Reconstruction PlansReconstruction Plans

Mindset #46Mindset #46 As we learned last week, the Civil War ended As we learned last week, the Civil War ended

when the South surrendered, but the war was far when the South surrendered, but the war was far from over. It left devastation and destruction all from over. It left devastation and destruction all throughout the nation.throughout the nation.

Summarize the two plans for Reconstruction – Summarize the two plans for Reconstruction – Lincoln and Johnson.Lincoln and Johnson.

Should the South be punished for its actions Should the South be punished for its actions during the Civil War or be forgiven and allowed to during the Civil War or be forgiven and allowed to recover?recover?

THINKER: What do you think is more important THINKER: What do you think is more important for the U.S. after the Civil War: restoration of the for the U.S. after the Civil War: restoration of the Union or helping freed slaves achieve equality? Union or helping freed slaves achieve equality? EXPLAIN!EXPLAIN!

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions The debate over Reconstruction centered The debate over Reconstruction centered

around three issues: around three issues: Under what terms were the former Under what terms were the former

Confederate States to be readmitted to Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union, and who should establish the Union, and who should establish those terms – Congress or the President?those terms – Congress or the President?

Who should be punished for the rebellion Who should be punished for the rebellion and how?and how?

What was to be done, if anything, to aid What was to be done, if anything, to aid the newly freed slaves?the newly freed slaves?

ReconstructionReconstruction The Confederates had been defeated and their The Confederates had been defeated and their

homes were completely destroyed. homes were completely destroyed. Charleston, SC was described as “a city of ruins, Charleston, SC was described as “a city of ruins,

of desolation, of empty houses, of widowed of desolation, of empty houses, of widowed women, of rotting docks, of deserted women, of rotting docks, of deserted warehouses, of weed wild gardens, of acres of warehouses, of weed wild gardens, of acres of pitiful….barrenness.”pitiful….barrenness.”

Between 1865 and 1877 the federal government Between 1865 and 1877 the federal government implemented implemented reconstructionreconstruction which was a which was a program to repair the damage to the South and program to repair the damage to the South and restore southern states to the Union. restore southern states to the Union.

This program was extremely controversial. This program was extremely controversial.

After – Effects of the Civil After – Effects of the Civil WarWar Physical: destroyed 2/3 of South’s Physical: destroyed 2/3 of South’s

shipping industry and 9,000 miles of shipping industry and 9,000 miles of railroads. It ruined farm land, farm railroads. It ruined farm land, farm buildings, farm machinery, animals, buildings, farm machinery, animals, livestock, bridges, canals and factories. livestock, bridges, canals and factories. The value of Southern property decreased The value of Southern property decreased 70%.70%.

Humans: destroyed a whole generation of Humans: destroyed a whole generation of young, healthy men. young, healthy men.

One out of three southern men were killed One out of three southern men were killed or wounded.or wounded.

After – Effects of the Civil After – Effects of the Civil WarWar

Postwar South:Postwar South: Black Southerners: 4 million freed slaves were Black Southerners: 4 million freed slaves were

starting a new life. As slaves, they received starting a new life. As slaves, they received food and shelter. Now, they found themselves food and shelter. Now, they found themselves homeless, unemployed, and starved.homeless, unemployed, and starved.

Plantation Owners: Planters lost slave labor Plantation Owners: Planters lost slave labor worth $3 billion. The government seized $100 worth $3 billion. The government seized $100 million in land and cotton.million in land and cotton.

Poor White Southerners: high unemployment Poor White Southerners: high unemployment rate because of competition, many started rate because of competition, many started moving Westmoving West

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Lincoln’s Reconstruction PlanPlan

Offered a Offered a pardonpardon (official forgiveness (official forgiveness of a crime) to any Confederate who of a crime) to any Confederate who took an oath of allegiance.took an oath of allegiance.

Denied pardons to all Confederates Denied pardons to all Confederates who had killed African American war who had killed African American war prisoners.prisoners.

Permitted each state to create a new Permitted each state to create a new state constitution (only when 10% of state constitution (only when 10% of voters had sworn their allegiance)voters had sworn their allegiance)

States should hold elections and States should hold elections and resume full participation in the Union. resume full participation in the Union.

Johnson’s Reconstruction Johnson’s Reconstruction PlanPlan

Pardoned southerners who swore Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance to the Union.allegiance to the Union.

Permitted each state to hold a Permitted each state to hold a constitutional convention (without constitutional convention (without Lincoln’s 10%)Lincoln’s 10%)

States could hold elections to rejoin States could hold elections to rejoin the Union ONLY if they voided the Union ONLY if they voided secession, abolished slavery and secession, abolished slavery and denied the Confederate debt.denied the Confederate debt.

Johnson’s Views on SlaveryJohnson’s Views on Slavery

Even though Johnson remained in Even though Johnson remained in Washington supporting President Washington supporting President Lincoln, he closely identified with his Lincoln, he closely identified with his fellow Southerners' views on slavery. fellow Southerners' views on slavery.

Johnson disagreed strongly with their Johnson disagreed strongly with their calls to break up the Union over the calls to break up the Union over the issue. issue.

Johnson the HeroJohnson the Hero

Johnson was deemed a traitor; his Johnson was deemed a traitor; his property was confiscated and his property was confiscated and his wife and two daughters were driven wife and two daughters were driven from the state.from the state.

In the North, however, Johnson's In the North, however, Johnson's stand made him an overnight hero.stand made him an overnight hero.

EmancipationEmancipation

Though Johnson was deeply committed to Though Johnson was deeply committed to saving the Union, he did not believe in the saving the Union, he did not believe in the emancipation of slaves. emancipation of slaves.

After Lincoln made him the military After Lincoln made him the military governor of Tennessee, Johnson convinced governor of Tennessee, Johnson convinced the President to exempt Tennessee from the President to exempt Tennessee from the Emancipation Proclamation. the Emancipation Proclamation.

By the summer of 1863, however, he By the summer of 1863, however, he began to favor emancipation as a war began to favor emancipation as a war measure. measure.

Equality for BlacksEquality for Blacks

It quickly became clear that Johnson It quickly became clear that Johnson would block efforts to force Southern would block efforts to force Southern states to guarantee full equality for states to guarantee full equality for blacks.blacks.

The stage was set for a showdown The stage was set for a showdown with Congress, who viewed black with Congress, who viewed black voting rights as crucial to their power voting rights as crucial to their power base in the South.base in the South.

Stopping the PresidentStopping the President

In 1866, Congress passed the Freedmen's In 1866, Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill.Bureau Bill.

Civil Rights Act of 1866 – granting Civil Rights Act of 1866 – granting citizenshipcitizenship

Congress also passed the Fourteenth Congress also passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, Amendment to the Constitution, authorizing the federal government to authorizing the federal government to protect the rights of all citizens. protect the rights of all citizens.

Each of these -- except the Amendment -- Each of these -- except the Amendment -- was passed over President Johnson's veto. was passed over President Johnson's veto.

Impeach the PresidentImpeach the President

In a final humiliating gesture, Congress In a final humiliating gesture, Congress passed the passed the Tenure of Office ActTenure of Office Act, which , which stripped the President of the power to stripped the President of the power to remove federal officials without the remove federal officials without the Senate's approval. Senate's approval.

In direct opposition to the act, he fired In direct opposition to the act, he fired Secretary of War Stanton. Secretary of War Stanton.

Congress then voted to impeach Johnson Congress then voted to impeach Johnson by a vote of 126 to 47 in February 1868.by a vote of 126 to 47 in February 1868.

He was acquitted by 1 vote.He was acquitted by 1 vote.

Impeach the PresidentImpeach the President Citing his violation of the Citing his violation of the

Tenure of Office ActTenure of Office Act and charging that he had and charging that he had brought disgrace and brought disgrace and ridicule on Congress, an ridicule on Congress, an impeachment trial was impeachment trial was held.held.

By a margin of one vote, By a margin of one vote, the Senate voted not to the Senate voted not to convict Johnson, and he convict Johnson, and he served the duration of served the duration of the term won by Lincoln.the term won by Lincoln.

Radical Republicans in Radical Republicans in CongressCongress

Strongly antislaveryStrongly antislavery Wanted total political change in the Wanted total political change in the

southsouth Wade-Davis BillWade-Davis Bill

Majority of white male population Majority of white male population had had to swear loyalty to the Unionto swear loyalty to the Union

Helped to pass many legislative acts Helped to pass many legislative acts to give rights to newly freed slavesto give rights to newly freed slaves

1313thth Amendment Amendment 18651865 ““Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,

except as a punishment for crime whereof except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”place subject to their jurisdiction.”

Officially abolished and prohibited slavery.Officially abolished and prohibited slavery. CIVIL RIGHTS ACTCIVIL RIGHTS ACT: 1866 – gives citizenship : 1866 – gives citizenship

to African Americans and guarantees equal to African Americans and guarantees equal protection under the law. protection under the law.

1414thth Amendment Amendment 18681868 ““No state shall make or enforce any law No state shall make or enforce any law

which shall abridge the privileges or which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws…”equal protection of the laws…”

Prevented states from denying rights to Prevented states from denying rights to any United States citizen. any United States citizen.

1515thth Amendment Amendment 18701870 ““The right of citizens of the United The right of citizens of the United

States to vote shall not be denied or States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”or previous condition of servitude.”

Gives all citizens the right to vote Gives all citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, or former regardless of race, color, or former servitude. servitude.

African Americans’ New African Americans’ New FreedomsFreedoms

Land ownership: could purchase landLand ownership: could purchase land Worship: formed their own churches, Worship: formed their own churches,

volunteer groups, clubs, and volunteer groups, clubs, and associations.associations.

Education: In 5 years, they founded 30 Education: In 5 years, they founded 30 African American learning institutions.African American learning institutions.

Sharecropping: provided land and Sharecropping: provided land and capital for workers; both parties working capital for workers; both parties working togethertogether

Freedmen’s Bureau: gave clothing, Freedmen’s Bureau: gave clothing, medical supplies, education, and meals medical supplies, education, and meals to black and white war refugees. to black and white war refugees.

Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction The free movement of blacks terrified The free movement of blacks terrified

the less populated whites.the less populated whites. Black Codes: laws restricting the rights Black Codes: laws restricting the rights

of newly freed African Americans; such of newly freed African Americans; such as, contract negotiation, travel, as, contract negotiation, travel, weapons, and property ownership. weapons, and property ownership. (some states were more radical)(some states were more radical)

Ku Klux Klan (KKK): lynching blacks Ku Klux Klan (KKK): lynching blacks and any whites who might support and any whites who might support them.them.

Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

US v. CRUIKSHANK US v. CRUIKSHANK (1875)(1875) A mob of whites attacked and killed 100 A mob of whites attacked and killed 100

blacks over black voting rights.blacks over black voting rights. The court ruled that the Reconstruction The court ruled that the Reconstruction

amendments only applied to state amendments only applied to state governments and not individuals.governments and not individuals.

This made it difficult to prosecute This made it difficult to prosecute groups such as the KKK for civil rights groups such as the KKK for civil rights violations. violations.

End of ReconstructionEnd of Reconstruction The end of Reconstruction was met The end of Reconstruction was met

with extreme racism and corruption.with extreme racism and corruption. By 1877 Reconstruction was dead and By 1877 Reconstruction was dead and

the North had lost interest in helping the North had lost interest in helping Southern blacks.Southern blacks.

Many factors contributed to its demise:Many factors contributed to its demise:1.1.Economic troubles in the countryEconomic troubles in the country2.2.A more conservative turn in the nationA more conservative turn in the nation3.3.A general feeling that Reconstruction A general feeling that Reconstruction

failedfailed4.4.The resurgence of the Democratic partyThe resurgence of the Democratic party5.5.Allowance of racist attitudes. Allowance of racist attitudes.

ClosureClosure What were the similarities and What were the similarities and

differences between Lincoln and differences between Lincoln and Johnson’s Reconstruction plans?Johnson’s Reconstruction plans?

What were the 13, 14, 15 What were the 13, 14, 15 Amendments?Amendments?

How did the Freedmen’s Bureau and How did the Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Codes effect African Americans?Black Codes effect African Americans?

Why did Reconstruction fail?Why did Reconstruction fail?