HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY DNA Discovery 60th Anniversary Conference Theme: Discovery of DNA and its Impact

on Human Life

Recombinant DNA Technology, Forensic DNA Analysis and Human Genome Project.

By; Nateneal Tamerat June 07/2013

INTRODUCTION

Recombinant DNA technology: is series of procedure used to join together DNA fragments of different cells to produce new genetic composition that have value to human kind.

It is a technology that was engineered by Stanley Norman 1973.

But it was the discovery of restriction endonuclease , that leads to the development of recombinant DNA technology.

Restriction Endonuclease(RE)Is an enzyme that cuts DNA strands at specific recognition site.

For the first time RE HindII discovered in 1970 by Daniel Nathan and his colleagues.

Now a days there are more than 3000 RE used for DNA modification &manipulation.

How recombinant DNA created DNA isolation DNA sort out Incorporation in to vector

Transformation into the host Gene expression

Vectors

Bactriophage

Cosmid

plasmid

Application of DNA recombinant technology

Forensic analysis Agricultural

Organ transplant

Diagnosis of genetic disease Human Genome

Project

Forensic DNA Analysis Identifying victim and suspect by matching

genetic Samples with DNA database.The idea first raised by sir Alec Jeffreys in 1984.

For the first time forensic DNA analysis is used in the case of Collin pitchfork accusation for murder and sexual assault in British 1986.

Crime scene investigator create DNA profile by: Identify source of evidence from

Teeth

Sperm cell

Bones

blood

Hair follicle

some of DNA sample processing & techniques

Mitochondrial DNA analysisY- chromosome analysis

RFLP STR

Some Advantages of forensic DNA analysis

Crime investigation Wildlife conservation Parental test Organ transplantation Identification of pollution Authentication

HUMAN GENOME PROJECTA Project with an objectives of characterizing

human genetic material by determining the complete sequence of DNA in the human genome.

The program first launched by U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health, Later on it was run by both public and private sectors of international consortium and Celera respectively, resulting the first draft human genome sequence in 2001.

  Goal of HGP

Identify all the approximate 30,000 genes in human DNA.

Determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA.

Store this information in databases.

Improve tools for data analysis.

Transfer related technologies to the private sector.

Address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from the project.

RESULTS OF HGP There is no scientific basis for racial distinction and

at the DNA level all people are 99.9 % alike.

The mutation speed is two times faster in men than in women.

paradigm change from one gene one protein to one gene multiple protein.

Fewer genes than expected, approx 31,000 Earlier estimates started at 100,000 genes.

More than 200 human genes are originally from bacteria these homologues don’t occur in fruit flies, roundworms or yeast.

comparative genomicsorganism Genome

bp

human 3500,000,000

Mouse 300,000,000

drosophila 170,000,000

round worm 110,000,000

Yeast 15,000,000

plant 100,000,000

Some Advantages of HGP

PharmacogenomicsGenetic predispositions to disease

Microbial BiofuelEvolution and Human Migration

Some Disadvantages of HGP

Confidentiality. Discrimination. Issue of patent. Widening the gap between the rich and poor.

CONCLUSION Recombinant DNA technology lends itself to theworld of medicine in a number of ways.

The most exiting application was mapping and sequencing of the human genome which is under taken by HGP.

This technology also involved in forensic science in investing criminal offence to find evidence that will indicate who the criminals are and bring justice.

THANK YOU