ReconstructioReconstructionn

1865-18771865-1877

I. Different PlansI. Different Plans

A. Problems left after the War:A. Problems left after the War:

1. What to do with the freedmen?1. What to do with the freedmen?

2. How to treat the southern states?2. How to treat the southern states?

3. Who should control reconstruction, 3. Who should control reconstruction, Congress Congress or the President?or the President?

I. Different PlansI. Different PlansB. Lincoln's Plan-"with malice toward none"B. Lincoln's Plan-"with malice toward none"

Lincoln believed that the Southern states Lincoln believed that the Southern states had never seceded and the rebellion was had never seceded and the rebellion was the work of individuals. the work of individuals.

He had proposed: He had proposed: (1) All southerners could be pardoned (1) All southerners could be pardoned

with an with an oath of allegiance. oath of allegiance. (2) When 10 % of voters took the oath, (2) When 10 % of voters took the oath,

the state the state could form a legal state could form a legal state government. government. Known as the 10 Known as the 10 Percent PlanPercent Plan

I. Different PlansI. Different PlansC. Johnson's PlanC. Johnson's Plan

Johnson continued Lincoln's plan. Johnson continued Lincoln's plan.

He would readmit states that would: He would readmit states that would: (1)declare secession illegal, (1)declare secession illegal,

(2) swear allegiance, (2) swear allegiance,

(3) promise not to pay Confederate debts, (3) promise not to pay Confederate debts, (4) Ratify the 14th Amendment.(4) Ratify the 14th Amendment.

D. Freedman’s BureauD. Freedman’s Bureau

Formed by U.S. government to aid freed slaves Formed by U.S. government to aid freed slaves with education, housing, employment, etc.with education, housing, employment, etc.

Was largely a failure because of lack of funds, poor Was largely a failure because of lack of funds, poor organization, and resentment of Southerners.organization, and resentment of Southerners.

I. Different PlansI. Different PlansE. President vs. CongressE. President vs. Congress

Congress passed 2 bills in 1866:Congress passed 2 bills in 1866:

1. Continued the work of the Freedman's 1. Continued the work of the Freedman's Bureau Bureau providing food, clothing, shelter, and providing food, clothing, shelter, and education for education for freed slaves.freed slaves.

2. Civil Rights Bill that would forbid states from 2. Civil Rights Bill that would forbid states from passing discriminatory laws.passing discriminatory laws.

-Johnson vetoed both bills, saying that they gave -Johnson vetoed both bills, saying that they gave too too much power to the federal much power to the federal government, government, particularly since the particularly since the southern states had no southern states had no representation.representation.

I. Different PlansI. Different Plans-Southern states adopted black codes-sets of -Southern states adopted black codes-sets of

laws that regulated the lives of blacks. laws that regulated the lives of blacks.

-Allowed freedmen to marry, own property, -Allowed freedmen to marry, own property, sue, sue, and go to school. and go to school.

-Forbid them from serving -Forbid them from serving

on juries, carrying on juries, carrying

weapons, and testifying weapons, and testifying

against whites.against whites.

I. Different PlansI. Different PlansE. Radical Republicans Take OverE. Radical Republicans Take Over

Led by the Radical Senator Thaddeus Led by the Radical Senator Thaddeus Stevens, Stevens, Congress refused to Congress refused to

recognize new recognize new

Southern governments and their Southern governments and their delegates.delegates.

1. 14th Amendment-passed by Congress, gave blacks 1. 14th Amendment-passed by Congress, gave blacks citizenship. Congress required each state to ratify it citizenship. Congress required each state to ratify it before re-entering the Union. South rejected it.before re-entering the Union. South rejected it.

2. 1866 Election-Republicans gained a 2/3 majority and 2. 1866 Election-Republicans gained a 2/3 majority and could now take over.could now take over.

I. Different PlansI. Different Plans3. First Reconstruction Act-18673. First Reconstruction Act-1867

Provisions:Provisions: 1. South divided into military 1. South divided into military districts districts and put under martial and put under martial law.(except TN)law.(except TN)

2. Black males could vote2. Black males could vote

3. State legislatures must ratify 3. State legislatures must ratify the 14th the 14th Amendment.Amendment.

I. Different PlansI. Different PlansF. Impeachment of JohnsonF. Impeachment of Johnson

1. Tenure of Office Act in 1867-forbade 1. Tenure of Office Act in 1867-forbade President from removing President from removing

government government officials from office officials from office without without the the approval of Senate. To approval of Senate. To test the constitutionality of the law, Johnson fired test the constitutionality of the law, Johnson fired Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War.Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War.

2. Congress charged Johnson with a "high 2. Congress charged Johnson with a "high misdemeanor" but the impeachment failed.misdemeanor" but the impeachment failed.

3. Results: Weakened the prestige of the 3. Results: Weakened the prestige of the presidency presidency and separated the office from and separated the office from Congress.Congress.

I. Different PlansI. Different PlansG. Election of 1868G. Election of 1868

Ulysses S. Grant (Rep) Ulysses S. Grant (Rep)

elected over elected over

Horatio Seymour (Dem)Horatio Seymour (Dem)

-500,000 Southern blacks had voted and -500,000 Southern blacks had voted and helped the helped the Republicans win. The 15th Republicans win. The 15th Amendment was Amendment was passed shortly passed shortly afterward, giving all males the afterward, giving all males the right to right to vote.vote.

II. Radical Reconstruction II. Radical Reconstruction 1867-18771867-1877A. Dividing PlantationsA. Dividing Plantations

Radicals promised freedmen "40 acres and a Radicals promised freedmen "40 acres and a mule," but never delivered. Sharecropping and mule," but never delivered. Sharecropping and

tenant farming developed as plantation tenant farming developed as plantation owners needed labor and blacks needed work. owners needed labor and blacks needed work. Gave former slaves some independence.Gave former slaves some independence.

B. Blacks in GovernmentB. Blacks in Government

There were more black voters than whites in There were more black voters than whites in the South. However, not many blacks were the South. However, not many blacks were elected to Congress (only 16), and there were elected to Congress (only 16), and there were no black governors. no black governors.

Hiram Revels (Mississippi)-first black U.S. Hiram Revels (Mississippi)-first black U.S. Senator, elected to the seat once held by Senator, elected to the seat once held by Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis

Hiram Revels

II. Radical Reconstruction II. Radical Reconstruction 1867-18771867-1877C. Scalawags and CarpetbaggersC. Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

Scalawags-White Southerners who joined Scalawags-White Southerners who joined the the Republican Party. Seen as traitors.Republican Party. Seen as traitors.

Carpetbaggers-Northerners Carpetbaggers-Northerners

who moved into the who moved into the

South during South during

Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

II. Radical Reconstruction II. Radical Reconstruction 1867-18771867-1877D. The Whiskey Ring-1875D. The Whiskey Ring-1875

Taxes on liquor were raised during Taxes on liquor were raised during Reconstruction. Northern distillers Reconstruction. Northern distillers dodged these taxes and bribed government dodged these taxes and bribed government officials to look the other way. Many of officials to look the other way. Many of these distillers were friends and these distillers were friends and contributors to the Republican Party. contributors to the Republican Party. When the scandal broke, many believed When the scandal broke, many believed that the Republican Party was trying to that the Republican Party was trying to finance itself through illegal liquor sales.finance itself through illegal liquor sales.Thomas Nast

cartoon on the Whiskey Ring

II. Radical Reconstruction II. Radical Reconstruction 1867-18771867-1877

E. Problems with ReconstructionE. Problems with Reconstruction

-Segregated school systems developed.-Segregated school systems developed.

-Rebuilding was expensive and Northern -Rebuilding was expensive and Northern investors took advantage of Southern investors took advantage of Southern governments and businesses, causing governments and businesses, causing inflation.inflation.

II. Radical Reconstruction II. Radical Reconstruction 1867-18771867-1877F. Opposition to ReconstructionF. Opposition to Reconstruction

1. Ku Klux Klan-formed in 1866 as a 1. Ku Klux Klan-formed in 1866 as a Confederate Confederate veteran group, it quickly veteran group, it quickly developed into an anti-developed into an anti- black hate black hate group that committed acts of violence group that committed acts of violence against blacks. The Klan became so against blacks. The Klan became so violent that its violent that its founder, founder,

Nathan Bedford Forrest, a former Nathan Bedford Forrest, a former

Confederate Cavalry general; tried Confederate Cavalry general; tried

to disband it.to disband it.

2. Force Acts-passed by Congress 2. Force Acts-passed by Congress

to slow down the acts of violence.to slow down the acts of violence.

Thomas Nast-Political Thomas Nast-Political CartoonsCartoonsThomas Nast was a famous cartoonist for Thomas Nast was a famous cartoonist for

Harper’s Weekly. He drew many cartoons Harper’s Weekly. He drew many cartoons that dealt with Reconstruction and other that dealt with Reconstruction and other issues in the late 1800’s.issues in the late 1800’s.

Nast is considered Nast is considered the “father” of the the “father” of the political cartoon. political cartoon. Many of his Many of his cartoons brought cartoons brought about change in about change in politics or politics or uncovered scandals.uncovered scandals.

Thomas Nast Thomas Nast cartoon from June cartoon from June 30, 1866 30, 1866 contrasting Union contrasting Union and Confederate and Confederate prisonsprisons

Nast cartoon from August 5, 1865 addressing the question of Nast cartoon from August 5, 1865 addressing the question of postwar rightspostwar rights

Nast cartoon Nast cartoon showing Andrew showing Andrew Johnson’s Johnson’s treatment of the treatment of the Freedman’s Freedman’s BureauBureau

One of Nast’s most famous works, there are many famous One of Nast’s most famous works, there are many famous faces in this scene. Johnson, Grant, Sheridan, Horatio faces in this scene. Johnson, Grant, Sheridan, Horatio Seymour, George Armstrong Custer, and many more.Seymour, George Armstrong Custer, and many more.

Nast cartoon Nast cartoon showing the showing the

state of state of things in the things in the South after South after

ReconstructiReconstructionon

Nast cartoon Nast cartoon depicting depicting Grant being Grant being defendeddefended

Nast cartoon Nast cartoon showing Ulysses S. showing Ulysses S. Grant as presidentGrant as president

III. Reconstruction EndsIII. Reconstruction EndsA. Problems in Radical ReconstructionA. Problems in Radical Reconstruction

1. Many Northerners grew tired of 1. Many Northerners grew tired of problems in the problems in the SouthSouth

2. Radicals began to lose influence in the 2. Radicals began to lose influence in the Republican Party.Republican Party.

3. Grant's administration was corrupt 3. Grant's administration was corrupt because of because of his lack of experience.his lack of experience.

4. Depression in 1873 cost him 4. Depression in 1873 cost him

more support.more support.

III. Reconstruction EndsIII. Reconstruction EndsB. Election of 1876B. Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) against Samuel J. Tilden (Dem)against Samuel J. Tilden (Dem)

-Democrats expected to win as their -Democrats expected to win as their party strengthened and the party strengthened and the

Republicans Republicans weakened.weakened.-Tilden initially won 184 electoral votes to -Tilden initially won 184 electoral votes to Hayes Hayes 165. He also won the popular 165. He also won the popular vote.vote.-20 votes were disputed, 19 of those from 3 -20 votes were disputed, 19 of those from 3

Southern states.Southern states.

III. Reconstruction EndsIII. Reconstruction Ends-House Committee of 8 Republicans -House Committee of 8 Republicans

and 7 Democrats voted 8-7 for Hayes.and 7 Democrats voted 8-7 for Hayes.

-Concessions given to the South: -Concessions given to the South: 1. federal funds for internal 1. federal funds for internal

improvementsimprovements2. Southerners in cabinet positions2. Southerners in cabinet positions3. Withdrawal of federal troops3. Withdrawal of federal troops

-This deal, known as the Compromise of 1877, -This deal, known as the Compromise of 1877, essentially ends Reconstruction in the essentially ends Reconstruction in the

South.South.

IV. Effects of IV. Effects of ReconstructionReconstruction

A. White Supremacy is maintained in the A. White Supremacy is maintained in the SouthSouth1. Poll taxes and literacy tests were used 1. Poll taxes and literacy tests were used to keep to keep many blacks from votingmany blacks from voting2. Grandfather clause allowed poor, 2. Grandfather clause allowed poor, illiterate illiterate whites to vote anyway.whites to vote anyway.3. Jim Crow Laws-created a segregated 3. Jim Crow Laws-created a segregated society in society in the South.the South.

IV. Effects of IV. Effects of ReconstructionReconstruction

B. Equality is never achievedB. Equality is never achievedRadicals thought the vote would allow Radicals thought the vote would allow blacks to protect themselves in the South. blacks to protect themselves in the South. It was not enough.It was not enough.

C. The Solid South is rebornC. The Solid South is rebornThe Southern States would The Southern States would vote together in national vote together in national elections and seem to stand elections and seem to stand together as one unit even together as one unit even today.today.