ReconstructionReconstruction 1865-1877 1865-1877

Ch. 12Ch. 12

Impact of Civil War EconomicEconomic

LandLand LaborLabor IndustryIndustry

PoliticalPolitical GovernmentGovernment LawsLaws

SociallySocially FreedmenFreedmen Confederate LeadersConfederate Leaders

MilitarilyMilitarily 5 military districts5 military districts

Problems in the South

• Damage had been great• plantations ruined• $$ was worthless• roads blocked with rubble• railroads damaged• few police, no judges, no courts• no established governments

Economic ImpactEconomic Impact Property had lost 66% of it’s original value.Property had lost 66% of it’s original value. 40% of livestock killed and 50% of machinery destroyed40% of livestock killed and 50% of machinery destroyed 40 Acres and a Mule40 Acres and a Mule

General Sherman passed Special Field Order 15General Sherman passed Special Field Order 15 All abandoned plantations and a mule shall be given to freedmenAll abandoned plantations and a mule shall be given to freedmen

Transportation system neglected or destroyed.Transportation system neglected or destroyed. RailroadsRailroads

Slaves were now free and labor had to be bought.Slaves were now free and labor had to be bought. SharecroppersSharecroppers Tenant farmersTenant farmers

Cotton trade ruined by Confederate policies, turn to rice and Cotton trade ruined by Confederate policies, turn to rice and sugar as cropssugar as crops

General Effects of the WarGeneral Effects of the War

The collapse of the The collapse of the Confederacy made Confederacy made Confederate money Confederate money worthless.worthless.

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Political Impact

Government installed and ran by Northern politicians.

• New Southern Governments adopted “Black Codes”• applied to African Americans• “Freedmen” were not allowed to vote, own land,

work certain jobs• Congress felt the south did not intend to end

slavery

Black CodesBlack Codes

VagrancyVagrancy Freedmen could be fined, jailed or whipped for not Freedmen could be fined, jailed or whipped for not

workingworking CurfewsCurfews

Freedmen had to be home by darkFreedmen had to be home by dark ContractsContracts

Sign a one year contract to work and if broken would be Sign a one year contract to work and if broken would be jailed.jailed.

Ownership of LandOwnership of Land Could not own land within city or town limitsCould not own land within city or town limits

Social ImpactSocial Impact

260,000 Confederates killed260,000 Confederates killed 1/5 of entire male population1/5 of entire male population

EducationEducation Freedman, women and poor whites uneducatedFreedman, women and poor whites uneducated

Loss of social structureLoss of social structure Plantation owners killed or moved to Europe or Brazil.Plantation owners killed or moved to Europe or Brazil. Slaves are now freedmenSlaves are now freedmen Northern politicians and army governing SouthNorthern politicians and army governing South Confederate Leaders could not hold office in New South.Confederate Leaders could not hold office in New South.

Lincoln v. Johnson Lincoln v. Johnson Reconstruction PlanReconstruction Plan

10% Plan10% Plan 10% of population must take 10% of population must take

oath of loyalty of Union and oath of loyalty of Union and emancipationemancipation

Appointed military Appointed military governors to rule governors to rule temporarilytemporarily

No pardons for confederate No pardons for confederate leadersleaders

Ban slavery and ratify the Ban slavery and ratify the 1313thth Amendment Amendment

Oath of loyalty to Union Oath of loyalty to Union and emancipation.and emancipation.

President controlled President controlled pardons for confederate pardons for confederate leaders and property leaders and property owners over 20,000owners over 20,000

Call a Constitutional Call a Constitutional ConventionConvention Repeal SuccessionRepeal Succession Ratify 13Ratify 13thth Amendment Amendment Refuse to pay Confederate debtRefuse to pay Confederate debt

Wade Davis Bill

Congress passed Reconstruction Plan in 1864

Majority of citizens os State must pledge loyalty to Union and emancipation before election could take place.

Lincoln utilized a pocket veto to kill bill Bill passed in last 10 days of

a legislative session can be ignored

Reconstruction Amendments

13th Amendment ratified in 1865 Ended slavery in United

States 14th Amendment ratified

in 1868 No State shall make or

enforce any law which …..deprives any person life, liberty, or property

15th Amendment ratified in 1870 Race cannot deny person

right to vote

Poll Taxes Southern states passed

the poll tax. No one could vote unless they owned

property Or could pay fee to vote

Grandfather Clause State could not take away rights that you

had prior to a change in the law Passed to protect poor whites voting

rights

Literacy Test Must be able to read and write to vote

Klu Klux Klan Used physical and mental abuse to keep

freedmen from voting

Reconstruction Acts

Reconstruction Act of April, 1867 South divided into 5 military districts TN exempt due to readmission in Union in 1866. New governments formed to guarantee freedmen the right to vote,

elected by all male citizens, and ratify 14th Amendment.

Three other Reconstructions Acts passed in 1867 & 1868

Military registered freedmen to vote and could remove any official that resisted.

Tenure of Office Act Passed in 1867 required Senate permission to remove any official

whose appointment had required Senate approval

Freedmen Freedman’s Bureau

Passed by Congress in 1865

Hiram Revels First freedman to serve in

Senate from Mississippi. Took vacated seat of

Jefferson Davis. One of 16 freedmen in the

Senate

Southern Homestead Act Set aside 45 million acres for

freedmen

Sharecropping Lived on land and farmed

land in exchange for percentage of crop

Tenant Farming Rented fraction of land and

farmed as they wanted

Enforcement Acts

Passed in response to the Klu Klux Klan Took effect in 1870 & 1871

Set heavy penalties and imprisonment for disruption of voting.

Banned use of disguises in intimidation tactics. Federal courts and army empowered to prosecute

KKK.

Compromise of 1877

Election of 1876 Democrat Samuel Tilden v. Republican Rutherford Hayes Tilden won popular vote and electoral college (184-165) Needed 1 vote for a majority with 20 disputed electoral

votes outstanding. 19 were from Southern states of Louisiana, South Carolina and

Florida.

Oregon’s vote went to Hayes with the remaining 19 being claimed by both Democrats and Republicans.

Electoral Commission established to decided which candidate received each vote.

Compromise of 1877

Election of 1876 Republicans gained advantage on 15 member panel and

won vote 8-7. The Electoral Commission consisted of five

Representatives, five Senators, and five Supreme Court Justices. 

Originally, there were supposed to be seven Republicans, seven Democrats and one Independent. 

When David Davis, a registered Independent, refused to accept the nomination, the balance shifted to a Republican majority. 

All electoral votes went to the Republican candidate Hayes.

Compromise of 1877

Election of 1876 Democrats controlled the House of Representatives which

had to ratify the commissions findings. Democrats agreed to certify Hayes as President in

exchange To withdraw federal soldiers from their remaining positions in the

South To enact federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the

South To appoint Democrats to patronage positions in the South To appoint a Democrat to the president’s cabinet. Construction of a second transcontinental railroad in the South

called the Texas and Pacific.