2006 1

Goal Three:Crisis, Civil War, and Reconstruction (1848-1877) - The learner will analyze the issues that led to the Civil War,

the effects of the war, and the impact of Reconstruction on the nation.

Objectives:Objectives:

3.04 Analyze the political, economic, and social impact of 3.04 Analyze the political, economic, and social impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the reasons why Reconstruction on the nation and identify the reasons why

Reconstruction came to an end.Reconstruction came to an end.

3.05 Evaluate the degree to which the Civil War and 3.05 Evaluate the degree to which the Civil War and Reconstruction proved to be a test of the supremacy of the Reconstruction proved to be a test of the supremacy of the

national government.national government.

2006 2

ReconstructionReconstruction (1865-77)(1865-77)Goal 3Goal 3

Reconstruction Government views Thaddeus Stevens Andrew Johnson 13th Amendment Freedman’s Bureau Black Codes Republican Majority (1866) Civil Rights Act, 1866 14th Amendment Reconstruction Act, 1867 Tenure of Office Act Impeachment Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77) Black Vote

15th Amendment Hiram Revels Republican promises Sharecropping Tenant Farmers Scalawags Carpetbaggers Segregation Amnesty Act Redemption 1876 Election Literacy ExamsPoll TaxesGrandfather ClauseSolid SouthJim Crow LawsPlessy v. Ferguson, 1896

2006 3

Pass in your Blue book activity. Get a computer. Get out your study guide notes.

2006 4

ReconstructionReconstruction

This was a period of time after the war to rebuild the South. What was the country going to do with 4

million free blacks? What should be done with the south? Who controls Reconstruction: President or

Congress? Congress eventually wins Control after the 1866

elections.

2006 5

ControlControl Congress and the

President argued over who would control Reconstruction but both agreed that slavery should be abolished.

Who enforces laws & conducts the military?

Who makes laws & controls funding?

2006 6

Power StrugglePower StruggleGovernment ViewsGovernment Views The Radical Republican

controlled Congress wanted a harsh Reconstruction

The President supported an easy Reconstruction; Andrew Johnson favored quick return of the south

They both agreed on abolition

2006 7

Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson President Former Democrat People were not sure who

he would support; Democrats or Republicans

Southerners called him a traitor

Republicans thought he was on their side

They were both wrong

2006 8

13th Amendment13th Amendment

Johnson passed the 13th Amendment as Lincoln had wanted

Abolished slavery Johnson then said if southern states accepted this,

they could re-enter the Union Republicans said this was too easy By 1865, states began to send representatives to

Congress; many had served in the Confederate Army and Congress

2006 9

Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau

Set up to help free blacks and poor

whites

Food, clothing, hospitals, education

It was later vetoed by Johnson

Republicans saw him as protecting Southerners

A primary school openedw/ Bureau funding.

2006 10

2006 11

Black CodesBlack Codes

Designed to limit blacks socially and economically in the South

Many didn’t know what they would do after the war; many just drifted

This upset white southerners Black Codes

Allowed marriages Property ownership Right to sue (not whites) Can’t be on a jury Can’t carry weapons Can’t marry whites Curfews Travel Permits

Has nothing to do with voting rights

2006 12

More changes...More changes... Republican Majority: Republicans gained a

majority in Congress in 1866 Why is this important?

Could override a presidential veto

2006 13

Civil Rights Act, 1866Civil Rights Act, 1866

Stated that all natural born citizens (except Native Americans) had full citizenship rights.

Attacked the black codes Had to be reinforced with an amendment

because states were not enforcing it What Amendment?

2006 14

1414thth Amendment Amendment They would later pass

the 14th Amendment Anyone born in

America is a citizen (former slaves)

Allows due process of law

Not approved by the states until 1868

Johnson advised the southern states not to support it

2006 15

Reconstruction Act, 1867Reconstruction Act, 1867

Divided the south into military districts Congress was in power

2006 16

Punish the SouthPunish the South

Radical Republicans want to punish the south

2006 17

WHY???WHY???

Southerners were upset at the military occupation and wondered: What else do we have to do? We lost the war We gave up our slaves

They couldn’t accept equality Union troops had to protect blacks as they went to the

polls to vote Johnson tried to veto it; Congress overrode it

2006 18

ImpeachmentImpeachment After Johnson’s acts, the Radicals pushed

for impeachment They made a law to trap him…

Tenure of Office Act said Johnson couldn’t fire anyone in his cabinet without Congressional approval; he did

This was a violation of checks and balances

He didn’t like the Sec. Of War (who supported the Radicals), Johnson fired his Sec. of War

The trial began Who brings up the Articles of

Impeachment? Who holds the trial? 2\3 of the Senate needed to impeach

The Senate missed convicting Johnson by one vote

Johnson stayed in power

2006 19

Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77)Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77)

Republican Won the 1868 election

(War hero) The black vote was

important in the election of 1868

Blacks voted Republican

2006 20

Cannot be denied the right to vote based on race

Nothing about gender in there

15th15th AmendmentAmendment

2006 21

Hiram Revels:Hiram Revels: First black Senator; First black Senator; from Mississippifrom MississippiTook the seat of Jefferson DavisTook the seat of Jefferson Davis

Even though blacks could vote, there were still few

representatives in states with large black populations

Radicals were blamed for giving the “illiterate” or

“ignorant” voteNothing in the Constitution says you must know how to

read to vote

2006 22

Who would publish aPolitical cartoon like

this?

“Colored Rule is a Reconstructed (?) state.”

2006 23

Republican PromisesRepublican Promises Radical Republicans wanted to

redistribute the land taken from the big plantation owners

They promised freedmen 40 acres and a mule

Republicans wanted political, not economic equality for blacks

Much of their concern came from the want of black votes

Who won the war????

2006 24

Sharecropping\Tenant FarmingSharecropping\Tenant Farming Sharecropping: work the

land and harvest crops; give 2\3 of crop to master (rent) and freedman keeps 1\3

They would be able to sell this for a profit and eventually save enough money to buy their own land

It won’t work!!!! Tenant farming: this was

renting the land from someone You still don’t own the land

2006 25

Same as it ever was!!!Same as it ever was!!! Many freedmen had no

place to go and plantation owners had no workers

Many times you would end up working for your former masters, but you aren’t their slave any longer

It just feels like you are a slave under the sharecropping system

2006 26

Scalawags and CarpetbaggersScalawags and Carpetbaggers

Scalawags (scoundrel) White southerners who

joined the Republican party

Carpetbaggers Northerners who moved to

the south after the war Some to help; others to

take advantage

Carpetbaggers

2006 27

SegregationSegregation

Also brought about segregation: division of blacks and whites by law or by location

2006 28

Depression of 1873Depression of 1873

Lasted 5 yearsEconomic problems blamed on

Grant

2006 29

GraftsGrafts

Many Northern companies rebuilding the south took bribes for

contracts called graftsOne Carpetbagger, who earned $8000 a year salary, made over

$100,000 in a year

The New South

2006 30

Whites Can’t Accept ItWhites Can’t Accept ItMany whites couldn’t take Many whites couldn’t take

equality in the southequality in the southThey They had been taught since had been taught since

birth that blacks were birth that blacks were inferiorinferior

Some turned to terrorism Some turned to terrorism (KKK)(KKK)

Began as a way to Began as a way to discourage Freedmen discourage Freedmen

MeetingsMeetingsGhosts of the ConfederacyGhosts of the ConfederacyFounder left after it got too Founder left after it got too

violentviolent

2006 31

Force ActsForce Acts

Congress passed the lawIn areas where Klan violence

appeared against blacks; troops sent to protect blacks

2006 32

2006 33

Coming back to power...Coming back to power... Amnesty Act: returning the right to vote and hold

office to some former Confederate leaders One by one, former leaders began to come back to

power Redemption or “Redeemers”: former Democrats

coming back to antebellum positions Who won the war?

The same people that were in power before the war were in the charge after the war

Radical Republicans began to lose power and lost interest in the black vote

Many believed Blacks should take care of themselves

2006 34

1876 Election1876 Election

Between Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) and

Samuel J. Tilden (Dem)

2006 35

“Tilden or Blood!” (the South wouldFight again if Tilden was not elected.)

2006 36

Election of 1876Election of 1876 Tilden had the majority of the

popular vote and there was no majority in the electoral vote

20 electoral votes were in dispute

A deal was made between the Democrats and Republicans

Compromise of 1877 Hayes becomes President

(Republican) Troops taken out of the

south Democrat in Hayes’ cabinet This ends Reconstruction

2006 37

Black VoteBlack Vote

As blacks voted less, whites made gains in government

Laws were created to keep blacks from voting all together

2006 38

The Right to Vote?The Right to Vote? Literacy Exam: had to

pass a literacy exam to vote

Created by southern states Hard questions Oral exams Democrats got easier

questions Poll Tax: had to pay a tax

to vote Only a few dollars Change times to collect

and price

2006 39

Grandfather ClauseGrandfather Clause Poor whites were also

being affected by the poll tax and literacy exam

Grandfather clause allowed whites to vote

If your grandfather could vote before the Civil War, then you could vote

Even if you couldn’t pay the poll tax or pass the literacy exam

Declared unconstitutional in 1915

                                       

2006 40

SOLID SOUTHSOLID SOUTH

Since many blacks were denied the right to vote, whites gained control of southern politics and most voted Democrat

                                         

2006 41

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws

Segregation laws & “Separate but equal” laws

2006 42

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Plessy was a black man

who sued because he was denied a seat on a train reserved for whites

He said black and white train cars were not equal

Supreme Court said it was equal

Separate but equal (segregation) is legal

Things were not equal

2006 43

Did Reconstruction Work?Did Reconstruction Work? YES:

The slaves were freed Freedmen given more

rights Legally recognized

marriages Own land Voting rights Citizenship

NO: Poll taxes and literacy

exams limit voting rights

Black codes limit freedmen

Little support for economic reforms to aid freedmen

Many worked for former white masters under sharecropping

In some ways it did work and in other ways it didn’t

2006 44

QuizQuiz1. During reconstruction, who controlled most of the rebuilding of the

country: President or Congress?2. What political party led the attack on the South during

Reconstruction?3. What president fought with Congress over reconstruction?4. What agency was set up to provide food, clothing, and education to

poor whites & freed slaves?5. What promise did Republicans give freedmen in order to help get

their votes?6. The 1876 election was between what two people?7. What legislation effectively ends Reconstruction?8. What is the name of the tax which limited freedmen’s ability to

vote?9. What is the name where whites gained control of southern politics

and most voted Democrat?10. What are Jim Crow Laws?