Chapter 4 – The Civil WarSection 1: From Bull Run to AntietamSection 2: Life Behind the LinesSection 3: The Tide of War TurnsSection 4: Devastation and New Freedom

Section 1: From Bull Run to AntietamTEKS – 24H, 25A

TEKS 24H

Use appropriate mathematical skills to interpret social studies information such as maps and graphs.

25A Use social studies terminology correctly.

Civil War The war between the Union states of the

North and the Confederate states of the south Richmond – capital of the south

North believed that a quick victory would occur if they captured the capital city

First Battle of Bull Run General Irvin McDowell slowly marched his unprepared

army into Virginia North Objective: town of Manassas (railroad junction)

Defended by General P.G.T. Beauregard McDowell’s slow march allowed Beauregard to reinforce his troops

North winning the battle General Thomas Jackson rallied the south

“There is Jackson standing like a stone wall.” Confederates pushed the north back to Washington D.C. Casualties:

North – 2,900 South – <2,000

Map of Bull Run

Bull Run

Bull Run

Men of Bull Run

Gen. Stonewall Jackson

Gen. Irvin McDowell

Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard

North vs. South More railroads

To move men and supplies

More factories Produce more

More money in the bank Functioning government An army and navy More people Patriotism

More military colleges Trained officers were

southerners

Needed to maintain a defensive position

Fighting to preserve their way of life and right to self-government

Northern Strategy – Anaconda Plan General Winfield Scott

outlined this plan to defeat the south:

1. Naval blockade of the seceded states in the Atlantic

2. Use troops and gunboats to gain control of the Mississippi

This would lead to a long war and political pressure would prevent that.

Southern Strategy – War of Attrition1. A type of war in which one side inflicts

continuous losses on the other in order to wear down its strength

Didn’t take into account the North’s resources

2. Stop exporting cotton to British and French Produced 75% of the world’s cotton Thought this would pressure them to help the

South Europe looked to India and Egypt

Technology Improvements Rifles

Bullets with a tip and spiraling

Fly farther and straighter

Artillery Could fire shells – devices

that exploded in the air or when they hit something

Could fire canister – a type of shell full of bullets

War in the West General Ulysses S. Grant captured forts Henry and Donelson

Exposed the underbelly of the south Battle of Shiloh

North objective: to capture an important railroad center General Grant was attacked by General Albert Sidney Johnston Union pushed back but counterattacked and won the battle Casualties:

North - >13,000 South - <11,000

Shattered hopes a a quick war

Map of Shiloh

Men of Shiloh

Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

Monitor vs. Merrimack Merrimack – southern

ironclad warship Monitor – northern version

of the Merrimack Had a standoff but neither

side came out victorious Merrimack is sunk by the

Confederates Monitor is lost in a storm

Changes naval battles forever no more wooden ships

Second Battle of Bull Run Protected the capital of

Richmond and allowed the south to start attacking

Battle of Antietam General Robert E. Lee led his troops north

South objective: to arouse European support and turn northern opinion against war

General McClellan moved his troops after Lee and met him at Antietam

Union forces and Confederate forces battered each other Casualties:

North - >12,000 South - <14,000

Lincoln ordered McClellan to destroy the rebel army McClellan did not take advantage (too cautious)

Map of Antietam

Men of Antietam

Gen. Robert E. Lee Gen. George B. McClellan

Battle of Antietam

Lincoln and McClellan

Section 2: Life Behind the LinesTEKS – 24C, 24G

TEKS 24C

Explain and apply different methods that historians use to interpret the past, including the use of primary and secondary sources, points of view, frames of reference, and historical context.

24G Support a point of view on a social studies issue

or event.

Southern Politics - Mobilization for War

1. Draft - Required military service of white males ages 18-35

2. Regulated the economy

3. Tax on personal income

4. States’ Rights posed a threat to the South’s military success

Like the Articles of Confederation

CSA President Jefferson Davis

Southern Politics - Formal Recognition British – Wait-and-See

Allowed ports to be used for the Confederates to build privateers

French – would not openly support the Confederacy

C.S.S. Alabama

Northern Politics – A Republican Congress1. Built railroads2. Raised tariffs3. Created the first federal

income tax4. Created a national

currency Greenbacks – a paper

money not backed by gold

5. Instituted a draft

Northern Politics – The Border States Border States

1. Delaware Lincoln considered this state secure

2. Maryland Arrested disloyal state representatives

3. Missouri Lincoln supported an armed uprising to overthrow the government

4. Kentucky Lincoln put the state under martial law

Emergency rule by military authorities during which some Bill or Rights guarantees are suspended

Suspended Writ of Habeas Corpus A legal protection requiring that a court determine if a person is

lawfully imprisoned

Border States

Lincoln and Slavery Resisted pressure to abolish slavery

Insisted that under the Constitution he was bound only to preserve and protect the Union

Realized every slave working in a field allows a white Southerner to shoot at Union soldiers

Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863

Freed slaves, but only in Union controlled areas

North’s Viewpoint

South’s Viewpoint

African Americans and the War Slaves given back to owners after

they were captured in war Contraband

Captured items that become the property of the enemy government

180,000 African Americans fought To help free others

Served in all black regiments under a white officer

The attack on Fort Wagner by an all-African American regiment inspired the movie Glory

Women and the War Important when it came to

medical care Thousands of women

volunteered Clara Barton – known as the

“angel of the battlefield” 4,000 women became nurses 1 in 5 soldiers died in the

medical camps Sanitation

Section 3: The Tide of War TurnsTEKS - 24H, 25B

TEKS 24H

Use appropriate mathematical skills to interpret social studies information such as maps and graphs.

25B Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence

structure, and punctuation.

The Battle of Chancellorsville (May of 1863) General Hooker replaced General Burnside,

who replaced General McClellan General Robert E. Lee and General Stonewall

Jackson win their greatest victory But there is one setback

The Battle of Chancellorsville

The Battle of Chancellorsville

The Battle of Chancellorsville

Men of Chancellorsville

The Battle of Chancellorsville

The Battle of Gettysburg (July of 1863) Confederates looked for a supply of shoes in a town called

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Encountered a unit of Union cavalry

Grew into the greatest battle ever fought in North America General Meade replaced General Hooker as commander of

the Union army General Robert E. Lee headed the Confederates Became the turning point of the war Casualties:

North – approx. 23,000 South – approx. 28,000

Pickett’s Charge

15,000 men charge A few hundred return

Men of Gettysburg

Gettysburg National Cemetery

Confederates Retreat July 4, 1863, General Robert E. Lee began his

retreat back to Virginia

The Battle of Vicksburg (July of 1863) General Ulysses S. Grant

1. Tried to bypass Vicksburg2. Tried to build a canal3. Approached through swampy bayou (a disaster)4. Approached south, attacked Jackson, MS and drew out the

Confederate forces General John Pemberton in charge of the Confederate forces Grant won, but couldn’t trap Pemberton and he retreats back

to Vicksburg Starts a month long siege

A tactic in which an enemy is surrounded and starved in order to make it surrender

Vicksburg Campaign

The Battle of Vicksburg

Men of Vicksburg

Vicksburg Surrenders After a month long siege, Pemberton leads his

30,000 troops out of Vicksburg and surrenders to Grant On July 4, 1863

Gettysburg Address Edward Everett of Massachusetts (great

orator) delivered a 2 hour long speech Abraham Lincoln delivers a short two minute

speech called the Gettysburg Address Lincoln’s reason for fighting the war: to preserve

a young country.

Section 4: Devastation and New FreedomTEKS – 24G, 24H, 25B

TEKS 24G

Support a point of view on a social studies issue or event. 24H

Use appropriate mathematical skills to interpret social studies information such as maps and graphs.

25B Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and

punctuation.

Grant Given the Lead General Grant takes

command of the Union army

Told to end the war before the November elections South believed they

could vote a new president into office

Union Sees Victory Near General Grant moving through Virginia General Philip Sherman moving through the

west and Georgia Captured the capital city, Atlanta Before leaving for Savannah, GA, Sherman order

his troops to evacuate the city and burn it

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Election of 1864 Republican Party

changes its name to the Union Party and chooses Abraham Lincoln Lincoln believes he is

going to lose Democrats choose

General George McClellan

Abraham Lincoln wins an easy victory

Thirteenth Amendment “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,

except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

Sherman Moves North General Sherman

swings north to South Carolina Wants to meet up with

Grant And crush South

Carolina Why?

Battle of Appomattox General Ulysses S. Grant attempts to end the

war General Robert E. Lee tried to hold out in

Richmond and Petersburg Desertions left the Confederate with fewer than

35,000 starving men Tried to slip around Grant’s army to meet up with

General Johnston’s army who was retreating from General Sherman

Appomattox Campaign

Lee and Johnston Surrender Confederates surrounded at Appomattox

“There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths.”

Terms of the surrender:1. Soldiers could gather their stuff and go home

2. No punishment so long as they obeyed the laws

3. Offered to feed the starving Confederate army General Johnston surrendered to General Sherman

shortly after

Appomattox Courthouse

Lincoln Assassinated Southern conspirators tried to aid the Confederacy

First Attempt: plotted to kidnap Lincoln in exchange for prisoners of war

Second Attempt: assigned members to kill Grant, Johnson, and Lincoln

John Wilkes Booth decided he would kill Lincoln At Ford’s Theater, he slipped into Lincoln’s booth and

shot him in the head Army tracked Booth to a barn, set the barn on fire, and

was shot to death (by soldier or himself)

Civil War Statistics Union Dead:

Appox. 360,000 Confederate Dead:

Appox. 250,000 Civil War Deaths:

Approx. 610,000 All Other U.S. War Deaths:

Approx. 640,000

End of Chapter 4 – The Civil WarPrepare for a QUIZ!