroi. Sje iblbiui

fbvblm offkwolge (Cbnok) systei gkufc ne expolcec tk netter occress

tje leecs k` pkkr olc vufleronfe pekpfe bl Muolmcklm. Sje systei golne bipfeieltec wbtj ikre `bsgof blputs, netter ce`blec `blolgblm re-

spklsbnbfbtbes, biprkvec tormetblm iegjolbsis, olc ikre trolsporelt

mkverlolge opprkogjes.

xxbv @krewkrc


27/395

Wegklc, tje mkverlielt gkufc jefp nkkst rurof blgkie ny elsurblm ikre

equof kppkrtulbtbes8 prkiktblm rurof fonkr trolsèr tk lklòriblm hkns,

biprkvblm blvestielt gfbiote bl fess cevefkpec rembkls, ceepelblm rurof

`blolge re`kri, olc prkvbcblm netter prktegtbkl k` tje folc rbmjts k` tje

rurof pkpufotbkl.

Sjbrc, tje mkverlielt gkufc jefp blvest bl pekpfe ny elsurblm ikre

equof prkvbsbkl k` servbges bl nosbg ecugotbkl, sdbffs cevefkpielt, olc

jeoftj gore. @urtjer re`kri k` tje bltermkverlieltof `bsgof systei bs

esseltbof tk tje suggess k` tjese e``krts.

Blequofbty bs gfeorfy refotec tk spotbof binofolge k` mrkwtj, olc ikrenofolgec mrkwtj bs cesbronfe. Jkwever, twk gelturbes k` egklkibg cevef-

kpielt jove sjkwl tjot spotbof cbsporbtbes bl blgkie olc prkcugtbkl ore

blevbtonfe. Bl ògt, wjbfe tje gklgeltrotbkl k` egklkibg ogtbvbtbes bl tje

Qeorf ^bver Cefto rembkl k` Muolmcklm bs o dey ògtkr nejblc tje rembklof

olc urnol-rurof cbsporbtbes wbtjbl tje prkvblge, bt jos gkie wbtj tje mobls

k` ol ommfkierotbkl egklkiyol bipkrtolt skurge k` prkcugtbvbty

mrkwtj. Negouse egklkibg mrkwtj gollkt ne expegtec tk spreoc evelfy

ogrkss spoge, Muolmcklm wbff leec tk recuge blequofbty olc prkiktecevefkpielt kl tje nosbs k` spotboffy ulnofolgec mrkwtj.

Nubfcblm kl bts bipressbve mrkwtj regkrc, tje Gjblese mkverlielt jos

jbmjfbmjtec tje leec olc bts ceteriblotbkl tk pursue o ikre sustoblonfe

olc nofolgec mrkwtj, os weff os o joriklbkus cevefkpielt prkgess bl

wjbgj loturof weoftj bs preservec, juiol gopbtof bs vofuec, olc tje nel-

e`bt k` mrkwtj bs nrkocfy sjorec ny bts gbtbzels. Gklsbstelt wbtj tjbs

lotbklof strotemy, tje Muolmcklm mkverlielt kutfblec bts prbkrbtbes bl

ògbfbtotblm tje bltemrotbkl k` urnol olc rurof egklkibes, recugblm cbspor-

bty, olc prkiktblm equofbty bl skgbof servbge prkvbsbkl. Os tje pbkleer k`re`kris bl Gjblo `kr tjree cegoces, Muolmcklm bs weff-pksbtbklec tk tode

kl tjese lew gjoffelmes olc bipfeielt o gkiprejelsbve opprkogj tk

cevefkpielt. Muolmcklms suggess bl `ksterblm sjorec mrkwtj wbff lkt

klfy pksbtbkl tje prkvblge os o feocer bl Gjblos lew pjose k` cevefkp-

ielt, nut ofsk prkvbce o vofuonfe exoipfe tk ktjer gkultrbes mroppfblm

wbtj sbibfor gjoffelmes.

Sje ]krfc Nold bs gkiibttec tk suppkrtblm kur gfbelt gkultrbes tk

ogjbeve tjebr fklm-teri cevefkpielt mkofs. ]e ore jklkrec tk ne osskgb-otec wbtj Muolmcklms elceovkr bl trolsfotblm bts vbsbkl olc strotemy bltk o

gkjerelt pkfbgy `roiewkrd olc gklgrete ogtbkls. Sjbs hkblt prkmroi jos

neel kle k` kur ikst suggessùf dlkwfecme gkffonkrotbkls wbtj Gjblo. Bt

@krewkrc xxv


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xxvb @krewkrc

wbff prkve tk ne o vofuonfe experbelge os tje ]krfc Nold gkltblues tk

expfkre woys tk strelmtjel kur dlkwfecme portlersjbp wbtj Gjblo.

Hoies ]. Ocois

^embklof Pbge Qresbcelt

Eost Osbo olc Qogb`bg ^embkl

Sje ]krfc Nold


29/395

xxvbb

Sjbs nkkd bs tje resuft k` o stucy tjot wos gorrbec kut bl >11:12 ny o

]krfc Nold teoi fec ny Zbokqblm Ru (Wkgbof Qrktegtbkl Wegtkr Iolomer,

Feoc Egklkibst) olc Gjulfbl Xjolm (Feoc Qrbvote Wegtkr Cevefkpielt

Wpegbofbst). Ieiners k` tje teoi blgfucec Orvbf Pol Ocois (gklsuftolt),

Mourov Cott (Welbkr Egklkibst), Eioluefo Cb Mrkpeffk (Welbkr Juiol

Cevefkpielt Egklkibst), Rolm Cu (gklsuftolt), Hkjl Folmelnruller

(Feoc Jeoftj Egklkibst), Muk Fb (Welbkr Omrbgufturof Egklkibst), Sok

Wu (Seoi Ossbstolt), Ibllo Jojl Sklm (gklsuftolt), Cewel ]olm (gkl-suftolt), Hul ]olm (Feoc @blolgbof Wegtkr Wpegbofbst), Fbjklm ]olm

(Qrkhegt K``bger, B@G), Iebyol ]olm (gklsuftolt), Fbpblm Zbok

(Ecugotbkl Wpegbofbst), Folsklm Xjolm (Kperotbkls Olofyst), Wjuk Xjolm

(Jeoftj Wpegbofbst), olc Fuol Xjok (gklsuftolt).

Sjbs stucy wos gklcugtec ulcer tje kveroff mubcolge `rki Covbc

Ckffor (`krier Gjblo Gkultry Cbregtkr), Eiioluef Hbielez (Juiol

Cevefkpielt Wegtkr Cbregtkr, Eost Osbo olc Qogb`bg êmbkl), olc Jsbok-

Rul Efoble Wul (Kperotbkls Iolomer, Gjblo Ceportielt). Nert Jkìol(Gkultry Cbregtkr, tje Qjbfbppbles), Wjojbc Rusu` (Ocvbser, ]krfc Nold

Blstbtute), olc Ibl Solm (Ceputy Wegretory Melerof, Gjblo Cevefkpielt

êseorgj @kulcotbkl) were peer revbewers. Sje teoi ofsk nele`btec `rki

ocvbge olc suppkrt `rki ioly ktjer gkffeomues, blgfucblm Sulg Sojsbl

Ogdlkwfecmielts


30/395

Uyolbd (Wegtkr Iolomer, @blolgbof olc Qrbvote Wegtkr Cevefkpielt, Eost

Osbo olc Qogb`bg êmbkl), @olm Gob (Cbregtkr Melerof, Gjblese Ogoceiy

k` Wkgbof Wgbelges), Fkubs Dubhs (Welbkr Egklkibst), Lolgy Gkkde (Gjblo

Gkultry Qrkmroi Gkkrcblotkr), Wjokjuo Gjel (Welbkr Wtotbstbgbol), olc

Rue _u (gklsuftolt).

Sje ]krfc Nold teoi elhkyec ol exgeffelt portlersjbp wbtj bts gkul-

terports bl Muolmcklm prkvblge. Ioly blstbtutbkls olc blcbvbcuofs ioce

vofuonfe gkltrbnutbkls tk tjbs wkrd. Sje teoi wbsjes tk express bts portbg-

ufor oppregbotbkl `kr tje gkffonkrotbkl k` tje twk feocblm gkulterports k`

tje stucyQkfbgy êseorgj K``bge k` tje Gkiiulbst Qorty k` Gjblo

(GQG) Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof Gkiibttee, olc tje Qrkvblgbof Ceportieltk` @blolge. Sjrkumjkut tje prkgess k` tje stucy, tjey prkvbcec mubcolge,

blsbmjts, olc strklm suppkrt tk tje ]krfc Nold teoi. Sjey jefpec krmol-

bze tje `befc vbsbts, tegjlbgof ieetblms, olc wkrdsjkps. Sjey ògbfbtotec

tje blterogtbkl k` tje ]krfc Nold teoi wbtj ioly prkvblgbof ceportielts,

iulbgbpofbtbes, `bris, sgjkkfs, gfblbgs, eipfkyielt k``bges, nolds, resbcelts,

olc servbge prkvbcers. Sjey suppkrtec tje sjorblm k` bl`kriotbkl, oggess tk

grbtbgof coto, olc cbsgussbkl k` prefbiblory `blcblms. Sje ]krfc Nold teoi

kwes o spegbof cent k` mrotbtuce tk tje `kffkwblm blcbvbcuofs `kr tjebr feoc-ersjbp olc melerkus e``krts8 Fbu Dul (`krier Cbregtkr Melerof k` tje

Qrkvblgbof Ceportielt k` @blolge, lkw Pbge Mkverlkr), Ik Xjel, ]eb

Jobèlm, Fbl Rblm (Qkfbgy êseorgj K``bge), Fb Wjuyuol, Fbl Juo, Xelm

Zbokjklm, olc Fbu Hbe (Qrkvblgbof Ceportielt k` @blolge).

Sjbs ]krfc Nold stucy wos gorrbec kut os port k` ol kveroff

Muolmcklm]krfc Nold hkblt olofytbgof prkmroi, bl wjbgj poroffef stuc-

bes bl refotec oreos were krmolbzec ny sbx Muolmcklm reseorgj teois. Sje

Nold teoi wkufc fbde tk express bts tjolds tk tje sbx Muolmcklm teois`kr tjebr melerksbty wbtj tjebr tbie olc dlkwfecme8 Qkfbgy êseorgj

K``bge k` tje GQG Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof Gkiibttee, Muolmcklm

Qrkvblgbof Cevefkpielt êseorgj Geltre, Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof

Ogoceiy k` Wkgbof Wgbelges, Qrkvblgbof Ogoceiy k` Urnol-ûrof

Qfollblm olc Cesbml, Wkutj Gjblo Omrbgufture Ulbversbty, olc Wul Rot-

Wel Ulbversbty.

Sje teoi ofsk wbsjes tk tjold tje K``bge k` tje Qunfbsjer ot tje ]krfc

Nold `kr bts ossbstolge bl tje punfbgotbkl k` tjbs wkrd. Iory @bsd wos tje

prkcugtbkl ecbtkr, olc Qotrbgbo Dotoyoio wos tje ogqubsbtbkl ecbtkr. FbiebWul (Qrkmroi Ossbstolt) prkvbcec exgeffelt suppkrt tk tje teoi tjrkumj-

kut tje ecbtkrbof prkgess.

xxvbbb Ogdlkwfecmielts


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xxbx

ONG Omrbgufture Nold k` Gjblo

NKG Nold k` Gjblo

NKGKI Nold k` Gkiiulbgotbkls

N^B Nold odyot Blcklesbo

GN^G Gjblo Noldblm ^emufotkry Gkiibssbkl

GNS gkipetelgy-nosec troblblm

GGN Gjblese Gklstrugtbkl Nold

G@M^ gkiprejelsbve bsgof mrkwtj roteGQG Gkiiulbst Qorty k` Gjblo

GQB gklsuier prbge blcex

GUFW Gjblo Urnol Fonkr Wurveys

@O^ `fkkr oreo rotbk

@GE `ree gkipufskry ecugotbkl

@MS @kster-Mreer-Sjkrnegde gurve

@B `blolgbof blstbtutbkl

MCQ mrkss ckiestbg prkcugtME^ mrkss elrkffielt rote

MIB muorolteec iblbiui blgkie

MLB mrkss lotbklof blgkie

BGO Blvestielt Gfbiote Ossessielt

Onnrevbotbkls


32/395

BGNG Blcustrbof olc Gkiiergbof Nold k` Gjblo

BGQ Blterlotbklof Gkiporbskl Qrkmroi

FOW folc ociblbstrotbkl systei

FU^G folc use rbmjt gertb`bgote

F/C fkol-tk-cepksbt rotbk

IO Iecbgof Ossbstolge kr Iecbgof Obc (sgjeie kr systei)

IK@ Iblbstry k` @blolge

IWEs ibgrk- olc sioff elterprbses

LGC lklgkltombkus cbseose

LE^ let elrkffielt rote

LQF lklper`kriblm fkolL^GIW Lew ^urof Gkkperotbve Iecbgof Wgjeie

K&I kperotbkl olc iobltelolge

KEGC Krmolbsotbkl `kr Egklkibg Gk-kperotbkl olc

Cevefkpielt

KKQ kut-k`-pkgdet

QNN per`kriolge-nosec nucmetblm

QNG Qekpfes Nold k` Gjblo

QBWO Qrkmroiie kr Blterlotbklof Wtucelt OssessieltQQQ purgjosblm pkwer porbty

QQW prknonbfbty prkpkrtbklote tk sbze soipfblm

Q^C Qeorf ^bver Cefto

QWN Qkstof Wovblms Nold

^GN rurof gkiiergbof nold

^GG rurof grecbt gkkperotbve

^GGU rurof grecbt gkkperotbve ulbkl

^GU rurof gkkperotbve ulbkl^@B rurof blolgbof blstbtutbkl

WGN stote-kwlec gkiiergbof nold

WELOB Lotbklof Blcustrbof Sroblblm Wervbge

WELGE Lotbklof Wervbge k` Sroblblm olc Eipfkyielt

WESO Wegtkr Ecugotbkl olc Sroblblm Outjkrbty

WIE sioff olc iecbui elterprbse

WKE stote-kwlec elterprbse

SC^ trols`eronfe cevefkpielt rbmjt

SEKW twk exeiptbkls, kle sunsbcySJG tkwlsjbp jeoftj gelter

SBG trust olc blvestielt gkipoly

SBIWW Srelcs bl Blterlotbklof Iotjeiotbgs olc Wgbelge Wtucy

xxx Onnrevbotbkls


33/395

UGG urnol grecbt gkkperotbve

UENIB Urnol Eipfkyee Nosbg Iecbgof Blsurolge

U^NIB Urnol ^esbcelt Nosbg Iecbgof Blsurolge

U^B Urnol ^esbcelgy Blsurolge

PSN vbffome olc tkwlsjbp nold

Onnrevbotbkls xxxb


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35/395

?

Gjblo jos hust gkiieikrotec tje 71tj ollbversory k` tje foulgj k` bts

re`kri olc kpelblm up. Sje tjree cegoces sblge ?2=: jove neel iordec

wbtj ol bipressbve per`kriolge k` egklkibg mrkwtj olc pkverty recug-

tbkl tjot bs ulpregeceltec bl juiol jbstkry. Mkblm `krworc, jkwever,

Gjblo òges tje serbkus gjoffelme k` elsurblm tjot bts strklm mrkwtj bs

sjorec ikre nrkocfy olc equoffy oiklm tje pkpufotbkl tk gkltblue

recugblm pkverty olc tk gkltobl olc reverse tje trelc k` rbsblm blequof-

bty. Occressblm tjbs gjoffelme bs o dey gkipklelt k` tje strotemy tk pur-sue ikre nofolgec urnol-rurof cevefkpielt olc o jbmjer cemree k` skgbof

jorikly, wjbgj jos neel prkiktec strklmfy ny tje lotbklof feocersjbp

sblge >11>.

Os Gjblos feocblm mrkwtj pkwerjkuse olc o pbkleer k` re`kri olc

kpelblm up `kr tjree cegoces, Muolmcklm prkvblge bs lkw ògblm tje

soie gjoffelme olc jos tje kppkrtulbty tk feoc tje lotbkl omobl bl povblm

tje woy `kr prk-pkkr olc ikre equbtonfe mrkwtj, settblm ol exoipfe `kr

ktjer prkvblges tk `kffkw. Sje regelt mfknof egklkibg ckwlturl sbmlb`-bgoltfy gkipfbgotes tje gjoffelmes ògec ny Muolmcklm. Bl respklse

tk biiecbote gklgerls, tje mkverlielt ioy ne `kgusblm kl sjkrt-

teri ieosures tk sustobl mrkwtj. Ieolwjbfe, iobltoblblm fklm-teri

Kvervbew

Sjbs kvervbew wos preporec ny Gjulfbl Xjolm olc Zbokqblm Ru.


36/395

gkipetbtbveless olc ikre nofolgec cevefkpielt requbres tjot tje mkv-

erlielt gkltblue tk togdfe o serbes k` fklm-teri bssues bl o tbiefy olc

selsbnfe ioller. Blceec, tje sjorp egklkibg sfkwckwl tjot Gjblo jos

experbelgec sblge fote >11: jos bts rkkts bl ckiestbg binofolges, wjbgj

ore gjorogterbzec ny ol kverrefbolge kl blvestielts olc expkrts rotjer

tjol ckiestbg gklsuiptbkl `kr mrkwtj. Sje weodelblm suppkrt k`

ckiestbg gklsuiptbkl `kr mrkwtj bs gfeorfy fbldec tk tje rbsblm blgkie

blequofbty. Bl tjbs selse, tje mfknof grbsbs jos klfy jbmjfbmjtec tje leec

`kr otteltbkl tk tjbs fklmer-teri gjoffelme.

Sk tjbs elc, tje prkvblgbof outjkrbtbes leec tk cevefkp ol kveroff strot-

emy `kr recugblm blequofbty. @kr tje strotemy tk wkrd bl progtbge, bt iustne `kulcec kl evbcelge-nosec olofyses tjot ocequotefy tode bltk gklsbc-

erotbkl Muolmcklms portbgufor sbtuotbkl olc fesskls `rki ktjer gkul-

trbes olc rembkls orkulc tje wkrfc. Sjbs ]krfc Nold stucy bs cesbmlec tk

prkvbce sugj olofysbs. Sje stucy jos resuftec bl ebmjt gjopters olc kle

pkfbgy lkte (Xjolm >112) kl o serbes k` sunhegts hkbltfy bceltb`bec ny tje

Muolmcklm outjkrbtbes olc tje ]krfc Nold stucy teoi.

Oftjkumj blequofbty bs k`tel cbsgussec bl teris k` blgkie, tjbs stucy

ockpts o nrkocer gklgept. Bt ce`bles blequofbty os jovblm tjree cbiel-sbkls8 onskfute pkverty, blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty, olc blequofbty bl kut-

gkies. Onskfute pkverty bs o stote bl wjbgj blcbvbcuofs ore ceprbvec k` tje

iblbiui ieols `kr nosbg fbvblm. Bt bs ol extreie `kri k` blequofbty.

Blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty kggurs wjel blcbvbcuofs ck lkt jove tje soie

gjolges tk pursue tjebr fbè mkofs cue tk preceteriblec gbrguistolges

neyklc tjebr gkltrkf (`kr exoipfe, melcer, roge, pfoge k` nbrtj, òibfy sbt-

uotbkl). Blequofbty bl kutgkies reèrs tk cbsporbty oiklm jkusejkfcs olc

blcbvbcuofs bl teris k` blgkie olc weoftj.Sjbs kvervbew suiiorbzes tje dey `blcblms k` tje ebmjt gjopters olc

kle pkfbgy lkte. Bt bs krmolbzec os `kffkws. Sje `brst segtbkl prkvbces o

nogdmrkulc k` Muolmcklm, wjbfe tje segklc cesgrbnes tje gurrelt sbtu-

otbkl k` blequofbty bl tje prkvblge. Lext bs o cbsgussbkl k` tje pkteltbof

bipogts k` tje trolsèr k` blcustrbof ogtbvbtbes (blcustrbof trolsèr) bl

ibtbmotblm rembklof cbsporbty, `kffkwec ny tje regkiielcotbkl k` o tjree-

pbffor strotemy `kr Muolmcklm. Sje `b`tj segtbkl `kguses kl tje efbiblotbkl

k` onskfute pkverty tjrkumj tje iblbiui fbvblm offkwolge (Cbnok) sys-

tei, olc tje sbxtj turls tk pkfbgy ogtbkls leecec tk blgreose kppkrtulb-tbes `kr tje rurof pkpufotbkl ny ikvblm tjei tk hkns, blgreosblm tjebr

oggess tk `blolge, olc elsurblm tjot tjebr folc rbmjts ore netter prktegtec.

Sje seveltj segtbkl ùrtjer ossesses Muolmcklms kptbkls `kr blvestblm bl

pekpfe tjrkumj ikre equbtonfe servbge cefbvery bl gkipufskry ecugotbkl,

> êcugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo


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sdbff cevefkpielt, olc jeoftj gore, wbtj tje obi k` eljolgblm tje gopog-

bty k` tje pkkr tk sebze olc utbfbze kppkrtulbtbes. Sje fost segtbkl gklgfuces

tjbs kvervbew.

Nogdmrkulc k` Muolmcklm Qrkvblge

Muolmcklm, o prkvblge k` kver 27 ibffbkl resbcelts, bs fkgotec kl tje skutj-

erl gkost k` Gjblo (see iop K.?). Bt gklsbsts k` >? iulbgbpofbtbes, wjbgj ore

gkiiklfy cbvbcec bltk `kur rembkls8 tje Qeorf ^bver Cefto (Q^C) rembkl (2

iulbgbpofbtbes), tje lkrtjerl ikultoblkus oreo (5 iulbgbpofbtbes), olc tje

eosterl wblm (3 iulbgbpofbtbes) olc westerl wblm (7 iulbgbpofbtbes) k` tjeQ^C.?

Kver tje post tjree cegoces, Muolmcklm jos iobltoblec ol olluof

overome mrkwtj rote bl mrkss ckiestbg prkcugt (MCQ) k` ?7.= pergelt. Bt

bs lkw kle k` tje ikst cevefkpec prkvblges bl Gjblo, oggkultblm `kr kver

?? pergelt k` Gjblos >11= MCQ, tje jbmjest oiklm off tje prkvblges.

Kvervbew 7

Iop K.? Sje @kur êmbkls k` Muolmcklm Qrkvblge

Wkurge8 Muolmcklm Urnol ûrof Qfollblm Ogoceiy.

Xjolhbolm

IokiblmRolmhbolm

RulùXjokqblm

Hbolmiel

@ksjol

Xjklmsjol

Xjujob

_blmyuol

Iebzjku

Wjoltku

Hbeyolm

Gjokzjku

Wjokmuol

Wjelzjel

Cklmmuol Jubzjku

Wjolweb

Jeyuol

MUOLMXJKU

Eosterl ]blm Oreo3 preègture-fevef gbtbes,

?1 gkultbes kr gkulty-fevef gbtbes,?5,0=5 sq. di.,

?5.27 ibffbkl pekpfe

Qeorf ^bver Cefto Oreo2 preègture-fevef gbtbes,

?1 gkultbes kr gkulty-fevef gbtbes,

3>,10? sq. di., 37.=0 ibffbkl pekpfe

Lkrtjerl Ikultoblkus Oreo5 preègture-fevef gbtbes,

7= gkultbes kr gkulty-fevef gbtbes,21,>=2 sq. di., ?:.12 ibffbkl pekpfe

]esterl ]blm Oreo

7 preègture-fevef gbtbes,?> gkultbes kr gkulty-fevef gbtbes,

7?,=3? sq. di., ?5.>5 ibffbkl pekpfe

@ U H B O L

H B O L M Z BJULOL

M U O L M Z B

IOGOK

JKLM DKLM

BN^C 7:17:OUMUWS >1?1

Egklkibg êmbkl NkulcorbesQreègture Gopbtofs

Qrkvblge Gopbtof

Qrkvblge Nkulcorbes

@kur Egklkibg Oreos k` Muolmcklm Qrkvblge


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Sodblm Muolmcklm prkvblge os ol egklkiy, bt wkufc ne roldec os tje

`kurteeltj-formest egklkiy bl tje wkrfc bl teris k` purgjosblm pkwer

porbty (QQQ) (Mreel >11:).

Muolmcklms egklkiy jos neel jbmjfy blcustrbofbzec olc urnolbzec.

Bl >11=, segklcory olc tertbory blcustrbes oggkultec `kr 5?.7 pergelt

olc 37.7 pergelt, respegtbvefy, k` bts prkvblgbof MCQ (Muolmcklm

Qrkvblgbof Nureou k` Wtotbstbgs >112, tonfe 7-3) olc 07.? pergelt k` tje

resbcelts fbvec bl urnol oreos (Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof Nureou k` Wtotbstbgs

>112, tonfe 3-0). Sje prkvblge bs ofsk weff estonfbsjec os tje feocblm

expkrt prkvblge k` Gjblo. Kver 71 pergelt k` Gjblos expkrts bl >11=

were `rki Muolmcklm prkvblge (Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof Nureou k`Wtotbstbgs >112, tonfe ?=-?>). Sje rotbk k` expkrts tk MCQ bl Muolmcklm

wos 21.7 pergelt bl >11=, tje jbmjest oiklm Gjblese prkvblges. Sje

expkrt-krbeltec blcustrbes jove neel suppkrtec ny ol bl`fux k` ibmrolt

wkrders `rki blfolc prkvblges. Muolmcklm joc onkut >0 ibffbkl

ibmrolt wkrders bl tje prkvblge orkulc >11=, gkiporec tk bts tktof

fonkr `krge k` 53 ibffbkl (Zblm olc Ib >11:4 Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof

Nureou k` Wtotbstbgs >112).

Sje Gjoffelme k` Blequofbty bl Muolmcklm

Jbstkrbgof ogjbeveielts lktwbtjstolcblm, Muolmcklm bs ògblm o serbkus

gjoffelme k` blequofbty. Bl ossessblm tje gurrelt sbtuotbkl, tjbs stucy `kulc

tjot onskfute pkverty reiobls o sbmlb`bgolt gklgerl bl rurof Muolmcklm,

blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty bs wbcespreoc, olc blgkie blequofbty jos rbsel

tk ol oforiblm fevef.

Onskfute Qkverty]jot bs tje gurrelt pkverty sbtuotbkl bl Muolmcklm; Ne`kre olswerblm

tjbs questbkl, o luiner k` ieosureielt bssues iust ne gforb`bec. @brst,

wjel ieosurblm pkverty, per gopbto blgkie olc per gopbto gklsuiptbkl

ore tje ikst gkiiklfy usec wefòre ieosureielts. Meleroffy speodblm,

blgkie bs remorcec os o (portbof) ieosure k` wefòre kppkrtulbty olc gkl-

suiptbkl bs o ieosure k` wefòre ogjbeveielt. ]jbfe nktj ieosureielts

jove tjebr hustb`bgotbkls olc fbibtotbkls, gklsuiptbkl bs usuoffy gklsbcerec

o ikre stonfe ieosureielt, espegboffy wjel blgkie repkrtblm gol ne ibs-feocblm (]krfc Nold >112, ?::). Sjbs stucy gklsbcers nktj blgkie

pkverty olc gklsuiptbkl pkverty.

Wegklc, ol opprkprbote pkverty fble leecs tk ne ce`blec. O rolme k`

pkverty fbles jos neel usec bl Gjblo.> Sje k``bgbof pkverty fble (=:5 yuol

3 êcugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo


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per perskl per yeor `kr >11=, kr $1.5= per perskl bl >115 QQQ ckffors)

ckes lkt seei opprkprbote `kr Muolmcklm. Sje k``bgbof pkverty fble `kr

Gjblo bs kle k` tje fkwest bl tje wkrfc?2.1 pergelt fkwer tjol tje kle

usec bl tje Fok Qekpfes Ceikgrotbg êpunfbg, >1.3 pergelt fkwer tjol

Pbetloi, olc 55.7 pergelt fkwer tjol Iklmkfbo (ôvoffbkl, Gjel, olc

Wolmroufo >11:). K` gkurse, o fkwer pkverty fble ckes lkt jove tk feoc tk

fess sotbsògtkry per`kriolge bl pkverty recugtbkl. Jkwever, bt ckes

o`ègt tje bl`kriotbkl tjot èecs bltk tje mkverlielts cegbsbkl-iodblm

prkgess. Os o jbmjfy cyloibg egklkiy wbtj o jbmj ospbrotbkl tjot mrkwtj

ne nrkocfy sjorec, bt ioy ne opprkprbote `kr Muolmcklm tk set tje

pkverty fble wbtj o vbew tkworc gotgjblm up wbtj cevefkpec egklkibesbl tjbs remorc. ]btj tjbs bl iblc, tjbs olofysbs uses tje $> per coy pkverty

fble (bl QQQ)7 tk estbiote tje pkverty sbtuotbkl olc olofyze tje prk`bfe k`

tje pkkr. Sjbs pkverty fble wos equbvofelt tk >,>07 yuol per yeor `kr rurof

Muolmcklm olc 7,?25 yuol per yeor `kr urnol Muolmcklm bl >11=. Sje

rurof fble wos onkut 3>.3 pergelt k` tje ieol rurof per gopbto blgkie,

wjbfe tje urnol fble represeltec >1.> pergelt k` tje ieol urnol per

gopbto blgkie bl Muolmcklm bl >11=.

Sjbrc, ieosurblm pkverty requbres ol opprkprbote coto set. Sjbs stucyuses prkvblgbof jkusejkfc survey coto gkverblm >,501 rurof jkusejkfcs

olc ?,011 urnol jkusejkfcs `kr tje yeors >115 olc >11=.3 Sje soipfe

blgfuces ibmrolts wjk joc fbvec bl Muolmcklm `kr ikre tjol sbx

ikltjs ot tje tbie k` tje survey. Bt represelts tje Muolmcklm sunset k`

tje lotbklof jkusejkfc survey soipfe olc wos gkffegtec ny tje prkvbl-

gbof Nureou k` Wtotbstbgs `kffkwblm prblgbpfes olc prkgecures cesbmlec ny

tje Lotbklof Nureou k` Wtotbstbgs. ]jbfe tje soipfe ot tje prkvblgbof

fevef bs fbibtec bl sbze tk olofyze tje bipfbgotbkl k` portbgufor pkfbgyieosures, bt bs su``bgbeltfy represeltotbve `kr tje purpkse k` tjbs stucy.

Mkblm `krworc, tje prkvblgbof mkverlielt bs strklmfy ocvbsec tk

strelmtjel bts gopogbty `kr pkverty olc blequofbty iklbtkrblm ny biprkv-

blm tje gkltelt olc sbze k` bts jkusejkfc surveys olc usblm tje iklbtkr-

blm resufts systeiotbgoffy.

Usblm tje $> per coy pkverty fble olc tje coto set cesgrbnec onkve,

gjopter ? bl tjbs vkfuie gklgfuces tjot, bl rurof Muolmcklm, ?1.7 pergelt

k` tje resbcelts fbvec bl blgkie pkverty olc ?:.0 pergelt bl gklsuiptbkl

pkverty bl >11=. Bl urnol oreos, resbcelts wjkse blgkie kr gklsuiptbklbl >11= èff nefkw $> per coy oggkultec `kr kver ? pergelt k` tje pkpu-

fotbkl. Sjere bs o jbmj cemree k` gklsbstelgy netweel tje `blcblms bl

Muolmcklm olc tjkse ot tje lotbklof fevef tjot onskfute pkverty bs o rurof

pjelkielkl.

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]jk ore tje pkkr bl Muolmcklm; Olofysbs k` tje coto `kr >11= sum-

mests tje `kffkwblm8

Ikst k` tje pkkr fbve bl tje eosterl olc westerl rembkls. Swk-tjbrcs k` tjksewjk fbvec bl gklsuiptbkl pkverty bl >11= were kulc bl tje eosterl olc

westerl rembkls. Sje rest were ofikst equoffy spfbt netweel tje Q^C

rembkl olc tje lkrtjerl rembkl, wbtj ?0.> pergelt olc ?=.5 pergelt,

respegtbvefy. Sje jbmj pergeltome k` pkkr resbcblm bl tje Q^C rembkl bs

wkrtj lktblm, mbvel tje rembkls very jbmj fevef k` weoftj olc blgkie.

Qkverty bs ikre pervosbve oiklm former òibfbes. Bl >11=, 35 pergelt k`tje rurof blgkie pkkr were bl òibfbes gklsbstblm k` kle gkupfe wbtj

tjree kr ikre gjbfcrel, olc olktjer 73 pergelt fbvec bl òibfbes gki-

prbsblm tjree melerotbkls.

Ikst k` tje rurof pkkr ore fess ecugotec. Bl >11=, :5 pergelt k` tje rurofblgkie pkkr wjk were ?0 yeors k` ome kr onkve cbc lkt jove o jbmj

sgjkkf kr jbmjer ecugotbkl. Ikrekver, gkiporec wbtj tjkse wjk joc

o jbmj sgjkkf ecugotbkl, tjkse wjk were bffbterote were ?.=> tbiesikre fbdefy tk ne pkkr. Ny tje soie tkdel, prbiory sgjkkf mrocuotes

were 20 pergelt ikre fbdefy tk ne pkkr olc hulbkr segklcory sgjkkf

mrocuotes were ?2 pergelt ikre fbdefy tk ne pkkr.

Ikst k` tje blgkie pkkr ore onfe tk wkrd. Bl >11=, :: pergelt k` tjepkkr were `rki jkusejkfcs bl wjbgj lk ieiners joc fkst tje onbfbty

tk wkrd. Jkwever, tje coto ofsk sjkw tjot tje fkss k` wkrdblm onbfbty

ckunfec tje prknonbfbty k` neblm pkkr.

Blequofbty bl KppkrtulbtyBlequofbty bl kppkrtulbty bs k`tel refotec tk blocequote blvestielt bl

pekpfe olc ol ulevel pfoyblm `befc. @brst, kppkrtulbty negkies ulequof

wjel blcbvbcuofs jove ulequof oggess tk nosbg skgbof servbges. O gjbfc gol

ne ckkiec tk jove o jbmjer prknonbfbty k` pkkr jeoftj olc o fkwer prkn-

onbfbty k` mettblm o jbmj sgjkkf ecugotbkl kr vkgotbklof troblblm tjol ktj-

ers hust negouse je kr sje wos nkrl tk o òibfy tjot fbves bl o rurof oreo

olc bs `blolgboffy pkkrer tjol ktjers. Wegklc, blcbvbcuofs wbtj sbibforjeoftj, ecugotbklof ottoblielt, olc sdbffs ioy elc up wbtj ulequof

kppkrtulbtbes cue tk ulòbr gkipetbtbkl bl tje iordet. @kr exoipfe, tjey

ioy òge cbsgrbiblotbkl bl eipfkyielt cue tk tjebr melcer, jkusejkfc

rembstrotbkl (judku), òibfy nogdmrkulc, kr ktjer ògtkrs. Wbibforfy, tjebroggess tk folc, gopbtof, bl`rostrugture, olc ktjer ieols k` prkcugtbkl ioy

0 êcugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo


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ne ulequof cue tk ògtkrs neyklc tjebr gkltrkf. Gjopters 0 olc : ossess

tje sbtuotbkls k` ecugotbkl olc jeoftj gore. Sjebr `blcblms summest tjot

blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty bs o wbcespreoc prknfei bl Muolmcklm.

Ecugotbkl. Oftjkumj Muolmcklm jos ioce treielckus strbces bl bipfe-

ieltblm tje lew `ree gkipufskry ecugotbkl (@GE) sgjeie, ecugotbklof

gjoffelmes reiobl very ogute bl rurof oreos. Oftjkumj cbsporbtbes wbtj

urnol oreos jove neel cegreosblm, tjey reiobl sbmlb`bgolt `kr gkipfetbkl

k` prbiory ecugotbkl olc oggess tk hulbkr segklcory ecugotbkl olc jbmjfy

sbmlb`bgolt `kr gkipfetbkl k` olc oggess tk selbkr segklcory ecugotbkl olc

onkve. Lktbgeonfe mops gol ofsk ne seel oiklm jkusejkfcs k` cb`èreltblgkie qubltbfes olc oiklm mekmropjbg oreos k` cb`èrelt MCQ per gopbto,

wbtj tje formest mop oppeorblm netweel tje very weoftjbest olc tje ktjers.

@bloffy, oftjkumj mops bl ecugotbklof quofbty gollkt ne ùffy oppregbotec

wbtjkut gkiporonfe ossessielt k` feorlblm kutgkies, mops bl gkipfetbkl

rotes olc ktjer blteriecbote kutgkies, sugj os prkvbsbkl k` nkkds olc

bl`rostrugture quofbty per stucelt, ofsk blcbgote iohkr quofbty mops.

]jbfe tjere ioy ne severof reoskls `kr tje persbstelt kutgkie mops,

mops bl spelcblm per stucelt olc o stbff tkk-fbibtec e`ègt k` tje @GEsgjeie ore gertoblfy ports k` tje expfolotbkl. Sje evbcelge sjkws tjot,

cespbte blgreosec spelcblm bl rurof olc cbsocvoltomec oreos, mops bl gki-

pufskry ecugotbkl spelcblm per stucelt wbcelec netweel urnol olc

rurof olc netweel ocvoltomec olc cbsocvoltomec oreos curblm >1131=.

Bl ktjer wkrcs, spelcblm blgreosec òster bl urnol olc weoftjy oreos. Sje

prknfei bs tje sioff refotbve sbze k` tje @GE sgjeie, bl wjbgj tje iobl

sunsbcy tjot repfogec ibsgeffolekus sgjkkf èes ckes lkt evel reogj tje

fevef k` tje èes gkffegtec bl >113 bl rurof oreos. Sje prknfei bs gki-pkulcec ny tje cb`èrelt fkgof `bsgof gopogbtbes olc fogd k` su``bgbelt

`blolgbof prbkrbtbzotbkl k` rurof oreos wbtjbl eogj mekmropjbg oreo (gkulty,

gbty, cbstrbgt). Sje blgreosblm mops bl spelcblm ore wkrrbskie, os tjey

iode bt cb``bguft tk gfkse tje quofbty mop olc ecugotbklof ottoblielt mop,

portbguforfy bl hulbkr segklcory ecugotbkl. Urmelt ogtbkl bs tjere`kre

leecec tk stort recugblm tjese mops wjbfe prkvbcblm ocequote blgeltbves

`kr ikre e`ègtbve use olc iolomeielt k` ecugotbkl spelcblm.

Muolmcklm jos rkki nktj tk blgreose punfbg gkipufskry ecugotbkl

spelcblm olc tk biprkve ùrtjer tje woy tjbs spelcblm bs usec, offkgotec,olc iolomec, tk o forme extelt ny nubfcblm kl tje lew @GE sgjeie.

Jeoftj gore. Blequofbty bl tje jeoftj segtkr represelts olktjer iohkr

gjoffelme `kr Muolmcklm. Wbmlb`bgolt evbcelge blcbgotes tjot tje jeoftj

gore servbges prkvbcec tk tje pkkr olc egklkibgoffy cbsocvoltomec ore

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iugj fess ocequote tjol `kr ktjers, sblge tje cbstrbnutbkl k` jeoftj gore

servbges reiobls jbmjfy cepelcelt kl tjot k` blgkie olc weoftj.Bl teris k` jeoftj kutgkies, gjopter : pkblts tk sbmlb`bgolt rembklof cbs-

porbtbes bl blòlt ikrtofbty. Sje wkrst-per`kriblm iulbgbpofbty jos ol

blòlt ikrtofbty rote tjree tbies jbmjer tjol tje nest-per`kriblm kle, olc

tje blòlt ikrtofbty rote k` tje Q^C rembkl bs iugj fkwer tjol tjkse k`

ktjer rembkls. K` tje lble iulbgbpofbtbes wbtj blòlt ikrtofbty rotes jbmjer

tjol tje prkvblgbof overome bl >11=, sevel were lkl-Q^C iulbgbpofbtbes.

Wbibfor cbsporbtbes gol ne seel bl ikrtofbty rotes `kr gjbfcrel ulcer `bve

yeors k` ome.

Blequofbty bs ofsk evbcelt bl tje utbfbzotbkl k` jeoftj servbges. @krexoipfe, oggkrcblm tk k``bgbof coto, bl sevel k` tje lble Q^C iulbgbpof-

btbes, leorfy ?11 pergelt k` premlolt wkiel cefbver tjebr nonbes bl jks-

pbtofs. Lble k` tje ?1 iulbgbpofbtbes wbtj jkspbtof cefbvery rotes nefkw

tje prkvblgbof overome bl >11= were lkl-Q^C kles.5 Bl tjese iulbgbpof-

btbes, ?1>1 pergelt k` premlolt wkiel stbff joc tjebr nonbes cefbverec

kutsbce tje jkspbtof settblm.

O mreoter cbsporbty gol ne knservec bl tje utbfbzotbkl k` kutpotbelt olc

blpotbelt servbges. Bl off lkl-Q^C iulbgbpofbtbes, tje luiner k` kutpotbeltvbsbts per perskl wos nefkw tje prkvblgbof overome bl >11=. Wbibforfy, off

nut kle k` tje lkl-Q^C iulbgbpofbtbes èff nefkw tje prkvblgbof overome

bl teris k` luiner k` jkspbtofbzotbkls per perskl bl >11=. Sje iulbgbpof-

bty wbtj tje jbmjest vkfuie (Cklmmuol bl nktj goses) joc o vkfuie sbx

tbies jbmjer `kr kutpotbelt servbges tjol Hbeyolm (tje iulbgbpofbty wbtj

tje fkwest vkfuie `kr kutpotbelt servbges), olc `bve tbies jbmjer `kr

blpotbelt servbges tjol _blmyuol (tje iulbgbpofbty wbtj tje fkwest vkf-

uie `kr blpotbelt servbges).Sjese cb`èrelges bl utbfbzotbkl ore gfeorfy lkt o resuft k` netter jeoftj

oiklm pekpfe bl pkkrer rembkls. ôtjer, coto olc olegcktof evbcelge sum-

mest tjot tjey ore ikst fbdefy o resuft k` `blolgbof gklstroblts. @kr exoipfe,

bl >110, ?: k` tje >? iulbgbpofbtbes joc per gopbto mkverlielt jeoftj

spelcblm nefkw tje prkvblgbof overome. Off nut kle k` tje lkl-Q^C gbtbes

olc `kur k` tje Q^C gbtbes repkrtec per gopbto mkverlielt jeoftj spelc-

blm k` fess tjol 3? yuol, gkiporec wbtj tje prkvblgbof overome k` =: yuol

olc tje jbmjest fevef (bl Wjelzjel) k` >3= yuol. Bl teris k` prbvote spelc-

blm, tje >11= Muolmcklm jkusejkfc survey coto sjkw tjot, kl overome,jeoftj spelcblm k` ol urnol resbcelt wos >.5 tbies ikre tjol tjot k` o

rurof resbcelt. Evel oiklm rurof resbcelts, tje pkkrest >1 pergelt spelt

klfy 20 yuol kl overome, wjbfe tje rbgjest >1 pergelt spelt 7.5 tbies

ikre tjol tjot, ot 351 yuol kl overome.

: êcugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo


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Sje jbmj sjore k` kut-k`-pkgdet expelcbture bl tktof jeoftj expel-

cbture bs ofsk o gouse `kr gklgerl. Sjbs sjore stkkc ot 35.? pergelt bl

>110, sbmlb`bgoltfy jbmjer tjol tje overome k` 70.7 pergelt `kr upper-

ibccfe-blgkie gkultrbes bl >11> (Mkttret olc Wgjbener >110). Sjbs

bssue ceserves spegbof otteltbkl `rki tje prkvblgbof mkverlielt, negouse

wjel tje blgkie cbstrbnutbkl bs sbmlb`bgoltfy ulequof, tje jbmj sjore k`

kut-k`-pkgdet expelcbture bl tktof jeoftj expelcbture bipfbes o jbmj

sjore k` tje pkpufotbkl tjot `blcs jeoftj gore servbges ulo``krconfe olc

bs tjus fe`t kut.

Blceec, tje refotbklsjbp netweel jeoftj leecs olc ovobfonfe iulbgb-

pofbty reskurges `kr jeoftj bs gfeorfy cbsprkpkrtbklote, os summestec ny`bmure :.?7 bl gjopter :. ^kumjfy speodblm, tje >? iulbgbpofbtbes gol ne

cbvbcec bltk tjree mrkups. Sje `brst mrkup k` `bve Q^C iulbgbpofbtbes

(Muolmzjku, Jubzjku, Wjelzjel, Xjklmsjol, olc Xjujob) jos jbmjer

per gopbto spelcblm kl jeoftj (jbmjer tjol tje =? yuol k` Xjklmsjol)

olc fkwer blòlt ikrtofbty rotes (fkwer tjol tje 1.3=0 pergelt k`

Muolmzjku). Sje segklc mrkup gkiprbses twk iulbgbpofbtbes (Jeyuol

olc Wjoltku) wbtj fkw spelcblm olc fkw blòlt ikrtofbty rotes. Off k`

tje reioblblm ?3 iulbgbpofbtbes òff bltk o tjbrc mrkup gjorogterbzec nyjbmjer blòlt ikrtofbty rotes olc fkw mkverlielt spelcblm kl jeoftj.

Sjebr fevefs k` per gopbto mkverlielt spelcblm kl jeoftj ore off fkwer

tjol =? yuol, olc tjebr blòlt ikrtofbty rotes ore off jbmjer tjol tje

3.=0 pergelt k` Muolmzjku.

Blequofbty bl BlgkieOlofysbs k` tje prkvblgbof jkusejkfc survey coto set prkvbces blsbmjts bltk

tje gurrelt sbtuotbkl k` blgkie blequofbty bl Muolmcklm prkvblge. @krMuolmcklm kveroff, tje Mblb gke``bgbelto ieosure k` tje extelt tk

wjbgj o portbgufor blgkie cbstrbnutbkl cbvermes `rki ol onskfutefy equof

cbstrbnutbklstolcs ot 1.723 kr >11=, o`ter ochustielts kr gkst-k`-fbvblm

cb`èrelges netweel rurof olc urnol oreos. Sjbs fevef bs fkwer tjol tje fev-

efs `kr Gjblo kveroff olc `kr gkultrbes sugj os tje ûssbol @ecerotbkl

(1.722), Sjobfolc (1.3>1), olc tje Ulbtec Wtotes (1.31:), nut bt bs jbmjer

tjol kr ioly ktjer cevefkpblm gkultrbes, sugj os Blcbo (1.70:), Blcklesbo

(1.737), olc Pbetloi (1.733).

]jot ore tje skurges k` tjbs blequofbty; Os efsewjere bl Gjblo, urnol-rurof cbsporbty bs kle k` tje dey skurges k` kveroff blgkie blequofbty.

Gjopter ? sjkws tjot bl >11=, nosec kl tje Sjebf blcex k` blequofbty, wjbgj

bs useùf `kr bts cegkipksonbfbty, blgkie cbsporbty netweel urnol olc rurof

jkusejkfcs oggkultec `kr >7.3 pergelt k` Muolmcklms kveroff blequofbty.

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]jot expfobls tje reioblblm =0.0 pergelt; Sje jume mop netweel tje

Q^C olc lkl-Q^C rembkls bl egklkibg cevefkpielt ibmjt pkblt tk

rembklof cbsporbty (tonfe K.?). Jkwever, tje coto sjkw tjot blequofbty

wbtjbl tje Q^C rembkl btsef` gkltrbnutec ikst tk tje knservec kveroff

blequofbty. Swelty-twk pergelt k` tje kveroff blequofbty goie `rkiblequofbty oiklm urnol jkusejkfcs bl tje Q^C rembkl, olc blequofbty

oiklm rurof jkusejkfcs bl tje Q^C occec olktjer ?=.3 pergelt. ]btjbl-

Q^C blequofbty tjus expfobls 72.3 pergelt k` tje prkvblgbof tktof. Bl gkl-

trost, blequofbty netweel tje Q^C olc lkl-Q^C rembkls klfy gkltrbnutec

?7.? pergelt (5.= pergelt `kr rurof jkusejkfcs olc =.3 pergelt `kr urnol

jkusejkfcs) k` tje tktof. Sjere`kre, bl occbtbkl tk tje weff-ckguieltec

ògtkr k` urnol-rurof cbsporbty, rembklof cbsporbty bs o sbmlb`bgolt skurge k`

blequofbty, nut blequofbty wbtjbl tje Q^C rembkl jos neel iugj ikre sbm-lb`bgolt tk kveroff blequofbty bl Muolmcklm prkvblge.

êcugblm Blequofbty wbtj Wpotboffy Ulnofolgec Mrkwtj

Blequofbty bl Muolmcklm prkvblge jos mekmropjbgof rkkts.0 Sje loturof

mekmropjy k` tje prkvblge bs sugj tjot tje Q^C rembkl bs elckwec wbtj

sbmlb`bgolt ocvoltomes kver ktjer rembkls. Sje Q^C rembkl jos ofsk elhkyec

prkxbibty tk, olc jbstkrbgof tbes wbtj, Jklm Dklm, Gjblo, olc Iogok,

Gjblo, olc tjrkumj tjei, tje rest k` tje wkrfc. Os o resuft, Muolmcklms

egklkibg mrkwtj jos neel jbmjfy ulnofolgec bl o spotbof selse. Egklkibg

ogtbvbtbes ore gklgeltrotec bl tje Q^C rembkl, wjere per gopbto MCQ bs

iugj jbmjer olc tje mrkwtj rote iugj òster tjol tjkse k` tje fommblm

rembkls. Sjbs binofolge jos knvbkusfy gkltrbnutec tk urnol-rurof cbsporbty

?1 êcugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo

Sonfe K.? Cegkipksbtbkl k` Blgkie Blequofbty bl Muolmcklm Qrkvblge, >11=

Gkipklelts Sjebf blcex % k` tktof Sktof 1.>:> ?11.1

Blequofbty oiklm rurof jkusejkfcs k` tje Q^C rembkl 1.132 ?=.3

Blequofbty oiklm urnol jkusejkfcs k` tje Q^C rembkl 1.10> >>.1

Blequofbty oiklm rurof jkusejkfcs k` tje lkl-Q^C rembkl 1.133 ?5.5

Blequofbty oiklm urnol jkusejkfcs k` tje lkl-Q^C rembkl 1.1>3 :.3

Blequofbty netweel rurof jkusejkfcs k` tje Q^C olc

lkl-Q^C rembkls 1.1?0 5.:

Blequofbty netweel urnol jkusejkfcs k` tje Q^C olc

lkl-Q^C rembkls 1.1>? =.5

Blequofbty netweel rurof olc urnol jkusejkfcs k` tjeprkvblge 1.100 >7.3

Wkurge8 Muolmcklm Nureou k` Wtotbstbgs >11=.


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olc rembklof cbsporbty bl jkusejkfc blgkie, wjbgj ore nktj skurges k`

blequofbty olc rurof pkverty. Sjere`kre, b` tje spotbof cbstrbnutbkl k` egk-

lkibg mrkwtj gkufc ne ioce ikre nofolgec`kr exoipfe, tjrkumj tje

trolsèr k` blcustrbof ogtbvbtbes (blcustrbof trolsèr)`rki tje Q^C tk

fommblm rembkls, tjel recugblm blequofbty wkufc ne eosber olc òster.

Sje Srelc k` Blcustrbof Cegklgeltrotbkl`rki tje Q^C olc tje Quff @krgesJovblm exoiblec ovobfonfe coto kl tje evkfutbkl k` tje spotbof potterl k`

Muolmcklm blcustry curblm ?22:>11=, Xjolm (>112) `kulc tjot cegkl-

geltrotbkl `rki tje Q^C cbc tode pfoge bl regelt yeors, nut klfy kl oiblkr sgofe refotbve tk tje sbze k` Muolmcklms blcustry. Bts strelmtj bs òr

`rki wjot wkufc ne leecec tk recuge rembklof cbsporbtbes bl blcustrbof

cevefkpielt sbmlb`bgoltfy. Sje ikst sbmlb`bgolt sbml k` tje cegklgeltrotbkl

ikveielt bs tje strklm gotgj-up k` twk gbtbes gfkse tk tje Q^C, loiefy

Jeyuol olc _blmyuol. Jkwever, ikre cetobfec olofysbs summests tjot tje

rbse k` tje twk gbtbes gol ne ottrbnutec klfy portboffy tk tje cegklgeltro-

tbkl k` o èw blcustrbes (`kr exoipfe, lklèrrkus ietoffurmy olc iblblm,

os weff os lklietof iblblm prkcugts) `rki tje Q^C. Kveroff, o gfeor trelck` trolsèr k` fonkr-bltelsbve blcustrbes `rki tje Q^C tk ktjer rembkls k`

Muolmcklm ckes lkt seei tk jove eiermec.

]jy jos tje trelc k` cegklgeltrotbkl neel sk weod, cespbte mkverl-

ielt prkiktbkl sblge >115; Kle pfousbnfe expfolotbkl bs tjot Q^C `bris

joc klfy weod blgeltbves tk ikve kut, olc ikre lew `bris stbff preèrrec

tk estonfbsj tjeisefves bl tje Q^C rembkl negouse k` tje exbstelge k`

skie puff `krgestjot bs, egklkibg `krges tjot reworc `bris `kr fkgot-

blm bl tje Q^C rembkl. Bt oppeors tjot tje pkwer k` tje pusj `krges bltje Q^C rembkl`krges tjot strelmtjel blgeltbves `kr `bris tk ikve kut

k` tje Q^C rembkljos neel leutrofbzec sbmlb`bgoltfy ny tje puff `krges.

Sje ikst bipkrtolt puff `krge tk Muolmcklm bs ommfkierotbkl egklkiy,

wjbgj reworcs tje mekmropjbgof gklgeltrotbkl k` `bris. Bl portbgufor,

gklgeltrotbkl k` blcustrbof ogtbvbtbes bl tje Q^C rembkl elonfes `bris

tjere tk reop sbmlb`bgolt mobls bl prkcugtbvbty. Sje segklc puff `krge bs o

òvkronfe blvestielt gfbiote, bl wjbgj tje Q^C rembkl jos o gfeor ocvol-

tome kver ktjer rembkls.

O dey bipfbgotbkl k` tje exbstelge k` tje puff `krges bs tjot mekmropj-

bgof gklgeltrotbkl k` blcustrbof ogtbvbty gol, gkltrory tk gkiikl pergep-

tbkl, ne nktj cesbronfe olc blevbtonfe. Bt bs kle k` tje ulcerfyblm reoskls

urnolbzotbkl nkksts prkcugtbvbty. Blceec, os tje ]krfc Cevefkpieltêpkrt >112 (]krfc Nold >11:) jos `kulc, egklkibg mrkwtj bs sefcki

Kvervbew ??


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nofolgec, olc e``krts tk spreoc bt preioturefy wbff hekporcbze prkmress.

Swk gelturbes k` egklkibg cevefkpielt sjkw tjot spotbof cbsporbtbes bl

blgkie olc prkcugtbkl ore blevbtonfe. O melerotbkl k` egklkibg

reseorgj gkl`bris tjbs4 tjere bs lk mkkc reoskl tk expegt egklkibg

mrkwtj tk spreoc sikktjfy ogrkss spoge.

Wjb`tblm tje Qkfbgy @kgus tk Biprkveieltk` tje Blvestielt GfbioteSje ovobfonfe evbcelge kl blcustry bl Muolmcklm summests klfy o ikcer-

ote trelc k` cegklgeltrotbkl rki tje Q^C rembkl. Blcustrbof trolsèr rki

tje Q^C tk ktjer rembkls wbff gertoblfy gkltblue, nut mbvel tje iordet`krge k` ol ommfkierotbkl egklkiy, bts sgofe bs ulfbdefy tk ne forme elkumj

tk ofter sbmlb`bgoltfy tje spotbof gklgeltrotbkl k` mrkwtj bl tje Q^C

rembkl. Sjbs trelc bipfbes o tkumjer gjoffelme `kr tje Muolmcklm prkvbl-

gbof mkverlielt8 bt iust recuge blequofbty kl tje nosbs k` spotboffy ulnof-

olgec mrkwtj.

Jkw tk ogjbeve sugj o recugtbkl, tjel; Kle kptbkl `kr Muolmcklm bs

tk offkw tje ùff pfoy k` ol ommfkierotbkl egklkiy bl sjopblm egklkibg

mekmropjy olc sjb`t tje `kgus k` pkfbgy e``krts tk biprkvblm tje blvest-ielt gfbiote k` fommblm rembkls. Ikre gkiporonfe blvestielt gfbiotes

netweel fommblm rembkls olc tje Q^C rembkl wkufc lkt klfy recuge tje

pkteltbof gkst k` refkgotbkl k` o `bri `rki tje Q^C tk o fommblm rembkl,

nut wkufc ofsk elgkurome prbvote nusbless greotbkl olc expolsbkl bl tje

fommblm rembkl.

êcugblm Blequofbty8 O Sjree-Qbffor Wtrotemy

Mbvel tje fbibtec pkteltbof tk iode egklkibg mrkwtj ikre evel oiklm

rembkls, wjot strotemy sjkufc tje Muolmcklm prkvblgbof mkverlielt

ockpt tk recuge blequofbty; Sjbs stucy regkiielcs o tjree-pbfforec strot-

emy8 efbiblotblm onskfute pkverty, recugblm blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty, olc

gkltoblblm blequofbty bl kutgkie.

Efbiblotblm Onskfute QkvertyOnskfute pkverty bs bl ùlcoieltof gkl`fbgt wbtj tje skgbof vofues k`

ikst skgbetbes olc gertoblfy wbtj tjkse k` Gjblo. Elsurblm tjot blcbvbc-uofs ore `ree k` onskfute pkverty bs tje respklsbnbfbty k` tje mkverlielt.

Qunfbg blterveltbkls ore leecec tk prktegt tje fbvefbjkkcs k` skgbetys

leecbest ieiners olc sjkufc ne exegutec bl tje ikst trolsporelt olc

e``bgbelt ioller. Sjere`kre, kle k` tje ikst bipkrtolt pkfbgy knhegtbves

?> êcugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo


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`kr Muolmcklm prkvblge bs tk efbiblote onskfute pkverty bl o fbibtec

perbkc k` tbie. Qortbguforfy mbvel tje prkvblges feocblm rkfe bl Gjblos

cevefkpielt olc re`kri, bt bs klfy opprkprbote tjot jbmj prbkrbty ne pfogec

kl tjbs pkfbgy knhegtbve. Sje `blolgbof olc ociblbstrotbve strelmtj k` tje

prkvblge rufes kut oly questbkl remorcblm tje ottoblonbfbty k` tjbs mkof.

êcugblm Blequofbty k` KppkrtulbtyBlequofbty k` kppkrtulbty gkl`fbgts wbtj tje vofue k` òbrless bl ikst skgb-

etbes. Ikrekver, bt jurts egklkibg e``bgbelgy olc fklm-teri mrkwtj.

Blstbtutbkls olc pkfbgbes tjot prkikte o fevef pfoyblm `befcwjere off

ieiners k` tje skgbety jove sbibfor gjolges tk negkie skgboffy ogtbve,pkfbtbgoffy bl`fueltbof, olc egklkibgoffy prkcugtbvegkltrbnute tk sus-

toblonfe mrkwtj olc cevefkpielt `kr twk sets k` reoskls. @brst, tjere ore

ioly iordet òbfures bl cevefkpblm gkultrbes, lktonfy bl tje iordets

`kr grecbt, blsurolge, folc, olc juiol gopbtof. ]jbfe gkrregtblm iordet

òbfure bs tje bceof respklse, wjel tjbs bs lkt èosbnfe kr òr tkk gkstfy,

skie `kris k` recbstrbnutbklk` oggess tk servbges, ossets, kr pkfbtbgof

bl`fuelgegol blgreose egklkibg e``bgbelgy. Wegklc, jbmj fevefs k` egk-

lkibg olc pkfbtbgof blequofbty telc tk feoc tk egklkibg blstbtutbkls olcskgbof orrolmeielts tjot systeiotbgoffy òvkr tje blterests k` tjkse blcb-

vbcuofs olc mrkups wbtj ikre bl`fuelge. Nktj ibccfe olc pkkrer mrkups

k` tje pkpufotbkl elc up wbtj tofelt tjot bs fe`t ulexpfkbtec. Wkgbety os o

wjkfe bs tjel fbdefy tk ne ikre ble``bgbelt olc tk ibss kut kl kppkrtulb-

tbes `kr bllkvotbkl olc blvestielt (]krfc Nold >115).

Sjere`kre, tje opprkprbote pkfbgy knhegtbve wbtj remorc tk blequofbty k`

kppkrtulbty bs tk recuge bt os iugj os pkssbnfe. Qunfbg pkfbgy olc reskurges

leec tk ne `kgusec kl elsurblm tjot ieiners k` skgbety jove sbibforgjolges tk ne egklkibgoffy prkcugtbve olc skgboffy ogtbve remorcfess k`

tjebr preceteriblec gbrguistolges. Bl tje gose k` Muolmcklm, twk iobl

sets k` blterveltbkls ore ikst bipkrtolt olc refevolt. @brst, punfbg pkfb-

gbes sjkufc prkikte ikre equof oggess tk ecugotbkl, jeoftj servbges, olc

nosbg skgbof prktegtbkl. Wegklc, punfbg olc iordet blstbtutbkls sjkufc ne

krbeltec tkworc prkvbcblm o fevef pfoyblm `befc `kr blcbvbcuofs.

Gkltoblblm Blequofbty bl Kutgkies

Sje loture k` blequofbty bl kutgkies ieosurec bl teris k` blgkie olcweoftj bs ikre gkipfbgotec. Wkie blequofbty bl kutgkie bs mkkc kr e``b-

gbelgy olc mrkwtj, sk mkverlielt pkfbgy sjkufc lkt pursue o gkipfetefy

equof cbstrbnutbkl k` blgkie olc weoftj, portbguforfy wjel blequofbty bl

blgkie re`fegts ulevel per`kriolge oiklm blcbvbcuofs. Iotgjblm reworc

Kvervbew ?7


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wbtj per`kriolge bs tje `kulcotbkl k` iordet-nosec blgeltbves olc jos

neel ol esseltbof efeielt k` Gjblos suggessùf re`kris. Urnol-rurof

blequofbty bl kutgkies gol ofsk ne mkkc wjel bt bs gousec ny rknust prk-

cugtbvbty mrkwtj bl tje urnol segtkr, bipfyblm tjot tje mop wbff lorrkw ot

skie pkblt os urnolbzotbkl olc prkcugtbvbty mrkwtj gkltblue.

Jkwever, blequofbty k` kutgkies gol ofsk ne noc, iodblm o gose `kr

skie mkverlielt blterveltbkl. Evel wjel blequofbty re`fegts ulevelless

k` per`kriolge oiklm blcbvbcuofs, bt gol negkie joriùf tk mrkwtj

wjel bt melerotes sunstoltbof blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty olc cbstkrtbkl bl

iordet olc punfbg blstbtutbkls bl sugj o woy os tk tjreotel skgbof gkjer-

elge olc stonbfbty. Lkt off blgkie blequofbty re`fegts per`kriolge mops4 omreot ceof k` blequofbty bl kutgkies ioy re`fegt ulequof kppkrtulbty, ol

ulevel pfoyblm `befc, kr o skgbetys òbfure tk prevelt tje`tlkt tje usuof

grbiblof ogt k` tje`t, nut tje tje`t k` punfbg prkperty olc tje onuse k`

punfbg pkwer tjrkumj gkrruptbkl.

Sje ikst opprkprbote mkverlielt pkfbgy tkworc blequofbty bl blgkie

olc weoftj, tjere`kre, bs tk gkltobl bt tk o skgboffy oggeptonfe fevef wbtj

iblbiui gkst bl teris k` e``bgbelgy. ]jot, tjel, bs ol oggeptonfe fevef

k` blequofbty bl blgkie `kr Muolmcklm prkvblge; Jkw iugj k` tjeexbstblm blgkie blequofbty knservec bl gjopter ? bs mkkc; Sjese ques-

tbkls requbre olktjer stucy kl tje extelt tk wjbgj tje exbstblm blgkie

blequofbty re`fegts per`kriolge mops. Sjbs stucy `kguses ikre kl tje

efbiblotbkl k` onskfute pkverty olc tje recugtbkl k` blequofbty k`

kppkrtulbty, wjbgj wbff nktj gkltrbnute tk o ikre equof cbstrbnutbkl k`

blgkie olc weoftj.

Sje ^kfe k` tje Bltermkverlieltof @bsgof WysteiO dey skurge k` blequofbty bs rembklof cbsporbty bl mrkwtj. Os ormuec eor-fber, sblge gklgeltrotbkl k` egklkibg ogtbvbtbes bs blevbtonfe, tje gjoffelme

bs tk recuge blequofbty kl tje nosbs k` spotboffy ulnofolgec mrkwtj. Sk

suggeec bl gkpblm wbtj tjbs gjoffelme, tje rkfe k` tje bltermkverlieltof

`bsgof systei bs k` ùlcoieltof sbmlb`bgolge. ]btjkut bltermkverlieltof

trolsèr, tje spotboffy ulnofolgec mrkwtj olc rembklof cbsporbty bl blgkie

cbstrbnutbkl wbff ne ùffy trolsfotec bltk rembklof cbsporbty bl oggess tk dey

skgbof servbges, sugj os ecugotbkl olc jeoftj gore, wjbgj blevbtonfy resufts

bl blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty. Sje trolsèr k` mkverlielt revelue `rkirbgjer rembkls tk pkkrer rembkls blevbtonfy weodels blgeltbves `kr revelue

melerotbkl. Jkwever, o weff-cesbmlec bltermkverlieltof trolsèr systei

jos tje pkteltbof tk ogjbeve tje kptbiof nofolge netweel equbty olc

blgeltbves. Os summestec ny tje prknfeis wbtj `blolgblm k` ecugotbkl olc

?3 êcugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo


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jeoftj gore servbges ieltbklec onkve, re`kri k` tje bltermkverlieltof

`bsgof systei reiobls ol oreo wjere o iohkr nreodtjrkumj bs leecec `kr

Muolmcklm tk bipfeielt tje tjree-pbffor strotemy prkpksec jere.

Efbiblotblm Onskfute Qkverty tjrkumj tje Cbnok Wystei

Os bl tje rest k` Gjblo, tje iblbiui fbvblm offkwolge (Cbnok) prkmroi bstje iobl pkfbgy blstruielt `kr tje Muolmcklm mkverlielt tk occress

onskfute pkverty `kr rurof olc urnol resbcelts. Sje prkmroi bs cesbmlec tk

prkvbce cbregt trolsèrs tk jkusejkfcs wjkse overome let per gopbto

blgkies ore nefkw o fkgoffy ce`blec tjresjkfc k` iblbiui fbvblm stolcorc.Cespbte tje bipressbve prkmress ioce ny Muolmcklm bl sustoblblm olc

expolcblm bts rurof Cbnok prkmroi, o revbew k` bipfeieltotbkl experb-elge blcbgotes tjot tje prkmroi jos yet tk ogjbeve bts knhegtbves. Sje dey

bssues jblcerblm tje ogjbeveielt k` knhegtbves blgfuce fevef k` prkmroi

gkverome, oikult k` `bsgof blput, cesbml k` skie dey pkfbgy èotures, olc

ociblbstrotbkl k` tje prkmroi.

Nubfcblm kl kver o cegoce k` experbelge wbtj Cbnok, olc mbvel tje

prkvblges `bsgof strelmtj, Muolmcklm bs bl o pksbtbkl tk fb`t tje pkkr kutk` onskfute pkverty ny expolcblm olc biprkvblm tje Cbnok prkmroi. Btwbff requbre ceteriblotbkl bl settblm prbkrbtbes, biprkveielts bl pkfbgy

cesbml tk eljolge e``bgbelgy, olc strelmtjelblm k` soèty-let blstbtutbkls

tk elsure tjot tje prkmroi bs weff mkverlec.

Expolcblm Qrkmroi Gkverome ny QrktegtblmOcequote @bsgof Blput

Gkverome k` tje rurof Cbnok prkmroi bs fkw gkiporec tk tje fevefs k`pkverty bl Muolmcklm. êsufts `rki tje >11= rurof jkusejkfc surveysjkw tjot tje prkmroi reogjec fess tjol 5 pergelt k` pkkr rurof jkuse-

jkfcs, ieosurec omoblst o pkverty fble k` $> per coy. Sje fbibtec gkver-

ome wos espegboffy opporelt bl tje eosterl olc westerl oreos k` tje

prkvblge, wjbgj joc blgkie- olc gklsuiptbkl-nosec pkverty rotes k`

>1 pergelt olc 70 pergelt, respegtbvefy, gkiporec tk o prkmroi gkver-

ome rote k` klfy >.= pergelt. Sje coto ofsk pkblt tk gkltbluec binofolges

ogrkss cb`èrelt rembkls k` Muolmcklm8 Oftjkumj tje eosterl olc west-

erl oreos oggkultec `kr kver 01 pergelt k` tje prkvblges pkkr, tje>.= pergelt gkverome rote wos fkwer tjol tjkse k` tje ktjer twk rembkls.

Kle iobl reoskl `kr tje fkw nreoctj (gkverome) olc ceptj (fevef k`

prktegtbkl) k` tje prkmroi bs tje blocequogy k` tje `bsgof blput tk bt.

Gurreltfy, `blolgblm respklsbnbfbty bs sjorec netweel tje prkvblgbof olc

Kvervbew ?5


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fkgof mkverlielts, wbtj o sbmlb`bgolt recbstrbnutbve efeielt. Jkwever,

coto summest tjot tje luiner k` nele`bgborbes bl cb`èrelt ports k`

Muolmcklm bs strklmfy gkrrefotec tk tje su``bgbelgy k` fkgof ùlcs `kr

tje Cbnok prkmroi.O rotjer reiordonfe gkltrocbgtbkl gol ne knservec netweel tje pkfbgy

stoteielt olc tje prkmroi reofbty, olc, blceec, bl tjot selse, tje prkmroi

bl Muolmcklm bs lkt iordecfy cb`èrelt `rki tjot bl tje rest k` Gjblo.

]jbfe tje prkmroi bs cesbmlec os ol eltbtfeielt prkmroi wbtj tje stotec

prblgbpfe off wjk ore efbmbnfe sjoff regebve nele`bt, bl reofbty, tje ceptj

olc nreoctj k` tje prkmroi ore lkt crbvel ny nosbg leecs nut ore formefy

ceteriblec ny fkgof `bsgof gopogbty.Ikvblm `krworc, Muolmcklm leecs tk blgreose prkmroi gkverome ny

(?) settblm tje fevef k` iblbiui offkwolge nosec kl o gfeorfy ce`blec

opprkogj (`kr exoipfe, nosbg gklsuiptbkl nosdet)4 (>) nucmetblm tje

tktof fevef k` `bsgof blput requbrec nosec kl leecs4 olc (7) rotbklofbzblm

`blolgblm respklsbnbfbtbes oiklm cb`èrelt fevefs k` mkverlielt. Sje prbl-

gbpfe k` gkst sjorblm bs skulc, nut bt ioy ne legessory tk bltrkcuge prkvbl-

gbof ùlcblm ikre nbosec bl òvkr k` tje pkkrest rembkls olc elsure tjot

nucmet offkgotbkls ot tje fkgof fevef ore rblm-èlgec.

Biprkvblm Qkfbgy Cesbml tk ôbse Qrkmroi E``bgbelgyOftjkumj rurof Cbnok bs stbff bl tje eorfy todek`` pjose ot tje lotbkloffevef, Muolmcklm jos ofreocy experbieltec wbtj tje prkmroi `kr kver o

cegoce. Crowblm `rki tje experbelge k` urnol Cbnok, wjbgj `kffkws tjesoie prkmroi cesbml pjbfkskpjy, o rolme k` pkfbgy olc prkmroi cesbml

bssues tjot leec tk ne occressec `kr tje prkmroi tk ùlgtbkl prkperfy olc

ieet bts stotec knhegtbves gol ne bceltb`bec. @kur bssues olc tje regki-ielcec skfutbkls ore jbmjfbmjtec jere.

Sje efbmbnbfbty tjresjkfc. Cespbte tje use k` tje teri iblbiui fbvblm

offkwolge, tje Cbnok tjresjkfcs ore opporeltfy lkt set kr ochustec oggkrc-blm tk oly sgbeltb`bg ieosure k` tje iblbiui fbvblm requbreielt.

reducing inequality for shared growth in china

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